Role of Dar-ul-Aman in the Rehabilitation of Runaway

Women: A Case Study of Public and Private Sector Dar-ul-

Aman (Protection Homes)

A Thesis Submitted To the Institute Of Social and Cultural

Studies (Department Of Sociology) University of the Punjab,
Lahore. In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the
Degree of Masters in Sociology

By

Shafique A. Malik
Fazila Haider
Sumaira Saleem
Shahabia Ahemed

1
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

In the name of the Creator… the Divine Soul that unites us all. This work being a
collective thesis we wish to thank all those who have helped us in the completion of this
piece of research.
We extend our thanks to our guide and mentor Mr. Khalil Ahmad without whose
guidance and vision we would still be stumbling in the dark.
We wish to pay tribute to the untiring efforts and affections of our parents and families
whose constant support and encouragement our successes are intrinsically linked.
We wish to thank the Faculty, the Administrative and clerical staff of the Institute of
Social and Cultural Studies for their support to help accomplish this research. The
researchers express their sincere thanks to the administrative personnel and respondents
of all the Dar-ul-Aman (Protection Homes) for their cooperation to complete the present
study. Special thanks are due to Miss Rehana, protection manager of Benazir Bhutto
Crisis Centre for Women Islamabad for her help to collect the data from Benazir Bhutto
Crisis Centre.

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Table of contents

CHAPTER 1
Introduction …………...…………………………………………………...9
1.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..9
1.2 Background to the study………..………………………………………………….11
1.3 Statement of the problem…………..………………………………………………21
1.4 Sociological significance……………………………………………………………21
1.5 Objectives of the study……………………………………………….......................
22

CHAPTER 2…………………………………………………….23
Literature Review…………………………………………………………23
2.1 The state of the facilities……………………………………………………………23
2.2 Denial of basic freedoms to the inmates…………………………………………...25
2.3 Attitude and competency level of staff……………………………………….........27
2.4 Understanding of underlying problem………………………………………........28
2.5 Judiciary biases and need for sensitization/ awareness…………………..............32
2.6 Economic empowerment and rehabilitation……………………………………...34
2.7 Counseling and rehabilitation…………………………………………………..….35
2.8 Measures taken by Govt and recommendations…………………………….........37
2.9 Recommendations…………………………………………………………...……...38

Chapter 3………………………………………………………..39
Research procedures, Conceptualization and Operationalization…….39
3.1.1 Universe…………………………………………………………………………...39
3.1.2 Justification of the universe…………………………………………………...…39
3.1.3 Sampling procedure………………………………………………………………39
3.1.4 Justification of sampling procedure……………………………………………..40
3.1.5 Sample size………………………………………………………………………...40

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3.1.6 Justification of sampling procedure……………………………………………..41
3.1.7 Techniques of data collection…………………………………………………….41
3.1.8 Tool of data collection…………………………………………………………….41
3.1.9 Construction of interview schedule……………………………………………...41
3.1.10 Justification of interview schedule……………………………………………..42
3.1.11 Distribution of the interview schedule…………………………………………42
3.1.12 Pre-testing and finalizing the interview schedule…..………………………....42
3.1.13 Data collection………………………………………………………………...…46
3.1.14 Field experience………………………………………………………………….47
3.1.15 Limitation………………………………………………………………………..47
3.2 Conceptualization and Operationalization………………………………………..48

CHAPTER 4……………………………………………….........54
Data Analysis……………………………………………………………...54
Part 1: percentages/frequency of variables and their interpretations………………54
Part 2: cross tabulation and their interpretations…………………………………102

CHAPTER 5…………………………………………………...122
Summary, conclusion, discussion, recommendation………………..…122
Summary………………………………………………………………………………122
Discussion……………………………………………………………………………...122
Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………..123
Recommendation/suggestions………………………………………………………...124
Bibliography……………………………………………………………..126
Webliography……………………………………………………………127

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Abstract

“Dar-ul Aman is basically an institution aimed at protecting and reclaiming women who
are deprived of family support due to some reasons. Its purpose is to rehabilitate destitute
women either by arranging, reconciliation or by marriages after the decision of the
cases.”(20)
To investigate the phenomena of Dar-ul-Amans in the rehabilitation of runaway women’s
researchers interviewed the 100 respondents from five Dar-ul-Amans of Punjab.
Interview schedule were used for data collection as a technique. Researchers used
Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) for data analysis and for measuring the
relationship of inter related variables.
To look at rehabilitation in the light of a mere training of crafts being imparted renders a
very cosmetic view, at best, of an issue that requires in-depth investigation and analysis.
A place that does not confer the very basic freedoms and liberties of which they have
been deprived prior to their admission, cannot boast of any significant rehabilitative
success, if any at all.
To impart sewing and other non-commercial mainly domestic skills to women who have
(in most cases) escaped a violent abusive and biased world does little to heal wounds in
their sense of self esteem, ego and confidence in their own abilities.
Can we allow ourselves to merely cast a cursory glance at the often superficial efforts of
these institutions and in so doing satisfy our queries by resigning our curiosity to the fate
our society has doled out for the fairer sex?
Do we know no better or is the better too hard for us to accept?
Change in mindsets always requires a cleansing/ purging of previously held notions-
upturning all we know or hold dear.
It is an utterly disconcerting task and not for the faint-hearted but rather for those
courageous few who seek to right the wrongs they see…the true moral pioneers that
usher in a new age.

5
The wrong in this case is the plight of women who are by the cruel hands of society
forced into a life of destitution.
Here it is the case of the woman that is pleaded…for she is oppressed, chained, abused,
exploited, sold, raped, silenced, broken, beaten discouraged.
Her state is the state of the human race….
Her survival is the survival of the human race…of tomorrows generation…the survival of
hope for she is after all only a woman, only the single most crucial influence in a Childs
life and the one who teaches right from wrong, justice, fairness, sympathy, mercy… the
kingpin of the family, our society, our future

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 Chapter No 1
Introduction

1.1 Introduction
The present study has been carried out on the role played by the protection home
in the rehabilitation of runaway women.
The focus of the research is to observe and document the internal workings of a cross
section of some of the larger protection homes in the region and to evaluate their
collective social service activities in view of the rehabilitation of runaway women.
Inquiries into the contributions made by these institutions in the psycho-social
resuscitation of runaway women; the role in the legal and economic empowerment of
these women in the ever ongoing fight for their basic right to life and liberty.
In order to determine the ‘rehabilitative’ factor of the runaway women we must define
what problems they have that require rehabilitation.
• Are they all similar?
• How (if at all) are the solutions being tailored to their specific needs.
• Is rehabilitation at a practical life size level actually being achieved?
Questions such as:
• Are their psychological/ emotional needs being addressed?
• Are the economic/support needs (of their children) being addressed?
• Are their legal needs being addressed?
• Are their social needs being addressed?

Are they able to avail opportunities others in the society would be able to…we must
look at them as:
a) women (a discriminated section of society) and
b) Victims of emotional and physical crimes and deprivation.

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 In order to determine whether rehabilitation of these women is in fact happening
we must first define their problems:

In general they fall within the ambit of these four:

1) psychological/ emotional
2) legal
3) economic
4) social
These are the problems that beset runaway women in protections to varying degrees.
84% of the admissions are either already married or on/beyond the threshold of forced
matrimony.
The greatest incidence of admissions has been seen to be due to domestic violence
leading to divorce or being the precursor of forced marriage.
Domestic violence being in the form of physical, emotional, sexual, verbal or
economic…which in most instances has originated from the spouse but in a significant
number of cases from the male members of the family/ tribe etc.
Divorce proceedings arising either as a consequence of endless years of domestic
abuse or else as a direct outcome of coerced marriages (coercion employed in both the
establishment as well as the dissolution of the marriage).
If we were to stay within the confines of our society and examine a cross section
of the protection homes working at present we may restrict our analysis of the role they
play in the rehabilitation of women as to how they address the major most issue…that of
divorce arising from domestic violence.
More questions to be answered…
• Does matrimony for a woman in this society mean just what it is?
• Does it mean the same as for a woman from another society?
• Does it mean the same as it does for a man in this society?
• What is the subjective view of the woman herself?

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 • How does she (determine and) contribute to her sense of helplessness and
victimization?
• Is she supposed to accept her fate silently?
• What implications are there for her leaving the marriage?
• Is psychotherapy alone going to fix a problem that is deep rooted in our cultural
and religious ideals and customs?
• What about when these women leave the protection home?
• Is the rehabilitation meaningful?
According to a Government of Punjab report, 80% of women in Pakistan are
subjected to violence.
42.4% accept it as their misfortune/fate
33.6% are ‘powerless’ and ‘unable’ to take action against the aggression/violence
19.2% protest against it
4.8% retaliate and only
7% females opt to leave their homes/abusive environments.
The question that begs to be asked is why women in general do not retaliate
against oppressive and violent behaviour as a matter of fact.
The answer may be that women are entangled in a framework of extreme subjugation at
levels ranging from the most direct to the subliminal; ever-propagated and reinforced by
virtually all institutions of society.
The courts of law- the main avenue by which these destitute women seek
recourse- on a number of occasions (citation from Bari doc.), however subtly, have
expressed their tacit agreement with the prevailing societal male biases that are at the
very cause of these women’s miseries.
The courts among others take it upon themselves to banish these redress-seeking
women to a life of indefinite confinement that violates the very principles of liberty upon
which the Constitution is founded.
What role do these Dar-ul-Aman have in the rehabilitation, emotional support,
counseling of these women? Do these institutions and others like them bring about any
change in the mindset of these distressed women?

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1.2 Background of the study
Hospices for battered wives (malmaritate) can be found in Italy in the sixteenth
century…malmaritate -literally meaning unhappily married- was a state presented as the
woman’s problem to which only she had the solution(by modifying her life). Her
husband’s infidelity, waste and violence are not addressed as problems he must control
but rather conditions she must endure.
This eventually gave rise to Casa del Soccorso di San Paolo- 16th century Bologna a
refuge deemed very necessary for women who could not afford to live outside the home
or without their husband.
This refuge included women in abusive marriages (malmaritate), victims of rape,
prostitutes, girls betrayed by suitors (broken promises of marriage in exchange for their
virginity)
The knowledge that there have been protections for battered women for over four
hundred years strengthens the study…and gives a sense of continuing commitment
regardless of the patriarchal social consciousness of the age to women over time and
national boundaries…women didn’t just ‘wake up’ in the late 19th century!
Jenea L Tallentire, PhD History, Univ. of British Colombia
Since the advent of the concept of the refuge for women, there are a variety of
women’s ‘homes’ around the world that provide refuge, crisis intervention, protection,
protection, medico-legal aid, psychosocial counseling, housing, employment,
empowering activities and strategies; and that are, to varying degrees of success, trying to
fill the abysmal void left by inhuman treatments, discrimination, violence etc meted out
to the female gender.

Women Crisis Centre, Brattlebro, Vermont.

At this centre there are professionals who provide support and understanding
regarding the problems faced by the women seeking protection. It offers a variety of
assistance for women and their children who have been physically and or emotionally
hurt by domestic and sexual violence.

10
They provide Protection for women and children who are survivors of sexual and
domestic violence and for this purpose they have a 24 hours crisis hotline for destitute
women or child. In their center they provide emotional support and if, needed, provide
legal support. They also keep records about the women’s personal information and about
the referrals. While women are in the center they are rehabilitate in groups as well as
individually through various means. A special rehabilitation service is provided to those
who are drugs or alcohol addicted.

Frauenhaus: 4th Anonymous Women Refuge, Berlin Germany.

They offer protection and protection support to women and their children who suffer
violence in their families. The center provide Day & night protection for women and
children voluntary protection that is both anonymous and free. Psychosocial and medical
rehabilitation services are offered in need. Administration assists in all matters
concerning these womens children for example settling legal problem and claims
securing basic needs. They also provide assistance in finding accommodation.

Scottish Women’s Aid, Chiswick Scotland.

Europe’s first domestic violence protection that operates in accordance with informal and
Democratic principles and provides vital services like, temporary refuge upon request ,
domestic violence helpline ,advice on website and emphasis of self-determination.
Moreover it provides medical, legal and social support for those who live and also for
those who visit the center.

Women Centre for Change Penang, Malaysia.

A voluntary non-profit organization dedicated to enhancing women’s status in society
through legal reform and support. They offer temporary protection and free legal and
medical aid and in special cases they provide psychosocial support.

Cambodian Women’s Crisis Centre Phnom Penh.

A local NGO registered with the Cambodian Government Ministry of Interior in
view of the fact that 40% of Cambodian women suffer from domestic violence.

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Its purpose is to provide assistance to women and children who are victims of domestic
violence and sexual abuse etc.
• Drop in centre
• Short and long term accommodation
• Counseling
• Medical treatment
• Literacy training
• Vocational training
• Imparting life skills
• Child care
• Monetary and legal assistance
• Reintegration/repatriation programs
Rayhandeh Protection Home, Iran.
Originally established as a temporary protection home for runaway girls, the
purpose of this home is to transform the minds of women oppressed by the patriarchal
culture of society.
They provide:
• Temporary protection
• Legal aid and awareness of rights
• Rehabilitation services through counseling and therapy
Nawa Centre for Women in Distress, Suleymania, Kurdistan Iraq.
This was the first protection home for women in distress in Iraqi Kurdistan,
opened in Suleymania in January 1999. This centre was built with the financial and
administrative help of WADI and the co-operation of local women’s organizations. In the
first six months of Nawa centre work, it’s assisted or helps out 47 women’s , 29 were
successfully back to their homes through reconciliation. There are competent staffs who
are working in the Nawa centre. The centre staff consists on social workers, psychologists
and medical assistants, who were locally recruited. Nawa centre is providing
rehabilitative services to the needy or distress women in regard to make them re-

12
functional for the society. For this purpose, Nawa centre also providing psychological
counseling and therapy to those female who are suffering in psychological problems or
trauma. In 2001 the centre was taken under the financial responsibility of the Ministry of
Social Affairs.
One-Stop Crisis Centre OCC Dhaka, Bangladesh.
A project of the Ministry of Women and Culture, it is a centre where violated and
abused women and children can get the services they need all in one place.
As part of their services they offer:
• Protection services
• Medical treatments
• Counseling
• Police services
• Forensic tests
DILASSA-Women’s Crisis Centre India.
This is the first of its kind as it is a hospital-based crisis centre for women with
most of its clients being referred by doctors and other paramedical staff post treatment for
domestic-violence injuries
They provide:
• Protection
• Informal counseling
• Awareness campaigning and highlighting of issues relating to violence against
women
PRAJNA- Short Stay Home, Karnataka India.
A counseling centre supported by the Central Social Welfare Board Government
Of India designed for providing protection to women in distress due to maltreatment by
their families. It provides protection to women who are forced into prostitution, those
with marital problems and victims of domestic violence.
They provide:
• Protection
• Medical care

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 • Counseling
• Non-formal education
• Vocational training
• Job placement Rehabilitative/ reform activities
• Helpline service ‘santwana’ for runaway women.
PANAH Protection Home
Panah Protection Home was conceived after Amnesty International members
upon reading AI’s report of “honor killing” in Pakistan, offered to give money to help
alleviate the suffering of the women in such situation. AI contacted the human right
NGOs, who identified the dire need of a protection in the province of Sindh where
women could take temporary refuge from all those, including relatives, who sought to
physically harm them or restrict their access to independent counsel.
Panah seeks to provide a safe and peaceful haven for distressed women where
they can regain their mental peace and develop self-confidence. It works to instill in
women an understanding of their basic rights and start on the path of social and economic
independence. These include women who are: -
• Victims of domestic violence
• Under threat of ‘honor killings’
• Under threat to their safety as a result of exercising their choice in marriage or
divorce
• Accused of zina under the existing ‘Hudood Ordinances’
• Victims of sexual abuse, assault and exploitation (rape, incest, child marriage, sale
of girl child etc).

Social Welfare, Women Development & Bait-ul- Maal Department,

Govt of the Punjab.
Vision.
Strive to attain the ultimate objective of a welfare state according to the collective
social and ethical aspirations of the people free from exploitation, deprivation and
discrimination.
Policy.
• Provide treatment, counseling and guidance, training and rehabilitative services
for drug addicts in collaboration with civil society organizations.

14
 • Provide reconciliation services, counseling and guidance facilities, medico-legal
aid, impart training in marketable skills for rehabilitation of women in distress.
• Arrange counseling and guidance, recreational facilities and other rehabilitative
facilities for the women and child prisoners by taking care of their socio-
economic and religious needs / requirements.
• Organize training courses in different trades and skills for rehabilitation of women
• Institutionalize quality services in old Age homes.
• Provide accommodation facilities for the children Homes.
Strategic Interventions.
• Implementation of Gender Reform Action Plan (GRAP).
• Conversion of Convalescent Home Multan into Drug Rehabilitation centre.
• Establishment of Ghewara at Lahore and Multan.
• Strengthening & capacity building of 8 existing Protection Homes (Dar-ul-Aman)
& establishment of Protection Homes (Dar-ul-Aman) in 26 districts in Punjab.
• Revamping existing socio-economic Welfare & Rehabilitation Centre for women
& children prisoners in jail & establishment of 10 more centers in Punjab.
• Enhancing capacity of existing women development centre in Model Town
Extension Lahore.
• Establishment of 8 Model Children Homes (Orphanages) in 5 districts in Punjab.
• Strengthening of existing Old Age Homes and Establishment of 3 more Homes in
Punjab.
• Construction of building of protection homes (Dar-Ul- Aman) in 5 districts of
Punjab.
• Construction of female barracks for women prisoners Jails.
• Establishment /up-gradation of 100 Vocational Training Institutes in Punjab.

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Strengthening and Capacity Building of 8 Existing Protection Homes
(Dar-ul-Aman)

Name of the project Strengthening and Capacity Building of 8 Existing

Protection Homes (Dar-ul-Aman) and
Establishment of Protection Homes (Dar-ul-Aman)
in remaining 26 Districts of Punjab.
Agency responsible for:

i. Sponsorship Social Welfare, Women Development & Bait-ul-

Maal Department, Govt of the Punjab
ii. Execution Directorate General, Social Welfare, Women
Development & Bait-ul-Maal Department, Govt of
the Punjab.

Cost of the project Rs. 92.649 million

Project Duration (months) 24 months

Approval Status: 12.06.2004

(Date of Approval)

Brief description
There are 33 Protection Homes (Dar-ul-Aman) in Gujranwala, Rawalpindi,
Faisalabad, Sargodha, Multan, D.G. Khan, Bahawalpur and Lahore and all other districts
of the Punjab. There are two Dar-ul-Amans in Lahore and one in each district.

16
Dar-ul Aman (Protection Home) Department of Social welfare.

Table 3.1
Sr Dar-ul-Aman Address Phone Number
# (Rescue home)
District
1 Rawalpindi Social welfare complex No.2 Shamas 051-4424301
abad Rawalpindi
2 Khanewal 065-9200282
Civil lines near RCA Club Khanewal
3 Muzafar Garh Gillani Street D.G Khan Road Muzaffar 066-246736
Garh
4 Vehari Liaqat ali Balooch House Tariq bin zaid 067-3363796
colony Vehari
5 Faisal Abad 19-A 5 Gulam Muhammad Abad Faisal 041-2693170
Abad
6 Sargodha Block Z commissioners colony near 048-9230633
satellite town Sargodha
7 Goujranwala 539 satellite town nursery tower Goujran 055-9200149
wala
8 Multan Muhalla ameer abad shah faisal colony 061-222637
near anti corruption office Mulatan
9 Rajun pur Aqeel pur road al-sadiq town rajun pur 0332-6058890
10 Lahore 36/30 near police station nawan kot chuk 042-
yateem khana Lahroe
11 Lahroe Rajun garh road chuburgi Lahore 042-7358315
12 D.G Khan Social welfare complex D.G khan 0642-9260470
13 Bhawal pur Dilawar colony air port road bhawalpur 0322-654047
14 Sialkot Social welfare complex near sardar 052-9250491
bagum hospital sialkot
15 Sahiwal House no 171 Block no 07 kachahri Road 040-9200449
sahiwal
16 Mianwali House haji akram ullah khan mianwali 0459-234387
17 Jhalum Muhalla sadat colony dhook juma jhalum 0544-927020
18 Bhakkar House no 68 Block no 12 mandi town 13 0453920021
road Bhakkar
19 Liyah Sadat manzal sharif circular road Liyah 0606-414630
20 Lodhran Jiwan wala behind DHQ hospital Lodhran 0608-361143

21 Hafiz abad Muhammad Sharif pura near shaheen 0547-526120

17
 marriage hall goujran wala road hafiz
abad
22 Toba tek singh House no 6 street no 2 muhmood abad 046-2512336
jhang raod T.T Singh
23 Kasoor Tehsil Bazar behind district court Kasur
24 Chakwal Village adhar wal bypass district complex 0543-543708
chakwal 0543-541301
25 Attock Darul salaam colony Attock 057-9316241
26 Khushab 28-83/A officer colony juhar abad 0454-920049
khushab
27 Mandi Bhaoudin Wapda colony road bankers street mandi 0546-501540
bhaoudin
28 Sheikhupura Muhalla islam pura near near Dr. Maj 056-3812273
Saeed Abdullah clinic railway road
sheiikhupura
29 Jhang 35/4 Block Z satellite town near police 0477-620189
post Jhang
30 Narowal Near Tal war church zafar wal by-pass 0542-410646
narowal
31 Pakpatan Muhalla anam abad near tehsil nazim
office pak patan
32 Gujrat Gujrat 053-926059
33 Okara Government colony benazir road okara 0442-523267

These homes were established to provide immediate relief and protection to

women / girls in distress. Categories of women in distress including referred by courts;
referred by NGOs; and women may approach to these homes at their own for protection.
Objectives
• To provide immediate boarding and lodging, medical and counseling/ guidance
facilities for run away/ disadvantaged women / girls in distress.
• To impart training in marketable skills to the inmates to enable them engage
themselves in self-employment after their release from Protection Homes.
Achievements up to September 2006
• All the protection homes have been established in hired buildings.
• Recruitment of staff has been completed.
Services have been started in the Protection Homes in 26 districts.

18
1.3 Statement Of The Problem
The present study has been carried out to examine the existence and success of the
spectrum of activities being offered to the residents at local women’s protection homes.
There have been studies carried out on the state of Pakistani women’s protections in
general however, there are no exhaustive studies pertaining to the actual rehabilitative
activities (if any) that take place within such institutions and if so then to what extent do
they contribute to the social restoration and reintegration of runaway women to
mainstream society.
The problem revolves around understanding the social fabric that these women
are subject to; to understand their psychological makeup and to understand the
phenomenon of ‘a woman running away from her home/family’ in this society.
We want to see what part (if any) these protection homes are playing in restoring to these
distressed women a more normal existence.
1.4 Sociological Significance Of The Study
According to the Constitution of Pakistan:
Article 4: ensures inalienability of every citizen to enjoy the protection of the law and to
be treated in accordance with the law.
Article 9: no person shall be deprived of life or liberty in accordance with law.
Article 14: makes dignity of a person inviolable.
Article 35: directs the state to protect the marriage, the family, the mother, the child.
According to these the protection of the family, the mother and the child is not so
much a socially imposed quasi-moral obligation doled out as charity as much as it is a
constitutional safeguard afforded by the law of the land to any section of the family that
is in need of protection (usu. Women and children)
The family is one of the institutions of society and a smooth environment within the
family structure contributes to an optimally functioning society. However in instances
where this family system breaks down the basic needs of the family members which were
previously being met by the family need to be addressed by a parallel support system.

19
Protection homes in theory are the social safety nets for disrupted marriages and families-
if these (and other) secondary lines of defense are not there the victims of dysfunctional
families and marriages can become easy prey to various anti-social elements.
This study is sociologically significant in that the safety, support and wellbeing of a
society’s women is tantamount to the smooth running of the institution of family
This study deals with the physical as well as the psychosocial element of the
stigmatization that plagues residents of the protections being victims of domestic
violence, rape etc. It assumes a darker psychological flavor that goes beyond the mere
criminal commission of the act of brutality and abuse. In terms of the Pakistani society it
deems to rid a woman of her social acceptance/ respectability, confidence in her basic
human potential transforming hers into an unhealthy mental psyche plunging her into the
depths of depression, guilt, self-blame with physiological manifestations such as
schizophrenia, mental imbalance and nervous breakdown to name a few.
It is hoped that this study will give an insight into the lives of runaway women and how
our society is responding to their needs…in light of resident’s points of view as well as
previous academic research.
1.5 Objectives of the Study
The following objectives were extracted from the study:
• To see whether the basic human rights of the residents women were being
respected in terms of the indicators previously defined
• To find out what kind of services and /or rehabilitative activities these protection
homes provide to their residents
• To discover the various reasons of admission of these women
• To discover which of the protections so studied is offering the ‘best’ care in terms
of rehabilitative activities
• To unearth the level of satisfaction, security and general sense of wellbeing
among these women
• To discover the success of the rehabilitative initiative (if any) of these institutions
and in so doing to determine whether they are at all functional for society.

20
 Chapter No 2

Literature Review
A perusal of the literature currently available on the topic produces many a sub-
theme related to the rehabilitative role of protection homes…such as
• The state of the facilities of these institutions,
• The denial of basic freedoms to the inmates,
• The attitude /competency level of the staff,
• The level of understanding of the underlying problems that beset these inmates,
• The judgmental gender-insensitive treatment meted out by the concerned
authorities such as the social welfare department, judiciary and protection home
administration.
• The importance of economic empowerment in the process of rehabilitation,
• The importance of counseling in the process of rehabilitation.
• Measures taken by the government and recommendations.
These areas are all equally important in ensuring the success of any rehabilitative
program and hence all these themes must be visited to complete a review of literature on
this topic.
2.1 The State Of The Facilities
These are rescue homes for women in distress or facing litigation in courts for cases
mostly related to family and matrimonial matters. Women who are forced to leave their
homes due to these reasons are accommodated in these houses. These houses provide
protection to women and their children up to the time they need protection (6).

The Public sector has 13 protections all of which lack the resources to provide support
services to women. A national study on protections for women reveals that these
protections are unable to meet women’s urgent need for support and rehabilitation. The

21
administrative policy of the protections established control of the management over
women’s lives and converted them into sub jails. (1)

The findings of one study show that the existing facilities of refuges do not meet
women’s urgent needs for support and rehabilitative services…however these refuges
could play a more effective role in transforming women’s lives by providing them with
opportunities to reduce their socioeconomic and psychological vulnerability and creating
options in their lives.(1)

…women, because they are so vulnerable and so frequently exploited in our society,
sometimes need a second chance. They need a place where they can recover from their
physical and emotional hurt, a protection from the security of which they can ask for
justice, and a helping hand which can assist them until they are ready to face the world
anew. This is what Dar-ul-Amans can be…it is crucial, however, not to lose sight of what
Dar-ul-Amans are not…First Dar-ul-Amans are not some kind of sub-
jail to which the law can send women tentatively for confinement. Thus the Government
of the Punjab, Directorate General Social Welfare and Women Department issued
instructions for running protections functioning under the Punjab government. The policy
guidelines expressly state that “adult women must be admitted only with their voluntary
and free consent, and be free to leave at will” (4)

The Dar-ul-Aman in Lahore, run by the Anjuman Himayat I Islam, is the oldest of the
protection homes in the country. Dastak, an NGO, serves as a similar resource for women
in Lahore…The Dar-ul-Aman, Lahore has been forced to operate practically without an
executive committee under the direction of a superintendent and a matron. Moreover, no
expansion or rationalization of facilities has been possible. Everyone of the five rooms of
the building houses ten to fifteen women, and each bed is shared by two. Overcrowding
is not the only problem. Complaints of lack of cold drinking water, for example, are not
uncommon. Access to competent lawyers is also an issue. Nevertheless the efforts of the

22
management of these institutions are particularly laudable given the tight resources on
which these protections are being forced to operate.
Security is n important issue for protections. Manay of the women who come to these
protections are fleeing hostile pursuers who simply will not go away…for similar
reasons, residents who wish to leave the Dar-ul-Aman temporarily for a court hearing for
example, need adequate protection during their trip. The risk to their person is often
significant. (4)

2.2 Denial Of Basic Freedoms To The Inmates

94.1% respondents reported that they were not allowed to go out even to work or find
work for themselves…
Five managers justified the restriction on women’s mobility by arguing that the women
were morally corrupt and hence could not be trusted:
‘How can we allow them to go out? These women have no character. If they become
pregnant, how will we deal with the situation?’ (Remark from Dar-ul-Aman manager)

‘These are not good women. if they are allowed to go out they will indulge in immoral
activities and bring a bad name to the Dar-ul-Aman’ (remark from a Dar-ul-Aman
manager)

‘These women run away. They have no concept of izzat (honor). We must control them’
(remark from a protection manager)

…there were other women who had no court cases pending and had come to the refuges
of their own free will but were not allowed to go out or leave if they wanted…
…the reasons given by managers do not justify the denial of these women basic human
right to liberty and also their constitutional right to freedom of movement.
…the policies of the Dar-ul-Amans and protections violate women’s right to freedom of
movement and destroy their chances of rehabilitation through their own efforts to do
something for themselves and their children. (1)

23
Dar-ul-Amans are not the custodians of the morality of the women who seek refuge in
them. They are places of respite, not restraint. They are places of refuge, not reform.
…the very notion of a protection
Is defeated every time Dar-ul-Amans limit the freedom of residents without regard to
why these women are there to begin with. The guidelines under which protections are
supposed to operate betray their own misconception in this regard. Thus on the one hand,
it is stated that:
“while the management and staff must not enforce any restriction on the legitimate/
inevitable movement of the residents, those who are particularly at risk may be advised to
remain within the protection of the protection”
On the other hand the very next sentence throws the substance of this provision into
jeopardy by asserting:
“However, purposeless free movement of the residents must be restricted in their own
larger interest”
The idea that someone else knows what the ‘larger interest’ of an adult woman is, better
than she herself does, is patronizing and degrading. Moreover, giving someone other than
the woman herself the power to decide which movement is ‘purposeless’ and which is not
puts into question the very concept of the Dar-ul-Aman by making it painfully close to
being a prison.(4)

… Some women have been sent by the courts for protection others have gone voluntarily
looking for protection. When they want to leave they have problems.
First they need a court order and second the darulaman are quite vociferous in their
claims to get money from women who want out of the protection
Karim had gone to the Dar-ul-Aman in Lahore with a Supreme Court order to get some
women out of the protection, women who had indicated to her that they want to leave.
And the superintendent said to her ‘we don’t accept the supreme court order just give us
the money’
A Human Rights Watch (1992) report points out that the Dar-ul-Amans function like a
prison. They are patrolled by armed guards and locked at all times. The women are

24
locked in their cells which are barred at 5pm everyday and allowed only one phone call a
week.
Moreover some women complained to HRW of beatings by the warden. (5)

Dar-ul-Amans need to be redefined as places of temporary refuge for women who are
faced with violence and exploitation of one kind or another who protection and freedom
from pressure in oreder to find a way towards a future of their choice. Protections and
other similar institutions must be unambiguously charged with the task of protecting,
rather thatn curbing, the freedom and rights of women in distress. (4)
2.3 Attitude & Competency Level Of Staff
In order to be admitted into these protections women need to be referred by the court or a
journalist. The superintendent claims that she is not allowed to admit women without a
reference because the protection could be sued by the relatives.
At the Dar-ul-Aman women are taught sewing and embroidery. If they have no place to
go and no one, the Anjuman Himayat e Islam eventually arranges their marriages for
them. (5)

The attitude and role of the supervisory staff is critical in ensuring a peaceful social
environment in the refuges and restoring a sense of dignity to residents…Despite the high
educational qualification of the majority of the managers, none had any training for the
job.
Some of the managers…were unsympathetic and unable to appreciate the predicament of
these women. Some of the women had strong middle-class values and were found
imposing their own standards of morality on the women. We were frequently told by the
managers that these women were untrustworthy and that they were lying to us.
52% of the managers of the refuges considered these women morally corrupt.(1)

…the management of the refuges have become all powerful and have established full
control over the lives of the residents…this has given way to tyranny of the supervisory

25
staff and has created extremely oppressive and exploitative conditions for some of the
residents.
…the responses of the majority of the managers to what needed to be done to improve the
functioning of refuges, showed little imagination. They did not have many suggestions on
how to improve refuges and extend its role in helping women to stand on their own feet.
(1)

The superintendent pointed out that if there is a dispute between a woman and her family
she (the superintendent) speaks to both and arbitrarily decides whom she believes. If she
believes the family she sends the woman home with the family; if she believes the
woman she supports her against the wishes of her family.
When asked whether being sent home has ever caused problems for the women she
responded in the negative because none of them has ever come back for protection again.
But some activists have pointed out that those women could well have been killed by
their families, a common fate of runaway women. (5)

It requires special training to understand the problems of destitute. The staff of the Dar-
ul-Aman should be carefully selected. (12)

2.4 Understanding Of Underlying Problem

Of all the violations of human rights the most systematic widespread and
entrenched is the denial of equality to women. Despite some progress in recent years
there is not country in the world where women have achieved full equality. Although
making up half or more than half of the population they are treated as a minority group,
disadvantaged and powerless. (10)

Today all women share a concern, degradation, indignity, oppression, violence, and
discrimination in every society. Also the fact that this discrimination on the basis of
gender is so deeply rooted in the history of humanity that often it is not perceived as
discrimination.(8)

26
Traditionally women have been raised to accept the values and attitudes of those around
them. They have been socialized to be sweet, passive and dependent; to accept a social
definition of their true vocation as being that of wife and mother: dependents in a male
centred world. Their very identities and merely their status were determined not by their
own characteristics but by those of the men they married. (11)

Intimate partner violence occurs in all countries irrespective of social, economic,

religious or cultural groups.
Overwhelming burden of intimate partner violence is borne by women at the hands of
men.
Traditional notions of male honor…main reasons are the notions of male honor, female
chastity that put women at risk
e.g 47% of female murders in Alexandria, Egypt were killed by a relative after they were
raped.
Qualitative research has shown that most abused women are not passive victims but
rather adopt active strategies to maximize their safety and that of tier children. Some
women resist, others flee, others attempt to keep the peace by giving into their husbands
demands.
A womans response to abuse is often limited by the options available to her.
Qualitative studies of women in US, Africa, Latin America, Asia and Europe show that
various factors can keep women in abusive relationships.
• fear of retribution
• A lack of alternative means of economic support.
• Concern for the children
• Emotional dependence
• Lack of support from family and friends
• Abiding hope that the man will change
20-70% of abused women never told another person of their abuse and those that do, do
so mainly to a family member or friends rather than institutions/ police

27
According to research leaving abusive relationships doesn’t happen all at once. Most
women leave and return several times before deciding to end it because of factors such as
denial, self blame, and suffering.
In the developed world women’s crisis centers and battered women’s protections have
been the cornerstone of programmes.
Since 1980’s protections and crisis centers for women have sprung up in many developed
countries.
However maintaining protections has been expensive and many resort to hot lines and
non residential crisis centers
(What is needed is to) change institutional cultures, embedded cultural biases and
expanding informal sources of support (3)

Against wife beating the focus should not be on relief measures but on structured changes
which will empower women and make them independent and hence less vulnerable to
violence. The emphasis should not be on relief and rescue but on independence and
empowerment. (9)

In Pakistan violence against women is rooted in the social relations of patriarchy, which
are based on a system of male domination and female subordination. Both overt and
covert, it is the means by which patriarchy establishes and maintains these authoritarian
hierarchies.
The different instances of violence against women are part of a continuum of violence
which underpins all spheres of private and public life. These range from the most extreme
forms of overt brutality such as rape and mutilation, to the more subtle and invisible
forms like son preference and child marriage, which cripple the mind and destroy human
potential. Any attempt, therefore, to perceive these acts of violence as disconnected acts
of aberrant behaviour is to misread the phenomenon. Equally it needs to be understood
that unless and until radical changes are introduced to the power bases of the social
formation, attempts to address the problem will not go beyond the merely cosmetic and,
at best, will have a short-term impact.

28
For any attempts to deal with the issues of violence, it is critical to understand and
recognize the structures and categories of violence that pervade in any society.
Marital rape is an alien concept in Pakistan, and is not recognized as a category of
violence. Incest and child abuse are crimes shrouded in silence and taboos, both because
the perpetrators are in a position to prevent any outcry, and also because society, caught
in its own image of moral purity, is reluctant to admit their existence.
Psychological and mental abuse of women comes in many guises and pervades all areas
of their lives. Bound up with the male control of their sexuality, this form of abuse is
inherent in all socio-cultural institutions. The focus on female reproductivity, along with
the high value placed on female chastity, pushes the girl-child into an early marriage and
child bearing before her mind or body is fully mature.
Cultural practice and age-old traditions deny the majority of women in Pakistan the right
to choose their own marriage partners, to reject one chosen for them, or to remain single
if they want to. As a divorced mother, a woman is often forcibly deprived of her children,
since both law and custom designate the father as the ‘natural guardian’. Unequal divorce
law, apart from the mental anguish it causes makes women susceptible to blackmail and
compromise. Customary practice particularly in rural areas, often deprives women of
their inherited property, which is ‘kept’ by the men of the family.
Some of the measures taken by the government since 1993 include the establishment of
women’s crisis centre with the involvement of NGO’s.
Some of the innovative activities and programmes of the women’s movement and NGO’s
include:
• Awareness-raising through nationwide workshops, seminars, newspaper articles,
television and radio programmes on issues of violence against women.
• Legal aid counseling, para legal training to assist victims of violence.
• Establishment of crisis centres and protections for victims of violence.(19)

Abused women are experts of abuse. A study shows that abused women are more likely
to believe that society gives tacit consent to abusive behaviour through its silence and that
talking about it makes it easier to solve. These findings suggest that initiatives aimed at
changing the social norm around domestic violence may assist in intervention efforts (16)

29
According to the staff of a woman’s protection PANNAH Karachi the perpetrator of
domestic violence are not only the husbands but also in laws and male relatives.
In the city of Lahore during 2003 not even a single wife beater has been brought to
justice despite 315 complaints.(7)

An adult woman who has been battered by a partner must deal with the element of social
evaluation. She may be perceived to be contributing to her victimization more so than
victims of other forms of violence. (18)

The insight into these womens lives also shows that the majority of women who resisit
male oppression…do so because…they have reacted to extreme forms of violence.
Therefore the study recommends that the refuges should extend their role and try to
convert the reactive consciousness of these women into critical consciousness. This
would be the most effective strategic intervention to empower women in their struggle to
restore their status. (1)
Separated and divorced women constitute the largest category of depressed individuals…
women are likely to become depressed in a disrupted marriage.
…fear of loneliness, loss of self-esteem, practical problems of living and specific
concerns for children as the major stressors facing single mothers. Divorced mothers
experience little respect and negative social attitudes. In fact single mothers often are
blamed for a variety of social problems such as the need for welfare…depressed women
have difficulty with child rearing (21)

2.5 Judiciary Biases & Need For Sensitization/ Awareness

The Government of Punjab, Directorate General of Social Welfare and Women

Development issued instructions for running protections…the policy guidelines expressly
state that “adult women must be admitted only with their voluntary and free consent, and
be free to leave at will.”

30
This is in keeping with decisions of the superior courts including the Supreme Court of
Pakistan. Nevertheless the courts do not consistently apply this approach. For example, in
cases where the parents complain that their daughter has been kidnapped, the court,
pending decision, often send s the woman to a Dar-ul-Aman eventhough she, fully adult,
contends that the so-called kidnapper is her lawfully-wedded husband and that she left
the home of her own free will. Another example of this mindset because of which Dar-ul-
Amans are viewed as detention facilities is seen when the courts order female witnesses
to be confined in a protection against their will. Of course the protections are not to
blame for being used as de facto prisons. The hands of those who operate these facilities
are frequently tied in the face of court orders requiring detention at a Dar-ul-Aman. (4)

…the residents are judged by patriarchal standards of morality and they confront male
biases in the management of refuges as well as the judiciary and law enforcement
agencies. (1)

The women’s length of stay in the protection and the severity of the abuse were the
strongest predictors of return to protections. The findings suggest that culturally sensitive
mental health services and longer stays in protections may foster women’s independence
from their abusers.(14)

Qualitative research at a battered women’s protection indicates that despite an implicit

philosophy of empowerment, a protection is indeed an organization like any other.
To prevent an inadvertent return to traditional patriarchal structures that oppress women,
feminist social workers must continually assess how ideology affects the organizational
environment in which services are delivered.(15)

Providers of medical and mental health need to be aware that domestic violence may be a
significant contributing factor to a wide range of physical and mental problems. (17)

The fact that Dar-ul-Amans tend to operate in this way, however, is not entirely
surprising. Whenever a society makes a transition towards modernism, the complexion of

31
institutions which presume to protect the lives of those that they consider ‘weak’ and
incapable of making their own decisions meets with resistance from the target group that
they seek to protect. The situation of protections in Pakistan is no different.
Throughout history otherwise well meaning institutions have set out to protect women
and children but all to often have ended up controlling the lives of the very people they
seek to help. With the passage of time, such institutions have either had to change the
assumptions on which their existence is premised, or close down. Change has never been
easy because it has been resisted by society which is still living under the misconception
that women and children are the property of the family to be dealt with according to the
patriarch sense of justice and morality. For this reason existing protections have to be
encouraged at a governmental level to change their attitudes and at the same time be
protected from those who are unwilling to accept what they perceive to be ‘uncalled for
interference’ into the lives of individuals “belonging” to the family. Such notions must be
countered by raising awareness and a sense of social justice.(4)

2.6 Economic Empowerment & Rehabilitation

Dar-ul-Aman is not a special place it is like a prison.Economic dependence is one of the

factors in a woman’s ability to say ‘NO’ to their oppression and subordination. With our
economic means women cannot rebuild their lives at Darulaman.
It is necessary to improve women’s economic empowerment by giving them marketable
skills.(12)

The profile of the women…living in protection shows that the majority are not educated,
do not have marketable skills and have a low socioeconomic status. They need social and
economic support to rebuild their lives.
None of the refuges run by NGO’sin the study offered any vocational training to
residents. All the Dar-ul-Amans run by the government reported that residents were
offered vocational training. However, only traditional skills of sewing and embroidery
were taught. Since these are traditionally women’s skills, these are under-valued and low-

32
paid. No efforts were made by the administration of Dar-ul-Amans to teach women
marketable skills.
Providing jobs can be an important step towards rehabilitation of those women who do no
want to be reconciled with their families…the majority of them (the refuges) showed
reluctance to do so. More than nine managers said that they could neither trust nor give
guarantees about these women.
Since the residents of all of the refuges, with the exception of Dastak, were not allowed to
go out, it was impossible for women to secure employment for themselves.
In Dastak women were encouraged to look for employment, however according to the
rules of the protection, a woman had to leave the protection within 10 days of securing
a job.
…The level of income they earned would not be enough to afford accommodation
therefore this was a disincentive for women to seek employment. (1)

2.7 Counselling & Rehabilitation

Counselling is one of the most critical needs of the women in refuges as all of them live
under stress. None of these refuges in the private and public sectors had in-house
counselors despite the guidelines for Dar-ul-Aman that states “arrange for psychiatric and
other medical services for emotionally disturbed and those who need them”
…the managers did not consider counseling as specialized knowledge or a professional
skill.
…counseling and psychiatric services are very much needed in these refuges. However
counseling cannot be treated as unproblematic. The counselor who is not gender sensitive
could reinforce social biases. Therefore, gender sensitive professional counselors must be
hired by these refuges so they could help women to deal with their emotional stress and
worries and facilitate them to take rational decisions for themselves.(1)

Family counselors recognize the standards of care and standardized models of

intervention and evaluation in the case of domestic violence.

33
Various at risk factors need to be recognized by counselors when screening for abuse
traumas of domestic violence, physical and behavioral indicators of domestic violence.
(13)

An adult woman who has been battered by a partner must deal with the element of social
evaluation. She may be perceived to be contributing to her victimization more so than
victims of other forms of violence.
Show of ambivalence: client may not attend scheduled counseling sessions- it is
important for the clinician to understand the dynamics of such behaviour.

Compliance and willingness to please

Ambivalence
Trust Issues
Emotional detachment.
Self-blame/ Guilt

Useful clinician attitudes and behaviours:

1. Present calm supportive demeanor. Let the woman know the clinician is willing to
be exposed to a recounting of her experiences without rejecting her
(professionalism)
2. Develop sympathetic listening.
3. Provide validation for the victims feelings, thoughts, behaviour- let her know she
isn’t ‘crazy’
4. Respond to the victim’s unique concerns and needs. Avoid statements like ‘he
won’t really hurt you’.
5. Resist urge to push the victim or rush her, allow her to have a sense of control.
6. Anticipate a variety of physical and emotional responses on the part of the victim.
7. Focus on immediate affective experiences grieve with her.
8. Convey an understanding of a woman’s situation by the use of techniques such as
clarification, labeling and generalizations.

34
 9. Encourage client decision making and planning to allow her to regain a sense of
control.
10. Facilitate self care on the part of the woman. Guided imagery exercises, hypnosis,
relaxation techniques, body awareness techniques, physical exercise, self care.
11. Develop survivor mentality- reframing her maladaptive coping strategies as
attempts to cope not pathology.
12. Offer hope and realistic reassurance.

It is strongly believed that only through an appreciation of and sensitivity to the issues
presented here can a clinician make an informed decision…and will facilitate increased
knowledge, consciousness-raising and clinical competence when working with victims
and survivors of intimate violence so that the basic goal of assisting women to achieve
violence-free living and re-empowering them to become survivors rather than victims can
be achieved.(18)

2.8 Measures Taken By The Govt. & Recommendations

The Government of Pakistan is fully sensitive to the issue of violence against women and
is engaged in taking such measures to address the abuse of women in all forms and
manifestations. Some of the measures taken in this direction:
Ten crisis centers for women in distress have been designed to provide temporary
protection, free legal aid, medical relief and psychosocial counseling services to women.
Five such centers have been established in different cities of Pakistan (Islamabad,
Karachi, Vehari, Sahiwal, Quetta)
In addition to this the government of Punjab has set up seven centers under the name of
PANNAH for providing relief to women victims of violence, while 12 Rescue Homes are
already available at each divisional headquarter. A toll free telephone help line facility for
every crisis centre is being arranged to provide meaningful instant support and advice to
women in distress. In addition to public sector institutional interventions there are a
number of crisis centers run by NGO’s throughout Pakistan.(2)

35
Provincial Advisory Committee for Dar-ul-Amans presented new guidelines for running
administration of Dar-ul-Amans in Punjab. These were approved in 1996 and to be
adopted by protections, rescue homes, Dar-ul-Amans in the private and public sector.
In 1997-1998 a working group was constituted in collaboration with the Ministry of
Women Development to draft proposed reforms for Dar-ul-Amans. (4)

The Commision has no doubt that detention of any person unless they have committed a
crime or are put into preventive detention for solid reasons are unconstitutional.
Institutions like protections may, however, of course make administrative rules to manage
their facilities and services.
Consequently, adequate provisions must exist to guard protections and to provide their
residents with safe transportation when this becomes necessary.
Finally external objective supervision of how Dar-ul-Amans are performing is key to
their ongoing improvement. Regular checks of facilities, security, and the
accommodations provided will help toward this end. (4)

2.9 Recommendations
1. Protections whether set up by NGO’s or the government, should be run as a wholly
voluntary recourse for women; their purpose should be only protective and neither
custodial n or reformatory.
2. Thus redefined, protections should be set up throughout the country, They should
collaborate and be linked to legal aid, social welfare and vocational training facilities for
necessary assistance and ongoing support.
3. The government should make certain rules regarding such institutions. Their purpose
being to protect both the residents from being exploited and the management from being
harassed by the families of the residents. Such institutions should:
a) Be registered
b) Have a proper board of management
c) Notify its address with the magistrate and the deputy commissioner of the

36
 area.
d) Be provided adequate security by the government where requested.
4. Adequate resources should be provided to women’s protections in order to ensure
appropriate accommodations, basic facilities and necessary amenities
5. Citizen police-liaison committees should be made mandatory for all police stations.
6. Dar-ul-Amans, orphanages/ institutions protectioning women would be given a legal
status to ensure safety of those residents who do not feel secure with their legal
guardians. (4).

Chapter No 3

Research procedure
This chapter provides information about the research methods, universe,
population, sampling, data collection, conceptualization and operational definitions of the
present study. This chapter is divided into two parts. First part deals with the universe,
sampling procedure and development of the instrument of the data collection. The second
part explains the conceptualization and operationalization of the concepts and indicators.
3.1.1 Universe
The universe of the study was runaway females who sought protection in the Dar-ul-
Amans governs by the private bodies and Social Welfare Department, Ministry of Women
Affairs Government of Punjab and Federal government.
3.1.2 Justification of the Universe
There are several justifications pertaining to the selection of the above universe.
• It was convenient to understand the characteristics of run away women at Dar-ul-
Amans as they belong to the different residential background.
• It was the best options to see the various roles of Dar-ul-Amans through the
women who were in Dar-ul-Amans at the time of study.
3.1.3 Sampling Procedures

37
Researcher selected three public Dar-ul-Aman one from the Lahore, one from the
Rawalpindi and one from Islamabad govern by Social Welfare Department Government
of the Punjab and Ministry of Women Development Federal Government respectively. To
enhance the further understanding of the phenomenon researchers also selected two
private Dar-ul-Amans from Lahore through convenient sampling technique. The table
below explains the selected Dar-ul-Aman including Public and Private from two cities of
the Punjab and from the Islamabad the capital of the Pakistan.

Table 3.2

Lahore Rawalpindi Islamabad Cumulative

Cities

Public
1 1 1 3
Private 2 0 0 2

Total 5

3.1.4 Justification of the sampling procedures

• The above mentions cities are well developed where maximum cases were being
referred.
• The selected Dar-ul-Amans were operated by two different governments in
different ways.
• Several private bodies were also providing protections to the runaway women in
their own ways.
• It was convenient for the researchers to collect data from the above mention cities.
3.1.5 Sample Size

38
After selecting the above Dar-ul-Aman researchers decided to interview each and every
runaway female in the Dar-ul-Aman present at the time of study. The table (3.3) explains
the sample size obtained from each Dar-ul-Aman.

Table 3.3

Dar-ul-Aman Sample size Category

1 City District Govt 23
Lahore Public

2 Dastak crisis center Private

22
3 Himayet-e-Islam 15 Private

4 Shamasabad 18 Public

5 Benazir Bhutto crisis 22 Public

center
Total 100

In this way researcher were able to interviewed 100 respondents from all the selected
Dar-ul-Amans.
3.1.6 Justification of the sample size
Researchers wanted to obtain all the relevant data exhaustively and wanted to
avoid misunderstanding and misconceptions that’s why they decided to interviewed all
the women present at the time of study.
3.1.7 Techniques of data collection
Interviewing technique was used to collect the data. Researchers asked several questions
from the runaway women and summarized in the form of percentage, tables, graph and
cross tables.
3.1.8 Tool of data collection
The data was collected through the interview schedule. Researchers requested the each
respondent and interviewed them individually according to the interview schedule.
Researchers spent 15 to 20 minutes with every respondent.

39
3.1.9 Construction of Interview Schedule
A semi structured interview schedule was constructed with the help of variables and
indicators derived from the research objectives (research question). Semi-structured
interviewed schedule was used because researchers wanted to have the explanation of
some questions like ,
Q: Reasoning of joining Dar-ul-Aman.
&
Q: In your opinion what Dar-ul-Aman should do for the betterment of the run away
women?
3.1.10 Justification of interview Schedule
Through interview schedule, researchers were able,
• To keep face to face interaction.
• They were able to observe the respondents along with hearing.
• They were able to correct the errors if any happened during the interview.
• They were able to keep the respondent focused on their objectives of the study.
• They were able to communicate their questions into different languages for the
convenience of the respondents.
3.1.11 Distribution of the Interview Schedule

The interview schedule was comprised in four parts. The break down is as follows,

• First part contained the basic information about the respondents

• Second part explained the house hold schedule of the respondents.
• Third part dealt with services provided from the Dar-ul-Amans.
• Fourth and last part was about the reasons and characteristics of runaway women
for leaving the homes.

3.1.12 Pre-Testing and Finalizing the Interview Schedule

Interview schedule was constructed and was pre-tested on 10 respondents of the
City District Dar-ul-Aman Lahore. After the analysis of the pre-test results several
amendments were made. For example before pre-test respondents were more interested to
tell the reasons of their leaving home rather than telling about the current facilities and

40
activities, but after pre-testing researchers decided to ask this question at the end of the
interview so that they could remain adhere to their objective. Moreover after pre-test
researcher left some question open ended like, in your opinion what Dar-ul-Aman should
do for the betterment of the women?
Some trainings and services were also included such as hand made pouch making, candle
making in the interview schedule.

Role of Dar-ul-Aman in rehabilitation of Runaway women.

Name:-------------------------
Age:----------------------------
Education:---------------------------------------------------------------
Marital status:-----------------
If married, Number of children:-------------
Status of house you lived in:------------------------

Work status:
1: working
2: Non working.
If working then occupation:------------
Monthly income (if applicable):--------------

Other family Sex Age Relationship Marital Education. Occupation.

members. Male=1 ( with the status. Illiterate=1 Govt
Please Female yy) respondents. Married=1 Primary=2. official=1
mention their =2 Father=1 Separated=2 Middle=3 Teacher=2
name. started Mother=2 Divorced=3 Matric=4. Agriculturist
with the head Husband=3 Widow=4 F.A=5. =3
of the family. Brother=4 Never- B.A=6. Labor =4
e.g. (father) Sister =5 married=5 M.A=6. Tailor=5
Father in- Madrassa=7. Housewife=6
law=6 Retired =7
Mother in- Student=8
law=7 Lawyer=9
Uncle=8 Doctor=10
Aunt=9 Others=11
Others=10 (Mention)
(Mention)

41
 Q: 1 Respondent’s Native address.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------Urban-----------------Rural --------------
Q: 2 For how long you are at Dar-ul-Aman?
DD-------MM, ------ --YY--------
Q 3: How many person do you live in a room? ------------
Q 4: How did you find the attitude of colleagues and staff at Dar-ul-Aman?
Q 5: Do you have the following Facilities at Dar-ul-Aman?
• Boarding •Lodging
• Food •Clothes and Laundry
• Telephone •Entertainment like TV etc
• Out door Picnic •Security guards
• Indoor and Out door entry register
• Police protection for court cases
Q 6: Does Dar-ul-Aman help for your children (if married and have children)
Food Milk Medical
Education Day care
Q 7: Are you satisfied with above facilities?
Yes No
Q 8: Do you pay any service charges at Dar-ul-Aman.
Yes No
If yes please specify:----------------
Q 9: Do you celebrate special days like cultural and religious days.

Q 10: Do you have following Legal facilities at Dar-ul-Aman?

• Facilities of lawyers
• Helping in police procedure
• Reconciliation
• Divorce
• Custody of children
• Recovery of dowry articles
• Criminal Cases (Hudood Ordinance. Rape , Incest)
Q 11: Do you pay any charges for legal aid?
Yes No
If yes then how much? ------------Rupees.
Q 12: Do you have the following Medical facilities?
• Medicines
• Surgical
• Gynecological
• Plastic surgery
• Laboratory

42
 • X-Ray
• Ultrasound
• Hospitalization
• Others
Q 13: Do you pay any charges for medical aid ?
Yes No
If yes then how much?----------- Rupees.
Q 14: Does some one help you in Counseling?
YES No
If yes then who provides you?
• Psychiatrists
• Psychologists
• Social workers
• Religious teacher
Q 15: how they conduct counseling.
Q 16:Are you happy by Counselors?
Yes No
(Please specify if NO)--------------------------------
Q 17: what kind of training you are provided at Dar-ul-Aman?
Cooking Sewing
Embroidery Crafts
Computer Nursing
Candle Making Block Printing
Tie and dye hand made pouches and toys
Q 18: Do you have educational Activities?
Religious education
Informal Schooling
English classes
Q 19: What are the Awareness Programs
Legal awareness
Health and Hygiene
Adult Literacy
social and gender issues
Human rights
current affairs
Q 20: Does Dar-ul-Aman helps you in the Resettlement?
Reconciliation with husband , parents, in- laws.
Assistance in getting job
Professional training
Q 21: How often your relatives visit you?
Once a week
Once a months
Twice a months

43
 Never (why)----------------------------------------------------
Q 22: Do they follow any procedure when they visit you?
Yes (if yes please specify)------------------------------
No(why)------------------------------------------------------------
Q 23: Do you think Dar-ul-Aman is better than home?
1-Yes 2-No 3-Up to some extend
Q 24: In future where you want to live ?
1- Dar-ul-Aman 2- Home
Q 25: who Refer you to this Dar-ul-Aman?
1. NGO Name:-----------------------------------------------------------
2. Court Name:----------------------------------------------------------
3. Police
4. Lawyers
5. Politicians
6. Self
Q 26: Did you face any problem while admission in Dar-ul-Aman.
Q 27: Reason for joining Dar-ul-Aman.
2. Economic
3. Fear of Honor killing
4. Sale of girl
5. Exchange Marriage.
6. Forced marriage and prostitution.
7. Domestic Violence.
8. Acid Burning / hearth burning
9. Incest
10. Rape victim
11. Sexual Assault / sexual abuse
12. Love marriage
13. Hadood Ordinance
Q 28: In your opinion what Dar-ul-Aman should do for the betterment of women
Q 29: Any thing you Dislike and Like at Dar-ul-Aman
Q 30: Please mention your daily routine life at Dar-ul-Aman

Comments & Suggestions:

________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
Thank you.

Date and time:

Name of Interviewer: -------------------------------------------------------
Comments of interviewers:-------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Name of Dar-ul-Aman:------------------------------------------------------

44
3.1.13 Data collection
Data was collected in the month of September and October 2008. It took three
consecutive days to gather data from each Dar-ul-Aman. The data was conducted in
between 9:30 am to 11:30 am. Researchers faced difficulties while gathering the data due
to the following reasons.
• It was the holy month of Ramadan
• Standard time of Pakistan was changed. i.e. one hour advance.
• Wastage of time in obtaining the permission from the administration and in
locating the peaceful corner where the researcher could do their work peacefully.

3.1.14 Field Experiences

Researchers were much more enthusiastic and dedicated and took a great
opportunity to interact and to understand the problems of the runaway women
directly. They enjoyed meeting with the higher authorities of the Dar-ul-Amans.
Researchers feel pleasure when the respondents said “when people like you came
here, we feel relax and we found opportunity to inform the other people about the
Dar-ul-Amans and visits of you people decrease the tensions of our monotonous life”.
Researchers enjoyed the traveling and driving. While research, researchers felt proud
of being the students of the Punjab University and especially the students of the
sociology discipline.

3.1.15 Limitations
• Researchers faced a lot of difficulties and formalities to get the permission
from the higher authorities to visit the Dar-ul-Aman as it was very time
taking and difficult as it depend on their availability.
• Most of the time male researcher could not get permission directly to the
respondents.
• It was really difficult to explain the purpose of the study to the every
respondent.
• Questions about the respondent’s family background were difficult to ask.
• Researcher had put full concentration while interview as all the
respondents were from different cultural, sects, educational, residential
background.
• Some questions like age, income were asked tactfully.
• Researchers were able to collect the data in cordial and co-operative
situation.
• It was difficult to ask about the services of Dar-ul-Aman critically within
the boundary and in the presence of administration.
• There was no study available regarding to the rehabilitation of the run
away women in Dar-ul-Aman.

45
3.2.1 Conceptualization and Operationalization
This chapter provides the clear definitions of the basic concepts used in the present study
and operationalizes them in term of different indicators so that they could be measure and
comprehended.
• Dar-ul-Aman (protection home)
• home
• Rehabilitation
• Runaway
• Role
Conceptualization
1. Protection:
1. Webster dictionary define protection as:
A: “The state of being covered and protected; protection; security”
B: “The condition of being protected or kept safe, e.g. from rain, danger or attack.”
C: “That which covers and defends from injury or annoyance; a protection; a screen”.
The oxford advanced learner dictionary defined as;
“A building provided, e.g. by a charity, for those in need, e.g. people without a home or
badly treated”.
2. Home:
1. Webster dictionary define home as:
A: “One’s own dwelling place; the house in which one lives; esp.; the house in which one
live with his family; the habitual abode of ones family; also ones birthplace”.

46
B: “The abiding place of the affections, especially of the domestic affections”.
The oxford advanced learner dictionary defined as;
A: “The place where one lives, especially with one’s family”.
B: “This district or country where one was born or where one had lived for a long time or
to which one feels attached”.
3. Rehabilitation:
According to Webster’s third new international dictionary rehabilitation mean:
“The action or process of rehabilitating or of being rehabilitated as a: the reestablishment
of the reputation or standing of a person”.
The oxford advanced learner dictionary defined the term rehabilitate as;
“To restore one’s former higher status or position”.
Formal definition
A: “The process of helping a person achieves the highest level of function, independence,
and quality of life possible”.
B: “The restoration of someone to a useful place in society.”
C: “Vindication of a person's character and the re-establishment of that person's
reputation”
D: “Rehabilitation means; to restore to useful life, as through therapy and education or to
restore to good condition, operation, or capacity.”
4. Runaway
Webster dictionary define as:
A: “Running away; fleeing from danger, duty, restraint, etc.; as, runaway soldiers; a
runaway horse”.
B: “Accomplished by running away or elopement, or during flight; as, a runaway
marriage”.
The oxford advanced learner dictionary defined the term runaway as;
“To leave a place sudden; to escape from a place”
5. Role
According to Webster dictionary:
“A part, or character, performed by an actor in a drama; hence a part of function taken
or assumed by any one; as, he has now taken the role of philanthropist”

47
The oxford advanced learner dictionary defined the term role as;
“A function that a person or thing typically has or is expected to have”
Formal definition
A: “A role (sometimes spelled rôle) or a social role is a set of connected behaviors, rights
and obligations as conceptualized by actors in a social situation. It is mostly defined as an
expected behavior in a given individual social status and social position”
B: “A character or part played by a performer or actor; The expected behavior of an
individual in a society; The function or position of something;
C: “A position, or status, within a social structure that is shaped by relatively precise
behavioral expectations (norms). A role has been described as active component of
status”
Operationalization
When we define the concepts which have used in the study, after the explanation of
such concepts we took further step the operationalization of these concepts. In
operationalization we give the real meanings to the concepts according to our nature of
study, that what are the meanings of these concepts in our study. The purpose fulfills
when we gives the operational definition to such concepts.
Protection home
“Darul – Aman (protection home) is a place or institution that provides protection to the
needy people and fulfills their needs and make them re- functional for the society”.
Rehabilitation
A Process of restoration of runaway women through reform activities/services,
psychological and social counseling to build their capacity and to make them
seresourceful person for the society.
Runaway
A person who leave his/her home due to the fear of domestic violence, being abused or
humiliated and killed by his/her family and society as well.
Role
Expected behavior of a particular institution and the people who are performing
something in that institution that how they perform the duties to restore a particular part
of the society.

48
3.2.2 Indicators and Measurement
Various questions were derived from the indicators that were catering the objective of the
study.

Section A: Basic information about the respondent.

Name:-------------------------
Age:----------------------------
Marital status:-----------------
If married, Number of children:-------------
Status of house you lived in:------------------------

Work status:
1: working
2: non working.
If working then occupation:------------
Monthly income (if applicable):--------------
Section A of the interview schedule indicates the basic information about the respondents
including name, age, educational status and marital status along with the status of the
house where the respondents lived before join Dar-ul-Aman.

Section B: Household schedule of respondent:

Other Sex Age Relationship Marital Education. Occupation.

family Male=1 with the status. Illiterate=1 Govt
members. Female=2 respondents. Married=1 Primary=2. official=1
Please Father=1 Separated=2 Middle=3 Teacher=2
mention Mother=2 Divorced=3 Matric=4. Agriculturist
their Husband=3 Widow=4 F.A=5. =3
name. Brother=4 Never- B.A=6. Labor =4
started Sister =5 married=5 M.A=6. Tailor=5
with the Father in- Madrassa=7. Housewife=6
head of law=6 Retired =7
the family. Mother in- Student=8
e.g. law=7 Lawyer=9
(father) Brother in Doctor=10
law=8
Sister-in
law=9
Uncle=10
Aunt=11

49
Section B provides the house schedule of the respondents where it was tried to know how
much family members respondents had and what were there educational, occupational,
marital status. And what was the relation with the respondent.

Section C Facilities in Dar-ul-Aman.

1. Living
2. Legal
3. Medical
4. Security
5. Marriage

Physical needs of the run away women provided by the Dar-ul-Aman.

The third part of the interview schedule comprising the question on 2 to 8 measured the
above indicator about the provision of basic needs of the run away women. Recreations
through celebration of the special days like religious and cultural.
Through question no 9 it was measured whether women in Dar-ul-Aman celebrate any
special day and get recreation and feel the part of whole society rather than alienated.

Section D:Rehabilitation activities at Dar-ul-Aman.

1. Vocational training
2. Professional training
3. Assistance in getting job
4. Religious education

Counseling & Reconciliation services offered by Dar-ul-Aman.

1. Social worker
2. Psychologist
3. Teacher
4. Reconciliation with relatives
Visitors.
Who visit you?
Frequency of visit.
Procedure
Hindrances
The indicator of rehabilitations activities was measured through the question no
14 to question no 21 where it was measured what kind of rehabilitation activities are
being held in the Dar-ul-Aman for the best of women so that they could become
functional for the society and could be self dependent and whether these activities helped
them to come out from any trauma if some one is in that condition. Rehabilitation
activities were including counseling, and various trainings like cooking, informal
education, awareness programs and resettlements with in-laws or parents.
The indicators of visit of relatives to the respondents was measure through question no
22 to 23 whether the relatives of the respondents are in touch with the respondents and
how they came there to met the respondent.

50
 Section E:Reasons for joining Dar-ul-Aman.
Social
Economical
Psychological
Familial relationship
Marital relationship
Distress
Question no 28 of the interview schedule measured the reason for joining the Dar-ul-
Aman and this part was little bit explanatory.

Section F: Referral to Dar-ul-Aman.

NGO
Court
Police
Lawyers
Self
The indicator that who referred the respondent to the Dar-ul-Aman, was measure
through question no 26.
Section G: Services charges, issues and satisfaction.
Legal aid
Medical aid
Food / Boarding
Self attitude and self satisfaction.
Change in life course
Satisfied from services and behavior of staff
Satisfied from colleague
Question no 10 to 13 measured that whether Dar-ul-Aman provide legal and
medical facilities to the run away women needed time to time. And if these are provided
than at what cost or free of cost.
The opinions of the respondents about the Dar-ul-Aman and about the services ,
rehabilitation activities provided by the Dar-ul-Aman and problems faced by the women,
were measured through question no 29 and question no 30.

51
 Chapter No 4

Data analysis

This chapter provides results of the data after analysis and interpretation. The
numerical data in the present study was subjected to various statistical analyses. The
Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) was used to conduct analyses of the
collected data. The data was collected with the help of interview schedule that contain
some open ended and close ended questions that were converted into numerical values.
To have more comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon, the statistical tools like
frequency count and cross tabulation of various variables, were used to analyzed the data.
This chapter is divided into two parts. First part deals with the frequency of the variables
and their interpretation and the second part deals with the cross tabulation of various
inter-related variables and their interpretations.

Table 4.1.1

52
 name of se le cte d darul amans.

Frequency Percent
Benazir Bhutto Shelter
22 22.0
Home
Shamsabad Shelter
18 18.0
Home Pindi
Anjuman Hamait e Islam
15 15.0
Shelter Home
Dastak 22 22.0
City District Shelter Home 23 23.0
Total 100 100.0

The above table (4.1.1) shows the percentage of sample selection from the
selected Dar-ul-Aman. 3 Dar-ul-Amans (City District Dar-ul-Aman (Govt), Anjum
Himayat-e-Islam (pvt), Dastak (pvt)) from Lahore were selected. Amongst the three Dar-
ul-Aman, one was operated by the City District Government and other two was operated
by the local and private bodies. One Dar-ul-Aman (Shamasabad Protection home (govt))
was selected from Rawalpindii and the fifth one (Benazir Bhutto Protection home (govt))
was selected from Islamabad, the capital. In this way total five Dar-ul-Amans were
selected from three different cities of the Punjab. Total there were100 respondents in all
the above mentions Dar-ul-Amans.

Table 4.1.2

Re sponde nt age

Frequency Percent
10-19 20 20.0
20-29 52 52.0
30-39 21 21.0
40-49 3 3.0
50-59 2 2.0
more than 60 2 2.0
Total 100 100.0

The above table (4.1.2) shows the age of the respondents. It is the sad fact that
majority of the respondents were 20-29 years old as table shows 52% of the total.
However, 20% respondents were10-19 years and 21% were30-39 years old. Only 7%

53
respondents were above 40 year old. From the above table it is clear that majority of the
women were young having maximum age of 39 years.

Table 4.1.3

re sponde nt e ducation

Frequency Percent
Primary 2 2.0
middle 15 15.0
matric 11 11.0
F.A 16 16.0
B.A 6 6.0
M.A 3 3.0
Madrassa 3 3.0
illeterate 44 44.0
Total 100 100.0

The above table is illustrating the educational level of the respondents. A major
proportion (44%) of the respondents was illiterate. Others 2% and 15% were primary and
middle pass respectively. However 17% of the respondents had the education up to
intermediate. Only 25% respondents had bachelor or above education.

Table 4.1.4

M artial status

Frequency Percent
single 16 16.0
married 72 72.0
divorce 3 3.0
seperated 2 2.0
widow 7 7.0
Total 100 100.0

Interestingly or ironically 72% respondents were married as the table 4.1.4 shows.
And 16% respondents were single. Only 12% were those respondents who were
separated, widow or divorced.

Table 4.1.5

54
 if marrie d the n Numbe r of childre n

Frequency Percent
1--3 10 10.0
4--6 30 30.0
7--9 14 14.0
No 33 33.0
Does not apply 13 13.0
Total 100 100.0

Table (4.1.5) show that how much children respondents had? As we see from the
above table 33% married respondents were those who had no children and 16%
respondents were single that’s why this question doesn’t apply on them. Although 28%
respondents had 4-6 and 14% had 7-9 children. Only 9% respondents had 1-3 children.

Table 4.1.6

house status

Frequency Percent
own 71 71.0
rented 20 20.0
other 8 8.0
Total 99 99.0
Missing System 1 1.0
Total 100 100.0

The above table (4.1.6) illustrates the status of the house where respondents lived.
So 73% respondents lived in their own houses like father’s own house or husband’s own
house. While 20% respondents lived in the rented houses and only 7% of the total
respondents lived in some one’s house or house taken as Mortgage (Girvi).

Table 4.1.7

55
 working satus

Frequency Percent
yes 41 41.0
no 58 58.0
99 1 1.0
Tot
100 100.0
al

Working status of the respondents is analyzed through the table (4.1.7) as it shows
that majority of the respondents (58%) were non working or had no employment. Only
42% respondents were engaged in different professions like house wife, teaching or other
small level jobs.

Table 4.1.8

occupation

Frequency Percent
Household 25 25.0
teaching 9 9.0
other 7 7.0
Does not apply 59 59.0
Total 100 100.0

Occupation of the working respondents is shown in the above table. Out of 42%
respondents 26% were household women, 9% were in teaching profession and other 7%
were in other domestic level occupation like swing and carpet making etc. However 58%
were non-working women.

Table 4.1.9

56
 monthly income

Frequency Percent
less than and
36 36.0
equal to 5000
6000--10000 3 3.0
11000--15000 1 1.0
16000--20000 2 2.0
Above 21000 2 2.0
dont know 56 56.0
Total 100 100.0

The most important factors affecting the lives of women in Dar-ul-Aman was the
total monthly income of their houses. A major chunk of respondents that was 36% had
less than Rs.5000 income / month. However, only 3% respondents had income range of
Rs.6000 to 10,000/month. Only 5% had good monthly income up to 30,000. Although
56% respondents were those who refused to answer or they did not know about the
monthly income of their house and mostly these were those respondents who were non-
working.

Table 4.1.10

fathe r

Frequency Percent
yes 15 15.0
no 85 85.0
Total 100 100.0

The above table illustrates the status of relatives. As table 4.1.10 shows that only
15% respondent’s father were alive while 85% respondents were those, whose fathers
have been expired. Moreover those 15% were living in the house of father before joining
Dar-ul-Aman.

Table 4.1.11

57
 mothe r

Frequency Percent
yes 17 17.0
no 83 83.0
Total 100 100.0

In the above table 4.1.11 we see that 17% respondents had their mothers alive and
they lived in father or mother’s house. Mostly these were those respondents who were
single and few of them were separated. While 83% were those respondents who lived in
husband’s house or their mothers were not alive.

Table 4.1.12

husban

Frequency Percent
yes 72 72.0
no 28 28.0
Total 100 100.0

From the above table we see that majority of the respondents that is 72% had their
husbands and they lived in husband’s house. While only 28% were single, separated and
widow and lived in in-laws or in father’s house.

Table 4.1.13

brothe r

Frequency Percent
yes 19 19.0
no 81 81.0
Total 100 100.0

The data in the table 4.1.13 indicates that 19% respondents lived with father’s
house and had their brothers and 81% respondents lived in-laws or they had no brothers
at all.

58
Table 4.1.14

siste r

Frequency Percent
yes 19 19.0
no 81 81.0
Total 100 100.0

The data in the table 4.1.14 indicates that 19% respondents lived with father’s house
and had their sisters and 81% respondents lived in-laws or they had no sisters at all.

Table 4.1.15

fathe in Law

Frequency Percent
yes 30 30.0
no 69 69.0
6.00 1 1.0
Total 100 100.0

From the above table it can be seen that only 30% of the respondents had their
father in laws and they lived in in-laws. The remaining 70% respondents may not lived in
in-laws or their father in laws were expired.

Table 4.1.16

59
 mothe r in law

Frequency Percent
yes 35 35.0
no 65 65.0
Total 100 100.0

From the above table it can be seen that only 35% of the respondents had their
mothers in laws and they lived in in-laws. The remaining 65% respondents may not lived
in in-laws or their mothers in laws were expired.

Table 4.1.17

uncle

Frequency Percent
yes 4 4.0
no 96 96.0
Total 100 100.0

The table 4.1.17 illustrate that 4% respondents lived with their uncle before joining
Dar-ul-Aman and other 96% respondents were living with their in-laws or with their
parents.

Table 4.1.18

aunt

Frequency Percent
yes 3 3.0
no 97 97.0
Total 100 100.0

The table 4.1.18 illustrate that 3 % respondents lived in their uncle’s house
before joining Dar-ul-Aman and their aunts were alive while other 96% respondents were
living with their in-laws or with their parents.

Table 4.1.19

60
 othe rs

Frequency Percent
yes 2 2.0
no 98 98.0
Total 100 100.0

In this table the status of other relatives like brother in-law, sister in – law etc are
shown. Only 2% respondents replied that they had other relatives and 98% had no any
other relatives or they did not lived with them.

Table 4.1.20

house hold size

Frequency Percent
5-9 61 61.0
10-14 31 31.0
15-19 8 8.0
Total 100 100.0

The above table 4.1.20 shows the total household size of the respondents. The
table shows that 54% respondents were living with 5 to 9 members of their family. And
27% were those respondents who had 10 to 14 family members. 3%, interestingly, had 15
to 19 members and constituted to big family. Only 16% were those respondents who had
not more than 4 members of their family.

Table 4.1.21

fathe r e ducation

Frequency Percent
illiterate 9 9.0
primary 2 2.0
matric 5 5.0
Madrassa 1 1.0
does not apply 83 83.0
Total 100 100.0

61
In the above table (4.1.21) the data shows the educational level of the respondent’s
fathers. Majority of the respondents (83%) weather had no father alive or they did not
live with their father so this question doesn’t apply on them. However remaining 8% out
of 12% were those respondents who’s father were illiterate and remaining 6%
respondent’s fathers had primary to middle level education.
Table 4.1.22

mothe r e ducation

Frequency Percent
illiterate 15 15.0
primary 1 1.0
middle 1 1.0
Madrassa 1 1.0
does not apply 82 82.0
Total 100 100.0

In the above table (4.1.22) the data shows the educational level of the respondent’s
mothers. Majority of the respondents (82%) weather have no mothers alive or they do not
live with their mothers so this question doesn’t apply on them. However remaining 15%
out of 18% were those respondents who’s father are illiterate and remaining 3%
respondent’s mothers have primary to middle level education or have got education from
Madrassa.

Table 4.1.23

husband e ducation

Frequency Percent
illiterate 39 39.0
primary 4 4.0
middle 10 10.0
matric 14 14.0
F.A 1 1.0
B.A 1 1.0
M.A 4 4.0
does not apply 27 27.0
Total 100 100.0

62
The table (4.1.23) illustrates the educational level of respondent’s husbands. Ironically
39%, a major proportion, respondent’s husbands are illiterate. Although 10% have
husbands who’s education is up to middle and 14% are those who’s husbands have up to
metric level education while 4% are those who’s husbands are only primary pass. Only
6% respondent’s husbands have the education up to master level. However this question
doesn’t apply on 27% respondents.

Table 4.1.24

brothe r e ducation

Frequency Percent
illiterate 9 9.0
primary 1 1.0
matric 5 5.0
B.A 3 3.0
M.A 1 1.0
does not apply 81 81.0
Total 100 100.0

As for the educational level of respondent’s brother is concerned, the above table (4.1.24)
shows that this question doesn’t apply 81% respondents. 9% respondents have illiterate
brothers. However 1% and 5% respondent’s brothers have primary and metric level
education respectively. Only 4% respondent’s brothers are those who have up to master
level education.

Table 4.1.25

siste r e ducation

Frequency Percent
illiterate 8 8.0
primary 3 3.0
middle 2 2.0
matric 2 2.0
F.A 1 1.0
M.A 3 3.0
does not apply 81 81.0
Total 100 100.0

63
As for the educational level of respondent’s sisters is concerned, the above table (4.1.25)
shows that this question doesn’t apply 81% respondents. 8% respondents have illiterate
sisters. However 3% and 4% respondent’s sisters have primary and metric level of
education respectively. Only 4% respondent’s sisters are those who have up to master
level education.

Table 4.1.26

fathe r in law e ducation

Frequency Percent
illiterate 21 21.0
primary 1 1.0
matric 6 6.0
does not apply 72 72.0
Total 100 100.0

The present table (4.1.26) illustrates the educational level of father in laws of the
respondents. As the table shows that father in law of 21% respondents are illiterate. Only
7% respondent’s fathers in law have up to matriculation qualification. However this
phenomenon does not apply on 72% respondents.

Table 4.1.27

mothe r in law e ducation

Frequency Percent
illiterate 30 30.0
primary 2 2.0
matric 2 2.0
B.A 1 1.0
does not apply 65 65.0
Total 100 100.0

The present table (4.1.27) illustrates the educational level of mothers in laws of the
respondents. As the table shows that mothers in law of 30% respondents are illiterate.
Only 5% respondent’s fathers in law have up to matriculation and B.A qualification.
However this phenomenon does not apply on 65% respondents.

64
Table 4.1.28

uncle e ducation

Frequency Percent
illiterate 2 2.0
B.A 1 1.0
does not apply 97 97.0
Total 100 100.0

In this table (4.1.28) the educational level of uncles of the respondents is shown. Uncles
of 2% respondents are illiterate and only 1% respondents have educational level up to
B.A. however this does not apply on 97% respondents because they did not live with
their uncles.

Table 4.1.29

aunt e ducation

Frequency Percent
illiterate 2 2.0
90.00 1 1.0
does not apply 97 97.0
Total 100 100.0

In this table (4.1.29) the educational level of aunts of the respondents is shown. Aunts of
2% respondents are illiterate and only 1% respondents were those who did not answer
this question. However this does not apply on 97% respondents because they did not live
with their uncles or aunts.

Table 4.1.30

65
 fathe r's occupation

Frequency Percent
agriculturist 3 3.0
labor 2 2.0
retiered 1 1.0
other 9 9.0
No 2 2.0
Does not apply 83 83.0
Total 100 100.0

The occupation of the respondent’s father is shown in the above table (4.1.30). only 3%
respondent’s fathers are in agriculture occupation and other 12% respondent’s fathers are
in labor or others small level occupation. Although this question also doesn’t apply on
83% respondents as they have no father alive or they do not lived with their fathers.

Table 4.1.31

mothe r occupation

Frequency Percent
housewife 10 10.0
lawyer 1 1.0
other 1 1.0
No 6 6.0
Does not apply 82 82.0
Total 100 100.0

The occupation of the respondent’s mothers is shown in the above table (4.1.31). 10%
respondent’s mothers are housewife and other 7% respondent’s mothers do nothing.
Although this question also doesn’t apply on 82% respondents as they have no mothers
alive or they do not lived with their parents.

66
Table 4.1.32

husband occupation

Frequency Percent
Govt official 1 1.0
teacher 2 2.0
agriculturist 10 10.0
labor 7 7.0
tailor 1 1.0
retiered 1 1.0
doctor 2 2.0
other 43 43.0
No 5 5.0
Does not apply 28 28.0
Total 100 100.0

The occupation of the respondent’s husbands is shown in the above table (4.1.32).
Husbands of 10% respondents are in agriculture occupation. And 57% were those
respondents who’s’ husbands are in various local occupations. However 28% respondents
are those who are not married, widow so this does not apply on them.

Table 4.1.33

brothe r occupation

Frequency Percent
agriculturist 2 2.0
labor 1 1.0
tailor 1 1.0
lawyer 1 1.0
other 8 8.0
No 7 7.0
Does not apply 80 80.0
Total 100 100.0

The above table shows the occupation of brothers of the respondents. As the table
shows that brothers of 2% respondents are in agriculture occupation and brothers of 11%

67
respondents are in local level occupation. While 7% respondent’s brothers do nothing.
And this doesn’t apply on 80% respondents.

Table 4.1.34

siste r occupation

Frequency Percent
teacher 1 1.0
tailor 1 1.0
housewife 4 4.0
other 1 1.0
No 12 12.0
Does not apply 81 81.0
Total 100 100.0

The above table shows the occupation of sisters of the respondents. As the table
shows that sister of 4% respondents are in housewife and sisters of 3% respondents are in
local level occupation. While 12% respondent’s sisters do nothing. And this question
doesn’t apply on 81% respondents.

Table 4.1.35

fathe r in law occupation

Frequency Percent
Govt official 1 1.0
agriculturist 6 6.0
labor 1 1.0
retiered 3 3.0
other 15 15.0
No 4 4.0
Does not apply 70 70.0
Total 100 100.0

The occupation of the respondent’s father in-law is shown in the above table (4.1.35).
Only 6% respondent’s fathers in-law are in agriculture occupation and other 18%

68
respondent’s father in-law are in labor or others small level occupation. Although this
question also doesn’t apply on 70% respondents as they have no father in-law alive or
they are single or do not lived with in-laws.

Table 4.1.36

mothe r in law occupation

Frequency Percent
agriculturist 1 1.0
labor 1 1.0
housewife 16 16.0
No 13 13.0
Does not apply 69 69.0
Total 100 100.0

The occupation of the respondent’s mothers in-law is shown in the above table (4.1.36).
Only 1% respondent’s mothers in-law are in agriculture occupation and other 16%
respondent’s mothers’ in-law are hose wives. 13% are those respondents whose mothers’
in-law does nothing. Although this question also doesn’t apply on 69% respondents as
they have no mothers’ in-law alive or they are single or do not lived with in-laws.

Table 4.1.37

uncle occupation

Frequency Percent
labor 1 1.0
other 2 2.0
Does not apply 97 97.0
Total 100 100.0

The above table shows that only 3% respondents lived with their uncle and they are in
labor or other small level occupation. However this question does not apply on 97%
respondents.

69
Table 4.1.38

aunt occupation

Frequency Percent
housewife 1 1.0
No 1 1.0
Does not apply 98 98.0
Total 100 100.0

The above table shows that only 2% respondents lived with their aunt and they are house
wives or do nothing. However this question does not apply on 98% respondents.

Table 4.1.39

re sponde nt re side ntial are a

Frequency Percent
urban 37 37.0
rural 63 63.0
Total 100 100.0

The above table (4.1.39) illustrates the residential area of the respondents. It can be seen
that mostly women in Dar-ul-Aman belong to the rural area background as table show
63% and 37% respondents are those who belong to urban area.

Table 4.1.40

for how long at Darul Aman (in month)

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid 1--2 65 65.0 65.0 65.0
3--4 20 20.0 20.0 85.0
5--6 7 7.0 7.0 92.0
7--8 4 4.0 4.0 96.0
9--10 3 3.0 3.0 99.0
13--14 1 1.0 1.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0

70
The above table (4.1.40) shows the respondents’ duration (in months) spend in Dar-ul-
Aman. As the table shows 65% are those respondents who joined Dar-ul-Aman from last
1 to 2 months. 20% where those respondents who have spent up to 4 months. Others 15%
were in Dar-ul-Aman from last one year or more.

Table 4.1.41

how many person liv e in a room

Frequency Percent
5-6 40 40.0
7-8 44 44.0
9-10 16 16.0
Total 100 100.0

This table shows the response of the respondents when they were asked that how many
persons they lived in a room of Dar-ul-Aman? A major chunk of the respondents (42%)
said they live 7 to 8 members in a single room. 39% were those who are 5-6 roommates.
And 10% lived 2-4 members. However 9% were those who lived 9 to 10 roommates in a
room which indicates the insufficient place in Dar-ul-Aman.

Table 4.1.42

attitude of the colle ague and staff me mbe rs

Frequency Percent
good, nice attitude 76 76.0
politics,
18 18.0
colleague,roomats fights
not good, not satisfied 6 6.0
Total 100 100.0

In this table the data shows the attitude of staff and room mates or colleagues of the
respondents. A great number of respondents (76%) were satisfied with their staff and

71
colleagues. However 18% respondents said they are disturb by the politics and fights
among the colleagues. Moreover 6% respondents were not satisfied at all.

Table 4.1.43

Boarding facility

Frequency Percent
yes 90 90.0
no 10 10.0
Total 100 100.0

The above table illustrates the boarding facility provided to the respondents by the Dar-
ul-Aman administration. Good to see that 90% respondents replied yes they have and
only 10% replied they have but its not good.

Table 4.1.44

food facility

Frequency Percent
yes 98 98.0
no 2 2.0
Total 100 100.0

The above table illustrates the food facility provided to the respondents by the Dar-ul-
Aman administration. Good to see that 98% respondents replied yes they have and only
2% replied they have but food is not good.

Table 4.1.45

te le phone facility

Frequency Percent
yes 48 48.0
no 51 51.0
22.00 1 1.0
Total 100 100.0

72
The above table illustrates the telephone facility provided to the respondents by the Dar-
ul-Aman administration. The table shows that 48% respondents replied yes they have but
52% replied they have no telephone facility.

Table 4.1.46

out door picnic facility

Frequency Percent
yes 20 20.0
no 80 80.0
Total 100 100.0

The above table illustrates the outdoor picnic and recreation facility provided to the
respondents by the Dar-ul-Aman administration. The table shows that 20% respondents
replied yes they have but 80% replied they have no such facility. It may be due to
different rules of different Dar-ul-Aman.

Table 4.1.47

indoor and out door entry re giste r

Frequency Percent
yes 28 28.0
no 72 72.0
Total 100 100.0

73
This table shows the responses of the respondents that weather is there any indoor and
out door entry register when they and their relatives visits them? Only 28% respondents
said yes there is but majority (72%) said there is no such activity.

Table 4.1.48

police prote ction for court case s

Frequency Percent
yes 36 36.0
no 64 64.0
Total 100 100.0

This table shows the responses of the respondents that weather is there any police
protection whey they go to the court for their cases. A small proportion (36%) said that
yes they have but mostly (64%) said they have no any protection from police.

Table 4.1.49

lodging

Frequency Percent
yes 29 29.0
no 71 71.0
Total 100 100.0

The above table illustrates the lodging facility provided to the respondents by the Dar-ul-
Aman administration. The table shows that only 29% respondents replied yes they have
but 71% replied they have no lodging facility.

Table 4.1.50

74
 clothe s and laundry

Frequency Percent
yes 38 38.0
no 61 61.0
22.00 1 1.0
Total 100 100.0

The above table illustrates the clothes and laundry facility provided to the respondents by
the Dar-ul-Aman administration. The table shows that only 38% respondents replied yes
they have but 71% replied they have no such facility.

Table 4.1.51

T.V

Frequency Percent
yes 83 83.0
no 17 17.0
Total 100 100.0

The above table illustrates the T.V or entertainment facility provided to the respondents
by the Dar-ul-Aman administration. The table shows that only 83% respondents replied
yes they have but 17% replied they have no such facility.

Table 4.1.52

se curity guard

Frequency Percent
yes 80 80.0
no 20 20.0
Total 100 100.0

The above table illustrates the security and security guard facility provided to the
respondents by the Dar-ul-Aman administration. The table shows that only 80%
respondents replied yes they have but 20% replied they have no such facility.

Table 4.1.53

75
 prov ide food for child

Frequency Percent
yes 68 68.0
no 7 7.0
Does not apply 25 25.0
Total 100 100.0

The above table illustrates the food for the children of the respondents facility provided to
the respondents by the Dar-ul-Aman administration. The table shows that only 68%
respondents replied yes they have but 7% replied they have no such facility. However this
question does not apply on 25% respondents.

Table 4.1.54

prov ide education for child

Frequency Percent
yes 55 55.0
no 19 19.0
Does not apply 25 25.0
Total 99 99.0
Missing System 1 1.0
Total 100 100.0

The above table illustrates the education of the children of the respondents facility
provided to the respondents by the Dar-ul-Aman administration. The table shows that
55% respondents replied yes they have but 19% replied they have no such facility.
However this question does not apply on 25% respondents.

Table 4.1.55

76
 prov ide milk for child

Frequency Percent
yes 39 39.0
no 36 36.0
Does not apply 25 25.0
Total 100 100.0

The above table illustrates the milk for the children of the respondents facility provided to
the respondents by the Dar-ul-Aman administration. Interestingly the table shows that
only 39% respondents replied yes they have but 36% replied they have no such facility.
However this question does not apply on 25% respondents.

Table 4.1.56

prov ide day care ce ntre for child

Frequency Percent
yes 8 8.0
no 67 67.0
Does not apply 25 25.0
Total 100 100.0

The above table illustrates the day care services for the children of the respondents
facility provided to the respondents by the Dar-ul-Aman administration. Interestingly the
table shows that only 8% respondents replied yes they have but 67% replied they have no
such facility. However this question does not apply on 25% respondents.

Table 4.1.57

77
 prov ide me dical facilitie s for child

Frequency Percent
yes 44 44.0
no 30 30.0
Does not apply 25 25.0
Total 99 99.0
Missing System 1 1.0
Total 100 100.0

The above table illustrates the medical for the children of the respondents facility
provided to the respondents by the Dar-ul-Aman administration. The table shows that
only 44% respondents replied yes they have but 30% replied they have no such facility.
However this question does not apply on 25% respondents.
Table 4.1.58

satisfie d with facilities

Frequency Percent
yes 80 80.0
no 20 20.0
Total 100 100.0

In this table (4.1.58) the data shows the satisfaction of the respondents by the facilities
provided to them by the Dar-ul-Aman. Good to see that 80% of the respondents said that
yes they are satisfied. However only 20% respondents said they are not satisfied.
Table 4.1.59

pay for any se v ice s charge s

Frequency Percent
yes 24 24.0
no 76 76.0
Total 100 100.0

The present table illustrates weather the respondents pay any services charges against the
facilities provided to them. Majority of the respondents (76%) replied no they have free
facilities and only 24% respondents said they have to pay for any facility consumed by
them.

78
Table 4.1.60

what kind of cultural days are ce le brate

Frequency Percent
yes celebrate 14th
66 66.0
august, eid, mela
out door picnin, park 1 1.0
clothes, gifts 7 7.0
religious days, melad 7 7.0
No celebration,
19 19.0
doesn't know
Total 100 100.0

The above table shows the responses of the respondents that what kind of celebration
they celebrate in the Dar-ul-Aman. A great proportion (66%) respondents said they
celebrates like national days, religious day. 14% said they celebrate religious days and
receive gifts and cloths on special days. However there were 19% those respondents who
did not know or they do not celebrate any special day in Dar-ul-Aman.

Table 4.1.61

lawye r facility

Frequency Percent
yes 46 46.0
no 46 46.0
Does not apply 7 7.0
Total 99 99.0
Missing System 1 1.0
Total 100 100.0

The above table illustrates the lawyer’s facility for court cases provided to the
respondents by the Dar-ul-Aman administration. The table shows that only 47%
respondents replied yes they have but 46% replied they have no such facility. However
this question does not apply on 7% respondents.

Table 4.1.62

79
 police proce dure facility

Frequency Percent
yes 34 34.0
no 59 59.0
Does not apply 7 7.0
Total 100 100.0

The above table illustrates the police procedure facility for court cases provided to the
respondents by the Dar-ul-Aman administration. The table shows that only 37%
respondents replied yes they have but 59% replied they have no such facility. However
this question does not apply on 7% respondents.
Table 4.1.63

re conciliation facility

Frequency Percent
yes 34 34.0
no 59 59.0
Does not apply 7 7.0
Total 100 100.0

The above table illustrates the reconciliation facility with parents or in-laws provided to
the respondents by the Dar-ul-Aman administration. The table shows that only 34%
respondents replied yes they have but 59% replied they have no such facility. However
this question does not apply on 7% respondents.

Table 4.1.64

div orce facility

Frequency Percent
yes 47 47.0
no 46 46.0
Does not apply 7 7.0
Total 100 100.0

The above table illustrates the divorce facility (if one wants) provided to the respondents
by the Dar-ul-Aman administration. The table shows that only 47% respondents replied

80
yes they have but 46% replied they have no such facility. However this question does not
apply on 7% respondents.

Table 4.1.65

custody of childre n

Frequency Percent
yes 34 34.0
no 59 59.0
Does not apply 7 7.0
Total 100 100.0

The above table illustrates the custody of children facility (if one wants) provided to the
respondents by the Dar-ul-Aman administration. The table shows that only 34%
respondents replied yes they have but 59% replied they have no such facility. However
this question does not apply on 7% respondents.

Table 4.1.66

re cov e ry of dowry article s facility

Frequency Percent
yes 36 36.0
no 57 57.0
Does not apply 7 7.0
Total 100 100.0

The above table illustrates the recovery of dowry article facility (if one wants) provided
to the respondents by the Dar-ul-Aman administration. The table shows that only 36%
respondents replied yes they have but 57% replied they have no such facility. However
this question does not apply on 7% respondents.

81
Table 4.1.67

criminal facility

Frequency Percent
yes 33 33.0
no 60 60.0
Does not apply 7 7.0
Total 100 100.0

The above table illustrates the support in criminal cases facility (if one needed) provided
to the respondents by the Dar-ul-Aman administration. The table shows that only 33%
respondents replied yes they have but 60% replied they have no such facility. However
this question does not apply on 7% respondents.

Table 4.1.68

pay for le gal charge s

Frequency Percent
yes 16 16.0
no 59 59.0
Does not apply 25 25.0
Total 100 100.0

The above table illustrates the legal services charges for the legal facility provided to the
respondents by the Dar-ul-Aman administration. The table shows that only 16%
respondents replied yes they have to pay but 59% replied they have free legal facility.
However this question does not apply on 25% respondents.

Table 4.1.69

me dicine (me dical facility)

Frequency Percent
yes 65 65.0
no 33 33.0
99.00 2 2.0
Total 100 100.0

82
The above table illustrates the medicines facility provided to the respondents by the Dar-
ul-Aman administration. The table shows that only 67% respondents replied yes they
have but 33% replied they have no such facility.

Table 4.1.70

surgical (me dical facility)

Frequency Percent
yes 51 51.0
no 47 47.0
99.00 2 2.0
Total 100 100.0

The above table illustrates the surgical facility provided to the respondents by the Dar-ul-
Aman administration. The table shows that only 53% respondents replied yes they have
but 47% replied they have no such facility.

Table 4.1.71

Gyne cological (me dical facility)

Frequency Percent
yes 50 50.0
no 48 48.0
99.00 2 2.0
Total 100 100.0

The above table illustrates the gynecological facility provided to the respondents by the
Dar-ul-Aman administration. The table shows that only 51% respondents replied yes they
have but 49% replied they have no such facility.

83
Table 4.1.72

Plastic surge ry (me dical facilit)

Frequency Percent
yes 50 50.0
no 48 48.0
99.00 2 2.0
Total 100 100.0

The above table illustrates the plastic surgery facility provided to the respondents by the
Dar-ul-Aman administration. The table shows that only 51% respondents replied yes they
have but 49% replied they have no such facility.
Table 4.1.73

Laboratory (me dical facility)

Frequency Percent
yes 49 49.0
no 48 48.0
11.00 1 1.0
99.00 2 2.0
Total 100 100.0

The above table illustrates the laboratory test facility provided to the respondents by the
Dar-ul-Aman administration. The table shows that only 51% respondents replied yes they
have but 49% replied they have no such facility.

Table 4.1.75

X-Ray (me dical facility)

Frequency Percent
yes 50 50.0
no 48 48.0
99.00 2 2.0
Total 100 100.0

The above table illustrates the X-ray test facility provided to the respondents by the Dar-
ul-Aman administration. The table shows that only 51% respondents replied yes they
have but 49% replied they have no such facility.

84
Table 4.1.76

Ultrasound (me dical facility)

Frequency Percent
yes 50 50.0
no 48 48.0
99.00 2 2.0
Total 100 100.0

The above table illustrates the ultrasound test facility provided to the respondents by the
Dar-ul-Aman administration. The table shows that only 51% respondents replied yes they
have but 49% replied they have no such facility.

Table 4.1.77

Hospitalization (me dical facility)

Frequency Percent
yes 51 51.0
no 47 47.0
99.00 2 2.0
Total 100 100.0

The above table illustrates hospitalization facility provided to the respondents by the Dar-
ul-Aman administration. The table shows that only 52% respondents replied yes they
have but 48% replied they have no such facility.

Table 4.1.78

pay for medical charge s

Frequency Percent
yes 34 34.0
no 62 62.0
Does not apply 4 4.0
Total 100 100.0

The above table illustrates medical services charges for the medical facility provided to
the respondents by the Dar-ul-Aman administration. The table shows that only 34%

85
respondents replied yes they have to pay but 62% replied they have no that is free of cost
for us. However this question does not apply on 4% respondents.

Table 4.1.79

some one he lp in counse ling

Frequency Percent
yes 56 56.0
no 41 41.0
99.00 3 3.0
Total 100 100.0

Data in the above table shows weather some one helps the respondents in their
counseling? The table shows that 56% respondents said yes and 44% almost half of the
respondents said no, no one helps them when they fights or when they are in distress
conditions.

Table 4.1.80

who prov ide he lp in couse ling

Frequency Percent
Psychiatrist 6 6.0
Psychologist 4 4.0
social worker 12 12.0
religious teacher 7 7.0
5 for all of above 25 25.0
6 for non of above 1 1.0
99 does not apply 45 45.0
Total 100 100.0

The present table illustrates the most important services imparted by the Dar-ul-Aman to
the respondents is the counseling through a professional counselor. The table shows that
7% , 5% ,12% and 7% respondents said psychiatrist, psychologist, social worker and
religious teacher, respectively helps them in their counseling. However 25% were those
respondents who said all of them help them. Although 44% were those respondents who
did not avail the services yet or they do not need that.

86
Table 4.1.81

happy with counselors

Frequency Percent
yes 54 54.0
no 1 1.0
Does not apply 45 45.0
Total 100 100.0

In this table the data show the satisfaction of the respondents about their counselors.
Almost 100% of 56% said yes they are happy and only 1% respondents said no they are
not happy. However there were 44% respondents on whom this question does not apply.

Table 4.1.82

how the y conduct counse lling

Frequency Percent
face to face interaction,
coversation, incharge, 18 18.0
lecture
class, group, meeting,
25 25.0
discussion
individually 3 3.0
don't join, don't know, no
47 47.0
counselling
only by visitors, once in
a month, once a week, 7 7.0
movie
Total 100 100.0

The above table illustrates the way of counseling conducted by the counselors according
to the respondents. 18% respondents said they conduct through face to face interaction,
through conversation and usually in-charge deliver lecture. And 25% respondents said it
is conducted in class and groups, according to 3% respondents, it can be done
individually if some one is in trauma. Although there were 7% respondents who said they
did not join yet and 47% were those respondents on whom this question does not apply as
they recently join Dar-ul-Aman.

87
Table 4.1.82

Embroide ry (training)

Frequency Percent
yes 62 62.0
no 38 38.0
Total 100 100.0

Data in the above table illustrates the embroidery training or rehabilitative activity
imparted by the Dar-ul-Aman staff to the respondents. As from the above table 62%
respondents said yes we get training and 38% respondents said no here is no such
activity.

Table 4.1.83

Compute r (training)

Frequency Percent
yes 23 23.0
no 77 77.0
Total 100 100.0

Data in the above table illustrates the computer training or rehabilitative activity imparted
by the Dar-ul-Aman staff to the respondents. As from the above table 23% respondents
said yes we get training and 77% respondents said no here is no such activity.

Table 4.1.84

candle making (training)

Frequency Percent
yes 19 19.0
no 81 81.0
Total 100 100.0

Data in the above table illustrates the candle making training or rehabilitative activity
imparted by the Dar-ul-Aman staff to the respondents. As from the above table 19%
respondents said yes we get training and 81% respondents said no here is no such
activity.

88
Table 4.1.85

dying (training)

Frequency Percent
yes 21 21.0
no 79 79.0
Total 100 100.0

Data in the above table illustrates the dying (coloring) making training or rehabilitative
activity imparted by the Dar-ul-Aman staff to the respondents. As from the above table
21% respondents said yes we get training and 79% respondents said no here is no such
activity.

Table 4.1.86

se wing (training)

Frequency Percent
yes 70 70.0
no 30 30.0
Total 100 100.0

Data in the above table illustrates the sewing and tailoring training or rehabilitative
activity imparted by the Dar-ul-Aman staff to the respondents. As from the above table
70% respondents said yes we get training and 30% respondents said no here is no such
activity.
Table 4.1.87

Crafts (training)

Frequency Percent
yes 21 21.0
no 79 79.0
Total 100 100.0

Data in the above table illustrates the crafts making training or rehabilitative activity
imparted by the Dar-ul-Aman staff to the respondents. As from the above table 21%

89
respondents said yes we get training and 79% respondents said no here is no such
activity.

Table 4.1.88

Nursing (training)

Frequency Percent
yes 5 5.0
no 94 94.0
22.00 1 1.0
Total 100 100.0

Data in the above table illustrates the nursing training or rehabilitative activity
imparted by the Dar-ul-Aman staff to the respondents. As from the above table 5%
respondents said yes we get training and 95% respondents said no here is no such
activity.

Table 4.1.89

Blok Printing (training)

Frequency Percent
yes 14 14.0
no 86 86.0
Total 100 100.0

Data in the above table illustrates the block printing training or rehabilitative activity
imparted by the Dar-ul-Aman staff to the respondents. As from the above table 14%
respondents said yes we get training and 86% respondents said no here is no such
activity.

90
Table 4.1.90

hand made pouche s and toys (training)

Frequency Percent
yes 24 24.0
no 76 76.0
Total 100 100.0

Data in the above table illustrates the hand made pouches and toys making training or
rehabilitative activity imparted by the Dar-ul-Aman staff to the respondents. As from the
above table 24% respondents said yes we get training and 76% respondents said no here
is no such activity.

Table 4.1.91

Re ligious e ducation

Frequency Percent
yes 71 71.0
no 29 29.0
Total 100 100.0

Data in the above table illustrates the religious educational training or rehabilitative
activity imparted by the Dar-ul-Aman staff to the respondents. As from the above table
71% respondents said yes we get training and 29% respondents said no here is no such
activity.

91
Table 4.1.92

infromal e ducation

Frequency Percent
yes 40 40.0
no 60 60.0
Total 100 100.0

Data in the above table illustrates the informal educational training or rehabilitative
activity imparted by the Dar-ul-Aman staff to the respondents. As from the above table
40% respondents said yes we get training and 60% respondents said no here is no such
activity.

Table 4.1.93

English classe s

Frequency Percent
yes 13 13.0
no 87 87.0
Total 100 100.0

Data in the above table illustrates the English language training or rehabilitative activity
imparted by the Dar-ul-Aman staff to the respondents. As from the above table 13%
respondents said yes we get training and 87% respondents said no here is no such
activity.

92
Table 4.1.94

le gal aware ness

Frequency Percent
yes 38 38.0
no 61 61.0
Does not apply 1 1.0
Total 100 100.0

Data in the above table illustrates the legal awareness or rehabilitative activity imparted
by the Dar-ul-Aman staff to the respondents. As from the above table 38% respondents
said yes we get training and 61% respondents said no here is no such activity.

Table 4.1.95

adult lite racy

Frequency Percent
yes 17 17.0
no 82 82.0
Does not apply 1 1.0
Total 100 100.0

Data in the above table illustrates the adult literacy or rehabilitative activity imparted by
the Dar-ul-Aman staff to the respondents. As from the above table 17% respondents said
yes we get training and 82% respondents said no here is no such activity.

Table 4.1.96

human rights

Frequency Percent
yes 13 13.0
no 86 86.0
Does not apply 1 1.0
Total 100 100.0

93
Data in the above table illustrates the human rights training or rehabilitative activity
imparted by the Dar-ul-Aman staff to the respondents. As from the above table 13%
respondents said yes we get training and 83% respondents said no here is no such
activity.

Table 4.1.97

he alth and hygiene

Frequency Percent
yes 19 19.0
no 80 80.0
Does not apply 1 1.0
Total 100 100.0

Data in the above table illustrates the health and hygiene training or rehabilitative activity
imparted by the Dar-ul-Aman staff to the respondents. As from the above table 19%
respondents said yes we get training and 81% respondents said no here is no such
activity.

Table 4.1.98

social and ge nde r issue s

Frequency Percent
yes 14 14.0
no 85 85.0
Does not apply 1 1.0
Total 100 100.0

Data in the above table illustrates the awareness on social and gender issues training or
rehabilitative activity imparted by the Dar-ul-Aman staff to the respondents. As from the
above table 14% respondents said yes we get training and 86% respondents said no here
is no such activity.

94
Table 4.1.99

curre nt affairs

Frequency Percent
yes 2 2.0
no 96 96.0
Does not apply 1 1.0
Total 99 99.0
Missing System 1 1.0
Total 100 100.0

Data in the above table illustrates the awareness on current affairs and training or
rehabilitative activity imparted by the Dar-ul-Aman staff to the respondents. As from the
above table 2% respondents said yes we get training and 98% respondents said no here is
no such activity.

Table 4.1.100

he lp in re se ttle me nt

Frequency Percent
reconcilation in home 55 55.0
assistance in getting job 11 11.0
professional training 3 3.0
no 28 28.0
99.00 3 3.0
Total 100 100.0

The above table illustrates that how Dar-ul-Aman helps the respondents in the
resettlement. According to the 55% respondents it helps in reconciliation with parents
and in-laws. While other 11% respondents said, it assists them in getting job and 3%
respondents said it helps in professional training. However 28% were those respondents
who said Dar-ul-Aman does not help them in resettlement.

95
Table 4.1.101

how often your re lativ e v isit you

Frequency Percent
once a week 30 30.0
once a month 23 23.0
twice a month 9 9.0
none 38 38.0
Total 100 100.0

The data in the above table shows the visits of respondent’s relatives to Dar-ul-Aman.
30% of the respondents said their relatives visits them once a week while 23% and 9%
respondents said they visit us once a month and twice a month respectively. However
38% respondents said no one visits us at Dar-ul-Aman.

Table 4.1.102

do the y follow any proce dure while v isit

Frequency Percent
yes 53 53.0
no 16 16.0
99 for does not apply 31 31.0
Total 100 100.0

Whether the relatives follow any procedure while their visit at Dar-ul-Aman. This table
shows that 53% respondents said yes they follow but 16% said no they do not need to
follow any procedure. However 31% were such cases on whom this question does not
apply.

96
Table 4.1.103

what kind of proce dure the y follow

Frequency Percent
id, name, address 24 24.0
enter in register,
11 11.0
checked and asked us
court permission 11 11.0
does not know, no
31 31.0
body visits her
no restriction, no
23 23.0
procedure
Total 100 100.0

In this table the data shows that what kind of procedure the relative follow while their
visit at Dar-ul-Aman. According to the 24% respondents said they have checked their id,
name and address at the Dar-ul-Aman gate. 11% respondents said they (security guard)
checked them and ask us whether we want to meet them or not while other 11% said they
must have to obtain court permission before visit. 31% were those respondents who said
they do not know because no one visits them and there were 23% who said they follow
no procedure.

Table 4.1.104

Darul Aman be tte r than home

Frequency Percent
yes 35 35.0
no 43 43.0
up to some extent 22 22.0
Total 100 100.0

The above table illustrates the opinions of the respondents about the Dar-ul-Aman and
home. 35% respondents said Dar-ul-Aman is better than home and 22% said up to some
extend Dar-ul-Aman is better. However 43% said home is better than Dar-ul-Aman.

97
Table 4.1.105

in future where you want to live

Frequency Percent
Darul Aman 12 12.0
home 88 88.0
Total 100 100.0

The future preference of the respondents is shown in this table. 12% respondents said
they would prefer to stay at Dar-ul-Aman in future and 88% said they would like to go
home if they get good circumstances.

Table 4.1.106

who re fe r you to v isit Darul Aman

Frequency Percent
NGO 1 1.0
court 23 23.0
police 2 2.0
lawyer 29 29.0
self 18 18.0
other 27 27.0
Total 100 100.0

The data in the above table shows the referral body of the respondent to the Dar-ul-
Aman. Majority of the respondents (23%) and (29%) are referred by the court and
lawyers respectively. 30% respondents were referred by the NGO, Police and other
persons like relatives and friends etc. however there were 27% respondents who
themselves came to Dar-ul-Aman.

98
Table 4.1.107

re ason for joining Darul Aman

Frequency Percent
fear of honor killing 4 4.0
exchange marriage 4 4.0
forced marriage
15 15.0
and prostitution
domestic violence 51 51.0
acid burning 1 1.0
sexual assualt 1 1.0
love marriage 10 10.0
13 for other 14 14.0
Total 100 100.0

The above table illustrates the reasoning for joining the Dar-ul-Aman. More than half of
the sample (51%) said they leave their homes due to domestic violence. 15% left due to
forced marriage and 8% left due to fear of honor killing and exchanged marriage. There
were 14% respondents who join Dar-ul-Aman because of love marriage. However 14%
respondents left home and join Dar-ul-Aman due to other reason which they did not
reveal.

Table 4.1.108

what should do for the be tte rme nt of wome n

Frequency Percent
employment,protection,l
egal
28 28.0
aid,phone,marriage,free
dom,couns
vocational training,
12 12.0
stippends, legal aid
every thing is ok 44 44.0
nothing is good like food 8 8.0
No answer 8 8.0
Total 100 100.0

The above table illustrates the opinions of the respondents about the steps for the
betterment of the Dar-ul-Aman. Most interestingly 44% respondents said every thing is
enough. However 28% respondents said administration of Dar-ul-Aman should provide

99
legal aids, counseling, arrangements of marriage and phone facility. 12% respondents
said Dar-ul-Aman should provide vocational training and some stipends should be
provided to the women in Dar-ul-Aman. There were 8% respondents who said nothing is
good here especially food. However 8% respondents refused to response.

100
Section B
Cross Tabulation
This section of the chapter deals with the information about the different variables and
their interdependence and relationships with each other.

Table 4.2.1

Re sponde nt age * M artial status Crosstabulation

Count
Martial status
single married divorce seperated widow Total
Respondent 10-19 8 10 1 1 20
age 20-29 6 42 1 3 52
30-39 1 16 1 3 21
40-49 3 3
50-59 1 1 2
more than 60 1 1 2
Total 16 72 3 2 7 100

The data in the above table shows the relationships of the respondent’s age and the
marital status. As we see from the above table mostly women who were married and were
in the age of 20-29 years that constitutes to 42% and then 16% married women were in
the age of 30-39 years and 10% were less than 20 years old. How ever 14% women
having the age of 10-29 years were single while a fraction was separated and widowed.

Table 4.2.2

if marrie d the n Numbe r of childre n * house status Crosstabulation

Count
house status
own rented other Total
if married 1--3 9 1 10
then Number 4--6 23 5 2 30
of children 7--9 9 3 2 14
No 21 9 2 32
Does not apply 9 2 2 13
Total 71 20 8 99

The data in the above table shows that 23% women having children 4-6 left their houses
although they had their own houses and 21% were those who had their own houses but

101
had no children or they were single. There were 9% respondents who had children but
lived in rented houses and 4% were living in some one’s else home and had children.

Table 4.2.3

Re sponde nt age * working satus Crosstabulation

Count
working satus
yes no 99.00 Total
Respondent 10-19 4 16 20
age 20-29 23 29 52
30-39 12 9 21
40-49 1 2 3
50-59 1 1 2
more than 60 1 1 2
Total 41 58 1 100

From the above table it can been seen that mostly women were not working as data
shows that 58% were un employed and major chunk fall into the age category of 20-29
years. Only 41% were employed in some domestic level job in which mostly women
23% were in the age of 20-29 years and 12% were in the age of 30-39 years.

Table 4.2.4

working satus * monthly income Crosstabulation

Count
monthly income
less than and
equal to 5000 6000--10000 11000--15000 16000--20000 Above 21000 dont know Total
working yes 33 3 1 2 2 41
satus no 2 56 58
99.00 1 1
Total 36 3 1 2 2 56 100

More than half of our sample 56% respondents were those who even did not know about
the monthly income of their house. That shows whether they were not working or they
were not aware. There were 33% respondents who were also working but had the
monthly income less than or up to Rs. 5000.

102
Table 4.2.5

working satus * house hold size Crosstabulation

Count
house hold size
1--4 5--9 10--14 15--19 Total
working yes 7 20 12 2 41
satus no 9 34 14 1 58
99.00 1 1
Total 16 54 27 3 100

Working status and household size is shown from the above table where 20% women
having the house hold size up 9 members were working. In this way 41% respondents
worked, but mostly respondents though who had large family but did not work and such
respondents constitute to 58% of the total sample.

Table 4.2.6

working satus * fathe r Crosstabulation

Count
father
yes no Total
working yes 7 34 41
satus no 8 50 58
99.00 1 1
Total 15 85 100

There were only 7% respondents who had their father or they lived with their father and a
working status and 34% were those having working status but their fathers were not alive
or they did not live with their fathers. There were 50% respondents whose fathers were
not alive or they did not live with their fathers and they were also not working.

103
Table 4.2.7
Respondent age * reason for joining Darul Aman Crosstabulation

Count
reason for joining Darul Aman
forced
fear of honor exchange marriage and domestic sexual
killing marriage prostitution violence acid burning assualt love marriage 13 for other Total
Respondent 10-19 1 1 4 10 4 20
age 20-29 1 3 8 27 6 7 52
30-39 2 3 11 1 4 21
40-49 2 1 3
50-59 2 2
more than 60 1 1 2
Total 4 4 15 51 1 1 10 14 100

The data in the above table shows the reason of joining the Dar-ul-Aman. It can be seen
that mostly respondents 93% left their houses because of fear of honor killing, exchange
marriage, forced marriage and especially domestic violence and most of them were in the
age of 20-29 years. There were 20% respondents who left their houses because of some
above mention reason and they were in the age of 10-19 years.
Table 4.2.8

name of se le cte d darul amans. * some one he lp in counse ling Crosstabulation

Count
someone help in counseling
yes no 99.00 Total
name of Benazir Bhutto Shelter
19 3 22
selected Home
darul Shamsabad Shelter
amans. 1 17 18
Home Pindi
Anjuman Hamait e Islam
5 10 15
Shelter Home
Dastak 13 7 2 22
City District Shelter Home 18 4 1 23
Total 56 41 3 100

The above table shows the counseling therapy or activity conducted by the Dar-ul-Aman
for the respondents who were in trauma or were special cases. In this regard Benazir
Bhutto Protection home Islamabad and City District Protection Home Lahore were more
active whereas Dastak Lahore was also conducting such activities. However, Anjum
Himayat Islam Lahore and Shams Abad Rawalpindi least conduct counseling activities
for the women at Dar-ul-Aman.

104
Table 4.2.9

name of se le cted darul amans. * who provide help in couseling Crosstabulation

Count
who provide help in couseling
religious 5 for all of 6 for non 99 does
Psychiatrist Psychologist social worker teacher above of above not apply
name of Benazir Bhutto Shelter
2 1 3 2 10 4
selected Home
darul Shamsabad Shelter
amans. 1 17
Home Pindi
Anjuman Hamait e Islam
1 2 2 10
Shelter Home
Dastak 1 4 2 6 9
City District Shelter Home 4 1 3 1 9 5
Total 6 4 12 7 25 1 45

From the above table it can be seen that counseling was mostly conducted by psychiatrist
and social workers as the data of Benazir Bhutto Crisis center and City District Lahore
shows. How ever it is also conducted by psychologist and religious teachers.

Table 4.2.10

name of se le cte d darul amans. * cooking (training) Crosstabulation

Count
cooking (training)
yes no Total
name of Benazir Bhutto Shelter
22 22
selected Home
darul Shamsabad Shelter
amans. 18 18
Home Pindi
Anjuman Hamait e Islam
11 4 15
Shelter Home
Dastak 8 14 22
City District Shelter Home 11 12 23
Total 30 70 100

The data in the above table represents the cooking training in the regard of rehabilitation
activities conducted by the various Dar-ul-Aman under study. As table shows that this
activity was only conducted by Anjum Himayat Islam Lahore and City District Lahore
and at limited level in Dastak Lahore. However this training was not provided in Benazir
Bhutto Crisis Center Islamabad and Shams Abad Rawalpindi.

105
Table 4.2.11

name of se le cte d darul amans. * Embroide ry (training) Crosstabulation

Count
Embroidery (training)
yes no Total
name of Benazir Bhutto Shelter
16 6 22
selected Home
darul Shamsabad Shelter
amans. 4 14 18
Home Pindi
Anjuman Hamait e Islam
10 5 15
Shelter Home
Dastak 21 1 22
City District Shelter Home 11 12 23
Total 62 38 100

Embroidery training to the women at Dar-ul-Aman was provided by Dastak Lahore and
Benazir Bhutto Crisis Center Islamabad at a higher rate. However City District Lahore
and Anjum Himayat Islam also conducted but less than the above mentioned and higher
than Shams Abad where only 4% respondents said yes they have such facility.

Table 4.2.12

name of se le cte d darul amans. * candle making (training) Crosstabulation

Count
candle making
(training)
yes no Total
name of Benazir Bhutto Shelter
22 22
selected Home
darul Shamsabad Shelter
amans. 18 18
Home Pindi
Anjuman Hamait e Islam
15 15
Shelter Home
Dastak 16 6 22
City District Shelter Home 3 20 23
Total 19 81 100

The above table shows that training of candle making was provided by Dastak Lahore
according to 16% out of 22% respondents and only a small level up to 3% in City District
Lahore. Whereas such training was not present at all in any other Dar-ul-Aman under
study like Benazir Bhutto Crisis Center Islamabad. Shams Abad Rawalpindi and Anjum
Himayat Islam Lahore.

106
Table 4.2.13

name of se le cte d darul amans. * dying (training) Crosstabulation

Count
dying (training)
yes no Total
name of Benazir Bhutto Shelter
22 22
selected Home
darul Shamsabad Shelter
amans. 18 18
Home Pindi
Anjuman Hamait e Islam
15 15
Shelter Home
Dastak 17 5 22
City District Shelter Home 4 19 23
Total 21 79 100

The above table shows that training of dying of clothes was provided by Dastak Lahore
according to 17% out of 22% respondents and only a small level up to 4% in City District
Lahore. Whereas such training was not present at all in any other Dar-ul-Aman under
study like BENAZIR BHUTTO Crisis Center Islamabad. Shams Abad Rawalpindi and
Anjum Himayat Islam Lahore.

Table 4.2.14

name of se le cte d darul amans. * se wing (training) Crosstabulation

Count
sewing (training)
yes no Total
name of Benazir Bhutto Shelter
16 6 22
selected Home
darul Shamsabad Shelter
amans. 3 15 18
Home Pindi
Anjuman Hamait e Islam
15 15
Shelter Home
Dastak 22 22
City District Shelter Home 14 9 23
Total 70 30 100

The Data in above table represents that swing training was being provided in all the Dar-
ul-Aman under study. However it was intensive and at higher rate at Dastak where it is

107
almost 100% and BENAZIR BHUTTO Protection Home Islamabad where its rate was
16%City District Protection Home where it was up to 14%. Whereas in Shams Abad
Rawalpindi it was on limited level up to 3%.
Table 4.2.15

name of se le cte d darul amans. * Crafts (training) Crosstabulation

Count
Crafts (training)
yes no Total
name of Benazir Bhutto Shelter
22 22
selected Home
darul Shamsabad Shelter
amans. 18 18
Home Pindi
Anjuman Hamait e Islam
1 14 15
Shelter Home
Dastak 17 5 22
City District Shelter Home 3 20 23
Total 21 79 100

The data in the above table shows that training of crafts making was provided by Dastak
Lahore according to 17% out of 22% respondents and only a small level up to 3% in City
District Lahore. Whereas such training was not present at all in any other Dar-ul-Aman
under study like BENAZIR BHUTTO Crisis Center Islamabad. Shams Abad Rawalpindi
and Anjum Himayat Islam Lahore.
Table 4.2.16

name of se le cte d darul amans. * Nursing (training) Crosstabulation

Count
Nursing (training)
yes no 22.00 Total
name of Benazir Bhutto Shelter
22 22
selected Home
darul Shamsabad Shelter
amans. 18 18
Home Pindi
Anjuman Hamait e Islam
15 15
Shelter Home
Dastak 4 18 22
City District Shelter Home 1 21 1 23
Total 5 94 1 100

The data in the above table shows that training of nursing was provided by Dastak
Lahore at a limited level, according to 4% out of 22% respondents and only a small level

108
up to 1% in City District Lahore. Whereas such training was not present at all in any
other Dar-ul-Aman under study like BENAZIR BHUTTO Crisis Center Islamabad.
Shams Abad Rawalpindi and Anjum Himayat Islam Lahore.

Table 4.2.17

name of se le cte d darul amans. * Blok Printing (training) Crosstabulation

Count
Blok Printing (training)
yes no Total
name of Benazir Bhutto Shelter
22 22
selected Home
darul Shamsabad Shelter
amans. 18 18
Home Pindi
Anjuman Hamait e Islam
15 15
Shelter Home
Dastak 12 10 22
City District Shelter Home 2 21 23
Total 14 86 100

The data in the above table shows that the training of block printing was provided by
Dastak Lahore according to 12% out of 22% respondents and only a small and limited
level up to 2% in City District Lahore. Whereas such training was not present at all in any
other Dar-ul-Aman under study like BENAZIR BHUTTO Crisis Center Islamabad.
Shams Abad Rawalpindi and Anjum Himayat Islam Lahore.

109
Table 4.2.18

name of se le cte d darul amans. * hand made pouche s and toys (training)
Crosstabulation

Count
hand made pouches
and toys (training)
yes no Total
name of Benazir Bhutto Shelter
5 17 22
selected Home
darul Shamsabad Shelter
amans. 18 18
Home Pindi
Anjuman Hamait e Islam
15 15
Shelter Home
Dastak 16 6 22
City District Shelter Home 3 20 23
Total 24 76 100

The data in the above table presents that training of hand made pouches was provided by
Dastak Lahore according to 16% out of 22% respondents and only a small level up to 5%
at BENAZIR BHUTTO Protection home and only up to 3% respondents said it is being
provided in City District Lahore. Whereas such training was not present at all in any
other Dar-ul-Aman under study like Shams Abad Rawalpindi and Anjum Himayat Islam
Lahore.

110
Table 4.2.19

name of se le cte d darul amans. * doe s Darul Aman pay you for your job Crosstabulation

Count
does Darul Aman pay you for your
job
Does not
yes no apply Total
name of Benazir Bhutto Shelter
3 6 13 22
selected Home
darul Shamsabad Shelter
amans. 18 18
Home Pindi
Anjuman Hamait e Islam
1 14 15
Shelter Home
Dastak 14 6 2 22
City District Shelter Home 1 21 1 23
Total 19 65 16 100

The above data shows which Dar-ul-Aman pay to the women who worked their. In this
regard Dastak Lahore was doing a good job however BENAZIR BHUTTO Protection
home also pay but up to a certain level. Whereas this system was not in any other Dar-ul-
Aman under the study.

Table 4.2.20

name of se le cte d darul amans. * le gal aware ne ss Crosstabulation

Count
legal awareness
Does not
yes no apply Total
name of Benazir Bhutto Shelter
18 3 1 22
selected Home
darul Shamsabad Shelter
amans. 18 18
Home Pindi
Anjuman Hamait e Islam
15 15
Shelter Home
Dastak 10 12 22
City District Shelter Home 10 13 23
Total 38 61 1 100

The data in the above table shows that training or legal awareness programs was
provided by BENAZIR BHUTTO Protection Home according to 18% out of 22%

111
respondents and at Dastak Lahore according to 10% out of 22% respondents and up to
10% in City District Lahore. Whereas such training was not present at all in any other
Dar-ul-Aman under study Shams Abad Rawalpindi and Anjum Himayat Islam Lahore.
Table 4.2.21

name of se le cte d darul amans. * adult lite racy Crosstabulation

Count
adult literacy
Does not
yes no apply Total
name of Benazir Bhutto Shelter
4 17 1 22
selected Home
darul Shamsabad Shelter
amans. 18 18
Home Pindi
Anjuman Hamait e Islam
15 15
Shelter Home
Dastak 8 14 22
City District Shelter Home 5 18 23
Total 17 82 1 100

The data in the above table shows that training or adult literacy programs was provided
by BENAZIR BHUTTO Protection Home according to 4% out of 22% respondents and
at Dastak Lahore according to 8% out of 22% respondents and up to 5% in City District
Lahore. Whereas such training was not present at all in any other Dar-ul-Aman under
study Shams Abad Rawalpindi and Anjum Himayat Islam Lahore.
Table 4.2.22

name of se le cte d darul amans. * human rights Crosstabulation

Count
human rights
Does not
yes no apply Total
name of Benazir Bhutto Shelter
21 1 22
selected Home
darul Shamsabad Shelter
amans. 18 18
Home Pindi
Anjuman Hamait e Islam
15 15
Shelter Home
Dastak 6 16 22
City District Shelter Home 7 16 23
Total 13 86 1 100

112
The data in the above table shows that training or human rights awareness programs was
provided by Dastak Lahore up to certain level as according to 6% out of 22% respondents
and up to 7% respondents responds that they are being provided such awareness in City
District Lahore. Whereas such training or programs was not present at all in any other
Dar-ul-Aman under study like BENAZIR BHUTTO Crisis Center Islamabad. Shams
Abad Rawalpindi and Anjum Himayat Islam Lahore.
Table 4.2.23

name of se le cte d darul amans. * he alth and hygie ne Crosstabulation

Count
health and hygiene
Does not
yes no apply Total
name of Benazir Bhutto Shelter
21 1 22
selected Home
darul Shamsabad Shelter
amans. 18 18
Home Pindi
Anjuman Hamait e Islam
15 15
Shelter Home
Dastak 10 12 22
City District Shelter Home 9 14 23
Total 19 80 1 100

The data in the above table shows that training or health and hygiene awareness
programs was provided by Dastak Lahore up to certain level as according to 10% out of
22% respondents and up to 9% respondents responds that they are being provided such
awareness in City District Lahore. Whereas such training or programs was not present at
all in any other Dar-ul-Aman under study like BENAZIR BHUTTO Crisis Center
Islamabad Shams Abad Rawalpindi and Anjum Himayat Islam Lahore.

113
Table 4.2.24

name of se le cte d darul amans. * social and ge nde r issue s Crosstabulation

Count
social and gender issues
Does not
yes no apply Total
name of Benazir Bhutto Shelter
21 1 22
selected Home
darul Shamsabad Shelter
amans. 18 18
Home Pindi
Anjuman Hamait e Islam
1 14 15
Shelter Home
Dastak 5 17 22
City District Shelter Home 8 15 23
Total 14 85 1 100

The data in the above table shows that programs of social and gender issues awareness
was provided by Dastak Lahore up to certain level as according to 5% out of 22%
respondents and up to 8% respondents responds that they are being provided such
awareness in City District Lahore. Whereas such training or programs was not present at
all in any other Dar-ul-Aman under study like BENAZIR BHUTTO Crisis Center
Islamabad. Shams Abad Rawalpindi and Anjum Himayat Islam Lahore.

Table 4.2.25

name of se le cted darul amans. * he lp in re se ttle me nt Crosstabulation

Count
help in resettlement
reconcilation assistance professional
in home in getting job training no 99.00 Total
name of Benazir Bhutto Shelter
6 2 14 22
selected Home
darul Shamsabad Shelter
amans. 9 1 8 18
Home Pindi
Anjuman Hamait e Islam
11 4 15
Shelter Home
Dastak 16 3 3 22
City District Shelter Home 13 1 6 3 23
Total 55 11 3 28 3 100

114
The above table shows that which Dar-ul-Aman provide better services regarding to the
reconciliation of the respondents with their respective family members and in other
wakes of life. In this regard Dastak Lahore is most active however City District Lahore
was also providing such services like reconciliation with family members and assisting in
getting job or imparting professional training so that when they (respondents) left Dar-ul-
Aman they would be able to be self dependent. Others Dar-ul-Aman also assists but with
less intensity. However it is good to see that all the Dar-ul-Amans under study were
imparting such services.

Table 4.2.26

name of se le cte d darul amans. * lawye r facility Crosstabulation

Count
lawyer facility
Does not
yes no apply Total
name of Benazir Bhutto Shelter
11 9 2 22
selected Home
darul Shamsabad Shelter
amans. 16 2 18
Home Pindi
Anjuman Hamait e Islam
1 14 15
Shelter Home
Dastak 16 5 21
City District Shelter Home 18 2 3 23
Total 46 46 7 99

The data in the above table shows that which Dar-ul-Aman was providing lawyer facility
to the respondents. As we see from the data this support was maximum by the City
District Lahore and then Dastak Lahore. However BENAZIR BHUTTO Protection home
was on number third. Whereas, Shamsabad Rawalpindi and Anjum Himayat Islam
Lahore were not providing such kind of facilities to the women who needed it.

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Table 4.2.27

name of se le cte d darul amans. * police proce dure facility Crosstabulation

Count
police procedure facility
Does not
yes no apply Total
name of Benazir Bhutto Shelter
4 16 2 22
selected Home
darul Shamsabad Shelter
amans. 16 2 18
Home Pindi
Anjuman Hamait e Islam
15 15
Shelter Home
Dastak 13 9 22
City District Shelter Home 17 3 3 23
Total 34 59 7 100

The data in the above table shows that which Dar-ul-Aman was providing police
procedure facility to the respondents who needed such services. As we see from the data
this support was provided maximum by the City District Lahore and then Dastak Lahore.
However BENAZIR BHUTTO Protection home was on number third. Whereas
Shamsabad, Rawalpindi and Anjum Himayat Islam Lahore were not providing such kind
of facilities.

Table 4.2.28

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 name of se le cte d darul amans. * re conciliation facility Crosstabulation

Count
reconciliation facility
Does not
yes no apply Total
name of Benazir Bhutto Shelter
4 16 2 22
selected Home
darul Shamsabad Shelter
amans. 16 2 18
Home Pindi
Anjuman Hamait e Islam
15 15
Shelter Home
Dastak 13 9 22
City District Shelter Home 17 3 3 23
Total 34 59 7 100

The data in the above table shows that which Dar-ul-Aman was providing reconciliation
facility to the respondents who needed such services. As we see from the data this support
was provided maximum by the City District Lahore and then Dastak Lahore. However
BENAZIR BHUTTO Protection home was on number third. Whereas Shams Abad
Rawalpindi and Anjum Himayat Islam Lahore were not providing such kind of facilities.

Table 4.2.29

name of se le cte d darul amans. * div orce facility Crosstabulation

Count
divorce facility
Does not
yes no apply Total
name of Benazir Bhutto Shelter
16 4 2 22
selected Home
darul Shamsabad Shelter
amans. 16 2 18
Home Pindi
Anjuman Hamait e Islam
1 14 15
Shelter Home
Dastak 13 9 22
City District Shelter Home 17 3 3 23
Total 47 46 7 100

The data in the above table shows that which Dar-ul-Aman was providing police
procedure facility to the respondents who needed such services. As we see from the data
this support was provided maximum by the City District Lahore and then BENAZIR
BHUTTO Protection. However Dastak Lahore was on number third. Whereas Shams

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Abad Rawalpindi and Anjum Himayat Islam Lahore were not providing such kind of
facilities to those women who needed it.

Table 4.2.30

name of se le cte d darul amans. * custody of childre n Crosstabulation

Count
custody of children
Does not
yes no apply Total
name of Benazir Bhutto Shelter
4 16 2 22
selected Home
darul Shamsabad Shelter
amans. 16 2 18
Home Pindi
Anjuman Hamait e Islam
1 14 15
Shelter Home
Dastak 12 10 22
City District Shelter Home 17 3 3 23
Total 34 59 7 100

The data in the above table shows that which Dar-ul-Aman was providing facility of
custody of children if any women wanted. As we see from the data this support was
provided maximum by the City District Lahore and then Dastak Lahore. However
BENAZIR BHUTTO protection home was on number third. Whereas Shams Abad
Rawalpindi and Anjum Himayat Islam Lahore were not providing such kind of facilities
to those women who needed it.
Table 4.2.31

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name of se le cte d darul amans. * re cov e ry of dowry article s facility Crosstabulation

Count
recovery of dowry articles facility
Does not
yes no apply Total
name of Benazir Bhutto Shelter
4 16 2 22
selected Home
darul Shamsabad Shelter
amans. 16 2 18
Home Pindi
Anjuman Hamait e Islam
1 14 15
Shelter Home
Dastak 14 8 22
City District Shelter Home 17 3 3 23
Total 36 57 7 100

The data in the above table shows that which Dar-ul-Aman was providing facility of
recovery of dowry articles to the respondents who needed such services . As we see from
the data this support was provided maximum by the City District Lahore and Dastak
Lahore. However BENAZIR BHUTTO Protection Home was on number third. Whereas
Shams Abad Rawalpindi and Anjum Himayat Islam Lahore were not providing such kind
of facilities to those women who needed it.

Table 4.2.32

name of se le cte d darul amans. * criminal facility Crosstabulation

Count
criminal facility
Does not
yes no apply Total
name of Benazir Bhutto Shelter
4 16 2 22
selected Home
darul Shamsabad Shelter
amans. 16 2 18
Home Pindi
Anjuman Hamait e Islam
15 15
Shelter Home
Dastak 12 10 22
City District Shelter Home 17 3 3 23
Total 33 60 7 100

The data in the above table shows that which Dar-ul-Aman was providing criminal
facility to the special respondents who somehow committed crime and needed such
services . As we see from the data this support was provided maximum by the City

119
District Lahore and then Dastak Lahore. However BENAZIR BHUTTO Protection Home
was on number third. Whereas Shams_ abad, Rawalpindi and Anjum Himayat Islam
Lahore were not providing such kind of facilities.

Table 4.2.33

name of se lected darul amans. * who refer you to visit Darul Aman Crosstabulation

Count
who refer you to visit Darul Aman
NGO court police lawyer self other Total
name of Benazir Bhutto Shelter
1 4 3 14 22
selected Home
darul Shamsabad Shelter
amans. 1 7 1 2 2 5 18
Home Pindi
Anjuman Hamait e Islam
7 4 2 2 15
Shelter Home
Dastak 2 11 7 2 22
City District Shelter Home 6 1 8 4 4 23
Total 1 23 2 29 18 27 100

The above table shows that maximum numbers of cases were referred by the lawyers as
the data of City District Lahore shows above. There were a great numbers referred by the
courts and some respondents by themselves seek protection in Dar-ul-Aman. However
some cases were also referred by the police.

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 Chapter No 5

Summary, Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendations.

Summary
The present study is an attempt to understand the dilemma of runaway women
and the role of the various Dar-ul-Amans with reference to the provisions of the
services and facilities in the context of social and psychological rehabilitation. To
serve the objectives five public and private Dar-ul-Amans from Lahroe, Rawalpindi
and Islamabad were selected. A sample of 100 respondents was interviewed with the
help of interview schedule. After collection, the data was analyzed in SPSS. The
statistical tools like frequency percentage and cross tabulation of some variables were
used. Finding reveals that mostly respondents were in the age of 20-29 years and
belong to rural areas and most of them are married or separated. More over almost %
of the respondents were illiterate and most of them have only primary level education.
Females left their homes due to domestic violence and forced marriage and seek
protection in Dar-ul-Aman where they are provided basic needs and some
rehabilitation services and facilities. In this regard Dastak Lahore was providing the

121
best services amongst the five selected Dar-ul-Aman. However all the Dar-ul-Aman
were providing services up to services up to certain extends. Although they vary in
the provision of various services.

Discussion
In this chapter, researchers discuss and link the major findings of the study with the
objective and literature review that proposed the basic assumption on which the study
is carried out.
The basic purpose of the study was to see that whether the basic human rights of the
resident’s women were being respected. Findings reveals that all the Dar-ul-Amans
were providing security and basic needs like food, clothing, and lodging and up to
certain extend medical facilities. However the standards of the services vary in
different Dar-ul-Aman. It was because of governing bodies as some were operated by
Government of the Punjab, Fedral Government and Private bodies.

The study also aims to investigate the provision of services and rehabilitative
activities provided by the Dar-ul-Amans so that women would be able to be a self
dependent and consider themselves as the integral part of the society. Dastak Lahroe
was playing a vital role in the provision and rehabilitative services where various
trainings were provided like sewing, bangles painting, embroidery, handmade pouch
making, social and psychological counseling. Such kinds of services were also
provided in other Dar-ul-Amans but with different intensity and frequency. Anjum
Himyat-e-Islam Lahore stands down on the list in this context.
Another objective of the study was to discover the various reasons of admission of
these women. Findings reveals that it was the domestic violence that compelled the
women to leave their homes. Among such cases mostly respondents were married
with age group of 20-29 years. Some women who were single and left their houses
because of forced marriage or exchange marriage
The best one Drul Aman in the provision of rehabilitative activities was also
another objective of the present study. It can be seen from chapter 4 of data analysis
that Dastak Lahore stands the best and Benazir Crisis Center Islamabad was the

122
second one and Anjum Himay-e-Islam stood last one in the provision of services.
Worth mentioning thing is that respondents felt a sense of security and were satisfied
as they were able to have legal facilities from renowned laywer through the Dastak
Protection home and this way they were able to cope their legal needs. But in other
Dar-ul-Aman like Anjum Himaye-e-Islam and City District Government some
respondents responds that they are not able to get rid of their legal cases and no one is
here to help them or they have no money to pay for legal help. Another thing was
noted by the researcher that respondents took these rehabilitative activities positively
and consider them as helpful for their future in the context of socially and
economically well being.

Conclusion
Following conclusion has been drawn in the light of statistical data analysis and
discussion made with the respondents.
Women left their home because of domestic violence and these are the women who
are not educated and are not working so they are vulnerable to face such domestic
violence and they belonged to the rural areas. Most of them were married and were
brought to the Dar-ul-Aman through court that indicated that they were entangled
some legal cases. However when they joined Dar-ul-Aman they are provided with
certain skills and some awareness programs like human rights, social and gender
issues. Most of them took it positive and few of them even then do not take interest.
In spite of having security , basic needs and certain trainings, women consider the
Dar-ul-Aman like a prison and they wanted to get rid of that life and want to live in
society with their family.
Recommendation.

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After understanding the phenomenon up to certain extends researcher suggests the
following recommendations,
• Government should ensure the provision of rehabilitation services in the
Dar-ul-Aman operated by the Govt body so that when women left for
their home they would be able to cope with all the difficulties and would
be self dependent.
• Dar-ul-Amans undertaken by the Govt and Private body should provide
or arrange the professional training for the runaway females, so that they
will be able to earn for their selves and for their children’s.
• Government should take special initiative to promulgate laws in the Dar-
ul-Amans that provide a sense of well being and sense of security in the
premises of Dar-ul-Aman.
• To understand the women who were in distress and seek protection in
Dar-ul-Aman, special people should be selected and they must be
provided special training so that they can deal them successfully.
• Govt and Private Dar-ul-Amans have need to rendered special attention
and care for children’s who come with their mothers. Proper formal
education should be provided to the children’s.
• Private Dar-ul-Aman provides a temporary stay up to three months
because of lack of resources. Such homes must be funded generously so
that they can provide stay to the women who need more time.

124
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Webliography

1: http://www.panahprotection.org/vision.html
2: http://www.pndpunjab.gov.pk/page.asp?id=454

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