Module 12197-01---------------------Instrument Drawings and Documents, Part One

COURSE MAP This course map shows all of the modules in the first level of the Instrumentation curriculum. The suggested training order begins at the bottom and proceeds up. Skill levels increase as advance on the course map. The local Training Program Sponsor may adjust the training order. INSTRUMENTATION LEVEL ONE

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MODULE 12107 CONTENTS

1.0.0 INTRODUCTION &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& ' 2.0.0 INSTRUMENT SYMBOLS AND IDENTIFICATION &&&&&&&' #.".$ Instrument Symbols &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&. ' #.#.$ Instrument Tag (umbers and Identification )bbreviations

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&&&&&. % 2.2.1 Area Designation in Tag Numbers &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&. , 2.2.2 First Letters in Tag Numbers &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& , 2.2.3 Succeeding Letters in Tag Numbers &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&. "$ 2.2.4 Loop Identification in Tag Numbers &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& "#.-.$ .raphic or Pictorial Instrument Symbols &&&&&&&&&&&&.."#./.$ Line Symbols &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& "% 3.0.0 INSTRUMENT INDEX &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&... ", 4.0.0 GENERAL INSTRUMENT SPECIFICATIONS &&&&&&&&&.. #" 5.0.0 GENERAL NOTES AND DETAILS &&&&&&&&&&&&&&.. ## 6.0.0 INSTALLATION DETAIL DRAWINGS &&&&&&&&&&&&... ## 7.0.0 LOCATION DRAWINGS &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&. #/ .0.0 CONTROL LOOPS &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&... #' SUMMARY &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&.. #0 REVIEW !UESTIONS &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&. #% GLOSSARY &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&. -$ REFERENCES &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&.. -"

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Instrument Drawings and Documents, Part One

OB"ECTIVES When you have completed this module, you will be able to do the following: ". Identify and describe standard Instrument Society of )merica 1IS)2 instrument symbols and abbreviations. #. 3ead and interpret instrument inde4es. -. 3ead and interpret general instrument specifications. /. 3ead and interpret general notes and details included on instrument drawings and documents. '. 3ead and interpret installation detail drawings. 0. 3ead and interpret location drawings. P#$#$%&'(')$( 5efore you begin this module+ it is recommended that you successfully complete the following modules6 7ore 7urriculum8 Instrumentation Level One+ !odules "#"$" through "#"$0. R$%&'#$* T#+',$$ M+)$#'+-( ". Pencil and paper #. )ppropriate personal protective e9uipment

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1.0.0 . INTRODUCTION The information needed to identify+ locate+ install+ repair+ maintain+ and troubleshoot instrument systems and e9uipment is included in several types of drawings and documents. To safely and effectively perform 9uality instrument work+ you need to be able to read and understand these drawings and documents. 5eing able to 9uickly and effectively use instrument drawings and documents takes a combination of knowledge and on:the:job e4perience. Those who master the art are valuable contributors to the success of projects. This training module covers instrument symbols and abbreviations+ ',()+--+)'/, *$)+'- *#+0',1(2 -/3+)'/, *#+0',1(2 general notes and details+ ',()#&4$,) ',*$5$(2 and 1$,$#+- ',()#&4$,) (6$3'7'3+)'/,(. Later modules in your training program will e4pand on what you learn in this program. 2.0.0 . INSTRUMENT SYMBOLS AND IDENTIFICATION The Instrument Society of )merica 1IS)2 has established a standard set of symbols and identification techni9ues that are widely used for instrument drawings and documents. IS) symbols+ abbreviations+ and identification techni9ues are published in IS) Standard S'."+ entitled Instrumentation Symbo s and Identification. It is rec: ommended that you have a copy of this standard+ or access to it+ so you can look up information that you may need when reading instrument diagrams and documents. ;hile most companies use IS) standards as the basis for preparing their drawings and documents+ a company may make some
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modifications to satisfy particular needs. It is always important to make sure that you understand the terminology+ symbols+ and abbreviations used in drawings and documents for each project. 2.1.0 I,()#&4$,) S849/-( ) circle+ often called an instrument balloon or instrument bubble+ has traditionally been used to represent an instrument on drawings. <owever+ with more and more computers and other *'1')+electronic e9uipment being used in instrument systems+ some changes to the traditional circular instrument symbol have been made to help identify this new e9uipment. Letters+ numbers+ and lines drawn inside instrument balloons provide information about the type of instrument+ its location+ and its 7&,3)'/,. The meanings of the letters and numbers will be e4plained later. Figure 1 shows typical instrument symbols used in most types of drawings. It includes the meanings for the lines+ or absence of a line+ in each symbol. The definitions for the different types of devices referenced ne4t to the symbols shown in =igure " are listed here6

Behind the panel !be"ind t"e board# $ The location containing an instrument panel 1board2 and its associated rack:mounted hardware+ or devices enclosed within a panel. *evices mounted behind the panel are not normally accessible for the operator>s use.

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Figure

. 7ommon instrument symbols.

%omputer function $ )n action controlled by or performed by a computer. Discrete instrument $ ) specific type of instrument such as a pressure or temperature gauge. Distributed control system !D%S# $ ) functionally integrated system that consists of subsystems which may be physically separate and remotely located from one another. Programmable ogic contro er !&L%# $ ) controller+ usually with multiple inputs and outputs+ that can be programmed to perform a variety of functions. S"ared contro $ ) single controller that can process information from a number of different (/&#3$(. !hared display " ) single display that can display information

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from a number of different sources. ;ith some practice reading and interpreting instrument symbols like those shown in Figure 1' you should be able to identify several important points about an instrument simply by looking at its symbol. E5$#3'($ O,$ !atch the type of instrument and?or function listed here to the correct symbol 1) through @2 shown in Figure 2. ". Symbol AAAAAAA identifies a discrete instrument with freeBe protection. #. Symbol AAAAAAA identifies a computer function in a primary location. -. Symbol AAAAAAA identifies a discrete instrument mounted behind the panel located in a central control room. /. Symbol AAAAAAA identifies a 7'$-*:mounted discrete instrument. '. Symbol AAAAAAAidentifies a shared:display instrument mounted in an au4iliary location. 0. Symbol AAAAAAA identifies a field:mounted programmable logic control function. %. Symbol AAAAAAA identifies a field:mounted shared control device. ,. Symbol AAAAAAA identifies a distributed control system function mounted in a primary location. C. Symbol AAAAAAA identifies an instrument mounted behind a -/3+6+,$-. "$. Symbol AAAAAAA identifies an instrument that is measuring two variables.

Figure # . Symbols for D4ercise One 2.2.0 I,()#&4$,) T+1 N&49$#( +,* I*$,)'7'3+)'/, A99#$:'+)'/,( Instruments are identified on drawings and documents by '*$,)'7'3+)'/, ,&49$#( or tag numbers. Tag numbers consist of numbers and letters usually placed inside the instrument balloon.

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These numbers6

*esignate the plant area where the instrument is located Identify the function of the instrument Indicate the instrument loop in which the instrument is located

3egardless of how many instruments are used on a project+ each will have a different tag number. Figure 3 shows the place within an instrument bal:loon where specific tag number information is commonly placed.

2.2.1

Area Designation in Tag Numbers

;hen a project includes instruments in more than one building or area+ the tag number may include an area designation number. Some companies place the area designation number above the functional identification number+ while others place it in front of the functional identification number 1prefi42 as shown in Figure 4.

Figure $ . Placement of instrument tap numbers.

Figure % . )rea designation in tag number. If all the tag numbers for instruments on a drawing are located in the same area+ the area number is often not included in the instrument balloons on the drawing. In such cases+ a note is usually placed on the drawing indicating that all tag numbers are preceded by the same area number+ such as "#+ unless otherwise noted.
2.2.2 First Letters in Tag Numbers

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The first letter of the tag number identifies the measured or initiating variable in the loop. =or e4ample+ in Figure (' the first letters represent6 F Eflow rate & E pressure or vacuum T Etemperature L Elevel The following is a list of letters commonly used as the first letter in tag numbers to identify the measured or initiating variable in the loop in which the instrument is installed.

A :analysis ) : burner+ combustion % : conductivity 1electrical2 or user>s choice D : density 1mass2 or specific gravity or user>s choice * :voltage F " flow rate + : gauging 1dimensional2 , : hand 1manually initiated2 I : current 1electrical2 - : power . : time+ time schedule L :level /: moisture or humidity or user>s choice N : user>s choice 0 : user>s choice & : pressure or vacuum 1 : 9uantity or event 2 : radiation or radioactivity S :speed or fre9uency

Figure & . =irst letters in tag numbers.

T : temperature F : multi:variable G : vibration+ mechanical analysis 1also viscosity2

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; : weight or force H : unclassified I : event+ state+ or presence J : position or dimension

N/)$ Sometimes first:letter designations are modified to reflect the needs of a particular project. Iou will need to check the -$1$,* on the instrument drawings and documents for each project to verify the use of each first:letter designation for the instrument tag numbers. The first letters %' D' /' N' and 0+ which are classified as user3s c"oice' are normally used to identify unlisted measured or initiating variables that are used repetitively on a project. =or e4ample+ N 4 thickness or 0 4 stress. ;hen user>s choice letters appear on instrument drawings for a project+ their meanings are generally defined only once in the legend to indicate how they are being used. ) user>s choice letter may also have one meaning as a first letter and another meaning as a second letter. Their definitions as to position must be defined on the drawings. The first letter H+ which is designated as unc assified' is also used for unlisted measured or initiating variables. It is normally used only once+ or to a limited e4tent+ to identify a particular variable. The first letter H may also be used to identify a number of different unlisted variables on instrument drawings for the same project. ;hen the first letter H is used in this manner+ an e4planation of its meaning is generally defined on the drawing+ outside the tagging balloon.
2.2.3 Succeeding Letters in Tag Numbers

The succeeding letter or letters in a tag number 1letters that follow the first letter in a tag number2 may have different functions or designations+ depending on their location in the tag number. (ormally the second letter in a tag number that only contains two letters is used to identify the function of the instrument. =or instance+ an instrument with a tag number of #$ P3 #-% would indicate that this instrument is a pressure instrument as indicated by the letter P+ and its function is to record+ as indicated by the second letter+ 3. =or e4ample+ in Figure 5 the letter I in FI describes the function of the flow instrument as indicating or indicator8 however+ the letter I in &I% identifies the passive function of this instrument as indicating or indicator+ while the letter 7 identifies the output function as control or controller. TT represents a temperature
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instrument 1first letter denotes process as temperature2 with the second letter T identifying the function as transmitting or transmitter. If the tag number contains more than two letters+ the second letter may be used to modify or better define the first letter in the tag number+ or it may also identify the function of the instrument. The third letter may also denote function or it may modify or better describe the second letter function. =or e4amples+ an instrument with a tag number of #$ P*T #-% would identify a Pressure *ifferential Transmitter. The second letter+ D' in this case modifies or better describes the pressure instrument as a differential pressure instrument. The third letter+ T+ in this case now describes the function of the instrument as transmitting. In a situation where an instrument has a tag lettering of P)L 1Pressure )larm Low2+ the second letter identifies the function of the instrument as an alarm+ while the third letter modifies or better describes the second letter function as a low alarm. Special tag numbers containing more than three letters may even be re9uired in certain installations to better identify or describe an instrument in a loop+ but the succeeding letter designations should follow the same general pattern as those tag numbers containing two or three letter designations. The grammatical form of the succeedingletter definitions may be modified as needed. =or e4ample+ indicator may be applied as indicate or indicating' while transmitter may be applied as transmit or transmitting.

Figure ' . Succeeding letters in tag numbers. Tab e I gives a list of letters that are typically used as succeeding letters in tag numbers. The columns in the table identify the usage of the letter depending on its location in the tag number. )s shown+ the letter may have a different meaning depending on its location in the tag number. 3emember+ process modifiers or descriptors are typically found as the second letter in a tag number8 however+ the second letter may also describe a function of the instrument. The third letter may identify a function of the instrument or it may be a modifier or descriptor of the function found in the second position.

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)lso note in Tab e 1 that the letters 5 and ( are designated as user choices for functions or functions modifiers only. ;hen used as a first:letter modifier+ the letter S 1safety2 applies only to emergency protective 6#'4+#8 $-$4$,)( and emergency protective final 3/,)#/- $-$4$,)(. If the device is intended to pro: tect against emergency conditions+ the letter S is used to modify the first letter. This is true even if the normal function of the device is not emergency protection. =or e4ample+ a pressure control valve 1P7G2 which controls the flow of fluid in a system would be designated as PSG 1pressure safety valve2 if+ in addition to its control function+ it was also intended to protect against emergency conditions+ such as high pressure.

T+9-$ 1 7ommon *esignations for Tag (umber Succeeding Letters

S&33$$*', 1 L$))$# ) 5 7 * D = . < I @ L F'#();L$))$# M/*'7'$# R$+*/&)<P+((. )larm FserKs 7hoice *ifferential Sensor 1Primary Dlement2 3atio 1=raction2 .lass1Giewing *evice2 <igh Indicate Scan Time 13ate of 7ontrol Station O&)6&) F&,3)'/, FserKs 7hoice 7ontrol M/*'7'$# F&,3)'/, FserKs 7hoice

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7hange2 L ! ( O P M 3 S T F G ; H I J H )4is I )4is J )4is ;ell Fnclassified Integrate+ TotaliBe 3ecord or Print Safety !ultifunction Switch Transmit !ultifunction Galve+ *amper+ Louver Fnclassified 3elay+ compute+ or 7onvert *river+ )ctuator+ Fnclassified =inal 7ontrol Dlement Fnclassifie d Light 1Pilot2 !omentary FserKs 7hoice Orifice 3estriction Point 1Test 7onnection2 FserKs 7hoice Low !iddle FserKs 7hoice

!ultifunctio n

N/)$ Sometimes succeeding:letter designations are modified to reflect the needss of a particular project. Iou must check the legend on the instrument drawings and documents for each project to verify the designation of each succeeding letter used for the instrument tag numbers. Fser>s choice letters ) and N and unclassified letter H designations for succeeding letters on instrument drawings and documents are used in the same manner e4plained for first letters. Succeeding letters ) and N 1user>s choice2 are normally used to identify unlisted functions or modifiers that are used repetitively on a project. =or e4ample+ N 4 oscilloscope. If used+ user>s choice letters may have one meaning for a first letter and a different meaning for succeeding letters in the tag number. ;hen user>s choice letters appear on instrument drawings for a project+ their meanings are generally defined only once in the legend to indicate how they are being used. The succeeding letter H+ which is designated as unc assified' is also used for unlisted modifiers or functions. It is normally used only once+ or to a limited e4tent+ to identify a particular modifier or function. The succeeding letter H may also be used to identify a number of different unlisted modifiers or functions on instrument drawings for the same project. ;hen the succeeding letter H is used in this manner+ an e4planation of its meaning is generally defined ne4t to each instrument symbol that it is being used to identify.
2.2.4 Loop Identification in Tag Numbers

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)n instrument loop consists of one or more interconnected instruments arranged to measure and?or control a process variable. To identify all instruments in a particular loop+ a loop identification number is assigned. This loop number becomes part of the tag number. Loop numbering may be parallel or serial. In parallel numbering+ instrument numbering involves starting a numerical se9uence for each new first letter8 for e4ample+ TI7:#$$+ =37:#$$+ or LI7:#$$. In serial numbering+ instrument numbering can be set up using a single se9uence of numbers for a project or for relatively large sec: tions of a project+ regardless of the first:letter of the loop identification+ for e4ample+ TI7:#$$+ =37:#$"+ LI7:#$#+ etc. Figure 6 shows a typical instrument loop using parallel tag numbers for each instrument. If more than one of a similar type instrument is used in a loop+ a suffi4 letter is added at the end of the loop number of each similar instrument as shown in Figure 7.

Figure ( . Loop identification numbers.

Figure ) . Suffi4 letter in loop number. 2.3.0 G#+6='3 /# P'3)/#'+- I,()#&4$,) S849/-( In addition to general instrument symbols that appear on drawings+ numerous graphic or pictorial instrument symbols are also used to represent specific types of e9uipment or devices. ;ith practice+ you will learn to recogniBe graphic or pictorial instrument symbols when reading drawings. The most commonly used graphic or pictorial
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instrument symbols are shown in Figure 8. (ote that the slashes shown on the signal lines for some symbols represent the type of signal line+ such as electric or pneumatic. Signal lines are covered later in this section.

Figure * . Instrument symbols 1" of /2

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Figure * . Instrument symbols 1# of /2

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Figure * . Instrument symbols 1- of /2

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M'(3$--+,$/&( P#'4+#8 E-$4$,) S849/-(

Figure * . Instrument symbols 1/ of /2 2.4.0 L',$ S849/-( There are several types of line symbols used on instrument drawings. They identify such things as process piping+ process connections+ and signal lines. Process piping lines are usually dark and bold as shown in Figure 19. Process piping lines represent the piping that carries working process fluids such as steam+ water+ or gases. )lso shown in Figure "$ is a process connection line. Process connection lines are fine lines used to represent different types of connections such as mechanical links between two parts of an instrument system+ a connection between an instrument and the process+ or a connection indicating the supply line to an instrument.

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Figure

+ . Process piping and connection lines.

=or an instrument system to function+ different types of signals are sent from one instrument to another. Figure 11 shows the symbols for common types of instrument signal lines. 3.0.0 . INSTRUMENT INDEX The instrument inde4 !Figure 12# is one of the most used and most important documents in instrumentation. It lists every instrument used on a project by tag number. It also provides a means to locate related drawings and documents containing information needed for installation+ service+ troubleshooting+ or maintenance of instruments. ;ithout an instrument inde4+ locating the information needed to do instrumentation work would be difficult.

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Figure

. Symbols for instrument signal lines.

In addition to listing all the instruments used for a project by tag number+ a typical instrument inde4 includes information such as the following6 Instrument service function Location !anufacturer Specification sheet number PNI* number Loop diagram number Location and routing or panel drawing number Installation detail drawing number P'6',1 *#+0',1 number Dlectrical drawing number Gendor drawing number (otes relating to each instrument Iou may use an instrument inde4 often in your work+ so become familiar with how it is organiBed for each project. It is an important document that you will use to identify instruments+ locate instru: ments+ find appropriate drawings+ identify specifications+ reference documents+ and find other information relating to specific instruments used on a project. The following is an e4planation of the information included in each
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of the columns on the sample instrument inde4.

Tag no. $ Lists the tag number for every instrument used on the project. Ser:ice $ Identifies the instrument and the type of process in which it is being used. Location $ Lists the code describing where the instrument is installed. ) location legend is sometimes included at the bottom of each page of the instrument inde4.

Figure

# . D4ample of an instrument inde4.

/F2 $ Identifies the manufacturer of the instrument. Spec s"eet no. $ Identifies the specification sheet number for the instrument that describes the physical characteristics of the instrument. Some instruments do not have a specification sheet. &;ID no. $ Identifies the 6'6',1 +,* ',()#&4$,) *#+0',1 number on which the instrument appears. Loop s"eet d<g no. $ Identifies the -//6 (=$$) *#+0ing number on which the instrument appears.

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Location and routing or pane d<g no. $ Identifies the location and routing or panel drawing number on which the instrument appears+ if applicable. Inst detai d<g no. $ Identifies the installation detail drawing number that provides directions for installing the instrument. &iping d<g no. $ Identifies the piping drawing number that shows the piping line and related instrument that is to be installed+ if applicable. * ect d<g no. $ Identifies the electrical drawing number that shows how the instrument is to be electrically connected+ if applicable. =endor d<g no. $ Identifies any vendor drawing number relevant to the type of instrument. Notes $ *escribe any additional information relating to the instrument. The notes section may be used to e4plain any notations made in the inde4. It is often used to list the purchase order number for the instrument. 4.0.0 . GENERAL INSTRUMENT SPECIFICATIONS On every project+ there are usually several specifications that have wide applications for instrument work. These 1$,$#+- ',()#&4$,) (6$3'7'3+)'/,( may be found in the general piping specifications for a project. If instrument specifications are different from those in the general piping specifications+ you may find the information in another document such as6

) detail or note on the appropriate piping diagram )n instrument+ mechanical+ or process connection detail drawing for the instrument The instrumentation installation detail drawing for the instrument

Iou must locate all the documents necessary to find the proper specifications for instrument work. If you have all of the drawings and documents+ you can do the job right the first time. Some e4amples of types of information you might find in the general instrument specifications for a project are listed here6 =ield:mounted li9uid:level controllers will be located where the gauge glass is visible. The level control valve will be located where the operator can see the gauge glass while operating the control valve by:pass. Level gauges and level controllers are to be accessible.

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 7ontrol valves are to be located at grade. Pressure gauge connections to piping and e9uipment will be I/:

inch threadolet or sockolet. Temperature instrument connections to piping and e9uipment will be " inch threadolets. ;hen the flow sheet calls for a flanged connection+ it will be O inch:long welding neck. The instrument department will purchase the companion flange with the thermowell welded in. The piping department will supply the bolts and gaskets. The minimum re9uirement for meter runs for orifice flanges will be computed according to )merican .as )ssociation 1).)2 standards. ) $.%':diameter ratio will be used for determining the upstream and downstream straight pipe re9uirements. Orifice flange taps will be vertical for vapor service and horiBontal for li9uid service. Taps can be /' degrees to the vertical. Piping will furnish the two valves and nipples connected to the orifice flange. These valves will not show on the piping plans and elevations+ but will show on the isometric drawings.

Instruments shall be located so as to be accessible for repair+ calibration+ and adjustment from the ground or permanent ladder or platform. It is not intended that this re9uirement apply to transmitters close coupled to the points of measurement. ;herever possible+ locally mounted instruments shall be mounted at appro4imately / feet 0 inches above the floor+ ground+ or platform in an accessible and visible position.

N/)$ )lways consult the general instrument specifications for your specific project. 5.0.0 . GENERAL NOTES AND DETAILS (otes and details are included on most instrument drawings to provide special information or directions about the process or instruments in the drawings. Iou need to pay close attention to the notes or details appearing on any drawing. This information is often vital to the safe and successful completion of the work. Sometimes notes and details are included in a special section of a drawing+ or they may be presented on the drawing itself. 6.0.0 . INSTALLATION DETAIL DRAWINGS Installation detail drawings !Figure "-2 provide the information and re9uirements for proper mounting of an instrument+ connecting the instrument to the process+ and?or positioning the instrument for correct operation. Installation detail drawings usually include a materials list that describes items and parts needed to install the

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instrument. These items may include tubing+ fittings+ bolts+ and flanges. Iou can use an installation detail drawing to determine the position of the instrument in reference to the process line+ such as mounted above or below the process line+ or to find any special instructions related to the installation. (otes included on installation detail drawings present any special information or directions for installing the instrument. ) list of reference drawings and documents relating to the instrument or any installation specifications may also be listed on an installation detail drawing. The callout numbers on installation detail drawings relate to numbered items on the materials list. =or e4ample+ in Figure callout (o. # refers to item (o. # on the materials list. In e4ample+ there are two stainless steel+ compression:type+ fittings 1siBe : O inch2 used to make these connections. the 13' this tee

The notes and references on installation detail drawings and other drawings provide important information. =or e4ample+ (ote " in Figure 13 describes the correct position for mounting the transmitter 1below the flow $-$4$,)>. 3eferences listed on installation detail drawings allow you to locate applicable drawings and documents that may be needed during the installation of the instrument. If additional information is needed+ you should also check the instrument inde4 for the specific tag number of the instrument or the general instrument specifications for the project.

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Figure

$ . Instrument installatin drawing.

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7.0.0 . LOCATION DRAWINGS =inding the e4act location where an instrument is to be installed may re9uire that you look at several different drawings and documents. ) location drawing+ sometimes referred to as a location and routing drawing+ is helpful in determining where an instrument is to be installed. Location drawings may show where an instrument tap should be located in the process piping or the location of the vessel on which the instrument is to be mounted. <owever+ the actual physical location of the instrument is often decided by the instrument field personnel+ the superintendent+ foreman+ or other e4perienced instrument person. Iou may need to check with one of them. )n instrument location drawing typically shows the general location of the instrument in reference to the plan view of the area. It usually indicates a given elevation for installation of the instrument. )dditional information needed to install the instrument+ such as height from the floor or permissible distance from the process pipe lines+ may be found in the instrument installation detail drawings. These re9uirements may also be included in the general instrument specifications. N/)$ 7heck all appropriate drawings and documents if are not sure e4actly where the instrument is to be installed. Figure 14 shows an e4ample of a typical location drawing showing a mi4 tank close to where building column centerlines )l and # intersect. It also shows the position of a ;hite ;ater Storage 7hest and 7ontrol 3oom 7. N/)$ In some cases+ the numbers $ and "+ and the letters I+ $+ and M+ are omitted from location drawings to avoid confusion. The drawing shown in Figure 14 indicates the appro4imate location of several instruments in the plan and their elevations+ where appropriate. The drawing also references applicable loop sheets+ PNI*s+ and piping drawings that could provide helpful information+ if needed. )dditional information relating to the location of these instruments may be found by using the instrument inde4. The instrument inde4 will identify the installation specification drawings and ',()#&4$,) (6$3'7'3+)'/, (=$$)( for the instruments included in the location drawing. N/)$ 5e sure to analyBe and cross reference all instrument drawings to make sure that you have a complete understanding of the job.

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Figure

% . Location drawing.

.0.0 . CONTROL LOOPS ) control loop is a combination of two or more instruments or control functions arranged so that signals pass from one to another for the purpose of measurement or control of a process variable. The top of Figure "' shows a block diagram of a control loop. The bottom of the figure shows the same control loop as it might be drawn on a loop drawing for a specific facility. =or the control loop shown+ the flow in the process line is the measured and controlled property. There are four instruments or control functions in the control loop

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shown. The primary element represents an orifice plate 1=D#2 mounted in the process line downstream from the flow control valve 1=D#2. =D# provides the input to a flow transformer 1=T#2 that controls the signal to control valve =G# according to a desired set point on the controller 1=I7#2. =G# operates to regulate the flow in the process line+ which is again monitored and measured by =D#+ which continues to supply the loop. This arrangement is referred to as a feedback loop since all four devices in the loop depend on the preceding device in the loop for feedback 1information2 to allow it to function. (otice that controller =I7# is the only discreet instrument located in a primary location+ probably in the control room.

Figure

& . D4ample of a typical feedback control loop.

S&44+#8 In this training module+ you were introduced to the following6 Instrument symbols and abbreviations Instrument inde4es
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 .eneral instrument specifications .eneral notes and details that appear on drawings and in

documents Installation detail drawings Location drawings Loop drawings These drawings and documents+ along with others that will be covered in later modules+ provide information needed to perform safe and high 9uality instrument work. In your day:to:day activities+ take time to analyBe the drawings for each project. It takes practice+ study+ and plenty of on:the:job e4perience to be able to effectively read and interpret all of the drawings and documents related to instrument work. R$:'$0 !&$()'/,( ". The organiBation that established a standard set of symbols and identification techni9ues that are widely used for instrument drawings and documents is a. )(SI b. S)D c. IS) d. )SID #. ) single solid line drawn through the instrument balloon indicates that AAAAAAA. a. the instrument is in a primary location+ normally accessible to the operator b. the instrument is mounted in an au4iliary location+ normally accessible to the operator c. the instrument is field:mounted+ near the point of measurement or a final control element d. the instrument accepts a digital input signal -. ) programmable logic controller 1PL72 and a AAAAAAAAA share the same instrument symbol+ which is a he4agon. a. shared control device 1S7*2 b. distributed control system 1*7S2 c. motoriBed control valve 1!7G2 d. self:contained pressure regulator 1SP32 /. )1n2AAAAAletter may have one meaning as a first letter and another meaning as a second letter. a. user>s choice b. unclassified c. safety d. succeeding '. If the first letter of the tag number for all the instruments in a

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loop is =+ the measured or initiating variable is AAAAAA. a. burner flame b. pressure c. temperature d. flow rate 0. ) succeeding letter I may be defined as all of the following e>cept a. indicate b. indicator c. indicating d. inversing %. ;hen used as a first:letter modifier+ the letterAAAAAAAAapplies only to emergency protective elements and emergency protective final control elements. a. D b. P c. T d. S ,. Sometimes succeeding:letter designations are modified to reflect the a. needs of a particular project b. choices of the installer c. e9uipment manufacturer d. international standards C. Loop numbering may be parallel or a. random b. selective c. optional d. serial "$. ) primary flow element symbol that looks like a s9uare bo4 with an inverted L in it is used to represent a AAAAAA. a. flow noBBle b. pitot tube c. vorte4 sensor d. venturi tube The instrument signal line symbol that consists of a single solid line with Ls drawn through it represents a1n2AAAAAAAsignal. a. pneumatic b. hydraulic c. internal system link 1software or data link2 d. electric

"".

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"#. AAAA lines represent the piping that carries working process fluids. a. 7apillary tube b. Pneumatic binary c. Process piping d. Signal "-. AAAAAsignal line symbols have groups of three slashes across the main line. a. Process b. Pneumatics c. Dlectric d. <ydraulic "/. If you wanted to find the manufacturer of an instrument with a specific tag number+ the best place to locate that information is in the AAAAAAA. a. PNI* b. Instrument inde4 c. =low sheet d. .eneral instrument specifications "'. Dach one of the following is typically found on an instrument inde4 e>cept ??????. a. location b. manufacturer c. PNI* d. list of symbols "0. AAAAAare included on most instrument drawings to provide special information or directions about the process or instruments in the drawings. a. Symbols b. )ddendum sheets c. (otes and details d. *esigner contact numbers "%. The callout numbers on an installation detail drawing relate to the numbered items on the a. instrument inde4 b. location drawing c. materials list d. purchase order To get a complete understanding of the job+ you should analyBe and AAAAAAAAA all instrument drawings. a. memoriBe b. copy c. cross reference d. disregard

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"C. to a. b. c. d. #$.

The elevation at which an instrument is to be installed is likely be found on the AAAAAAAA loop sheet location drawing PNI* instrument inde4

) drawing that illustrates the interconnection of devices from the primary element in the field+ to the board:mounted instruments on the control panel+ to the final control devices is called a1n2AAAAAAA. a. instrument inde4 b. location drawing c. detail drawing d. loop drawing

,rade ,erms Introduced in ,his -odule

Balloon: The circular symbol used to denote and identify the purpose of an instrument or function. It may contain a tag number. )lso referred to as a bubb e. Behind the panel: ) term applied to a location containing the instrument panel and its associated rack:mounted hardware. These devices can either be behind the panel+ enclosed within the panel+ or both. *evices mounted behind the panel are not normally accessible for the operator>s use. )lso referred to as be"ind t"e board. Board: ) structure that has a group of instruments mounted on it. )lso referred to as pane . Digital: ) term applied to a signal or device that uses binary 1$+"2 digits to represent continuous values or discrete states. Distributed control system !D%S#@ ) functionally integrated system that consists of subsystems which may be physically separate and remotely located from one another. .lement: ) component of a device or system. Field: The location of an instrument that is neither in nor on a panel or console+ nor is it mounted in a control room. Local or field instruments are commonly in the vicinity of the primary element or final control element. )lso referred to as oca .
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Final control element: The device that directly changes the value of the manipulated variable of a control loop. ) control valve is often the final control element in a loop. Function: The purpose of+ or an action performed by+ a device. /eneral instrument specifications: ) written description of the general criteria for installing instruments for a particular project. Identification number: The se9uence of letters or digits+ or both+ used to designate an individual instrument and?or loop. )lso referred to as tag number. Initiating variable: ) 9uantity+ property+ or condition that is measured 1such as temperature+ pressure+ flow+ etc.2. )lso referred to as measured :ariab e. Installation detail drawing: ) drawing that shows how a device is mechanically installed+ and includes a materials list. Instrument Inde0: ) document that lists all pertinent information regarding each separate instrument on a project by tag number. It is also a directory for locating the necessary drawings and documents associated with each instrument. Instrument specification sheet: ) document that outlines the functional and process re9uirements of an instrument along with physical and chemical specifications. 1egend: ) section of a drawing that provides e4planatory information such as lists of symbols+ abbreviations+ location codes+ and other designations used on the drawing. 1ocal panel: ) panel that is not a central or main panel. Local panels are commonly in the vicinity of plant sub:systems or sub: areas. 1ocation drawing: ) drawing showing general locations of instruments in relation to physical plant layouts. Sometimes used to route wire and other utilities to the general area of the plant. Fsually includes elevation+ column grid line coordinates+ and (orth orientation. )lso referred to as ocation and routing dra<ing. 1oop: ) combination of two or more instruments or control functions arranged so that signals pass from one to another for the purpose of measurement or control of a process variable. 1oop sheet drawing: ) drawing illustrating the interconnection of devices in a loop from the primary element in the field to the boardmounted instruments on the control panel to the final control devices. Illustrates all tubing and wiring for the complete loop and shows where the instruments are located6 panel front+ panel rear+ field junction+ and field process area. 7alibration parameters and specific termination points+ by name and number+ are also normally included on loop drawings. )lso referred to as oop s"eet. Piping drawing: ) drawing made to scale showing all process piping and e9uipment connected to the process piping. These drawings 1plans+ sections+ details2 may show instrument locations.

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Piping and instrument drawing: ) detailed drawing that shows e9uipment+ piping+ and instrumentation re9uired on a project. )lso referred to as &;ID' &;I dra<ing' or &;I diagram. Primary element2 The system element in contact with measured variable that converts the measured variable energy into a form suitable for measurement. Programmable logic controller !&L%#@ ) controller+ usually with multiple inputs and outputs+ that can be programmed to perform a variety of functions. !hared control: ) single device 1controller2 that can control a number of process variables. !hared display: ) device 1usually a video screen2 that can display process information from a number of different sources.

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3dditional 4esources
This module is intended to present thorough resources for task training. The following reference works are suggested for further study. These are optional materials for continued education rather than for task training. ISA Standards. 3esearch Triangle Park+ (76 Instrument Society of )merica. IS) Standard S(.1 $ Instrumentation Symbo s and Identification IS) Standard S'.# : )inary Logic Diagrams for &rocess 0perations IS) Standard S'.- : +rap"ic Symbo s for Distributed %ontro A S"ared Disp ay Instrumentation' Logic' and %omputer Systems IS) Standard S'./ : Instrument Loop Diagrams IS) Standard S'"." : &rocess Instrumentation Termino ogy

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