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103

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113

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123

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138

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144

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149

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158

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167

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174

ngyMr
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182
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N>n{Vgm_m`_ &
W_mo@> &
Cmw gwa{ZZJmdb{`V ZmZm_J gH$w b
gH$ m__J`wV {h_dV mmVa mV &
gmZX {dO`m` gd{d{OVmo {X` {ZOm {XeZ
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ZmVo
gyYma-(Zon`m{^_wI_dbmo`) Am`}, Ab_{Vn[al_oU&
BVVmdXmJ`Vm_&
({d`)

ZQ>r--B`_p_& Amkmn`dm`nw &

EH$m{H$`{n {Xjw XmZdXbmZ {dm` `m brb`m
dmam` {d~wYoam` XXVr aoOo {edm>mb`m &
Zdm Vm ^wdZoat ^JdVt oUm nXo lrYamo
`m`m dm`{demaXmo {dVZwVo gdm{dmoVZr_ &&
AW ZmQ>H$mXm-`mQ>dVwZ nyd a{dZmonemV`o & Hw$erbdm Hw$dpV nyda g
C`Vo && CWmnZm{XH$m`m`` ^y`m{g `{n & VWm`d` H$V`m ZmXr {dZmonemV`o && B{V
{dZmonemV`o@d`H$V`V`monnm{XVm AmerZ_pH$`m$n cmoH$ H$m`mWgyMH$ & ZmXr{V H$`Vo
B`m{XbjUb{jVm_mer$nm - gy Yma nR>o mXt _`_ da_m{lV &
ZmXrnXmXe{^a>m{^dm`b>Vm_&& B{V lr_X{_ZdJwnmXmMm`_VmZwgmaoU MVwaVmbmZwJVm MVwnXm
Cmw{_{V &&*** AW bmoH$ H$m`mWgyMH$ B`w$dmX` VgyMH$d
ZmXt gyYma nR>{V-Cmw
{Z$`Vo & A {ednXoZ {edamO mmVa mV B`ZoZ ZmZmXJmH$_U, ZmZm_J gHw$b{_`ZoZ
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draag`m{d gy`Vo & A emXb{dH$s{S>V dm_ &
ZmV B{V & A nmdbrgkm ZmXr - ``m ~rO` {d`mgmo {^Yo`` dVwZ &
cofoU dm g_mgmo$m ZmXr nmdbr{V gm && B`wo$ &
gyYma B{V & gy `moJmZw>mZ Yma`Vr{V gyYma WmnH$Zm_m ZQ> &

N>n{Vgm_m`o

gy YmaYma-A Ibw ZQ>nw a dmV`_y b ea{da{MVo Z N>n{Vgm_m`m`oZ ZdoZ ZmQ>H$o Zfm n[afg^mOZr`m& VVy`Vm Vmd_maamJoU
daVmb~m H$m{n a_Ur`m Jr{V n[afoVmoaOZm`& g{V Ibw,
VnZmeVw nZe_Zmo
@{ZbMnb#mbmo{gV_oK&
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dZMa{ZH$amZ gmX`{V bmoH$mZ &&2&&
ZQ>r- `Xm`nw Amkmn`{V&
(B{V Jm`{V)
(_maamJoU {VmboZ Jr`Vo)

ag_{V ag`{V agm {dembm&

{ddb{V Mnbn`moYa_mbm&&
^d{V gn{X OZVmn{db`Z_&
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Z_`{V VJU_b_mgma &
jw`{V JO{V nmamdma
&& ag0 &&2&&
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gy Yma- (n[afX{^_wI_dbmo`) Am`}, Ef dm_{^ZX{V Vd
gJrVH$bmH$meboZ g_mam{KVmo a&
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ZmQ> H o $ Zo { V & VjU_w $ Xn U o - ZmQ> H $ `mVd m `mn#mgpYg_pdV_ &
{dbmgm{XJwUdw$ ZmZm{d^y{V{^ && gwIXIg_wy{V ZmZmag{ZaVa_ && n#mm{XH$m XenamVm>m
n[aH$s{VVm && `mVdemo amO{fYuamoXmm VmndmZ & {X`mo@W {X`m{X`mo dm JwUdmm`H$mo _V &
EH$ Ed ^doXr mmamo dra Ed dm & A_`o agm gd} H$m`m} {ZdhUo@V && Mdma n#m dm _w`m
H$m``mnVnyfm & JmonwN>mJg_mJ Vw ~YZ V` H$s{VVV_ && B{V &
VnZo{V & *** A H$maH$XrnH$_b>ma &
ag_Vr{V & *** Am`mZwmg eXmb>ma &

W_mo@>

93

ZQ>r--Am`nw `g`_
{e`m `XwH$f_dmZwdpV
^md Edf Jwamoa_moK&
OmV VmnmoVH$madmUm
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gy Yma- (AmH$` ) Am`} l U w Vd JrVH$f} U mo m p ^V`
ZdObYa`V_XJ{OV_&
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VnZmd`o e>ameZo mdVrU {edamO& dmV`^mdZ`m g{_
{nmoJaw mom{YJVmW{dmo
dramZwa$$ gd`mo{^amdV&
dam`gWmnZ{Z{VdVmo
JO`` Ho$g[aU {H$emoa &&4&&
VmdZm&
(VV {de{V d`` gh {edamO)

EgmOrEgmOr-Ahmo qH$Zw Ibw

d{VV `^dw ZH$MH$_yO dbY_ Z `mon~{ hV&
Vo ^maVr`m `dZoe_{XVm
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{e`m B{V & *** A AWmVa`mgmo@b>ma &
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`moJo Ibw Vko` ZmZm@db{JV ~wY && B{V & A ZQ>rJrVamJdamUm_ZwaUZgm`momdZoZ
dam`gWmZmoV` JOV {edamO` doegmYZm{X{V &
d{VV{_{V & *** CnOm{Vdm_ &

94

N>n{Vgm_m`o

~mOr~mOr-AWmZ Ed Vdm`_wnmb^& `Vmo {_Wmo{dof{d{^mZm__mH$

`dZoeml` {dZm H$m@`m J{V g^m`Vo& g{V Vw Vado gw{Z`pVm d` gwIZo
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`m`_mM[aV_&
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nanamo_ybZgdmmZ
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`V
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dN>X {dhapV H$m_deJm CoO`V Om&
am>mno bde>`m@`ZnqV g l`Vo OZm
H$mboZmnM`oZ H$moe~b`mo am> VVmo Z`{V &&7&&
OmYdamd`o{V & AoX_ZwgYo` - {edamO` _mVm_hmo OmYdamd ddm{_Z
{ZOm_emhre_{^ _moJboeghm`mo@^dV & VVmo@` H$Z {ZOm_emhram`_mH$` dm`mrMH$ma &
AZoZ nam{OVo _moJboe~bo `Xm OmYdamd nwZa{n {ZOm_emhra_ml`mXm g_mZZ{_foU amOg^m_mh`mZoZ
ZdoZ {ZOm_emhraoUmgm gnwmo Km{VV & B{V &

W_mo@>

95

V``m!
CVw_ Zo m n[anr{S>Vm ^wd
Y_`wV _XamOgK &
gm_m`gWmnZ_VaoU
Z dVV@o `m@WH$mar {V{H$`m&&8&&
A{nMmVVm{`` dOm{Z{defo OmZm n[anmbZ_od gd amkm na_mo
Y_& AVmo Y_am`gWmnZmoV` __
Xwd m^`m{hVam`^mam
OmhmWnam Hw$erbm&
joam dm `dZoam dm
gmo ^{d`pV H$nmUJmoMam &&9&&
~mOr~mOr-Hw$_ma, Anm`g_mHw$bmo{h ~bdVm {damoY& `V
{dZm {ddoH$ {Vn gmhg
namnH$f {H$b `{H$sf{V&
{dn{{^ g OZmo@ngmYZ
jwYmUdo Zm[ad grX{V d`_ &&10&&
{edamO{edamO-d`` gmhg Ed lr {V{>Vm & `V
[anwH$f}@`ZnmJVw{V{OVpo ` gmhg{dH$_mo{OV&
{Xdm{Ze ` gVV `ZdmV_od gmo dUVw o Znlr &&11&&
CVw{_{V & A _wIg`ma^ & ` ~rOg_wn{mZmZmWagg^dm & ma^oU g_m`w$m
V_wI n[aH$s{VV_ & B`w$dmV &
AmVVm{`` B{V & AmVVoZ {dVrU}Z em{XZm A{`Vw erb_` & A{Xmo JaXd
emo_mmo YZmnh & joXmahaVmZ fS> {dmXmVVm{`Z &&
AVmo Y_am`o{V & Amonjonm_H$ g`>_ & H$m`mW` g_wn{mnjon B{V _V &
B`wo$ &

96

N>n{Vgm_m`o
nwam@{n gmhgoZd dm`mrH$V d{nVnV m_h am` nmSw>ZXZ&
EgmOrEgmOr-A`o VoOpdZm Vw gmYZ{Zanojd gm`{g{& `V
dnmo@`{db`{V Z {H$ H$mZZ ebgW
_mo^o mpdXb{V Z qH$ brb`m qghemd&
~mbmo@`H$m} {d{H$a{V Z qH$ dmV_mamV jUoZ
gdd m{VhVa`VoOgm {h ^md&&12&&
VmZmOrVmZmOr-Hw$_ma VoOpdZm_{n gmhm`_VaoU Vw ge{`Vd H$m`{g{&

naVw
`Wm g_VmV g[aV dmh
moVm{g gdm{U g_m{depV&
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VWm d` draJUm l`Vo &&13&&
{edamO{edamO-Zm` {dgdmX& bmoH${hVVna` Vw gpV {ZgJ{gm
ghm`m& Vd{ H$pnVnm`{deofa h
gmhm`_mgm _hZmH$gm
Ywdw {dOo`o `dZoe_w_X_&
aKyhm`m H${ngoZ`m Z qH$
XemZZ`m{n H$Vm H$~YVm &&14&&
({d`)

AZwMaa-{dO`Vm Hw$_ma& d^{JZr_mdwm` Jm_ mn`V ZoVmOt

_mJ} g_mH$` g~mYd M V {Zh`mnVm V` ^{JZr ~rOmnwag{ZH$&
(B{V {ZH$mV)
gmhgoZo{V & dg`` `yZdo@{n H$mad gh {dJhma^$noUo`W &
dn B{V & *** A AWmVa`mgmo@b>ma & _XmH$mVmdm_ &
gmhm`{_{V & dZo AmoH$ {Zdmg `ofm Vofm dZmH$gm _mdioOZmZm & *** `dZoe
~rOmnwaoe_ & *** `{X am_b_Um`m H${ngoZ`m XemZZmo {ZhV VXm d` gd} {_{bdm _mZdgoZ`m
EH$mZZ ~rOmnwaoe Ywd {dO`o`m_ho B{V {H$_w d$`_ & A >mVmb>ma & CnOm{Vdm_ &

W_mo@>

97

{edamO- (gamo f _ )
Aao
H$W_o V me_`m{hV
jHw$bgyVa _m{^_fU r`_& d``m
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{dmUm d{VZm M doX{dXwfm_mamYZo Z pWV_&
amkm_wnWJm{_Zm _WZo `w Z MdmV
jm O_ {YJ` amKd`edm{bVo ^maVo&&15&&
VX Y_am`gWmnZoZ gnmXZr`__mr{dVgm\$`_&
EgmOrEgmOr-A{^ZVo Hw$_ma^m{fV_& (Xya {dbmo`) Ef XmXmoOrXoe_wI
BV Edm{^dVVo &
({d`)

XmXmoOrr-A`Zm_` Hw$_ma`&
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j{`mUm_&
XmXmoOrr-V`_odm{^{hV Hw$_maoU& `Vmo bmoH$gJh mW_do {Y`Vo j{``
mUm& Hw$_ma dXYrZ Edm`` _hV H$m``monH$_ & V{d`m`h_
`mdmrd Vd ghm`&
{edamO{edamO-AZw J h rVmo @ h ^dVm gm O `o Z & d``m! W_
VmdX_m{^~uOmnwae
o hVJVm gm{XwJm H$W_{n dm`mrH$V`m&
~mOr~mOr-MwaH$moe~bmT>mo@` dVVo ~rOmnwao a& VV
e{$`moH$fg_o{YVmZm
gm_mwnm` n[aa{jVmZm_&
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e{$`o{V & e{$`` ^w_mogmhe$sZm_wH$f}U g_o{YVmZm g_mZm gm_mwnm`
gm_XmZ^oXXS> n[aa{jVmZm fmS>Jw` g{YZm{dJhmo `mZ_mgZ Y_ml` V` `moJoZ C_{WVm {f
` Vofm ` Vofm {dofV qH$ lo` Cnml`o_ Z {H$_nr`W & BdOmdm_ &

98

N>n{Vgm_m`o

fmS>Jw ``moJmo_{WV{fm qH$

{dofV lo` Cnml`o_ &&16&&
EgmOrEgmOr-~bdVm_`{^^dm`moP^Vo nam gKe{$& `V
^md_w`m Z {h e$`VWm
gnmX`VrpgVH$m`{g{_&
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Z``w$m nagKe{$ &&17&&
VmZmOrVmZmOr-CXmmM[aVmZm_od n[anpWZm_{^`moJ Cn`w$m EVm e$`mo
Z dY_mZm_& A{nM
_Jw{{dahmUgKm
`w{$VVw ^dV gwI^om&
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lo`go Z`{dXm ZnVrZm_ &&18&&
Vn#m_monm`_mgm`m ^{d``Y_mamV`&
{edamO{edamO-__m`oVXodm`{^_V_ & `V
nao Vw VoOpd{Z Y`d mm
gm_mwnm`m g\$bm ^dpV&
Z {dVo XwZ` em{bZm O`o
_m`m`moJmXnam {V{H$`m&&19&&
^mdo{V & ^md _w` YmZ `mgw Vm ^w_mogmhe$` H$moe~bm`m _mo [anm VWm
BpgVH$m`{gq Z gnmX`pV `Wm Z`oZ AWem{d{hVar`m `w$m nam CH$>m Mmgm gKe{$ H$m`
gnmX`Vr`W & CnOm{Vdm_ &
_o{V & JU j{`mUm d{UOm dm, gK OmZnXmZm Vm _` Jwo ajU` {dahmV
_^oXm{X`W; `w{$V gm_mwnm` gwI^om ^dV & VWm Mmo$ _hm^maVo - Mma_~bmXmZ
gm_XmZ{d^oXZ & j```^`monm` H$fVrVaoVa_ && B{V & AV _m``m N>b`moJ AY_ ` na
[anw V` {VKmV Z`{dXm ZnVrZm lo`go ^dVr`W & dmJVmdm_ &
n#m_o{V & gm_XmZ^oXXS>_m`oOmbmonojmgw n#m_mo _m`monm` &

W_mo@>

99

A{nM
Y_V {V{dYmZ_m_Zmo
{dbdm` d{OZmdVo [anm&
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Km{VVm {V`wJ d_m``m &&20&&
gd}-gdWm@{^ZVo Hw$_madMZ_ &
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_mZ YZ amO{dbmg^moJmZ
{_m{U XmamZ{n Or{dV M&
hdm [anwdm{bVh`dmhZo
gWmn{``o __ Y_am`_ &&21&&
gd}-Hw$_ma EVr_{Vkm{g`o ~n[aH$amZ_mZ
Xw^} XwJmH$ _Uo `mUo
aUmUo XwH$agmhgo dm&
Ado{h amOVd nmd{VZ
dOr{dVo@p_{anojVm JVmZ &&22&&
{edamO{edamO-d``m! ^{d`pV ^dV Edm{YH$manX^m{JZmo __ Y_am`o&
`V
g_mZ{dmZ`{dH$_ofw
am>H $^{${WVmd`ofw &
{OVop`odod {ZOm{YH$ma
{d^` gm_m`_wn{ V ^y{_n&&23&&
Y_V B{V & d{OUmdVo nmnm_{Z [anm Y_V {V{dYmZ Am_Z d` {dbdm` {dZmem`
^d{V & bmoH$gJhmW _m`m`moJmo Z Xmofm`o`mh & {dUwZo{V & AbmoH$gmYmaU{dH$_em{bZm {dUwZm
A{n ~{bZ gwa{f XmZdm {V`wJ d_m``m Km{VVm & aWmoVmdm_ &
_mZ{_{V & Am`dgm`mo Zm_ ZmQ>mb>ma & n[aH$am` M g`_ &

100

N>n{Vgm_m`o
(VV {de`nQ>rjonoU XmXmOrH$m|S>Xod)
{edamO-(gl`_) dmJV ^JdV&

XmXmOrXmXmOr-dg,
{da_m_mgmhgm`dgm`mV &
Ed
Hw$bH$_mJVd{mn[a`mJmmw VdmZWmn{maod{o V VH$`o&
{edamO{edamO-^JdZ `dZoe{dof^dmXZWeVmX{n lo` Edo{V _o ~bdmZ
``& `V
Y_dgYVdVmZ naYZo bwYmZ _Xm {ZX`mZ
_XmZ {dH$_em{b{Z {V^Q>o Hy$Q>`moJmoH$Q>mZ &
{dVo@{n M qhH$mZ Hw$bdYygH $fUo gmogdmZ
Jmo{dodnMm[aU H$W{__mZ Xod{f gl`o &&24&&
XmXmOrXmXmOr-dg {edamO, g`JdYm[aV`dZoed^md_ dm_damo
Zmo gho & VN > U w _o na_ Z`~MZ `Xml`Uo Z {Z`y h m ^{d`pV
Vdm{^_VmW{g`& d VmdV
A`mo@`o`mH$bw{fV{Y` g`wOZnmbmZ
nr`wHo $mZManVrZ rU`Z {gb`mZ&
XmZ_mZ_ YwadMZ aO`Z bmoH$dramZ
brbm`wO ` OZnXmZ XwO` mm{XwJmZ &&25&&
Hw$_ma, gd _Jw`YrZ Ed {dO`& V_gdaUo gXd d`m
gmdYmZoZ ^{dV`_& `V
_mo {dh new{^ JVo
Vb Hw$S> nQ>b{ Ze`Vo&
g_raUoZm@{n gwXay _wVo
${M{OamOZVw {^Vo &&26&&
Y_}{V & *** emXb{dH$s{S>V dm_ &
A`mo@`o{V & *** _XmH$mVmdm_ & Amon{X> Zm_ ZmQ>bjU_ &

W_mo@>

101

Ed M gwJw _d
gmZm jnw{bXdXZnVrZmnmX` dmZwJmZ
{Ze> Z`g{lVmo ~bdVmo m{Zny Yf`&
YyVmam{V{dH$pnVo {V{dYm _m _ _mmo ^d
dmV` g_wnmd _na_ gm_m`_mWmn` &&27&&
{edamO{edamO-^Jdf CnXoe qH$Vw gmjma Ed& AVmo ^JdX>ZJw h Uo m{MaoU
gnmX{``o gm_m`{g{_&
XmXmOrXmXmOr-dg g\$bm gVw Vo Z`monH$_m&
(B{V {ZH$mV)

{edamO{edamO-{X>m JwMaUm A`mZwH$y bm&

VmZmOr-(Xya {dbmo`) Hw$_ma g_wnmJVmo@` OamOO[aVmVmoaUmXwJn mb&
({d`)
VmoaUmXwJn mb-({edamO_wng`) Hw$_ma, Y_am`gWmnZmoV dm {Ze`

VrW`mmdUoZ _`m dXm`m {H$`Vo __ VmoaUmXwJ & d Vmdm pWdm

dV` Vd emgZ_&
{edamO{edamO-`X^dVo amoMVo& Edmh V Wm`o&
VmoaUmXwJnmbmb-dg {Ma Ord& nya`Vw Vd _ZmoaW ^JdVr naXodVm&
(B{V {ZH$mV)

{edamO{edamO-{X>m hVJVmo@_mH$ VmoaUmXwJ & Ed

AZm`mgoZ H$m`` `` {g`wnH$_&
Amg_moYdw V` `mKmVmo Zd Hw${MV &&28&&
VmZmOrVmZmOr-^dm`ZwJh em{bZVo ZmpV {H$_`gm` Zm_&
gmZo{V & jm j{`m nw{bXm dZoMam Vofm dXm{Z *** _ _p{^ g_`
{ZUuV AW g Ed na_ YmZ `` & emXb{dH$s{S>V dm_ &
Wm` B{V & A H$aU Zm_ g`_ &
{X>o{V & A m{Zm_ g`_ &
^dmZr{V & A {dbmo^Z Zm_ g`_ &

102

N>n{Vgm_m`o

EgmOrEgmOr-Hw$_ma VmoaUmN>Zm Vw gm_m`lr_pXa` VmoaU_od d`m

g_mgm{XV_& AV na Vo ^_od n`m{_&
{edamO{edamO-d``m, ^dVm gmhm`oZ g{Z{hVd __ gm_m`{g{&
Vw_m{^_hmhm}nm`Zde
rH$` MmH$UH$moS>ZXo Jw n mbm VX{Y{>Vm XwJm gnmXZr`m&
Ah_{n Z`oZ nwaXaXwJ_ m_gmH$dm Xwdw m gwno mVm{Yn _mVwb {ZJm{_&
gd}-`Xmkmn`{V Hw$_ma&
{edamO{edamO-gmY`m_Vmdd{Z`moJ_Zw>mVw_ &
(B{V {ZH$mVm gd})

&& g_mmo@` gm_m`monH$__Zm_m W_mo@>&&

^dVm gmhm`oZo{V & A n[a`mgmo Zm_ g`_ &
W_mo@> B{V & VjU_w$ ZmQ>emo - A> B{V ${T>eXmo ^md ag amoh``WmZ &
ZmZm{dYmZ`w$mo `_mm_mdoX> & && B{V &
B{V lrN>n{Vgm_m`Q>rH$m`m gdm{dmoV`m
gm_m`monH$_Zm_m W_mo@> g_m &

104

{Vr`mo@>&
(VV {deV EgmOrVmZmOr)

EgmOrEgmOr-A`{^ZpXV Xod`m{Yn` MmH$UXwJn mboZ&

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N>n{Vgm_m`o

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dm{_d { m_w n b`
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(B{V {ZH$mVm)

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b`mb` BdooXmo ` {V_wI M VV && B{V &

{Vr`mo@>&

105

Zmogho Vmpd{Z`mo$w _& A{nM rnmVam{H$`mW gm _hmV emm`wYgM`

gmYbjoUm@{n H$o Vw mW`Vo _m {\$ar d{UH$n{V& `N>`monVo mo@`_dgamo _`m
H$W JhrV`& Ahmo
dmV`d{d{bV g_VV
gmMbmo _moX`Vo _Zmo _o&
dZoMamZ g`JUo {Z`mo$w
Z Mm`b V{Vam XwZmo{V &&3&&
(nwaVmo {dbmo`) Ef JhrVgH$o Vmo dra BV Edm{^gn{V&
({d`)

ZoVmOrmOr-{dO`Vm Xod&
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dm`mrH $ VmZm
M
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gmYZ{dH$b`o{V & A VmnZ Zm_ g`_ &

106

N>n{Vgm_m`o

{dZm ~b _o ~bmo@Vam_m
gd}@dgrXpV gh dra &&4&&
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({d`)

AajH$AajH$-Amkmn`Vw Xod&
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{Vr`mo@>&

107

108

N>n{Vgm_m`o

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(AmH$meo)
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(B{V {ZH$mV)

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`mdV}&
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(B{V maXoe_{Y{V>{V)
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{Vr`mo@> &

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{edamO{edamO-aoM`Vm` {ebmn>o &

{epn_w``-VWm&

N>n{Vgm_m`o

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n[ag`mZ_&
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y m`od ^m{U&
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{Vr`mo@> &

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AajH$AajH$-BV BVmo Xod&

112

N>n{Vgm_m`o
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{Z{Ygm{Zm_m {Vr`mo@> g_m &

114

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(VV {de{V amOJS>XwJmgmXmdpWVmo _p{Vr` {edamO)

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(Zon`o)

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N>n{Vgm_m`o

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VVr`mo@>&

115

`mdmrd_of ^dVw _o mUgma&

(B{V {eagm@{^d Yma`{V)

gm_Vgm_V-_hmZofmo@ZwJh mo _hmamO` &

116

N>n{Vgm_m`o

M X{hV{Z{defo m na{` B{V &

_r_r-`Wmkmn`{V _hmamO &
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manmbmanmb-VWm &
(B{V {ZH$mV)
(VV {de{V H$`mUmVm{YnZwf`m g{hV Am~mOr)

Am~mOrAm~mOr-dYVm Xod H$`mU{dO`oZ & XodmYrZm gpV V ~XrH$V`

VmVm{Yn` mUm &
{edamO{edamO-gV H$mamJhm{_w` `Wmhm}nMma g^m` {dgO` &
Am~mOrAm~mOr-`o d
Amkmn`{V
&
A{n
M
_hmamOm`monm`ZrH$Vw_ mZrV_oVXbmoH$gmYmaU raZ_ & VdrH$`mZwJ mpd_
XmgOZ_ &
{edamO-(gamof_) Aao {H${_X d`m@Zm`_Zw{>V_ &
VnZHw$b^d` Y_d moa{n naXmaa{V{d^m`Vo {H$_ &
{df__wnJVmo@{n amOhg
{H$_w ~H$d{m_wnml`oH$Xm{MV &&6&&
(_pU {V) VX `Vm VmadaoUm__am`o `pN>damO` V`mZm
_S>bmJo{V & _S>bmJ I VoZ _pS>V` `m _S>b` gm_VMH$` AJoU YmZWmZoZ
_pS>V` Ab>V` & nVmH$mWmZ{_X_ & VX$ XnUo Wm} dMZ{d`mg gw{c> H$m``mo{OV &
YmZmWmVamjonr nVmH$mWmZH$ na_ && B{V &

Am~mOrAm~mOr-grXVw Xod & gmV amOHw$bgmYmaUmo@`_wnMma B{V H$dm

_`m@ dm_ & VXZwH$nZr`mo@` XmgOZ &
{edamO{edamO-Vd {dH$_oU n[aVw>m@o h_ dm H$`mUmVm{Yn`o {Z`wZp_&
V`m`oZ Om nmb`Vm_mH$ Y_MH$ dV` &
Am~mOrAm~mOr-`Wmkmn`{V Xod &
(B{V mVm{YnZwf`m gh {ZH$mV)
({d`)

manmbmanmb-{dO`Vm Xod & geV JmYmag{ZH$m _hmamO` {dO``emo{^

g_mH$>m ~rOmnwae
o _nhm` _hmamOml`_pd`pV & lwdm Xod _mU_ &
{edamO{edamO-_pZ H$W_oVo {dgZr`m &
`{WZ n[aOZo@{VVam {dZrVo
Uo _fmo{$na_o {df`go$ &
Y_dOo {f{V hrZHw$bmodo M
{d` Zme_wn`m{V nwaXamo@{n &&7&&
_r_r-_hmamO _m{YH$ma{Z`moJnamo@` nam_e & g{ZH$mZm Vw ZmpV
H$Z dVmo@{YH$ma & Vmo{MVmo@ {VfoY & AW MVo naY{_U B{V H$dm@{n
Z `w$ {VfoY & `V
{d{^Y_m Zn{V{ZOm Om
g_d_mWm` gXd nmb`oV &
dY_{Z~YnaVw hob`m
Om{damoYmV ~bmo@{n hr`Vo &&8&&
`{WZ B{V & `{WZmo [anmo n[aOZo ^`dJ}@{VVam {dZrVo Z_o Uo r{OVo _fm@ZVmo{$dmH$
na_m `` Vp_Z {df`ofw go$ Bp`mam_o B`W Y_dOo Xmp^Ho$ {f{V [anm hrZHw$bo Cdmo O_
`` Vp_ {d` nwaXa Bmo@{n Zme_wn`m{V & dgV{VbH$mdm_ &

VVr`mo@>&

117

{edamO{edamO-g` g_Q>YrZd gm_m`{V>m & (manmb {V) VX`Vm

_MZmgoZmn{V`WmdXoVfo m {Z`moJm` &
manmbmanmb-VWm &
(B{V {ZH$mV)

{edamO{edamO-_pZ, ZmpV n`mV Ho$db nXm{VXb ~bmam{V{ZJhm` &

VX_m{^ erK gm{XXb_`wnH$nZr`_ &
_r_r-Xod ZoVmOrdram{Y{>V gm{XXb_{MaoUd ^{d`{V aUmdVmaj__&
VmO_mMrVmo `Xm@gm `mJN>o mXm@p_od H$m`} {Z`moOZr` &
{edamO{edamO-gdWm@{^ZVo Vdm`dgm` &
({d`)

manmbmanmb-{dO`Vm Xod & Ef amO_mMrV `mJVmo ZoVmOrdramo m[a

{V>{V &
{edamO{edamO-doe`Z_ &
manmbmanmb-VWm &
(B{V {ZH$mV)
({d`)

ZoVmOrmOr-{dO`Vm Xod & H$frdbN>ZmV{d>Zo JyT>MaoU {ZerWo@Y

gm[aVm amw_db` mH$ma_{Y$T>a _g{ZH$JU{ZhVm amO_m`wnamoYH$m[aUmo
`dZg{ZH$m &
{edamO{edamO-dra egZr` Ibw VdVgmhg{dH$mV_ & A{n n[aVmo`Vo
`Wmhm}nMmaoU d`m ~XrH$Vmo `dZoe`mb &
ZoVmOrmOr-AW {H$_ & H$mo Zw Ibw _hmamOemgZ_{VH${_Vw ^d{V &
Xod V {Zm g``o@`oVwJhrVm `dZg{ZH$m &
{edamO{edamO-_pZ Am{Xe amO_m`{YH$V VmZ {dgO{`Vw_ &
_r_r-`Xmkmn`{V Xod &
(B{V no {Zdoe`{V)

118

N>n{Vgm_m`o
{edamO{edamO-dra `mg Edmna gJm _ & VgZmh` gm{X{ZdhmZ &
ZoVmOrmOr-`od Amkmn`{V &
(B{V {ZH$mV)
({d`)

MaMa-Xod` dmV`{Z>`m gaYoZ Xam_Zm ~rOmnwamYreoZ H$mamJmao

{ZmVmVnmXm &
(B{V {ZH$mV)

{edamO-(gamof_) Aao X_X mY, A{n g{>`m {d{hVm`mVo gn`m`m

Be n[aUm_ & AWdm H$VmonH$mao` Ed pV Xam_mZ &
{dhm` H$mVmgwV~YwdJmZ
Hw$b{V>m_W Or{dVnhm_ &
h`oH$^`m@{n {Zfo{dVmo@Y_
n`mH$m_ d`_od godH$_ &&9&&
_r_r-gdm_Zme EdmY_ewlfy m`m nm[aVmo{fH$_ &
{edamO{edamO-_pZ H$W_{n ajUr`m {nVMaUm & `V
amk Om`m n[anmbZ `Wm
^`` ^Vw{ hVgmYZ M &
Hw$b{` n`waWmZwdVZ
VWm gwV`mpV JwamonmgZ_ &&10&&
_r_r-Xod, A g_m_ZpV Z`emH$mo{dXm `V
gYmZ g`gYo Z`JwU{d{hV {dJhmo hrZgdo
`mZ MmV{dno {J[aJhZJVo MmgZ XJg Wo &
H$W_nr{V & A Zr{VZm_ ZmQ>mb>ma &
gYmZ{_{V & g`m gYm {Vkm `` Vp_Z Z`` Zr{Vem` JwUofw g`m{XJwUofw {d{hV
gYmZ g{Y hrZ gd ~b `` Vp_Z {dJh, AVH${Vfw {dno {dnXm{^^yVo `mZ, {Jam JhZo dZo
M JVo XJgWo MmgZ, `yhaY`}@ZmH$`o Y, Hw${Q>bmo `mo Z`Vp_Z aVo e$sZm ^w_mogmhe$sZm
`moJoZmd{bo J{dVo `{W{Z [anm Z lo`go ~bZanVo gl` H$m` & Yamdm_ &

VVr`mo@>&

119

Y `yhmY`} Hw${Q>bZ`aVo e{$`moJmd{bo

`{W`mew H$m` ~bZanVo gl` lo`go Z &&11&&
VXoV{ngVaUmW {Xrn{Vaod g_ml`Ur` & `V
gXml`mo@` {dXfm H$bmdVm
{ZOo nao Mm{n g_mZ^md &
{ZaVnmn d`__m
Om Om dm Bd em`Yre &&12&&
{edamO{edamO-__m`oVXodm{^oV_ & `V
{Xremonml`oUd de Zo`mo@`_wV &
XXmV`mY_`m` Zm``m X_Z{H$`m &&13&&
V`w`Vm H$mo@{n H$m`j_mo {Zg>mWm} XVmo@_X^r> gnmX{`Vw_ &
_r_r-JN>Vw aKwZmWnV EVH$m`g{ g`o &
{edamO{edamO-WmZ Edm` Z`{dMjU` npS>Vda` {Z`moJ & H$
H$mo@ ^mo &
({d`)

120

N>n{Vgm_m`o
^`dJ {d{djwa` OZmo `Wmh{Z`moJZo mZwJm B{V & A{nM
H$VZoZ ~rOmnwae
o Zo {dZm@namY H$mamJho {ZmZm {ZOVmVnmXmZm
_w{$gnmXZoZmZwJhmVa_{^bf`` gmd^m_^`& {dVaVw
H$nmnmamdmao lrgmd^m_@o ZV`eg_{d^d {d{Z`Vo`memVo
M & B{V &
_r_r-Xod {b{IV _`m `Wm{X>_ &
({d`)

npS>Vdada-{dO`Vm Xod &

{edamO{edamO-AmXm`V{kmnZn {V>d Vmd{rZJa_ & V M
gmd^m__ZwH$y b {dYm` gdm_Zm gnmX`m_mmVnmXmZm {d_w{$_ &
(B{V dZm__wm{>V {dYm` n_n`{V)

npS>Vda-(n_mXm`) `od Amkmn`{V &

(B{V {ZH$mV)

{edamO{edamO-H$ H$mo@ ^mo &

({d`)

manmbmanmb-Amkmn`Vw Xod &

{edamO{edamO-AVJh _mJ_mXoe` &
manmbmanmb-BV BVmo Xod &

manmbmanmb-Amkmn`Vw Xod &

{edamO{edamO-npS>Vda w>{_N>m{_&
manmbmanmb-`Xmkmn`{V Xod &

(C^m n[aH$m_V)
(B{V {ZH$mV)

EVXVJh ma {deVw Xod &

(B{V {ZH$mV)

{edamO{edamO-{d{b`Vm Vmd{kmnZn_ &

_r_r-VWm &
(B{V n {bI{V)

{edamO- (bo`_m{Xe{V)
lr_maVamOHw$bmYragm_m`lr{ZHo$VZgmd^m__moJboeMaUa{MVmO{b {edamO gl` mW`Vo `gmd^m_`

(VV {de`VJhmdpWVm amO_mVm amkr M)

{edamO-({d`) A~, A{^dmX`o &

amO_mVmamO_mVm-dg {Ma Ord & A`pV H${{eof &

{edamO{edamO-H$VZoZ ~rOmnwaoeoZ ~XrH$VmZm VmVnmXmZm {d_w$`o
H$V`V`mn{VVmo _moJboegl` &
`Wmh{Z`moJoZo{V & Aml`mo Zm_ ZmQ>mb>ma &

VVr`mo@>&

121

amO
_mVmamO_mVm_mVm-gwVpVmo@` _{ZU` & ^{d``ZoZ Vdm^r>{g{ &
`V
Z gdXm {dH$_em{bZmo@`b
^d`amVrZ ghgm Y{fV_w &
D$OpdZm gmhg_pV {dbwVo
Z``moJ@o J{VH$m J{VYdw _ &&14&&
Vof` npS>Vda_oZ_W gnmX{`Vw_ &
{edamO{edamO-A~ VWd _`m H$pnV_ & Ed d`m@Zw_mo{XV` {ZVam
_moXVo _o@Vam_m &
amO_mVmamO_mVm-dg lwV _`m Mmao`mo `mUmV{dnX Am_mZ a{jVw
Y_m Va_m{lVmo ~OmOrdra nw Z dY_ do w > {_N>{V & A`
{VHy$bmo@_YwdJ & naVw gm_m`gWmnZdmoZ d`m H$V`mo dragJh &
AVmo `Wm{d{Y n[aemo{YV`m`m_Om` dH$`m Xm` gnmX`m` {MagmX_&
{edamO{edamO-{ea{g {H$`Vo VdmXoe &
amO_mVmamO_mVm-dg `w`d ^y`mo^`y mo_boZ & AW _hoamamYZm` gmY`m{_
XodJh_ &
(B{V {ZH$mVm)

amkramkr-Am`nw , A Ibw
bmoH$H$meZ_am{VV_mo@nhm[a
gVnU Z`Z_mZg`modn w Vo &
EVdmon{MV`mdZam`b`m
VoOmo`` `wJngwf_m XYm{V &&15&&
{edamO{edamO-Xo{d d_odm{g __ gH$b_bmZm_oH$m`VZ_ & `d
bmoHo${V & *** VoOmo`` gy`mM_gmo`wJng_H$mb_od *** dgV{VbH$mdm_ & A
{ZXeZmb>ma &

122

N>n{Vgm_m`o

mogmhZoZ g_amUVna`
`mJV` M namH$_UmZw`moJ &
Co{OV` Z`_mJ{dH$nZ
lmV` Z_dMgm VZwfo gwI _o &&16&&
amkramkr-Am`nw Y_ Edf ghY_Mm[aUrZm jmZmZm_ & {ZgJV Ed
Vd dVo _o X` {V{>V
_Z _o d_ZgH$Vm JV_ &
d{` go ^d{V g
g_mHw$b MmHw${bVo d{` {` &&17&&
{edamO- (dJV_) Ahmo Zw Ibw Y`mo@p_ & (H$me_) Vd
gwYm`pXdMmo{^am`m{`Vmo@h nwZ nwZZdVm_wno `mamVrZ{^^{dVw_w gho &
amkramkr-g`Y_m`ofw amOHw$bofw Y_d moVd gwImonJ_d {dO`lr &
{edamO- (eVZrdZ_mH$`) Ahmo OmV Ibw goZm{ZarjUg_` &
`mdgmY`m{_ &
amkramkr-Ah_{n VmdpN>dmamYZm` XodJh_wn{ _ &
(B{V {ZH$mVm)

&& g_mmo@` am``dpW{V

am``dpW{VZm_m VVr`mo@> &&
mogmhZoZo{V & *** dgV{VbH$mdm_ &
B{V lrN>n{Vgm_m`Q>rH$m`m gdm{dmoV`m
am``dpW{VZm_m VVr`mo@> g_m &

N>n{Vgm_m`o

124

MVwWm}@> &
(VV {deVmo amOnwfm)

W_W_-^ {H$_od H$mVo@{n _hmogdo {Z`moJey` Bdm n[a^_{g &

{Vr`{Vr`-A`o qH${Z{_mmo@` _hmogd &
W_W_-Ahmo qH$ Z OmZm` Ibw ^dmZr{V>m`m n[ag_m{{XZ{_{V&
{Vr`{Vr`-^ amOH$m`mW XoemVa pWVmo@h_dm gm &
W_W_-{X>V{V>m_hmogdmW g_wnpWV` lram_Xmgdm{_Z
gm{`oZ n{drH$V Ef VmnJS>XJ & ^{dVm@ Xod`mZoZ _hm_Zm g_mJ_&
A{n Zm_mp_Vnmo{ZYm ^{$dUmo ^doX_od & `V g EdmpV g_Wm} Xod`
{dZeVm`{n {dXma{`Vw_ &
{Vr`{Vr`-A`pV H${{VHy$bgmdH$memo `oZd ~dr{f &
W_- AW {H$_ & H$mamJhm{{Z_w$` emhOr_hmamO` nwZ
H$UmQ>m{YH$manXmdm`ZVa ~rOmnwae
o ` nwaVmo Xod ~XrH$Vw {VOko@gy`m{d>mo
YyV em_amO & EV{Vkm{g`o M OmdirmVm{Yngmhm`_noj_mU g
V_odm{l`mdVV & A M {ZdgVm em_amOhVHo$Z gm{dZ n`Q>Vmo Xod`
dYmW {Z`w$mZ _mam_H$mZ {H$amVm{h` a{jVmo XodVmH$_mXnpWVoZ
ZoVmOrdraoU&
{Vr`{Vr`-Ed {_Wmo{dofH$bw{fVod_jdraofw Hw$V dmV`m{YJ_mo
^maVr`mZm_ &
W_W_-VV gw I `mJVo Z Xo d o Z g { X> V` jmY_`
OmdirmVm{Yn` `X
{dH$s` XoeHw$bY_`emo@{^_mZ
boN>m{Ynm` Z _ZmJ{n bmgo d_ &
{dH$s`o{V & *** dgV{VbH$mdm_ & Aj >mVmb>ma &

AmH$` bwYH$JUa{n nme~

qH$dm d{m_{^ZX{V qghemd &&1&&
B{V & naVw `mg_aUoZ VoZ gdWm `m{j Xod` _pV_ & VV
g{__`wZm XodZo mgm jHw$bmngX {j_od `_mb` o{fV &
{Vr`- Y` {h Z`nmQ>d Xod` & g Ed d`mo {dfmo~U H$Ugn&
nW__-AW amoJmH$mV _moJbg_mO_wnlw` {XrZJa `mVo VwdamOo
OmdirmVm{YndYgOmVm_f}U ~rOmnwae
o Zo Xod {ZJhrVw_mk dgoZmZm`H$&
VX{MaoU ^{d`{V nwZa{n `wma^ &
{Vr`{Vr`-A`pV {d{XV_oVod` &
W_W_-MmaMjwfmo Xod` ZmpV {H$_`JmoMa_ & (nwaVmo {dbmo`) Ef
n[ag_m` {V>mH$m` pWVmo Xodmo amO_pXa_ &
{Vr`{Vr`-^, Ah VmdoemVamoXV_mdoX{`Vw_nw { _ _pgXZ_ &
W_W_-Ah_{n d{Z`moJn[anmbZm` mZmo[_ amO_pXa_ &
(B{V {ZH$mVm)

{dH$^H$ &
(VV {de{V lram_XmgoZ gh {edamO&)
{edamO- (gl`_) {XQ>m H$VmWVm J{_Vmo@p_ {Mam{WVoZ

^JdgmXm{YJ_oZ &
(B{V nwnO H$R>o g_` nmX`mo nV{V)

lram_Xmglram_Xmg-^maVH$dra, C{m> & Y_am`gWmnZmW e>ameZo mdVrU`

Vd ^dVw gdm{VhVmo {dO` &
{edamO-(CWm`) {VJhrVmer & (g{Zd}X) ^JdZ, AW _`m `mdmrd
{H$_od_od qhgmYmZmo Y_m}@Zw>`o &
lram_Xmglram_Xmg-`dpWVdUml_o@p_Z ^maVo df} XH$Vm qhgZ gmYyZm
M n[amU_od j{`` namo Y_ & V`_mJ_d b`monWJm{_Zmo ZnmY_mmo_y`
VwdamO B{V & VwdamOo X{jUmnWm{YH$manX{Z`wo$ _moJb`wdamOo B`W &

MVwWm}@>

125

dV` Vd Y_emgZ_& Z Md dV_mZ` Vd lo`{V~Y & `V

bmoH$gJh na{OVm_{^
H$_`moJ{ZaVZn mom_ &
nm_Zm _WZo H$pnVmo
Y_V_{n ~mYVo Z` &&2&&
naVw
Y_dmm n[anpWZd`m
gmZd amOZ dde {dYo`m &
Z Y_Jw o {h Z``moJm
H$Xm{MX`Wnam ^dpV &&3&&
Ed Y_Z`{V{>VZo M d`m ZmZmY_m Om g_~wd nmbZr`m &
`V &
dm `Wm Y_^`oZ a`Vo
Z{^VWm Zd ZaoemgZmV &
Y_mZ gXmMmanamZVmo Zn
Om{hVkmo {Z`_oZ nmb`oV &&4&&
Ed dV_mZ` Vd gdWm@ZwH$y bm ^{d`{V OJ{`r naXodVm &
{edamO{edamO-^JdZ VdmZwJhoUm {Zdm _o _mohmdaU_ ZdrH$V
gm_m`gWmnZmogmh &
lram_Xmglram_Xmg-dg Vd gmhm`mW {V_R> _`m {dZr`Vo am>^md^m{dVm
eVemo `wdJUm & V{X_o
`m`m_`moJmon{MVmgdm
{dmH$bmXS>Z`{V{>Vm &
am>H $^$m CnYm{demo{YVm
^dVw Vo ^m{daUo ghm`m &&5&&
bmoHo${V & *** aWmoVmdm_ & Amon{X>m` bjU_ &
`m`m_o{V & *** Y_mWH$m_^` narjU_wnYm-Vm{^ {demo{YVm & *** CnOm{Vdm_&

126

N>n{Vgm_m`o

{edamO{edamO-Ahmo na_mWVmo ^JdVdmaYo am>mo aUmo_o@h Vw {Z{_m_m_od&

`g` ~g_o{YV_od j_Zmo{V &
lram_Xmglram_Xmg-dg ` ~ M j M g_rMr MaVV d
gm_m`lr{dbg{V & AV
`o j_m dVngm Xam_Zm
{ZJh@o {n M gVm_ZwJh o &
~dM{gZ Am_`m{OZVmg^mO` gXm dJw`o &&6&&
A{nM gm_m`g_`o d`m `ZoZmZwaOZr`m {ZfmXn#m_mdmamo dUm&
`V
`Wm@ bmoH$`dhma{g`o
^dog_Wm}@{dH$bop` nw_mZ &
VWm Zn n#mOZmongJh mV &
gm_m`gm^m`\$bm` H$nVo &&7&&
{edamO{edamO-^JdVmo _{hZm derH $ Vmo @ ` OZmo @ V^ { V
{e`>m@ZwH$nZr` &
lram_Xmglram_Xmg-dg Z Ho$db {e` B{V d_{g __ o_mnX_ & A{nVw
d_{g _o {Vr` X`_ & dXYrZdmpV _o gm`{g{ & V_`m gVV
gmdYmZoZmoXr`Vo d{O`dOga & g`{n dm {Z{dU_wnlw` gmmo@`h
Vd mogmhZmW_oVJamO_ & AW dm dH$_`{^dm dr` {V>o@h
Y_dMZm` XJmVa_ &
{edamO{edamO-^JdVm@ZwJm mo@` OZmo ^y`mo XeZZo &
lram_Xmglram_Xmg-^maVH$dra, gnmX`Vw Vdm^r> ^JdVr naXodVm &
(B{V {ZH$mV)
[`o`o j_m B{V & ~dM{gZ B{V & ~hpV`m dg (nm. 5.4.78) B{V
gyoU dM B{V eX` AM-``mVdo {go AV B{ZR>Zm (5.2.115)
B{V gyoU nX {g`{V &-gnmXH$]

MVwWm}@> &

127

128

N>n{Vgm_m`o
naYZn[anw>_Ogm dm
_{hf~qb n[aH$n`o ^dm`m &&8&&
ZoVmOr-(gamof_) g Ed _m V`mVVm{`Zmo {ZJhmW_m{XeVw Xod &

{edamO{edamO-H$ H$mo@ ^mo &

({d`)

manmbmanmb-Amkmn`Vw Xod &

{edamO{edamO-_Jh_mJ_mXoe` &
manmbmanmb-BV BVmo Xod &

Admh
(C^m n[aH$m_V)

EV_Jhma {deVw Xod &

(B{V {ZH$mV)
({d`)

{edamO{edamO-dmJV _pdamUm_ &

_pU-(CWm`) {dO`Vm _hmamO &
(B{V {edamO_Zyn{depV)
({d`)

manmbmanmb-Xod w>H$m_ H$mo@{n `dZVmngmo m[a {V>{V &

{edamO{edamO-doe`Z_ &
manmbmanmb-VWm &
(B{V {ZH$mV)
({d`)

MaMa-{dO`Vm Xod & H$W_{n V g_yfH$ Jhrdm gda_mZ`m_r{V

~rOmnw a o e g^m`m {Vkm` _mJ} M ^dmZr{V_m IS>e H $ dm
mXeghg{ZH$XboZ gh gmmo@ nmnm_m ~rOmnwagoZmZm`H$ &
(B{V {ZH$mV)

{edamO-(AmH$` gamof_) Aao Om_

A{d{XVVnZmd`Vmn
{H${_{V dWm d_w J^go _XmY &
A{d{XVo{V & *** nwpnVmJmdm_ & A Jdm} Zm_ ZmQ>mb>ma &

H$m_H$moYm{VaoH$`gZ{dX{bV X{dZrV _XmY

dH$monm{XY n[aUV{d^d Mm`wfmo@V JV V_ &
hdm {ZeofVVb_{V{dnwb Vn{`dm H$nmU
OrdJmh Jhrdm {ZJ{S>VMaU Vo@pVH$ mn`m{_ &&9&&
{edamO-({d{M`) dra Zm gmhg{Vn{m{MVm & Vd`m@{Y{>Vm
N> n[anpWZm n[aM` Hw$ddZn nem
A`jm dnXm{Vgm{X{ZdhmgZmh`VyVm &
XJmUm_dZo ^ddd{hVm XJm{Ynm {Zbm
gmo amon{`Vw Vmn_w{XV H$mbmo {fm_VH$ &&10&&
ZoVmOrmOr-`Xmkmn`{V Xod &
(B{V {ZH$mV)
({d`)

manmbmanmb-Xod Aam{V{Zg>mo XVmo m[a {V>{V &

{edamO{edamO-doe`Z_ &
manmbmanmb-VWm &
(B{V {ZH$mV)
({d`)

H$UmOrUmOr-{dO`Vm _hmamO &

g Ed _m{_{V & AmoXmhaUm` g`_ &
H$m_H $ mo Y o { V & OrdJ m h J h rdm OrdV J h rdo `W & Amo gmh Wm{`^mdmo
{ZO^Vn[an`mb~Z VOZ_Zw^md Amjonmo Jd gMm[aUm & Ed_ `wdramo ag & Yamdm_ &
N>{_{V & *** emXb{dH$s{S>V dm_ & A J^g`ma^ & \$bYmZmonm``
mJw{` qH$MZ & J^m} ` g_woXmo mgmdofUdm_wh && B`w$dmV &
Aam{V{Zg>mo XV B{V & H$UmOrZm_m {d &

MVwWm}@> &

129

{edamO{edamO-dmJV {dd`` &

H$UmOrUmOr-A`Zm_` _hmamO` &
{edamO{edamO-AW {H$_ &
H$UmOrUmOr-Xod C^`V g{ZH$mZm {dZme n[a{OhrfwamdoX``_goZmn{V`_hmamOoZ dHw$bnanamJVd{mdrH$aUoZ n[a`` ~rOmnwaoe`
{damoY_rH$V`mo ^`Y_ B{V &
{edamO{edamO-Zm`_mH$ ~rOmnwaoeoZ gh H$mo@{n {damoY qH$Vw
Xd mo`VX{YH$Vo` Om`m nmbZmW_do m`__XnH$_ &
H$UmOrUmOr-V_hmamOoZ dm`mrH$V` Xoe`m{Yn`o VmdX ^{d`{V
_hmamO`d {Z`moJ & VWm ~rOmnwae
o emgZ_Zw` emhOr_hmamO H$UmQ>Xoe
nmb`{V VWd _hmamOoZ gXoe nmbZr` & EVXW M _hmamOoZ `WmdH$me
>`mo@_goZmn{V &
{edamO{edamO-A Zm_mH$ {d{Vn{m & H$ H$mo@ ^mo &
({d`)

manmbmanmb-Amkmn`Vw Xod &

{edamO{edamO-mn`Z {dd`_mdo{eH$_pXa_ & C`Vm M _MZmmm{YH$Vmo
`Xof {Omom_mo amOmonMma g^mdZr` B{V &
manmbmanmb-VWm &
(B{V XVoZ gh {ZH$mV)

{edamO{edamO-_pU, AZoZ {H$_{n X`o H$dm@`Xod _pV{_{V b`Vo&

`V
Z``w$ _Yaw d M mo{^
VmaUmW Ydw _wV` &
H$mbw`_V pWV_` Ho$db
`Z{$ {dN>m`_wIN>{d d`_ &&11&&
_r_r-Ed_oVV & `V

130

N>n{Vgm_m`o
ZogmX d`_mZZw{V
dm^m{dH$s Md dMd{m &
AnmonMmamo JV_`{dbd
{dddVo@VX`W_mOd_ &&12&&
VH$W_{n kmV`_` _ZmoJV_ &
{edamO{edamO-nyd VmddZgoZmnV`o {dg>m@o _VV_mdoX`Vw `X
_mXVdmVgmhg ^w_h{amoYmXZwV`_mZ &
{Zar` Zo{VKm{V Vo _hmo
Y` `wV mW`Vo Vdml`_ &&13&&
AZoZmopg`_mZ g _XmYmo@_`nmeYVmo ^{d`{V &
_r_r-g Ed of`m{_ nVmoOrJmonrZmW_oVXWg{ g`o &

(B{V {ZH$mV)
{edamO{edamO-Ah_{n Vmd`{WXV {d{d$ CnJm{_ & (B{V _Jhm{J`
n[aH$m_{V & n[aVmo {dbmo`) Ahmo

{Zeo`_mH$mVV{_^rfUm
nmnm_Zm nmn{MH$s{fVo {hVm &
dY_Xjo ZnVm Vw OmJ{V
dnpV gdm AHw$Vmo^`m Om &&14&&
(nwaVmo {dbmo`) EVXmdo{eH$_pXa_ & `md{dem{_ &
(VV {de{V gwdU_#mmdpWVmo@am{VXV)
XV-(gg^__wWm`) Ahmo _hmamO & H$mo@` _`gmYmaUmo@ZwJh &
{edamO-(_hmh aZ_wnm`ZrH$`) Y_ Edf j{`mUm `{monmgZ_ &
(B{V _#mmVa_wn{de{V)
_mXV B{V & *** CnOm{Vdm_ & Am^yVmhaU Zm_ g`_ &
_hmhaZ{_{V & A gJhm` g`_ &

MVwWm}@> &

131

XV-(Cn{d`) Xod dmem Y_km EdmhpV bmoH$Vm{YH$ma_ &

{edamO{edamO-{dd`, gd ~{ YV_od j g_`Vo & ~hn{VnwamoJ_m
Xodm {dnwamoJ_m amO`m Ed `w`Vo {dO`{l`o{V nwamU{g{ &
XV-_hmamO g{V Vw jmnMman[anr{S>VmZm {dmUm `dZoemonml`mVo
Zm``Xdb~Z_ &
{edamO{edamO-V`_odm{^{hV {dd`}U & AV EdVmnmngXmZw_yb{`Vw
_`m e_wV _ &
XV-gdWm@{^Z Ed Vd Y`m} `dgm` & naVw W__od ~{bZm
`dZoeZo {dJh_ma^_mU` Vd _hVr Z``w{V &
{edamO{edamO-g^m`_oVV & VWm{n Z Ho$db `dZghm` Ed ^d{V
em{gVw {ZOam> `dZoa & gpV Vm`{YH$Vm dY_na_m Y_dram `o nwZ
g_wnpWV Cnbdo __monH$[a`VrddYm`d _`mV Ed CnH$_ &
XV-naVw dY_{Z>mZm_{n ^Vwa {Z>mnmXZoZ dn[ahm` Ed H$VZVmXmof&
{edamO{edamO-{dd`, H$mo@` `m_mohmo ^dmemZm doXY_Vd{dXfm_ &
dY_} {ZYZ lo` - B{V Vw gmjmJdVd VmadaoUmoomo{fV_ & `{X
dY_{Z>mZm Y_mW_ m_Zmemo@{n lo`mVXm {H$`mZ ^Vw{ dH$ma & nwam@{n Y_mW
dO` {Z_mU{dYm gwam{WVm
d` _h{fVZw_`hmgrV &
{ea Hw$R>maoU M Om_X`{N>Xo _mVwJw Um {Z`w$ &&15&&
XV-Xod Zm dVVo _o {VdMZ_ &
{edamO{edamO-A`o {Omom_
dO`o{V & *** dXoh_{n _h{f XYr{MZm_m d`_hmgrV `$dmZ & *** Om_X`
naewam_ JwUm {nm {Z`w$ Amk Hw$R>maoU _mVw {ea {MN>oX & CnOm{Vdm_ & A {ZXeZm`
bjU_ &

132

N>n{Vgm_m`o

^dpV {dm `{X Y__Vy ` mo

{damo{YZmo Y_na` ^y^V &
VXm amoh gh Y_nmXn
g_yb_wN>Xo _dmZw`mX Ydw _ &&16&&
XV-({d{M`) H$se gmhm`_nojVo _hmamO &
{edamO{edamO-Ho$db VdVmo kmVw{_N>m{_ goZmnVo{H$s{fV_ &
XV-(dJV_) qH$ H$V`mo _`m ah`^oX & CV KmV{`V`mo Y_mdVma&
AVw & Y_mdVma`d ajUoZ a{jVmo ^{d`{V Y_m} Zm`Wm & (H$me_) Xod Z
{H$_`pV Vdmdm`_ & VN>Uw & H$W_{n dm {dm`m_Z {Vkm
{Zdmh{`Vw_w H$R>V@o _goZmn{V &
{edamO{edamO-Ahmo Zw Ibymr{dVmo@p_ & {Omom_ Z H$Xm{n _{VnW_VrVmo
^{d`{V Vdm`_ZwJh & nadd{e`Vo qH${MH$V`mVa_ &
XV-{Ze>_m`mVw Y_dra &
{edamO{edamO-{dd`, AVrd ^`mHw$b {edamOmo _hVm g`oZ n[adV
dm_wnml{`Vw Z YUmo{V & AVmo XJn [aga{V>m{nVmonH$m`m_nw o ` d`H$m{H$Zm
g hVJV H$V` & A`Wm Vp_Z Hw$m{n nbm{`Vo Vd {Vkmhm{Zg &
-B{V V_ZwZr` gnmX`md`moaHo $mVg_mJ__ & AV na `m{d VdVw &
XV-Xod A {dYmo ^d & d`m nwZam_XV_wIZo V Xod V` gXo >`_&
{edamO{edamO-VWm &
XV-g Ed VmdV {V>o Xod`m^r>gn mXZm` &
{edamO{edamO-Ah_{n _Jh_wno ` {Vnmb`m{_ Ma_m`dgm`_ &
(B{V {ZJ` n[aH$m_{V)
(dJV_) {X>m gwgn Ef nyda &
^dVr{V & AmZwZ`m` bjU_ &
H$W_nr{V & A {j{Zm_ g`_ &

MVwWm}@> &

133

jo@o {n gramoH$fUmdH$pnVo
Cdm gw~rOm{Z g_^y_m &
g_wVodod Zdmx>afo w
jor g_wn`{V e`gnX_ &&17&&
AZoZm{jo@{n ^m{d{dO`o H$W {ZdqV Zm{Yamoh{V _o@Vam_m &
`mdXVnwa_wno`m~`m gh g_`o & (nwZ n[aH$`) Ahmo gm Vw _m_od
{Vnmb``m`d{V>Vo &
(B`Vnwa {de{V)
(VV {de{V amO_mVm amkr M)

amO_mVmamO_mVm-dg, A`ZwH$y {bV `{WXV &

{edamO{edamO-AW {H$_ & naVw H$Xm{MXd Vmo@ {dnarV_mnoV VXmZt
d`m@{Y{>VZo mo_mOramOoZ dVZr` dam`gWmnZmomoJ B`ofm __m`WZm &
amO_mVmamO_mVm-dg, XodVmZwJh em{bZVo Zm`nm`e>mdga & VX
`dZgm{XnXm{Vg_wV
[anwXb n[a_ aUmUo &
{dO`XX{^{ZdZZpXV
nwZno` {dZmoX` _mVa_ &&18&&
dg ajVw dm g_VV g_am{Y>mr naXodVm &
{edamO{edamO-{eagm@{^ZVo Vdm{ef &
amO_mVmamO_mVm-namVm gVw Vo {d{f &
amkramkr-{dO`lr{db{gV` ^dVw Vdm{MaoU _bmJ_Z_ &
{edamO{edamO-H$ H$mo@ ^mo &
({d`)

H$#mwH$s$s-Amkmn`Vw Xod &

{edamO{edamO-_Jh_mJ_mXoe` &
joo@nr{V & *** CnOm{Vdm_ &
`dZgmXr{V & AmerZm_ ZmQ>mb>ma &

134

N>n{Vgm_m`o
H$#mwH$s$s-BV BVmo Xod &
(C^m n[aH$m_V)

EV_Jhma {deVw Xod &

(B{V {ZH$mV)
(VV {depV _JhmdpWVm _pUmo XV)
{edamO-({d`) A`wnpWVmo@_V &

_r_r-Ef Xod {Vnmb`pV>{V &

{edamO-(XV {V) {H$_`d{gV `dZgoZmn{VZm &
XV-OmV_^r> Xod` & A mVaodm`_{^H$m{V Xod` g_mJ_mdga_&
{edamO{edamO-^
g
Ed
{Zd `
V_mdo X `
XJm}n`H$m`m_wnH$pnVm_wnH$m`m_nw o ` `Wmg_` d`m >` {edamO B{V&
XV-VWm &
(B{V {ZH$mV)

{edamO{edamO-g{Md
d
{ha`aZ_pS>Vm_wnH$m`m_nw H$n` &
g{Mdg{Md-VWm &

VmdN>rK _ w n `H$m`m

(B{V {ZH$mV)

{edamO{edamO-goZmnVo d VmdN>b
mognmXnmV[aVnXm{V{Zdhmo _mJ Ed
_m {Vnmb` &
ZoVmOrmOr-VWm &
(B{V {ZH$mV)

_r_r-Xod gm`wYd_YaoU d`m >` Hw${Q>b n[anWr &

{edamO{edamO-{Vno@h _pdMZ_ &
(B{V d_ {eamU d{H$m `mKZIm Yma`{V)

_r_r-A ^dVw VmZmOrdraVd ghm` &

MVwWm}@> &

135

VmZmOrVmZmOr-nyd_ do m{X>m@o `~`m YyV` dZg_mJ_o Vd nmMamo ^{dVw_&

{edamO{edamO-Or{dVge`o@p_`{VH$ao d_odmh{g __ nmWmZ_ & (D$d
{dbmo`) Ahmo ^mVH$nm {h aOZr & `mdgmY`m_ &
(B{V gn[adma VwaJ_m n[aH$m_{V)

N>n{Vgm_m`o

136

Eg
mOrEgmOrmOr-VWm &
(B{V {ZH$mV)

ZoVmOrmOr-Jw_m`j, gmrHw$ dVm{bH$JUmZ `mUnQ>hdZZm` &

Jw_m`j_m`j-`Xm` Amkmn`{V &

(n[aVmo {dbmo`) A_m` jU_moUd gmm d` ebmdamohgH$ __ &

Efmo@_XmJ_Z Vrj_mUpV>{V gn[aOZmo ZoVmOr &

(VV {de{V gn[aOZmo ZoVmOr)
ZoVmOr-(Xa {dbmo`) Ahmo, CnpWVmo Xod &

OdVwaJH$pnVmgZmo@`
H$dMYa H$admbHw$VZ &
A{UVZ`Zmo fm _hmoJ
ga^g_o`{^Vmo {fm H$VmV &&19&&
({edamO_wng`) {dO`Vm Xod & ApV gd gw`dpWV_ &
{edamO-(n[aVmo {dbmo`) dra n`
EV{$T>VJw_bVm{dVmZ_wgd{V JhZ JhZmVamb_ &
N>gd_{^V ndZmdYyV_wmobdr{MObYo g_Vm {dYmo &&20&&
ZoVmOrmOr-Xod Ad {Zbr`Vo@_g{ZH${Zdhm &
{edamO{edamO-d VmdN>dZoZm_gH$o V Jhrdm V_{^`wL> dmam{Vg`_&
ZoVmOrmOr-`od Amkmn`{V &
{edamO{edamO-d` VmdnwaVmo dOm_ &
(B{V gn[admamo {ZH$mV)

ZoVmOrmOr-nXm{VgoZmnVo, AdJ_` g{ZH$mZ gH$o VH$__ &

nmMa B{V & A gmhm` Zm_ ZmQ>mb>ma &
EV{$T>o{V & *** dgV{VbH$mdm_ & A Cn_m@b>ma &

(B{V {ZH$mV)
({d`)

EgmOrEgmOr-Am` JhrV gH$o VH$_ g{ZH$JU &

ZoVmOrmOr-gmYw &
(dVm{bH$ gh {d`)

Jw_m`j_m`j-Am`, CnpWVm `WmXoe_oVo dVm{bH$m &

ZoVmOr-(VmadaoU) ^dV gd} gmdYmZm &
(md{Z_mH$` gg^__) dVVm dmo aUmVmom{Z & erK_{^gaV gd}
goZm{Zdhm &
(B{V gn[aOZmo {ZH$m_{V)
dVm{bH$m-(nQ>hd{ZZmom`pV & Zon`o nmXmKmVd{Z)

(^ynmbramJoU XmXamVmboZ Jr`Vo)

^>m ZXVm>_do
ha ha ha _hmXod &&
H$Q>`V H$Q>Vmn_[aHw$bK{Q>VmonVmn>m ZXVm>_do 0 &&1&&
~bam`_X{dH$maHw${Q>bnaH$VmnH$ma>m ZXVm>_do 0 &&2&&
AW aUJrV ^>m B{V & *** A N>oH$mZwmg eXmb>ma &

MVwWm}@> &

137

{Z{eVeaH$nmUnmVgm{YV[anwH$Q>H$KmVVw>m ZXVm>_do 0 &&3&&

{dO`nQ>hnQw>{ZZmXnm{Q>Vn[anpW_mXOw>m ZXVm>_do 0 &&4&&

n#m_mo@> &
(VV {deVmo JyT>Mam)

({ZH$mVm gd})

&& g_mmo@` XV^oXZm_m MVwWm}@> &&

B{V lrN>n{Vgm_m`Q>rH$m`m gdm{dmoV`m
XV^oXZm_m MVwWm}@> g_m &

W_W_-ZyZ dnwH$fmd{b` `dZ_mV` dYoZ g_wnm{OV bmoH$moma

`emo XodZo &
{Vr`{Vr`-A{OV doVmUge`oZ &
W_W_-Ahmo H$W Zm_VV &
{Vr`{Vr`-Am{bZ{_fo U mgm Om_mo Xo d H$jmVao g n rS>
`mdX{ghmaoUm` {eamo ^omw_wX`wL>$ VmdXod XodoZ `mKZI{dnm{Q>V_`
~hmwX_& Xod` {eamUoZ M {d\$brH$Vmo@` {Zqehma & AmVao
gmhm`mW_mH$moeVV` nydH$m`mo {dpN>S>{dH$_H$agoZ Y_mdVmaoU
XodZo & VXmZr_od Xod hVw_ w VV`majH$mo `_gXZ o{fVVmZmOrdraoU &
VV gH$o VmZwamoYZo mH$` namV ~rOmnwae
o g`__goZmn{VZm ZoVmOrdraoU&
W_W_-C_ZoZ Ibw gm_m`~rO _hmamOoZ &
{Vr`{Vr`-AW {H$_ & VVn^{ V `wo JhrV_w$m `dZg{ZH$m A{n
{dhm` `dZoe _hmamOml`_pd`pV &
W_W_-^dpV gd}@{n `m`dm` njnm{VZ &
{Vr`{Vr`-AZVa M {d{O` nhmim^VrZ `dZXJmZ Owa^Vt
_moJbXJmZ d{VV V Y_MH$ _hmamOoZ & VV ^m{d`dZmH$_U_noj_mUmo
Xodmo ZmZmXJg a jUmW _pUmo {Z`w` d` nhmimXJ_ `mV & A{MaoUd mdmo@`
XJa mO n#mqde{VghXbg_pdVoZ `dZgoZmn{VZm & VVmo _hVm Z``moJUo
Vm` V `dZgo Z mn{V_VrVm`m V_pd`m {ZerW Ed
{Z{^mdamoYH$JU_nn[aOZ pWVmo Xodmo {dembJS>XJ _ &
W_W_-Ah Vmdgw J w o Z d_ Z m V d mo n o ` lmd`m{_ Xo d
_moJboemoXVOmV_ &

n#m_mo@> &

139

{Vr`{Vr`-Ah_{n {d` `dZXb_wnb^o` VgoZmnVo{H$s{fV_ &

(B{V {ZH$mVm)

{dH$^H$ &
(VV {de{V {dembJS>XJm}n`H$mdpWV gn[aOZ {edamO)

~mOr~mOr-Xod, {X>m gmm d` {dembJS>XJ n [aga_ & n`

{dembdmoVJS>{^{mXa mH$_mo hV{_VmJ_mJ &
XJm}m_mo@` n[aUnmm}
_ho_mV{Z^mo {d^m{V &&1&&
Vgda_oZ_{YamohVw ^maVo &
{edamO-(n[aVmo {dbmo`) dra
Amgr^mo `{eX g_VmXmN>m{XV qH$ KZ_S>bZo &
({d{M` gg^__)

EVX Ydw _m_ZwYmdVm {fm

nmXmoV aoU{w ^apV Yyga_ &&2&&
VX `mH$mb VX_m{^a{db~oZmZw>`o _ &
~mOr~mOr-Xod ZmpV Vdmmgw`H$maU_ & `V
XmgVdm` H$admbnm{U
g~mYd_`Hw$Vmo^` pWV &
AnmZwJ ewXb {ZnmV`Z
{Zamo`{V mH$ n[anpWgMa_ &&3&&
(Xa {dbmo` gg^_ _) Xod da` da` & gm `dZXb_ & A{Y
{dembo{V & {dembm dm Ed CVJS>{^mr *** & CnOm{Vdm_ &
XmgVdo{V & A gjonm` bjU_ &
da`o{V & A {ddm` g`_ &

140

N>n{Vgm_m`o

M XJ_ mdoX` _m n#m{^ eVZrdZVd V gwImonpW{V_ & `mdXh_oVmZd

{VUp_ &
{edamO
-dra dm_eaU_od_wg` H$W_wgho nX_{n nwaV H${_Vw_&
{edamO~mOr~mOr-Xod Zm`_dgamo `w$m`w${dMma` &
dXnmZm{X{dd{YVmo@`
^_r^doXo dZo Vdd &
VXm` M_mpW{d{Z{_V`
Xoh` _`o H$VH$`Vm nam_ &&4&&
{edamO{edamO-Y`mo@{g _o ^`H$dra & ajVw dm naXodVm &
AajAaj-BV BVmo Xod
(C^m gda n[aH$m_V)

{edamO-(dJV_) `g`_
am>H $^{$dU J^
gdmopN>Va do aUdra &
Cnm{gV g Cn{V ^y{_n
dmV`Xo`m U`` nmVm_ &&5&&
AajAaj-EVJn mbm{Y{>V {dembJS>XJ ` qghma_ &
(VV {de{V qghmamdpWVmo XJnmb)

XJnmbmb-dmJV Xod`&
{edamO{edamO-W_ VmdgyM`m_XnpWqV n#m{^ eVZr{d\y${OV &
XJnmbmb-VWm &
(B{V `Wm{X> Hw$Vo)

{edamO-(dm_~mhnXZ gyM{`dm) Aao H$mo@` dH$ VmJ_ &

VUm` _dm {ZOOr{dV H$V
mUmVH$>o __ `oZ ajU_ &

n#m_mo@> &

141

dH$mdV`od JO` V` _o
^o _Z ge`_od JmhVo &&6&&
({d`)

g{ZH$-(gg^_ _) Xod hVmo ~mOr^w &

{edamO-({Z`) hm hVm _ & (gamof_) ao nmn {e{hVH$,
H$mo@`_nMma &
EH$m{H$Z g_adra{__ g_oV-
`mnm g{ZH$JU $ Zw {dH$_Vo &
{` ^`H$dra,
Am_mnUZo Vd nmb`Vmo {ZOoe
ew^ `eVw n[aVmo {dVV {bmo`m_ &&7&&
Aao {dVaoU lmoV{w _N>m{_ &
g { ZH$ZH$-Xod` WmZmXZVa g_VVmo@{^nVVmo@am{V{ZdhmZ
IS>e H$dm n#mqde{VjV{ZgVa$a{OVJmoU draoU a{jVmo XJmamoh_mJ & VXmZr_gm
AmH$>^rfUH$nmUH$ambnm{UpN>mom_m[anwg `H$~YH$sU_ &
_mJ {Z` ghgm g_adraS>H$monhV^wd{bVmo {daoOo &&8&&
{edamO-(dJV_) Ahmo jdra Ed bmoH$moma{dH$_oU d`m a{jV
Y_am`_ &
g{ZH$ZH$-Ed namhVo [anwXbo nmnoZ {e{hVHo$Z eVZrJmobH${d g
Xod` gwImonpW{VgyMH$eVZrdZ Ed XmmdYmZ dm{_{MVmnamo ^y_m {ZnnmV&
{edamO- (gamof_) Am nmn Hy$Q>m{^`moJ{Znjw, A{MaoUd
dm_eofX[aV\$b^m{JZ H$[a`{V {edamO &
AmH$>o{V & *** dgV{VbH$mdm_ &

142

N>n{Vgm_m`o

g{ZH$ZH$-VV g_mH$` gHo${VV eVZrdZ -Ahmo gn

dm{_{Z`moJ& ^Jd{V Xo{h _o eaU_ -B{V ghgmoXr` g mUmZOhmV &
{edamO-({Z`) jH$dra, {dabm {h dmem dm{_^$m &
maYH$_deJm H$_emo {dH$mamZ
gd}@Zw^`y ZZw H$mbde `mpV &
ZyZ g Ed {ZOXoeZaoe^$mo
Y`mo@pV `` {ZYZ d{bV `emo{^ &&9&&
A`o XJn mb ^dVw amOmonMmaoU __ dra`m`{H$`m & Admh V`
amO^$` gnwmZ __majH$nXo {Z`wOo &
({d`)

MaMa-{dO`Vm Xod & g{V Xod XO` _dm namdm gg` {e{hVH$&
{edamO{edamO-^ d VmddZoe_wno `mdojd V` ^m{d{MH$s{fV_ &
MaMa-VWm &
(B{V {ZH$mV)
({d`)

JyT>Maa-{dO`Vm Xod &

{edamO{edamO-H$W Mb{V {XreV_ &
JyT>Maa-Xod _hmZpV V {dn`mg &
`m`mZwd{VZ_gm dJw {ZJ
am`m{YamohU_XmV{ddoH$Vd &
Ame> {d{g{V Zd {ZOo nao dm
g~mYVo H${V_mm_hmoJX S> &&10&&
g{V VXmXoemZwamoYZo moVmo X{jUmnWm{YnmH$UXJm}namoYm` &
{edamO{edamO-nwZa{n km`Vm V` d{m &
maYo{V & *** H$_emo {dH$mamZ - Om`Vo ApV dYVo {dn[aU_Vo Anjr`Vo Z`{V M
- B{V AZw^y` H$mbde `mpV {_`Vo B`W *** & dgV{VbH$mdm_ &

n#m_mo@> &

143

JyT>Maa-VWm &
(B{V {ZH$mV)

{edamO{edamO-XJn mb, d`Vm__N>mgZ_{YH$Vofw `XnpWVo mUgH$Q>o

OZnX {dhm` VXJ m g_ml`Ur`m _hVm `ZoZ M Vo ajUr`m B{V & VWm
Mm{X`Vm _r `d`m ZmgmYZoZ dm`mrH$V`mo OOramrn B{V & VWd
goZmn{VZm`H$_Ur`m Aa{jVm _moJbXoem B{V & Anr`gm H$mboZmon `m_mo
d` qghJS>XJ Vmd ofUr`m{Z {ZdoXZnmUr{V &
XJnmbmb-`Xmkmn`{V Xod &
(B{V {ZH$mV)

{edamO{edamO-__ dramJgaoU namV_{n nwZa_mZ n[a~mYoV `dZg`_ &

AajAaj-Xod g{Z{hVmo dfmg_` & VXnpWV_{n `dZg` d`_od
namd{V`Vo &
{edamO-(n[aVmo {dbmo`) Ed_oVX & `V EVo
bw{bVn{WH$Zoo nya{`dm aOmo{^dgZ_nhaVmo bwR>H$mH$dmVm &
OZnXnwa_mJ} g^_ Vmo `WoN>
{d`X{^ KZ^rVm CbdVo g_VmV &&11&&
(D$d {dbmo`) Ahmo JJZ_`_mj{V ^JdmZhn{V & `mdgmY`m_
g^mJh amOH$m`m`do{jVw_ &
(B{V gn[aOZmo {ZH$mV)

_m_g_nUZm_m n#m_mo@> &&

&& g_mmo@`_m_g_n
bw{bVo{V & *** _m{bZrdm_ &
B{V lrN>n{Vgm_m`Q>rH$m`m gdm{dmoV`m_m_g_nUZm_m n#m_mo@> g_m &

f>m@o > &

(VV {depV qghJS>XJmgmXmdpWVm _pU)
ZoVmOr-(ghf_) A{^ZVo YmZ_pnX_{Y$T> Am`{_l &

_r_r-dra _hmZofmo@ZwJh H$Vdo{XZmo _hmamO` & naVw

^moJg$` _hnXm{`Wm_Vmofm` Z _o VWo`_ &
XodZo gmjmV n[aMmaH$_{U
{Z`w$ B`od __ gmX &&1&&
ZoVmOrmOr-nw`dVm_od Ibw _hgn`mgm^m`_ &
_r_r-A{n JhrVm Aa{jVm _moJbXoem &
ZoVmOrmOr-AW {H$_ & VV gJh rVmo bj`n[a_mUmo amOmemo@d _`m
H$moem`jm` g_{nV &
_r_r-{X>m {V{XZ_oYVo _hmamO` H$moeXS>O ^md &
EgmOrEgmOr-VWm{n ZmpV Xod` {dlm_mdga & EH$VVmVmXoe_Zw`
~rOmnwae
o Zo gXYmZ` nwZa`V g_wnpWVmo _moJboeZo gh {dJh &
_r_r-dra bmoH$gJh mW_m{d^yV mZm_ramUm d^md{g d{mH$f&
n`
{Z` H$me`{V bmoH${__ {dddmZm`m```wn{MV gwY`m _Jm> &
gJhmd{daV n[aVmo ^_pV
OmZm{V Zd {daqV _hVm d{m &&2&&
(Zon`o)

BV BVmo Xod &

YmZ_r{V & _moamonVqnJioZm_m &

f>m@o > &

145

(AmH$`) Ahmo, Admongn{V amOH$m``mHw$bmo Xod &

(VV {de{V {edamO)
_pU-(CWm`) dmJV Xod` &
(gd} {edamO_Zyn{depV)

{edamO{edamO-_pU nwZa{n `mgmo {dJh &

{damoYo {dlmVo ~b`dZoe` n[aVmo
Zdmo@` gmVX{YH$~b{dJh {d{Y &
nV`oVo {Z` {H${_{V {V{_amYm [anwJUm
nVd mm g_ag_wX{MhV dho &&3&&
_r_r-Xo d g_mVmo @ `{Mao U _Xmo Vo Z _mo J bo e o Z
na n amJVam`emgZ`{VH $ _ & AZo Z nw Z aH$mS>mo n ZVmo ^{d`{V
_moJbgm_m`{ddg & `V
gdmoHo $mgVmo@`w{XVZ`JwUm `m`_mJdmm
`m`wH$f Zaom H${V{hVnam _S>b rU`V &
A`o doV{_mohmX `gZnadem {d{fVmo _XmYm
`mgmdgmZm H${V{d_{XVm Amew Zme dOpV &&4&&
{edamO{edamO-g` H${V{Z~YZd am>g_{ &
({d`)

manmbmanmb-{dO`Vm Xod & {XrZJamV gm H$mo@{n `dZVmngmo m[a

{V>{V &
{edamO{edamO-doe`Z_ &
manmbmanmb-VWm &
(B{V {ZH$mV)
{damoY B{V & *** A` Zdmo {dJh{d{Y gm & {V{_amYm _mohmdmm *** &
{eI[aUrdm_&
gdmooH$m{X{V & ***_S>b gm_VMH$_ & Yamdm_ &

146

N>n{Vgm_m`o
({d`)

`dZVmng`dZVmng-{dO`Vm _hmamO &

{edamO{edamO-ApV H$m{MV g{deofm d{m_m}Jboe` &
`dZVmng`dZVmng-Xod {dn`V gd _moJboeV_ &
Z _`Vo _pH$VmW{ZU`
joamUm Hw$Vo@dYraUm_ &
{do{> gm_VJU dH$maU
dN>XMmaoU Ma`Yra &&5&&
AVmo am`bmo^mH$>Zo mZoZ g_VmV d{VVmo aUmo_ & AmVao V`
ldUnW_wnJVmo ~rOmnwagoZmn{VdYmoXV & VXoVV
lwdm Vd g^_mH$_U {dnjo
Vmo `wX`{V g ^moJ{dbmgbm`_ &
AmH$moe{V dOZ_w{OVo hVmOm
Ame>V@o {^nVZ Vd {dbd &&6&&
AVVoZm{X>mo X{jUmnWm{Ynmo `d`m H$W_{n {ZJmmZoV` g
g_y f H$
B{V
&
VXmkmZw a mo Y o Z mn[a{_V~bg_o V
g
nwZmZJa_{YR>m`m_XmH$_U_wnH$n`Vo & g{V M gn[adma g ZVH$s{^nm{gVmo
_hmamO` mgmX Ed {Zdg{V &
{edamO{edamO-A`Vmo `wdmod_mdZoZ YyVZ} Y{fVm@_mOYmZr &
BXmZr_` H$m_wH$
Xodm{{dmMZ_nyV
nyd `Xmgr__ amO_pXa_ &
H$aoUHw $m{^dZamOJa
H$ard V_o _{bZrH$amo{V &&7&&
VX V Xe{``m{_ __ Z`nmQ>d_ &
_r_r-Xod g`H$ `w$m A`p_Z H$moe~bg_o Hw$R>r^{d`pV

f>m@o > &

147

gm_mX`dma Cnm`m & Vn#m_monm`_VaoU ZmpV {H$_` {V{dYmZ_ &

`V
EH$mVoZd mY` ~bmT>
XgYmZ MmpVHo$ dV_mZ_ &
`ZoZZ {d{fV {ZJ
dm_mZ d aj`or{VXj &&8&&
A{nM goZm`YrZd gdm g_ad{m & `V
`mZmgZo `yh{dYmZ_mH$_
namdamoY g_amdVma_ &
`wo dqm {da{V VV nwZZ}Vm ddr`mZJw Uw {MH$sf{V &&9&&
VoVd YoZ {daVmo ^{d`{V aUmo_ n[aa{jVm ^{d``w^`V g{ZH$mZm
mUm &
{edamO{edamO-VXdmZw`m{H$N>Zm {d` nwZmZJa_mgmX{``o
_moJbgoZmZm`H$_ &
^r_moUmX` nyd} goZm` nmSw>ZXZ &
N>bZo d hVm `wo lrnVoaZwemgZmV &&10&&
(Ma {V) ^ C`Vm _MZmdZgoZm{Z`w$mo _hmam{>`mo Jw_m`jmo
`d`m@d {ddmh`mmW gnmXZr` _moJbgoZmnVoaZwkmn_ & VN>dofYam
d` ^{d`m_Vo@Zw`m{H$m B{V &
`dZVmng`dZVmng-`Xmkmn`{V Xod &
(B{V {ZH$mV)

{edamO{edamO-Ap_Z gmhgmo n H $ _o Ho $ db n#mqde{Vg { ZH$g_o Vmd_m`nXm{VZm`H$m ^dVm __ nmmZdw {VZm &

C^m--Xod gmm d &
{edamO{edamO-goZmnVo d VmdgZmh` eVZr{d^mJ_ &

148

N>n{Vgm_m`o

ZoVmOrmOr-`Xmkmn`{V Xod &

_r_r-Amd{e`Vo Xod` `mJ_Z`yh{ZdmaUm` H$m{n {d{e>m
`w{$& VX Xod` namd{mg_`o JhrVgH$o Vm H${Vn`g{ZH$m dmb`Vw
H$mOd_{Z g_wVnmXn{dQ>nmJfo w _hmojmfo w M {Z~mVbH$nQ>mZ & AZoZ
^mVm _moJbg{ZH$mVdmZwYmdo`w &
{edamO{edamO-Ahmo gw{d^m{dVmo@` N>b~Y & Ed ^{d`{V gd}fm
nwZa gwImonpW{V & VdVm `mUm{^_wIm _o {`ghm`m & `mdXh_~m_m_`
WmZdUmo ^do`_ &
({ZH$mVm gd})

&& g_mmo@` N>b~Y

~YZm_m f>m@o > &&
H$mOd_Zr{V & H$mOZm_m ebmamoh &
B{V lrN>n{Vgm_m`Q>rH$m`m gdm{dmoV`m
N>b~YZm_m f>mo@> g_m &

150

N>n{Vgm_m`o
(VV {de{V O`qghgoZm{Zdoe_{^ pWV gn[aOZ {edamO)
OJmWnV-(n[aVmo {dbmo`) Xod n`,

g_mo@> &
(VV {deVmo _moJbgoZm_wIm`jm)

W_W_-^ goZm{YnVm H$mo@`_gmYmaU gmd^m_` njnmVmo `oZmgm

dm`{YH$mamZ{n d` dmV`oUmon^wL $o &
{Vr`m{Vr`m-A`o qH$ Z OmZm{g mdm_ &
W_W_-dm{_{Z`moJmZwamoYZo mdmh JmYmao`mo@ gm &
{Vr`{Vr`-VN>Uw gmdYmZ & nyd X{jUmnWm{Yn`o Wm{nV`
gmd ^ m _ _mVw b ` mgmX JmT> m YH$mamd V m`m aO`m N> {d`
{edamOoZmopN>mV` ^`V` H$amx` & AmVao MmH$` VXmH$moe
gmhm`mW_nw mJVVXm_O {edamOnmMaoU g{ZH$Z `_mb` o{fV & VV
ga^g {d{Zdm {edamO_ZwV _moJbg` H$mOd_{Z XrnH$me_dbmo`
Vd `mV_ & V M {edamO_Q>m ^me namdm_ & EVN>b~Yd_`wZm
X{jUmnWm{YnoZ `yfo g_d qghJS>XJ & VXmZt XJm{Y$T>Zo {edamOoZ
eVZrhma namV VXdamoYH$~b_ & {Ze`VV {I gmd^m_ d_mVwb
dm{Yn`o {Z`w` g_a{dO{`Z O`qgh_hmamO dm`{YH$maoU g`mo` {edamO
gda {ZJhrVw_ of`m_mg & g{V Mm__hmamOZ`dedXoZ {edamOoZ o{fVmo
aKwZmWnVmo _hmamOoZ gh _`_mUpV>{V & {edamO d` g{Y{ZU`mW{_V
Edm{^dVVo &
nW__-ZmpV {H$_`gm` gd {dO`em{bZ gmd^m_{Z>`
O`qgh_hmamO` & (D$d {dbmo`) Ahmo n[aUVm`mo {h {Xdg & `mdgmY`m_
d{Z`moJn[anmbZm` &
(B{V {ZH$mVm)

{dH$^H$
{dH$^H$ &

dH$m B_o VbVmV~H$ gwJw m

{ZZmoVm {dH$Q>embeb_mJm &
Am`mggm`Hw${Q>bmH$_nmQ>do Z
{ejm{deof_g_ {dVapV gmjmV &&1&&
{edamO{edamO-g`
e b mo o e g H $ _UnmQ>do @ {VdV Vo
_moJbg{ZH$mZ_g{ZH$JUm & `oZmn~bm A{n d` ~bn[anpWZm nwaVmo
Y_am`gWmnZ`emo^m{JZ gd mm &
OJmWnVOJmWnV-Ed_oVV & A{nM
CmdMmMb^wdmo {J[aJam{U
ZmZmbVmVdam{#mVH$mZZm{Z &
Cmweb{eIawV{ZPam{U
XJm_Zm Vd na` M gpWVm{Z &&2&&
{edamO{edamO-EVXJ daado mmd{Y a{jV__dmV`_ & naVw H$mb_{hZm
g {V VmZo d mh V rH$Vw d` d mm & VWm`Zw H y $ bo X d o nw Z V Ed
^{d``_dmV`ghm`m &
OJmWnVOJmWnV-V H$ gXho & gdd gmVam`mo@pV H$>H$bm{YJ_&
naVw H$V`{Z>m`m A{d`wVmZm ^dpV gd}@{n n[aUm_gwImoX`m CnH$_m &
{edamO{edamO-^, AW {H$`a dVVo _moJbgoZm{Zdoe &
OJmWnVOJmWnV-Xod n`V@o _mwaJ _m
dH$m B{V & *** dgV{VbH$mdm_ &
CmdMo{V & *** EVm{Z gdm{U Vd XJm_Zm XJ$noU na` M XJm_Zm AVam`$noU
pWVm{Z & dgV{VbH$mdm_ &
VmZodmhVrH$Vw{_{V & A {d_eg`ma^ & VjU XnUo ` _w`\$bmonm` C{mo
J^Vmo@{YH$ & emnm gmVam` g {d_e B{V _V && B{V &

g_mo@> &

151

gH$ ` JwmZ {df_m{_mJmZwmr` {dVrUObdmhmZ &

dmVdoJZo g_wnVV
mm jUoZmopN>Vebd_ &&3&&
{edamO{edamO-CnmJVm d` VmdV nwaXan[agaXoe_ & (Xa {dbmo` g{d_`_)
Ahmo qH$ Zm_VV & n`
AmN>modmoUap_ {ZOKZV{V{^dmV_mnmX`{__m}{o XZmX V{ZVnQ>hOJd _ mKmof`{ &
YmamgnmV^Z{V^Q>{dQ>{n`mHw$bmon`H$mV
AmH$mVmo boN>g `Ob
Ya{ZdhXJ a mO g_VmV &&4&&
OJmWnVOJmWnV-Xod, Ad Bd b`Vo nwaXaXJm} _moJbg{ZH$ &
{edamO{edamO-Aao {H${_X Y dUd `dZgo Z mnVo & `Xo H $V
gYmZV_wn``m`Vmo@gm {dJh_ZwOmZm{V &
OJmWnVOJmWnV-Xod H$W Zw g^m`V EVjdra` O`qgh` &
qH$ddYr[aVgoZmn{V{ZXoe` _moJbnXm{VZm`H$` `mXoVXZm`M{o >V_ & `V
amkm {`m ~h_Vm `gZo ghm`m
{d^^y_` B_o n[anmJm &
gV` emgZ_{n dnVo_X mYm &
jwm Aa`dfd{Ma`Vm &&5&&
{edamO-(AdoJ {Z`) Ef H$mo@{n j{`gmXr gdoJ{_V Edm{^dVV&o
(VV {de{V j{`gmXr)
AmN> m o { V & {ZOKZV{V{^Uap_ gy ` njo X J n mb _w a ma~mOrdra_mN> m o d
dmV_YH$ma_mnmX`{ Hw$d{ V{ZVm{Z Ed nQ>hm Vo` OmV njo V{ZVm{Z Bd nQ>hm Vo`
OmV X X`` __m{U {^XpV Vme ZmX Jd_mKmof`{ YmamgnmV Amgma njo A{gYmamgnmV
^m `o {V^Q>m Ed {dQ>{nZ njo {V^Q>m Bd {dQ>{nZ djm V `mHw$b `J Cn`H$mV
Cn`H$mXoe `` g XJa mO nwaXaXJ boN>g `$n ObYa{Zdh njo ObYa{Zdh$n boN>g `
g_VmV AmH$mV & Yamdm_ &

N>n{Vgm_m`o

152

gmXr-(gg^_ _) Xod, _hX`m{hV_ & _moJbnXm{VZm`Ho$ZmonOm{nVmo@{n

dm{_MaU`moam_Z nam {Z>m H$Q>`Z eVemo _moJbg{ZH$m{h` draJqV
n nwaXaXJn mb &
{edamO{edamO-hm H$>_ & CnH$mV{_d b`Vo XXd {dMo{>V_ &
gmXrgmXr-V` MmbmoH$gmYmaU{dH$_{dp_VoZ _moJbZm`Ho$Z VXmZt
ghgdmoXr[aV - {dn{VaodV memdra^Q>mZwnmX{`Vw ^d{V-B{V &
{edamO{edamO-Ahmo nam{^ZpXV{dH$_` V` {Z{Vmo@ZVbmoH$O` &
A`o JN> d nwZa{n nwaXaXJ_ &
gmXrgmXr-`Wmkmn`{V Xod &
(B{V {ZH$mV)

{edamO{edamO-^ Zm`mdH$memo {db~` &

(B{V gd}@mmoX`pV)
(VV {de`nQ>rjonoUmm$T> CX`qgh)

CX`qghCX`qgh-goa, {V> Vmd_whV_ &

{edamO-(A {ZJ) Ahmo CX`qgh & A`Zm_` _hmamO` &
CX`qghCX`qgh-AW {H$_ & A{n M g { X>_pV Xo d o Z `X _XmXoemZwdVZ{Z>mnwaga `{X VdmJ_Z `mmXm gwIZo mJV`_ & A`Wm pdV
Ed {d{ZdVZr`_-B{V &
{edamO{edamO-gdWm _m` Edm_mH$ jHw$bZm`H$`mXoe Vgda_wn_o mo
_hmamO` {e{~a_ &
(gd}@mmoX`pV)

CX`qghCX`qgh-goa, `mgmo@_goZm{Zdoe & VXo`mo@d

{dem_&
(B{V gd}@damohpV)
(VV {de`wnH$m`mdpWV gn[admamo O`qghmo aKwZmWnV)
aKwZmWnV-(Xa {dbmo`) Ef CnpWVmo@_dm_r {edamO & `mdm

`wN>m{_ &

g_mo@> &

153

154

N>n{Vgm_m`o
gmd^m_mk`mon^wZ{$&
B{V & (dZm__wm{>V {dYm`) Caar{H$`Vo _`Vg{Yn_ &

(B`wng`) dmJV Xod` & (B`{^ZX{V)

{deVw Xod gn[admamo _hmamOmonH$m`m_ &

(B{V gn[adma {edamO doe`{V)
O`qgh-(A`wWm`) dmJV goa` &
(B{V hV`moJhrdm) __dmYmgZ_{Y>mVw_h{V goa &
(B{V dnm} {edamO_wndoe`{V)

{edamO{edamO-_hmZofmo@ZwJh jHw$b_S>Z` &

O`qghO`qgh-A`Zm_` jdra` &
{edamO{edamO-amOZ gYmZdUo@{n _{` H$W jn[a_Xm {da_`of
nXm{VZm`H$&
O`qghO`qgh-gmd^m_` ~h_mZoZmd{bmo@` d`m d`_odmono`
gmd{`V` & Ef draVamo __ {nV` gw^mZqghmo ^{d`{V Vd ghm` &
V_m ^ye
o Vmo@` Vdm{Z>e>mdH$me & g{V of`m`h_wX`qgh `w{d>^m`&
{edamO{edamO-amOZ, dmg`n[aJhrVmo@h gdWm {Vno Vd {hVmonXoe_&
O`qghO`qgh-nyd Vmd{Yr`Vm dZm__wm{>V_oVg{Yn_ &
(B`n`{V)

{edamO-(dmM`{V)
lr_maVamOHw$bmYragmd^m__moJboeMaUa{MVmO{b {edamO,
1. dH$s`m`moqde{VXJmdm[aejmedhm OZnXmZ
gmd^m_` dmYrZmZmnmX`{V & d` Mmd{e>mZ
mXeXJmVwbjmedhm OZnXmZ gmd^m_emgZ_Zw`mZwempV&
2. dHw$_ma M gmd^m_goZm`m n#mghgm{XZm_{YH$manXo
Wmn`{V&
3. d` M gmd^m_ewlfy m`m gdXm gmXamo dVVo &
4. d` M g { Z{hVam``mo Vw W m e g J h m{YH$ma

(B`n`{V)

O`qghO`qgh-goa na rU`{g _m Vd gmO`m{Ve`oZ & CX`qgh,

C`Vm _MZmnXm{VZm`H$mo `w`dgm`Vd gmo {da_o{V &
CX`qghCX`qgh-`Wmkmn`{V Xod &
(B{V {ZH$mV)
({d`)

VrhmaVrhma-{dO`Vm Xod & Ef gmd^m_` gXe

o ha H$mo@{n XVmo m[a
{V>{V &
O`qghO`qgh-doe`Z_ &
VrhmaVrhma-`Xmkmn`{V Xod &
(B{V {ZH$mV)
({d`)

XV-{dO`Vm _hmamO &

O`qghO`qgh-A`Zm_` gmd^m_` &
XV-AW {H$_ & o{fV_oVmOemgZ _hmhdm^yfUnwaga gmd^m_Uo
eaU_wnmJVo {edamOo {dV[aVw_ &
(B{V amOemgZmXr`n`{V)
O`qgh-(g{d_` dJV_) Ahmo ^{dV`Vm & (dmM{`dm) goa

{XQ>m@Zdbmo{H$V_`{^ZVo gpYn gmd^m_Uo ~h_`go M d _hmhm}nMma&

{edamO{edamO-amOZr{VXjo _hmamOo _pgo Z mn{VnXm{Y$T>o
ghdmonH$_oUmW{g{ gmd^m_` &
O`qghO`qgh-H$ H$mo@ ^mo &
({d`)

VrhmaVrhma-Amkmn`Vw Xod &

g_mo@> &

155

O`qghO`qgh-AmamY`Vw gJrVoZ goa ZV`mo `mdXh_oZ g^md`m{_

_hmhm}nMma &
VrhmaVrhma-VWm &
(B{V {ZH$mV)

O`qghO`qgh-dg {edamO C{m> &

(B{V dmXr{Z n[aYmn`{V)

156

N>n{Vgm_m`o

O`qghO`qgh-jdra, dmemZm {dH$_em{bZm gmhm`oZ g_rhVo gmd^m_

gm_m`^md g_oY{`Vw_ &
{edamO{edamO-^dme joa g_o gm_m`o H$m JUZm __ gmhm``&
qH$Vw _hmamO` gmXmV gmd^m_gn`mgmoX`oZm_mZ_h H${VZ _`o &
O`qgh-(D$d {dbmo`) Ahmo, CnH$mVmo {ZerWg_` & H$ H$mo@
^mo &
({d`)

({d`)

ZV``-{dO`Vm _hmamO &

(B{V gJrV_ma^Vo)

VrhmaVrhma-Amkmn`Vw Xod &

O`qghO`qgh-AVJh _mJ_mXoe` & ({edamO {V) E{h goa &
VrhmaVrhma-BV BVmo Xod &

({~hmJamJoU VodamVmboZ Jr`Vo)

gw_gwH$w _ma Z`Z{dhma &&
X`mYma `mdZgma &
U`mnmanmamdma &&
gw_0 &&1&&
ObX`m_ Ya gwIYm_ &
Hw$gw_bbm_MnH$Xm_ && gw_0 &&2&&
A{` ^wdZoe _mZddoe &
a_` a_oe _m a{gHo$e && gw_0 &&3&&
O`qghO`qgh-AZ`m MnH$_mb`m gw~ ^dVw Vo X` _moJbgm_m`oZ &

{edamO- (dJV_) Ahmo H$W_m{n gme>_od dVVo _o _Zmo

_moJbmYrao& `X
AmO_Zmo OZ{__ {fVm@Y_oZ
gm_m`d^d_XmoV_mZgoZ &
dmV`_`ZnVoag{hUwZm _o
g_mZZ {H$_w H$V {dbmo^ZmW_ &&6&&
VrhmaVrhma-EVXVJh ma {deVw Xod goa &

(B{V _mbm_n`{V)

(B{V {ZH$mV)

{edamO{edamO-amOZ ^dme^maVdramJga jwU Ed nWm A_mH$ na_

eaU_ &
O`qghO`qgh-Anr`gm H$mboZ ZyZ ^{d`{V Vd gmd^m_g_mJ_gm^m`_&
V M H$[a`{V __m_Omo am_qghVd gmhm`_ & VXmZt
VdmbmoH$gmYmaU{dH$_n[aVw>mo _moJboemo {Z`moO{``{V dm X{jUmnWm{Yn`o &
{edamO{edamO-_hmamO` dM{g dV_mZ` __momamoma_wH$f Ed &
gw_gwH$w _mao{V & *** H$U {V amYm`m mWZm$n{_X Jo`nX_ & Am`mZwmg eXmb>ma&

(gd} n[aH$m_pV)

({d` gwdU_#mmd{Y)

O`qghO`qgh-jdra Vd gm_monMmadUV`m@Vrd gVw >m@o p_ &

{edamO{edamO-amOZ, AWmZo@{n e>mHw$b _o _Zmo _m _wIa`{V
`H$W_bmoH$gmYmaU{dH$_m gmjm{O`_yV` mo ^dmem A{n gmZX_rHw$dpV
_moJboemZwJd_ &
O`qghO`qgh-dg H$mbMH$nadem {h gd} m{UZ & g{V hrZJwUmZm
AmO_Z B{V & *** dgV{VbH$mdm_ &

g_mo@> &

157

jm{YnmZm Jw U mo H$f} U m$T> Vmn` _mo J bmd`` gn`m _ Vao U Z

{dVo@`Xmb~Z_ & VmdXoVo Z ^d`Vam`m A__mZw >mZofw Vmdg_mZZr`m&
VWm{n gm V g_ m Q > nX_m$T>o Z _mo J bo e o Z naY_ { do f nao U mo _o d
gm_m`{ddg~rO_! Ahmo ~V `m{d VHo$Z {Zdm`Vo & nydg _mS>ZJw h nanamderH$Va_m{^Vw H$VkV`m@Zw>r`Vo ^`Y_ &
{edamO{edamO-amOZ, A`Wm Ibw _o `` & `V
dm{_Z Vw {ZOY_{d`wV
godH$ n[ahaZ Xmof^mH$ &
AJO {h naXmabmobnw
`mdUJ JwU{Z{Y{d^rfU &&7&&
O`qghO`qgh-Ahmo jdra, Ed Y_Vd`mnZoZ `m_moh`grd _o _Zrfm_&
VWm`_mH$ Vw nyd nhV Ed d_{Z Zg{JH$ njnmV & (D$d {dbmo`) Ahmo
{ZerWH$nm {h aOZr & `mdm{H$`m{Z n[ag_m` e`Z_mamohmd &
(B{V {ZH$mVm)

&& g_mmo@` _moJboemZwgYmZ

mZZm_m g_mo@> &&
dm{_Z{_{V & {ZOY_{d`wV dm{_Z Vw n[ahaZ `OZ godH$ Xmof^mH$ Z ^d{V & {h
`_mV JwU{Z{Y {d^rfU naXmaofw bmobnw _{Ve`oZ bwY AJO amdU `mdUH$ AOhmV & aWmoVmdm_&
AWmVa`mgmo@bH$ma &
B{V lrN>n{Vgm_m`Q>rH$m`m gdm{dmoV`m
_moJboemZwgYmZZm_m g_mo@> g_m &

A>_mo@> &
(VV {de{V {ZOmondZmgmXmdpWV am_qgh)
am_qgh- (dJV_ ) Ahmo ZmZmZ``mo J nQw > Zm@{n {edamOo Z

{nVZ`dedXoZm{^ZpXV _moJboemZwgYmZ_ & V{Xoed{VZm MmZoZmnhm`

d_mZ_mam` M _moJbnXm{VZm`H$ V_ g_{nVm nwaXa^V`mo XJ dam &
Wm{nV {ZO`wdamOmo _moJbgoZm`m_{YH$manXo & BV {nd Xmm^`mo@gm
_p{d{Z{hVam`^a gmd^m_g_mJ_mW_ gm g{V Ho$db_mgw`oZ H$mb
`mn`{V & BV {ZO_mVwbm`mH$Xm{jX`mo _moJboe nydd mp_Z g{deof^mdmo
Z b`Vo & {ZOmk`d _moJb`wdamOd_{Z {V{Zdoe g^m{dV`m` Vw
gm_VgmYmaUmonMmanam@ gpH$`m Ho$db gYj
w {``{V {ZdmU^y{`> nyd damZb_&
Ahmo {Y{J_m_ZdpWqV bmoH$nmbmZm_ & `VnmWmZwMamonOmn_w{fVm `w$dVo gwdV mZ
Xd mmZ{n MmQw>dmX{d{OVm {c`pV oUmY_mZ &
{_`mogoH$Vm {fpV M {hVmZ gVO``y{OVmZ
XmobmM#mb{Mmdm` B_o dmamYZr`m H$W_ &&1&&
(nwaVmo {dbmo`) Ef n[ag_m` gmYZ{d{Y_wnpWV goa &
({d`)

{edamO{edamO-{X>m ^{d`{V {Mam{WV gmd^m_g_mJ_ &

am_qgham_qgh-AW {H$_ & nadn[a{MVm g`oVo _moJboam Am`g_wXmMma`&
V_hmamOoZmonj
o Ur`Vofm_mMmam{VH$_ &
{nVZ`o{V & {nVw O`qgh` Z` V` dedXoZ AYrZoZ &
nmWo{V & nmWmZm_ZwMamUm_wnOmnoZ VH$V^oXZo`W _w{fVm AnVm B_o Zam{Ynm
gwdV mZ `w$dVo {VaHw$dpV MmQw>dmX {_`mVw{V{^ {d{OVm derH$Vm XdV mZY_mZ{n oUm pb`pV
Vofw {dgVr`W & {_`m CgoHo$Z Jd}U Vm {hVmZ {fpV D${OVmZ ~{bZ gVO`pV AdJU`pV&
XmobmdV M#mbm {Mmd{m `ofm Vo B_o Vw H$W_mamYZr`m & emXb{dH$s{S>V dm_ &

A>_mo@> &

159

{edamO{edamO-Hw$_ma, g`H$ n[a{MVmo@p_ `dZg_wXmMma` &

({d`)

manmbmanmb-{dO`Vm Hw$_ma & OmV Ibw gmd^m_g^monmgZg_` &

am_qgham_qgh-gmY`m_VmdV & ^ AmXoe` gmd^m_mgmX_mJ_ &
manmbmanmb-BV BVmo Xodm &
(gd} n[aH$m_pV)

{edamO-(nwa {Zd`) Ahmo

b{bVV{dVmZ_p S>Vm amO_mJ
\${Q>H${d_b^mg gmYdmg g_m &
`dZOdZ`mZ gH$w bo` {dembm
{d{dY{dn{Un`m amOVo amOYmZr &&2&&
am_qgham_qgh-_hmamO qH$ ~hZm & gmjmX {dbmg^y{_aofm {dbm{gZm
_moJbamOHw$boamUm_ &
manmbmanmb-EVo gmm d` gmd^m_g^m_S>nma_ & V{deVm Xodm&
(B{V {ZH$mV)
(VV {de{V g^m_`dVu _`yamgZW gmd^m_)
dr{UZm-(drUmdmoZ Jm`V)

(H$UmQ>amJoU PnmVmboZ Jr`Vo)

bVmHw$ObrZm &&
VUm>o e`mZm d~mhnYmZm &
d` drV_mZm {`o gmdYmZm &
ewMm {dbm Vo ZdrZm {ZbrZm && bVm0 &&1&&
nX Vo bnVr {d`moJo VnVr &
_wI Zmn`Vr VZw bmn`Vr &
Om jr`Vo H$mVhrZm {ZbrZm && bVm0 &&2&&
b{bVo{V & *** _m{bZrdm_ &
bVo{V & amYm`w$m`m X`m H$U Vr`_w{$ & *** Am`mZwmg eXmb>ma &

160

N>n{Vgm_m`o

AdWmZ_Vo {`m`m da Vo &

{db~o@ew^ Vo@ZwVmnmo XaVo &
jU `mMVo ZmW XrZm {ZbrZm && bVm0 &&3&&
{edamO-(am_qghoZ gh {d` gJrV_mH$` dJV_) Ahmo _{`moJZo
XadWm_Zw^d{V __ _hmam>^{y _[a{V gy{MV_ZoZ Jo`nXoZ&
am_qgh-({edamOoZ gh gmd^m__wng`) {dO`Vm gmd^m_ & Ef
gmd^m_mXoemZwdVu g_wnpWV {edamO &
{edamO-({ U`) AZwJ mVw gmd^m_ Cnhman[aJhUo &
(B{V aZm`wnha{V)

_moJboe-(am_{gh {V) OgdVqghnm EZ_wndoe` &

am_qgham_qgh-`Xmkmn`{V gmd^m_ &
(B{V `Wm{X> Hw$Vo)

{edamO-(Andm`) Hw$_ma H$mo@` OgdVqgh &

am_qgh-(Andm`) Ef Vw OmoYnwamYre gmd^m_` na_{dmg^mOZ_&
{edamO-(Andm` gamof_) Am {H$_h _g[aUm _moJboeZo d _n_mZmW_
{Z_pV & gpV OmoYnwae
o m{Vem{`ZVw __mnagm_Vm & Aao H$mo@`_{Yjon &
am_qgh-(Andm`) grXVw _hmamO &
_moJboe-(Andm`) Aao {H$_gm On{V &
am_qgh-(Andm`) An[a{MVOZg_X Ho$db ZX`` K_nr{S>Vmo
dZemXb
&
_moJboe-Vmn`Z d{Zdoe_ &
am_qgham_qgh-VWm &
(B{V {edamOoZ gh g^m_S>nm{h{ZJ` n[aH$m_{V)
{edamO-(gmjon_) Hw$_ma

{Z_pV`md_{V__`o
qH$ gmd^m_o aVmZw$nm &

A>_mo@> &

161

jwmo@Wdm m` _hnX {ZO

{ZgJ{g Z Ohm{V bmKd_ &&3&&
am_qgham_qgh-_hmamO H$`m{n YyV `oX {dMo{>V{_{V VH$`o & EVo gmm
d`___pXa_ & `md{dem_ &
(VV {depV _pXamdpWVm {edamO {Vnmb`Vmo ^`m)
^`m-(CWm`) dmJV Xod` &
{edamO-(am_qghoZ gh {d`) XXd Vmo {d\$br^yVmo@_mH$ _ZmoaW &
(B{V gd ghmon{de{V)

am_qgham_qgh-_hmamO g Ed {g{nW_mamo`{V Vd _ZmoaW &

{edamO-(gmHy$V_) Hw$_ma XadJmmo {h Xwam_Zm Z`Mma & Vh_mZoZ
Vm` derH$Vm F$Ow{Y` joam AZoZ YyVZ} jHw$b{dZmem`d `w`V B{V
Vr`Vo & {go H$m`} doVfo m gmd^m_{Z>mZm ^m{d gn`m\$b e>mnX_od &
am_qgham_qgh-_hmamO {_`df Vo {dVH$ & A{MaoU H${V_mn gmd^m_
g^mO{``{V dm `Wmhm}nMma{d^d & A`_h gmd^m__wno ` nwZa{n dg_mJ_mW
`Vo &
(B{V {ZH$mV)

{edamO{edamO-Ahmo ~V _hV H$>_ & `X

ZmZm{dbmg{d^dde
Vm_wnVo m
amO`~Yd B_o {dH$Vm_^mdm &
`dm {ZO gn{X XoeHw$bm{^_mZ
Z>m d` dOZ_mew {dZme`pV &&4&&
aKwZmWnVmWnV-Xod `g`_
$ VwN>^moJmnVm__mZm
dY__Ty >m CXa^aram &
H$`mnr{V & A N>mXZ Zm_ g`_ &
ZmZo{V & *** dgV{VbH$mdm_ &
$ VwN>o{V & A {df_mb>ma &

162

N>n{Vgm_m`o

$ am>g WmnZ{Z{VdVmo
Y_{lVmo Or{dV{Znhmo ^dmZ &&5&&
{hamoOr-(n[aVmo {dbmo` gg^__) hm {YH$ & _hX`m{hV_ &
{edamO- (nwaVmo {dbmo`) hm ~XrH$Vm _mo {dmgKm{VZm
_moJboehVHo$Z & (g_Vm{bmo`) Ahmo g_VVmo@d___pXa _moJbg{ZH$&
({Z`) ZyZ `dZXmg` O`qgh` dM{g dV_mZoZ _`m d`_od {Z_pV
mUgH$Q>_ &
Ap_{gJH$w {Q>bo {dVW{Vko
{dmg_mJVdVmo Z`{d`w{V_} &
{_`mdbon{ddemo da_hrZ
gdmopN>Vmo@`[ade ghgm `m{V &&6&&
aKwZmWnVmWnV-Xod g` {dbYm d` O`qghoZ & `VdN>XJm_r {J[aJamb`mo
$T>Vmna{n XY` &
dZoamo@ZoZ _hmbmo^Zamnm{XVmo `mYeamJb`Vm_ &&7&&
({d`mnQ>rjonoU)

_moJbZm`H$bZm`H$-amOZ Hw${Q>bamOnwfo`dm a{jVw g_mJ_mVamd{Y

{V{fVo dVgMma gmd^m_Uo &
{edamO{edamO-AZwJh Ef gmd^m_` & V`d ^y`moXeZmW _`m `dgr`Vo&
_moJbZm`H$bZm`H$-amOZ gmY`m{_ VdmZm_` {ZdoX{`Vw gmd^m_m` &
(B{V {ZH$mV)

aKwZmWnVmWnV-Zmh{V Xod BXmZr_m_mZ_dgmX{`Vw_ & `V

`dZXmg`o{V & A {damoYZ Zm_ g`_ & VX$ XnUo H$m`m``monJ_Z {damoYZ{_{V
_V_ &
Ap_{{V & A nmmmnmo Zm_ ZmQ>mb>ma &
dN>Xo{V & *** AZoZ O`qghoZ & CnOm{Vdm_ &

A>_mo@> &

163

H$W nmo@p_ {ZVmVXJ{ V_H$mS> B`of dWm {dVH$ &

Amgm H$m> ObYm {dn
H$n`ogVaU` gmYZ_ &&8&&
VN>rK_do {M`Vm H$mo@{n XJg V aUmonm` &
{edamO{edamO-g`JdYm[aV_moJboed^mdoZ _`m mJodmonH$pnV
`mU~Y & VN>UVw gdo gmdYmZm & W_ VmdX_XmJ_Zmogdmonm`Z{_foU
H$YoZmoVm {_>nXmWn[anyUm ~hH$aS>m {Vn[a{MVjHw$b_pXa_ &
g_dbmo{H$Vofw M Ho$fw{MH$aS>fo w Z>me>m ^{d`pV _moJbm{YH$Vm & AZVa
M {Zbr`H$p_Z H$aS>o gmY{``m{_ gm_O` __ {ZJ__ & ^d{
gdZmZm{_f{ZJ`mdm `mJ_mJmVambo {VnmbZr`m & Ef {hamoOram_mZ
amoJmH$mV{edamO `mn`Z gmZwMamo ^m_{```damoYH$JU_mXmofmJ__ &
VVVoZm@{n gmZwMaoU gH$o VWmZ_`wnJV`_ & VV ZmZmN>dofYam d`
gwIZo m`m_mo@_gXoe_ & B{V &
aKwZmWnVmWnV-Xod g`JwnH$pnVmo@` `mU~Y & VXno{jVmWH$ `m`
{V>Vm_mnU__X`nmb &
`nmb`nmb-VWm &
(B{V {ZH$mV)

aKwZmWnVmWnV-Ah VmdgmY`m{_ am_qgh_pXa_ &

(B{V {ZH$mV)
({d`)

_moJbZm`H$bZm`H$-amOZ {Zdo{XV VdmZm_` gmd^m_m` &

{edamO{edamO-g{V Vw ~bmoXaeybnr{S>V` ZmpV _o dm`boe &
gwIgw` Vw H$Xm{M{d`{V _o doXZm{ZJh &
_moJbZm`H$bZm`H$-A`wnWmn`m{_ amOd_ &
{edamO{edamO-Am{ZerW gwIe`ZoZ `{X Z {Zamo`Vo _o doXZmH$fVXmZr_od

N>n{Vgm_m`o

164

^{d`{V amOdZo `moOZ_ &

_moJbZm`H$bZm`H$-gmYw &
(B{V {ZH$mV)
({d`)

`nmb`nmb-Xod H$sVm EVo {_>mnyUm n#mqde{V H$aS>m &

{edamO{edamO-A`o H$_oUm_XZwMam{Y{>VmZ _X dmh`VmZ &
`nmb`nmb-VWm &
(B{V `Wmo$ Hw$Vo)

{hamoOr-(nwaVmo {dbmo`) Xod nar` n#m H$aS>mZ {daVmo _moJbZm`H$&

VXZ`mo H$aS>`mo{ZbrZm ^dVm Xod Hw$_ma &
C^m--VWm &
(B{V {Zbr`oVo)

{hamoOr-(H$_oU H$aS>mZ dmh{`dm nwaVmo {dbmo`) {X>m Hw$_maoU gh

{Z{dZ {ZH$mVmo Xod & `mdXh N>dofYamo ^ydm e`Z_mamohm{_ &
(B{V VWm Hw$Vo)
({d`)

_moJbZm`H$bZm`H$-A{n b`Vo doXZmnH$f &

AZwMaa-Am` BXmZr_od gwI dmm ~bdXXaeybnr{S>V` Xod` {Zm&
Vmh`m`m} dMZ_moUm{n {Zm^> {dYmVw_ & d`_odmh_m`m` {ZdoX{``m{_
gwmopWV` V` Hw$ebdmmV_ &
_moJbZm`H$bZm`H$-VWm &
(B{V {ZH$mV)

{hamoOrr-EVmdVm H$mboZ g_w{V `mJagr_mVmo XodZo & VXmdm_{n

Vmd{V>mdho &
(B{VN>dof n[a`` gmZwMamo {ZH$mV)

A>_mo@> &

165

({d`)

_moJbZm`H$-(dJV_) Ahmo H$W_`_oH$mH$s JmT> d{n{V & $ JVm

A`mZwMam & (H$me_) H$ H$mo@ ^mo & (nwZVmadaoU) H$ H$mo@ ^mo &

166

N>n{Vgm_m`o

dg{ZH$-(Zm`H$_wng`) Am` dWm@` H$mobmhb & g YyV H$W_{n

N> nbm{`V B{V Vw {g_ & VX{db~oZd gmd^m_ JhrVmW Hw$_ &
_moJbZm`H$bZm`H$-VWm &

({d`)

(B{V {ZH$mVm gd})

dg{ZH$ZH$-Amkmn`dm` &
_moJbZm`H$bZm`H$-Aao n` {H$_of {dJVMoVZ Bd b`Vo e`ZJV
{edamO& Z M `Vo H$mo@``mZwMa &
g{ZH$-(e`Z_wng` dm`w` gg^__) Am` $ {edamO & EVm{Z
d` dgZm`od &
_moJbZm`H$-(gg^_ gmdg VmadaoU) hm hVm _ &
(Zon`o)

Am` _m ^fr & g{Z{hVm _ CVH$nmUm &

({d`)

g{ZH$m-(IS>Jm`w`) Am` Xe` & $ gpV Vo mUh &

_moJbZm`H$-(gamof_) ao Om_m, ^dV Ed _o mUh & $mpV
{edamO&
g{ZH$mZH$m-Am` ^doXHw$m{n N> &
(B{V g_VmXpd`pV)

_moJbZm`H$-(gg^_ _) Aao {ZnwU_dojd_ &

g{ZH$mZH$m-Am` Z b`Vo@gm {H$Vd &
W_W_-Agm XmZdVw d_m``m {Vamo{hVmo ^doV &
{Vr`{Vr`-Aao H$Xm{M{`_mJ}UmoV `mV &
VVr`r`-_yT> ^yJ^_mJ}Ud g^d`` nbm`Z_ &
_moJbZm`H$-(gamof_) Aao AZ{^OmVm & Zm` {dVH$mga & Hw$Vmo@{n
{ZJmZ`Vw V gmd^m_~pXZ _g_j_ &
(gd} nwZa{n _J`Vo)

&& g_mmo@` `mU~Y

`mU~YZm_m@>_mo@> &&
B{V lrN>n{Vgm_m`Q>rH$m`m gdm{dmoV`m
`mU~YZm_m@>_mo@> g_m &

168

N>n{Vgm_m`o
({d`)

Zd_mo@> &
(VV {de`VJhmdpWVm amO_mVm)
amO_mVm-(dJV_) lwV _`m Mmao`mo `Vm` _moJbm{YH$VmZ XoemoemVa

n`Q>Z gmmo dg H$adrajo_ & VX{MaoUm ^{d`{V V` gwImJ_Z_ &

AV Amkmo _`m YmZ_r gXJb
Zm` & `oZmonpWVo dgo erK gnm{XVmo
^dogm_m`m{^foH$_hmogd &
({d`)

H$#mwH$s$s-Ef amOH$m``mHw$b YmZ_r m[a {V>{V &

amO_mVmamO_mVm-doe`Z_ &
H$#mwH$s$s-VWm &
(B{V {ZH$mV)
({d`)

YmZ_rYmZ_r-A~ dXmXoemZwamoYZo _`m_gmH$Vm n#mfm gXJm &

amO_mVmamO_mVm-_pd`, A{^ZXm{^ Vd `wnmQ>d_ & AWmonbYm
H$m`{^Zdm d{mdg` &
YmZ_rYmZ_r-Amd{Y Vw ZmpV lw{VJmoMam H$m{n Xod`m{^Zdm d{m&
g{V g^mJh_wno ` OmZm{_ XoemVa{Vn{m_ &

`V``V`-dYVm m{WV\$bm{YJ_oZ amO_mVm &

amO_mVm-(gl`_) {VJhrVmer & {XQ>m n{drH$Vmo@`_woemo
^JdVm gm{`oZ & (dm_m{jnXZ gyM{`dm dJV_) A{n Zm_ b^o` __
dg` d{m_ &
YmZ`{VYmZ`{V-A~ VrW`mmgoZmZrV _`m@{^foH$mW_Vo moXH$_ &
amO_mVm-(YmZ`qV {Zd` g{d_` dJV_) Ahmo Ho$Z{MXeZo gdX``
_wIN>{d__ dg` _wIN>{dZm &
YmZ`{VYmZ`{V-VXJh mUVX &
(B`wng` H$be_n`{V)

amO_mVmamO_mVm-_hmZofmo@ZwJh & (B{V Jm{V) A{n km`Vo H$m{n __ dg`

d{m &
YmZ`{VYmZ`{V-A~ Zm{VXa dVVo Vdm_O & (B{V `{Vdof_nZr`) Ef
gwI`mJV {edamOmo@{^dmX`Vo &
(B{V nmX`mo nV{V)

(B{V {ZH$mV)

amO_mVm-(g{d_`_) Ahmo dg {edamO & Z Ibw _`m@{^kmVmo@[g&

(gmZXmlw hV`moJhrdm) dg C{m> & {X>mmomr{dVmp_ &
_w$` X>`dZm{Ynnme~YmV
`mJV` nwaVmo __ gpWV` &
EVmdmZZ_wnmoT>ZdgmX
_m Vn``{VVam VUoXH$mV_ &&1&&
dg nyd_ do _`m{X>Zo _pUm dm`mrH$VmmH$U^V` gXJm &
VS>Zr{V_o d g_m{l` {d{O` M _hmam > Xo e g n mX` Vd
gm_m`m{^foH$_b_&

_`m_gmH$Vm B{V & A {ZdhUg`ma^ & VX$ XnUo ~rOdVmo _wImWm {dH$sUm
`Wm`W_ & EH$mW_wnZr`Vo ` {ZdhU {h VV && B{V &

g{d_`{_{V & A `{VdoeYa {edamO Amb~Z {d_` Wm{`^md & Ed_mVmo

ag& VX$ XnUo - Hw$`m{dhUo@V_ B{V &

(B{V {ZH$mV)
({d`)

H$#mwH$s$s-EVo@^dVt w>H$m_m `V`mo m[a {V>pV &

amO_mVmamO_mVm-doe`VmZ &
H$#mwH$s$s-VWm &

Zd_mo@> &

169

{edamO{edamO-A~ dXmXoemZwamoYZo m{db~oZd {ZdV{ ``o@{^foH$_b_&

AV na M dmV`oUd d{V`Vo __ am`V_ & H$ H$mo@ ^mo &
({d`)

H$#mwH$s$s-Amkmn`Vw Xod &

{edamO{edamO-_Jh_mJ_mXoe` &
H$#mwH$s$s-BV BVmo Xod &
(C^m n[aH$m_V)

EV_Jhma {deVw Xod &

(B{V {ZH$mV)
(VV {depV _JhmdpWVm _pU)
_pU-(CWm`) dmJV Xod` &

{edamO{edamO-^dm`ZwJh Uo Ibw a{jVmo@p_ &

_pU_pU-Xod, A Id_mH$ _hmam>` M gw^mV_ &
(Zon`o)

dVm{bH$m{bH$-{dO`Vm Xod &

Hw${Q>b`dZnmemr{V`moJmngmo
w_{U[ad g_VmmhUm JV_w$ &
{Ma{dah{dnmZ aO`Z gXJmZwn{MVZdVoOm amOgo amOgy` &&2&&
(A>momaeVeVZrdZmonH$_)

{edamO{edamO-_pU na_ rU`{V _m ^dVm gOZmZm M amO{Z>m &

({d`)

VrhmaVrhma-{dO`Vm Xod & H$mo@{n dX{o eH$mo m[a gm &

{edamO{edamO-doe`Z_ &
VrhmaVrhma-VWm &
(B{V {ZH$mV)
Hw${Q>bo{V & *** _m{bZrdm_ &

170

N>n{Vgm_m`o
({d`)

dXo{eH$eH$-{dO`Vm Xod & H$VZoZ _moJboeoZ d_{g {edamO`

njnmVr{V {Z^` dm{YH$mam^{ eVmo _hmVmnmo O`qgh & VV _moJbamOYmZt
{d{Zdmmo@gm X_Z m`_mZmo _mJ Ed-Amgm{XV _`m H$VZgn`m`m __{dXmaU
\$b_ & `X
AmO_Z n[aMaZ `_Z`^{$
dkm{VOmZ{n ^Q>mZZ` {dZme_ &
gmo@` dbrn{bV{dbdXoh`>o
gVOZZo __ hm X` {^Z{m &&3&&
hm {dZmW Xo{h _o eaU_ & - B`mH$w ` mUmZOhmV & VXZVa M
gmd^m_mk`m VnX_m$T>mo _moJb`wdamOghm`mo OgdVqgh &
{edamO-({Z`) {dH$_em{bZm_{n Z`_mJ{d`wVmZm_n[ahm` Edoemo
X{dnmH$ &
YmZ_rYmZ_r-Xod ZyZ emoMZr`m_dWm_mnm{XVmo@` dramo _moJboehVHo$Z&
{edamO{edamO-g{V Ibw JmYmamUm {Z`_Zo `mnVmo@pV _moJboe &
VX_m{^_hmhaZmonm`Z g_mam` X{jUmnWm{Yn g Edm_gmH$V`m
_hmam>^y &
YmZ_rYmZ_r-Xod`monpWVo nyd_od _`m dm`mrH$VmmH$U^V`
gXJm & Ad{e>mZm XJmUm H$`mUmV` MmH$_Um` Wm{nVm _`m
goZm{Zdhm& naVXy `^mUnm{bV qghJS>XJ H$W_mH$_Ur` B`VrdmoH$pR>Vmo@p_&
{edamO-({d{M`) Z H$mo@`_m`_VaoUV V H$m` gmY{`Vw j_mo@pV&
g{V Vw dm_O`momhH$_{U `Jm@o gm Zmh{V `mUmZwemgZ_ &
(VV {de`nQ>rjonoU VmZmOr)
{edamO-(g{d_`_) Ahmo A_m` & A{n gn _bH$m`_ &

VmZmOrVmZmOr-Xod`mZwJh Uo V gwgn _od & `V d`_odm~m {Zdmh{``{V

{ddmhmogd_ & V`m Mm{X>m@o h_d {V>o qghJS>XJ { dO`m` & VX ^dVw

Zd_mo@> &

171

drVmgw`mo Xod &

{edamO{edamO-Ahmo Y`mo@{g __ YmZdra & A Ibw
VUm` _dm_OH$mVHw ${H$`m
am>H $^`mohVm Ywa aUo &
EH$mVVmo _mV{ZXoed{VZm
gnm{XV XmeaWo`e
d`m &&4&&
BXmZt Vw hVJV Ed __ qghJS>XJ & `V
EH$mo _hoe{nwa` ^omm
h[a`Wm X`Hw$b` hVm &
VWm d_odm{g __mJdra
Z MoVamo XJd a` OoVm &&1&&
VmZmOrVmZmOr-Xod ^yUm_od ^mdoU gd {Z`mo`mZm gm`{g{ & VXAmH$` X^} _am{Vg`
gmo {dOo`o ghgmJXJ _ &
goZm{Yn`o h[aUm {Z`w$mo
Z qH$ Hw$_mamo hVdmZ gwamarZ &&6&&
{edamO{edamO-V{V>Vm _o YmZdramo XJ{ dO`m` &
VmZmOrVmZmOr-`Xmkmn`{V Xod &
(B{V {ZH$mV)
({d`)

manmbmanmb-{dO`Vm Xod & _moJboe_wm{>VnhVmo XVmo m[a {V>{V&

{edamO{edamO-doe`Z_ &
manmbmanmb-VWm &
(B{V {ZH$mV)
EH$mo _hoe B{V & A {g{Zm_ bjU_ &

N>n{Vgm_m`o

172

({d`)

XV-{dO`Vm _hmamO & X{jUmnWm{YnoZ U`m{^ZXZnwaga

o{fV_oVgmd^m_emgZn_ &
(B{V n_n`{V)

{edamO-(AmXm`) _pZ CmQ> dmM`VV &

(B`n`{V)

_r_r-VWm &
(B{V dmM`{V)

{ZOamOZJamV Ho$Zm@{n gm_m`{do{fUmonOmnHo$Zmngm[aV`m{n

gm_m`gn`mZaw $`mZoH$gmhg{dH$_em{bZmo _h_Xr`Y_ajH$`
{edamO` gdmZnamYmZ _f{`dm V M amOnXoZ g`mo` V_
g{Z{hVam``moVwWmegJh m{YH$ma {dVa{V gmd^m_ & B{V &
{edamO{edamO-_pZ, Anyd Id`_ZwJh gmd^m_` X{jUmnWm{Yn`
M & XV d Vmd{doX` X{jUmnWm{Ynm` `X{MaoU Vmnamd{Vr`mo __ dram_O
Cn`{V VdmpVH${_{V &
XV-VWm &
(B{V {ZH$mV)

{edamO{edamO-_pZ Zm` ~h_mZ qH$Vw mUge`mVm VmaUm & `V

H$VmnH$maofw naofw X_{ VdH$mS>_m{dHw$Vo ` AmXa_ &
g_mZXmZm g {Z~` VmZ neyZ
dYWbt em{ZH$d{Zrf{V &&7&&
_r_r-Xod, BXmZr_`Vmo `mnVZo mZoZ `w{dam_mW nwaH$Vmo@` gm_monMma&
nadoVZo Vd H$aVbmonWm{nVod gm_m`{g{ & `V
{XramZw_VamOnX nwZVo
dmV`_od n[aV H$Q>rH$amo{V &

Zd_mo@> &

173

gmo@` VdmehaUo {WVmo@{YH$madm _S>be

o nX_n`{V eV_ &&8&&
{edamO{edamO-Ahmo g`JJhrV d`m gmd^m_emgZVd_ & VWm{n
Zm`_dgamo@_m{^nojUr` & VX Y_m{l` g Ed gmYZr`__X^r>_ &
_r_r-gdWm@{^ZVo Xod`m`dgm` &
{edamO{edamO-V{V>Vm Hw$_maoU gh Vmnamdmo X{jUmnWm{YnamOYmZr_&
V M {ZdgVm@ZoZ H$V` g_VVmo@_VwWmegJh &
VmnamdVmnamd-`Xmkmn`{V Xod &
(B{V {ZH$mV)

{edamO{edamO-_pZ JmYma{dO`mZVa_odm{^`mo`Vo@_mZ YyVm} _moJboa&

VV {j_od gZm{hV~ba_m{^VwWmegJh {_foUmH$` dm`mrH$V` g_Jmo
_hmam>Xoe & ^ddd `mUm{^_wImdX{Y{>Vm _o aUdram & `mdXh_{n
H$amo n g J h mW {V>o Jw O a Xo e _ & `mJVo d_mgw d{V `Vo
gm_m`m{^foH$_hmogd & Vg{^`Vm g^mam nwamo{hVnwamoJ_ H$_g{Md&
_r_r-`Wmkmn`{V Xod &
(B{V {ZH$mVm gd})

&& g_mmo@` XJ{dO`

dO`Zm_m Zd_mo@> &&
Vg{^`Vm{_{V & A amoMZm` g`_ &
B{V lrN>n{Vgm_m`Q>rH$m`m gdm{dmoV`m
XJ{dO`Zm_m Zd_mo@> g_m &

Xe_mo@> &
(VV {deVmo amOnwfm)

nW__-Ahmo ~Vmg`gY` _moJboe` Hw${Q>bnme~Y{d{Z_wo$Z

_hmamOoZ nwZa{n brbm`w dm`mrH$Vm _hmam>^y &
{Vr`{Vr`-^ VWm{n qghJS>XJ O `oZ Zmgrod` na_ n[aVmof &
W_W_-A`o H$W {dO`o@`n[aVmof B`w`Vo &
{Vr`{Vr`-VJO `m` o{fV` VmZmOrdra` mUmVgH$Q>Zo mo{o OVmo Xod&
W_W_-Hw$Vmo {dOoVaw {n mUgH$Q>_ &
{Vr`{Vr`-^, JmT>mYH$mamdVo {ZerWo JmoYm_db` VJ mH$ma_mgmH$o Z
_mdiodraoUmY gm[aVm^r amw{^a` dramo@`mamoh`{O g{ZH$JU_ & AW
dmo KmoagJm _o nana {Z`w`_mZmdwX`^mUVmZmOrdram draJqV g_mnoVm_ &
W_W_-Ahmo dm`W mUmZwgOVm@ZoZ Ibw H$VH$`Vm ZrV jm
O_ &
{Vr`{Vr`-AmVao M VoZd _mJ}Um`m$T>Zo gy`mOrdraoU nam` [anwXb
d{dO``mnZm` dm{bVmo _hmZb & VjU VoZ gOmVhf}Um{n XodZo `Xm
nao{w ZO~mbgwXVmZmOrdra` mU``moXV AmH${UVVXmZr_od {dfUdXZoZ
ghgmoXr[aV hm H$>_Ho $ qgh {Vn & AnaVw {dn & B{V &
W_W_-Ahmo, AZoH$dra``gm`m {h gm_m`{g{ &
{Vr`{Vr`-AW {H$_ & VV ^{V Vw gdm{VhVgamo@^y{O`dOmo
Xod` & Am~mOrdraoU dm`mrH$V H$`mUXoe & YmZ_pUm M _mhbrXJ &
Vmnamdo U M gmho a X J & Ed g_VVmo {dO`a_m{#mV` Xo d `
gm_m`_hmogd_{^ZpXVw g{V g_wnpWVoZ gm_V_S>bZo g_mHw$bmo@` XJa mO
na_m {l`_mXYm{V &
W_W_-XodVmZwJh _VaoU Zd g^d`oVme gm^m`_ &

Zd_mo@> &

175

{Vr`{Vr`-A{nM g mm A gmjmo X _y V ` H$mer{Zdm{gZmo

JmJm^Q>^V`mo {dd`m Xod` gm_m`m{^foH$ gnmX{`Vw_ &
W_W_-Ed g_wnm{OVm _hmamOoZ gH$b^maV`m{nZr `eg_{ &
{Vr`{Vr`-^ OmV Ibw g^mdoeg_` & `mdmmondo &
(B{V n[aH$m_V)

W_-(n[aVmo {dbmo`) ZyZ_>ndy m_do gwf_m {~^{V XJa mO &

dOdgZnVmH$m_pS>Vm amO_mJm
Hw$gw__wH$w b_mbma{OVm Hw${>_m &
Zd{da{MVamJmbo`{MmVam{U
XY{V na_emo^m Yy{nVm`Zm{Z &&1&&
{Vr`{Vr`-Ed_oVX & EVo gmm d`_{^foH$_S>nn[aga_ & n`m
_w$m{ha_`nQ>ma{MVmonH$m`m
dmgmoJh m{U {dnwbm JOdm{Oembm &
H$moemb`m dgZm^aUmH$mo>m
`mn``Zwn_m_{YamOb_r_ &&2&&
W_W_-A{V_ Id` gm_m`m{^foH$_hmogdmonH$_ & `V
_w$m{d_VmoaUm{>Vnwamomam{U Vy` dZrH$ma H$[aUm _X{ZZXamVdVo _b_ &
H$m#mrZynaw {H${>Ur${UVH$ a``e
moJr{VH$m
Jm`pV _Xm _hmogd_wXm _moXmlwnUy mZZm &&3&&
{Vr`{Vr`-Z Id` Ho $ db _hmo gd qH$Vw _hmam{ > `mUm
dmV`gy`m}X`mo@{n& (g^m_S>n {d`) ^ n`f {Zd{VVgm_m`m{^foH$_bmo Xodmo _mVa_{^dmX`Vo &
dOo{V & *** _m{bZrm_ &
_w$m{d_o{V & *** emXb{dH$s{S>V dm_ &

176

N>n{Vgm_m`o
MS>me
w IamVnmU{MXa mnamVmn`mgrVnZw{V n[anVZ XoemVa XoeV &
`moZmg_V_mZXmZna_ nr`yfaZmH$a
gmo@` Mm_gt XYm{V gwf_m_mmX`Z dm Om &&4&&
Vmmd`_`mgZn[aJh Hw$_ &
(B{V {ZH$mVm)

{dH$^H$ &
(VV {de{V `Wm{Z{X> {edamO)

{edamO- A~ Ef gnm{XVgm_m`m{^foH$_bmo _{hfr{Vr`

{edamOmo@{^dmX`Vo &
(B{V _{h`m gh nmX`mo nV{V)

amO_mVm-(gmZXmlw) dg {Ma Ord & dgo {Ma gH$bgm^m`^mOZ

^y`m & {X>m Ibw _`m `jr{H$`Vo nydmZ^w Vy dZXeZ_ & `V
gWm` {dH$_{OV ^w{d Y_am`
dg d`m Hw$b`e {WV {bmo`m_ &
`m{n Xb^ _ZVVn`oZ
V draOZZrnX_{nV _o &&5&&
C^m-(gl`_) {VJhrVmer &
{edamO{edamO-A~ {VnX dXZwemgZmZwd{VZd _`m g_mgm{XVmo@`
bmoH$momamoH$f &
(B{V N>Mm_aYango{dVmo aZqghmgZ_wng` _{h`m ghmamoh{V)
g`m-(CWm`) {dO`Vm N>n{V_hmamO & {dO`Vm g_mkr &
(B{V gwdUHw$gw_m{Z {d{H$apV)
(YmZm{YH$m[aU gm_V{V{ZY` _{U_w$mdUHw$gw_O An`pV)
(Zon`o)

dVm{bH$m-{dO`Vm _{hfr{Vr`N>n{V_hmamO gm_m`m{^foH$_boZ&

MS>o{V & ***emXb{dH$s{S>V dm_ &

Xe_mo@> &

177

{Odag{Mdo_ Vmo`m{^{f$mo
{dO`nX{dVmZ{X`H$`m@{^JrV &
{Ma_{U{H$arQ>r aZqghmgZW
{d~wYn{V[ad d amOgo ^maVo &&6&&
(A>momaeVeVZrdZmoH$_)

dr{UZm-(drUmdmoZ Jm`V)
(_mbH$moeamJoU {VmboZ Jr`Vo)
H$nmbmo N>nVo _hmamO &&
^maVdfZaoeHw$bnVo
Z`g_wnm{OV{XJVH$sV}
a_mnVo _hmamO &
H$nmbmo0 &&1&&
dmV`gwamnJmdVmaUgwIgnm{XVam>m
o maU
Y_nVo _hmamO &
H$nmbmo0 &&2&&
_m`mnV{Z{Ib^y^mad_{g H$nm{Z{Y{edmdVma
{d~wYnVo _hmamO&
H$nmbmo0 &&3&&
A[aJUMH${V{_aha{_{had {dbg{g _hgm aUdrapdfm nVo _hmamO &
H$nmbmo0 &&4&&
{ZOOZnXnwaOZm{^ZpXV
Xod{Oda{H$adpXV
{dnVo _hmamO &
H$nmbmo0 &&5&&
{Odao{V & {Odam nwamo{hV_wIm {dm g{Mdom A_m`_wIm j{`m V
_Vmo` A{^_pVOb A{^{f$ {dO`` nXmZm Jo`nXmZm {dVmZ da{dVma {X`H$`m{^ A{^JrV
{Ma _{U{H$arQ> A`mVr{V YV{Ma_{U{H$arQ> B`W aZqghmgZW d {d~wYn{V Bd B Bd
ho ^maVo amOgo & _m{bZrdm_ &
H$nmbmo B{V & *** ho {dnVo & Am`mZwmg eXmb>ma &

178

N>n{Vgm_m`o

JmJm^Q>--{X>m@ dYVo _hmamO{am{WVZo gm_m`lr{db{gVoZ&

~mhVmng_wnmm{XJVH$s{V
gm_V_m{b_{Ua{OVnmXnrR> &
amO`_pg{Md g_wnm{gVd
gm_m`d^d`wVmo@{VVam {d^m{g &&7&&
{edamO{edamO-^JdZ naXodVmgmXoZ lrJwam_XmgMaUmZwJhoU Mm
g_mgm{XV _`m gm_m``_ & VV{Ma H$fm`dO_pS>Vm{Z
am>o g^m_S>n_pXam{U &
gm_m`Xod` Jwamo g_VmV
`mn`d{V_ ^md_ &&8&&
YmZ_r-({V{Z{Y_S>b {Z{X`) EVo Hw$~emhre^{Vgm_V{V{ZY`mo
h`aZ{ha`monm`ZXd} ` gm_m`m{^foH$_hmogd_{^ZXpV &
{edamO{edamO-_pZ gm_Vgmhm`oZm _`m@Zw^`y V EV_b_ & VgH$`
Vmof`VmZ _hmhdm^yfUm{X{^ &
YmZ_rYmZ_r-VWm &
(B{V `Wm{X> Hw$Vo)

{edamO{edamO-AW M g ^ md`Vw H$mo e m`jmo bj_w m{^amMm`

MVw{de{Vgh_wm{^ nwamo{hV `oH$ n#mgh_wm{^pdO _hmhdm^yfU
gdmZ {Omom_mZ &
H$moem`j- VWm &
(B{V `Wm{X> Hw$Vo)

JmJm^Q>--^maVo Vd _hmhg^mdZ`m n[aVw>mZm__mH$_oVXodmpV

na__mem`_ & `mdm`
naXodVo{V & AmZXm` g`_ &
AW M g^md`pd{V & A ^mfUm` g`_ &

Xe_mo@> &

179

N>n{Vgm_m`o

180

dmV`^mdd{bVmhdmm
{f{d{^OZ VmVnU &
{Zdm{hVmo _pnwamo{hVm{X{^
gm_m``kmo {ZVam g_Vm_ &&9&&
{edamO{edamO-AW g^mO` __ gm_m`m{YH$manX_S>ZmZ>m YmZ_pUmo
_hmhaZdgZm^yfU &
H$moem`jm`j-VWm &

{edamO{edamO-g{Mdm, `ofm ZmZmY_mUm bmoH$mZm gJh mW_ZoH$dra~{b{^_`m

g_wnm{OV_oV_am` VmZ gdmZ{n dgZmnmZm{X{^ gH$`mZwaO`V &
`VVXZwamJnadem _mH$ gm_m`gnX &
g{Mdmg{Mdm-VWm &

(B{V `Wm{X> Hw$Vo)

(B{V {ZH$mVm)

nYmZ_rmZ_r-{X>oXmZt g_mQ>nX_{Y$T> _hmamO_{^ZmemV Ef

^`dJm} `V
~bHw${Q>b{d{fm {d^omm
{V{XZ_of VdYVm ^md &
VnZHw$b_Uo gn``Xo
^dVw gXm g\$b M Or{dV Z &&10&&
{edamO{edamO-AW ~h_mZoZ g_mZ`d _o {dO``emo^m{JZmo dramJgamZ&
hdm Xoh {ZO `o g_ahVdho pWVm nw`bmoH$mVofm dramom_mZm g_w{XV`egm_d`o `o gyVm &
_`wH$fVmn_{WV[andmo `o nwZZu{VXjm
gd} Vo am>^$m ZnHw$b{d^d_mZZr`m `Wmh_ &&11&&
H$moem`j
m`j-VWm &
(B{V amOemgZm`n`{V)

{edamO{edamO-_pZ g^md` {dXfmo {dd`mZ {Z`Vdm{fH$d{m{dVaUoZ&

_m grXdp_Z __ Y_am`o H$mo@{n ZmVH$mo {Omom_ & `VVXYrZ Ed
g{mMma &
dmV`o{V & *** CnOm{Vdm_ &
hdo{V & *** Yamdm_ &

_r_r-VWm &
(B{V {do`mo amOemgZm`n`{V)

({d`)

{Vhma{Vhma-{dO`Vm Xod & {X>m gmm A lrMaUm &

{edamO{edamO-erK doe` ^JdV _hmZw^md_ &
{Vhma{Vhma-VWm &
(B{V {ZH$mV)
(VV {de{V lram_Xmg)

{edamO-(gd ghmoWm`) Ef lrMaUgmXg_wnm{OVgm_m`d^d

{edamOmo@{^dmX`Vo &
(B{V nmX`mo nV{V)

lram_Xmglram_Xmg-dg, C{m> & __ dM{g gdWm dV_mZ` Vd

gH$b_`^r> _`m Vn^mdmgnm{XV_ & AW qH$ Vo ^y` CnH$adm{U &
{edamO{edamO-^JdXZwJh Uo Z _o {H$_{n ^_d{e`Vo & VWmnrX_Vw
^aVdm`_ & `Xp_Z __ ^maVdf}
AW qH$ Vo ^y` B{V & A H$m`ghmam` g`_ &
VWmnrX_pd{V & A e`m` g`_ &

Xe_mo@> &

181

_moXVm {ZVam dH$_{ZaVm n`mH$m_m Om

EYVm Z`{dH$_m>`egmo bmoH${`m nm{Wdm &
g`mZm M g_`o Ob_wM {g#mVw H$mbo agm
gmH${VH$f{Ma am> {Ma dYVm_ &&12&&
(B[V {ZH$mVm gdo)

&& g_mmo@` gm_m`m{^foH$$Zm_m Xe_mo@> &&

&& g_m{_X N>n{Vgm_m` Zm_ ZmQ>H$_ &&
_moXVm{_{V & *** g Am{Z dm`_m`mXr{Z ``m V`m H$Vo H$f}U {Ma Xr
am> {Ma dYVm_ & emXb{dH$s{S>V dm_ &
gd}fm ZmQ>H$mmZm {XL>_m{_h X{eV_ &
{deof emVVy H$m`nr`yfbmbg &
B{V lrN>n{Vgm_m`Q>rH$m`m gdm{dmoV`m
gm_m`m{^foH$Zm_m Xe_mo@> g_m &

ngyMr
AZ`^md naXodVm`m - 2.7
AZm`mgoZ H$m`` - 1.28
AVam`{ZH$f nar{jVm - 2.6
A`mo`o`mH$bw{fV{Y` - 1.25
Anm` Xa _{bZm V_pdZt - 2.2
A{d{XVVnZmd`Vmn - 4.8
Ado{h ZZ nwaV gm[aV - 2.9
Ap_{gJHw${Q>bo {dVW{Vko - 8.6
AmH$>^rfUH$nmUH$ambnm{U - 5.8
AmH$` X^}_am{Vg` -9.6
AmN>modmoUap_ {ZOKZV{V{^ - 7.4
AmO_Z n[aMaZ `_Z`^{$ - 9.3
AmO_Zmo OZ{__ {fVm@Y_oZ - 7.6
AmVmZm n[anmbZm` ghgm - 1.15
Amgr^mo `{eX g_Vm - 5.2
CmdMmMb^wdmo {J[aJhdam{U - 7.2
Cmw gwa{ZZJm - 1.1
CVw_oZm n[anr{S>Vm ^wd - 1.8
Cm` eb{eIamopN>VnmXnmJ - 3.2
EH$m{H$Z g_adra{__ g_Vo - 5.7
EH$mVoZdmY` ~bmT> - 6.8
EH$mo _hoe{nwa` ZoVm - 9.5
EV{$T>VJw_bVm{dVmZ - 4.20
H$W nmo@p_ {ZVmVXJ{V - 8.8
H$m_H$moYm{VaoH$`gZ{dX{bV - 4.9
Hw${Q>b`dZnmemr{V`moJmngmo - 9.2
H$VmnH$maofw naofw X_{V - 9.7
$ VwN>^moJmnVm__mZm - 8.5
joo@{n gramoH$fUmdH$pnVo - 4.17
MS>mewIamVnmU{M - 10.4
{Ma H$fm`dO_pS>Vm{Z - 10.8
OZnX{hVXjmo Zr{V`moJ{V>mo - 3.3

VnZHw$b^d` Y_dmo - 3.6

VnZmewVnZe_Zmo - 1.2
Vd dVo _o X` {V{>V - 3.17
VUm` _dm_OH$mVwH${H$`m - 9.4
VUm` _dm {ZOOr{dV H$V - 5.6
dXnmZm{X{dd{YVmo@` - 5.4
d`od dramJgao g_Jm - 2.5
XmgVdm` H$admbnm{U - 5.3
{Xremonml`oUd - 3.13
{XramZw_VamOnX nwZVo - 9.8
X^}XJmH$_Uo `mUo - 1.22
Xdm^`m{hVam`^mam - 1.9
Xdmo ZnVm Vw _pg{Mdm - 1.7
Xodm{{dmMZ_nyV - 6.7
XodmZm Zd{dO`dOmo aUmJo - 3.4
{Odag{Mdo_Vmo`m{^{f$mo - 10.6
Y_V {V{dYmZ_m_Zmo - 1.20
Y_dgYVdVmZ naYZo - 1.24
Y_dmm n[anpWZd`m - 4.3
dOdgZnVmH$m_pS>Vm amO_mJm - 10.1
Z _`Vo _pH$VmW{ZU` - 6.5
Z``w$_YwadMmo{^ - 4.11
Z gdXm {dH$_em{bZmo@`b - 3.14
ZmZm{dbmg{d^ddeVm_wnoVm - 8.4
{Z` H$me`{V bmoH${__ {dddmZ - 6.2
{Z_pVm`md_{V__o` - 8.3
{Zeo`_mH$mVV{_^rfUm - 4.14
ZogmX d`_mZZw{V - 4.12
Zf ^md{bVVrUH$ambYmamo - 3.5
`m`mZwd{V_Z_gm dJw {ZJ - 5.10
nanamo_ybZgdmmZ - 1.6
nao Vw VoOpd{Z Y`dmm - 1.19

ngyMr
nmWmZwMamonOmn_w{fVm - 8.1
{nmoJwamom{YJVmW{dmo - 1.4
N> n[anpWZm n[aM` - 4.10
OdVwaJH$pnVmgZmo@` - 4.19
`{WZ n[aOZo@{VVam {dZrVo - 3.7
~bHw${Q>b{d{fm {d^omm - 10.10
^md_w`m Z {h e$`VWm - 1.17
_mXVdmVgmhg ^w - 4.13
d{VV `^wdZH$MH$ - 1.5
maYH$_deJm H$_emo {dH$mamZ - 5.9
mogmhZoZ g_amUVna` - 3.16
~mhVmng_wnmm{XJVH$s{V - 10.7
^dpV {dm `{X Y__yV`mo - 4.16
^r_moUmX` nyd} - 6.10
^moJg$` _hnXm{ - 6.1
_Jw{{dahmX JUgKm - 1.18
_mo {dh new{^ JVo - 1.26
_mZ YZ amO{dbmg^moJmZ - 1.21
_w$` X>`dZm{Ynnme~YmV - 9.1
_w$m{d_VmoaUm{>Vnwamomam{U - 10.3
_w$m{ha_`nQ>ma{MVmonH$m`m - 10.2
_moXVm {ZVam dH$_{ZaVm - 10.12
`{VdgZYamo T>m`Vm - 2.1
`Wm@ bmoH$`dhma{g`o - 4.7
`Wm g_VmV g[aV dmh - 1.13
`dZgm{XnXm{Vg_wV - 4.18
`mZmgZo `yh{dYmZ_mH$_ - 6.9
`o j_m dVngm Xam_Zm - 4.6
amk Om`m n[anmbZ `Wm - 3.10
amkm {` ~h_Vm `gZo ghm`m - 7.5
amq{Xd [anwJUmZ eVemo {Zh` - 3.1
am>H$^{$dU J^ - 5.5
[anwH$f}@`ZnmJVw{V - 1.11
b{bVV{dVmZ_pS>Vm amO_mJ - 8.2
bw{bVn{WH$Zoo nya{`dm aOmo{^ - 5.11

bmoH$H$meZ_am{VV_mo@nhm[a - 3.15
bmoH$gJhna{OVm_{^ 4.2
dH$m B_o VbVmV~H$ gwJwm - 7.1
dO` {Z_mU{dYm gwam{WVm - 4.15
{dH$s` XoeHw$bY_`emo@{^_mZ - 4.1
{dZm ^qV ^`JUm {`m _o - 2.4
{dZm {ddoH$ {Vn gmhg - 1.10
{d{^Y_m Zn{V{ZOm Om - 3.8
{damoYo {dlmVo ~b`dZoe` - 6.3
{dembdmoVJS>{^{m - 5.1
{dhm` H$mVmgwV~YwdJmZ - 3.9
dm `Wm Y_^`oZ a`Vo - 4.4
`m`m_`moJmon{MVmgdm - 4.5
e{$`moH$fg_o{YVmZm - 1.16
emgZaUmogwH$m ^Q>m - 2.10
{e`m `XH$f_dmZwdpV - 1.3
lwdm Vd g^_mH$_U {dnjo - 6.6
g`Vop`_Zm gYr - 2.8
gWm` {dH$_{OV ^w{d Y_am` - 10.5
gH$` JwmZ {df_m{_mJm - 7.3
gdmooH$mgVmo@`w{XVZ`JwUm - 6.4
gXml`mo@` {dXfm H$bmdVm - 3.12
gYmZ g`gYo Z`JwU{d{hV - 3.11
g_mZ{dmZ`{dH$_ofw - 1.23
gmZm jnw{bXdXZnVr - 1.27
gmhm`_mgm _hZmH$gm - 1.14
gwVrU^m{gYZwg_y{OVm - 2.11
dN>XJm_r {J[aJhdamb`mo - 8.7
dnmo@`{db`{V Z qH$ - 1.12
dmV`^mdd{bVmhdmm - 10.9
dmV`d{d{bV g_VV - 2.3
dm{_Z Vw {ZOY_{d`wV - 7.7
hdm Xoh {ZO `o g_ahVdho - 10.11

183

nmZm N>XgyMr
AZww>n CnOm{V -

Jr{V V{dbp~V nwpnVmJm h{fUr _XmH$mVm _m{bZr aWmoVm dgV{VbH$m -

emXb{dH$s{S>V em{bZr {eI[aUr Yam dmJVm -

1/28, 3/13, 6/10

1/3, 1/4, 1/5, 1/6, 1/8, 1/9, 1/10, 1/11,
1/13, 1/14, 1/16, 1/17, 1/19, 1/21, 1/22,
1/23, 1/26, 2/2, 2/3, 2/4, 2/5, 2/7, 2/9,
2/10, 2/11, 3/8, 3/9, 3/10, 3/12, 3/14, 3/
17, 4/3, 4/4, 4/5, 4/7, 4/11, 4/12, 4/13,
4/14, 4/15, 4/16, 4/17, 5/1, 5/2, 5/3, 5/4,
5/5, 5/6, 6/1, 6/5, 6/7, 6/9, 7/3, 8/3, 8/5,
8/7, 8/8, 9/4, 9/5, 9/6, 9/7, 10/8, 10/9
1/2
4/18
2/1, 3/6, 4/8, 4/19, 10/10
3/4
1/12, 1/25
3/3, 5/11, 8/2, 9/2, 10/1, 10/6
1/20, 2/6, 2/8, 4/2, 4/6, 7/7
3/1, 3/2, 3/5, 3/7, 3/15, 3/16, 4/1, 4/20,
5/7, 5/8, 5/9, 5/10, 6/2, 6/6, 7/1, 7/2,
7/5, 7/6, 8/4, 8/6, 9/1, 9/3, 9/8, 10/2,
10/5, 10/7
1/1, 1/7, 1/15, 1/24, 1/27, 4/10, 8/1,
10/3, 10/4, 10/12
6/8
6/3
3/11, 4/9, 6/4, 7/4, 10/11
1/18

H$UmQ>
Pnm
(H$m{eH$H$mZS>m)
_mbH$moe
{Vmb
(H$mo>H$mV{Z{d>amJmZwgmaoU
dag`moJm Xmm n[a{e>o)

Vodam

XmXam

{Vmb

H$UmQ>
(Xa~marH$mZS>m)
^ynmbr
(^yn)
{~hmJ

{Vmb

ao J ao _ & J ao gm gm & ao J ao J & _ n _ J &

a g _ {V & a g ` {V & a gm @ [d & em @ bm @ &
ao J ao _ & J ao gm gm & ao J ao J & _ n _ J &&
{d d b {V & M n b n & `mo @ Y a & _m @ bm @ &&
AVam
3

ag_{V ag`{V agm {dembm &&

Vma` Vd gwV_~ ^dm{Z &&

^>m ZXVm>_od - ha ha ha _hmXod &&

gw_gwHw$_ma Z`Z{dhma &&

bVmHw$ObrZm &&

H$nmbmo N>nVo _hmamO &&

VmdZm

2/7 nmV

MVwWm>mVo

7/6 nyd_

8/2 nmV

10/6-7 _`o

ao J ao _ & J ao gm gm & ao J ao J & _ n _ J &&

_ @ ` {V & _ J n {V & n [a {Z & b ` Z @ &&
2. amJ Xa~mar H$mZS>m, Vmb-{Vmb. (n. 107)
Wm`r
3

J J ao gm & {Z gm ao _ n & J - ao gm & ao - gm gm &&

V d gw V & _ @ ~ ^ & dm @ @ {Z & Vm @ a ` &
AVam

6.

5.

4.

3.

2.

1.

H$_

YwdnX_

_ma

Jo`nmZm dag`moJ &

1. amJ JmS>_ma, Vmb-{Vmb, (n. 92)
Wm`r

ao J ao n & n - n - & _ n Y gm & Y n _ J &

^ d {V g & n {X O Z & Vm @ n {d & b ` Z @ &

WmZ

JrVmZm Vm{bH$m

amJ

Vmb

JrVmZm dag`moJ &

_ _ _ n & n Y - n Y & gm - - - & Y - {Z gm &

~ b ` & d Z @ [a nw & J {b V {~ & ^m @ @ d &

JrVmZm dag`moJ
0

187
2

_ _ n n & Y - {Z gm & {Z n _ n & J - ao gm

b ` n & `mo @ {Z {Y & {d bw {b V & Zm @ d @ &
2

J J ao gm & {Z gm ao _ n & J - ao gm & ao - gm gm &&

nm @ b ` & n a _ _ & S>m @ @ {Z & Vm @ a ` &&

N>n{Vgm_m`o

188

4. amJ {~hmJ, Vmb-Vodam. (n0 155)

Wm`r
2
3
x
J _ & n _ & J ao gm &
gw _ & gw Hw$ & _m @ a &
2

J _ & n gm & {Z - n &&

Z ` & Z {d & hm @ a &&
AVam

3. amJ ^yn, Vmb-XmXam. (n0 136)

Wm`r
x

Y - gm & - Y n & J J n & J ao gm &

^ @ >m & @ Z X & Vm @ > & _o @ d &
x

J ao J & ao n n & J J ao & gm - gm &&

h a h & a h a & _ hm @ & Xo @ d &&
AVam
x

J J J & n n n & n Y n & gm - gm &

H$ Q> & ` V H$ & Q> @ & Vm @ n &
0

Y gm Y & gm a| a| & gm a| gm & Y - n &

_ [a Hw$ & b K {Q> & Vmo @ n & Vm @ n &
0

J - J & J a| a| & gm a| gm & Y - n &

@ >m & @ Z X & Vm @ > & _o @ d &
x

J ao J & ao n n & J J ao & gm - gm &&

h a h & a h a & _ hm @ & Xo @ d &&

J _ & n {Z & gm - gm &

X & `m @ & Ym @ a &
x

{Z - & {Z Y & gm {Z - &

`m @ & d Z & gm @ a &
J a| & J _ & J a| gm &
U & `m @ & dm @ a &
Y n & J _ & J ao gm &&
nm @ & am @ & nm @ a &&
5. amJ H$m{eH$H$mZS>m, Vmb-Pnm. (n0 159)
Wm`r
0

{Z & Y - & _ - n & {Z {Z & gm b & Vm @ & Hw$ @ O & br - & Zm @

AVam
0

_ & _ - & Y - {Z & gm - & {Z gm - & {Z gm &

V & Um - & >o @ e & `m @ & Zm @ d & ~m @ &

JrVmZm dag`moJ
3

189

ao - gm & {Z gm & {Z Y - & Y - & _Y {Z Y &

h @ n & Ym @ & Zm @ d & ` @ & dr @ V &
2

_ n & J ao gm & ao - & J - - & ao gm & ao - gm &

_m @ & Zm @ { & `o @ & gm @ d & Ym @ & Zm @ ew &
0

gm - & gm - a| & {Z - & _ - n & {Z {Z & gm - gm &

Mm @ & {d @ & bm @ & Vo @ Z & dr @ & Zm @ {Z &
x

{Z - & gm - {Z &
br @ & Zm @ b &
6. amJ _mbH$moe, Vmb-{Vmb, (n0 177)
Wm`r
0

J - gm - & {Z gm {Z gm & _ - J
N> @ n & Vo @ _ hm & am @ O H$
AVam
0
3
x
J - _ _ & Y - {Z {Z & gm - gm
^m @ a V & d @ f Z & ao @ e Hw$

_ & J _ J gm &
& nm @ bmo @ &&
2

gm & gm gm gm gm &
& b n Vo @ &

{Z {Z {Z {Z & Y - _ - & _ Y - {Z & gm {Z Y _ &

Z ` g _w & nm @ {O V & {X J @ V & H$s @ V} @ &
Y {Z gm _ & J - gm - & {Z Y - _ & J _ J gm &&
a _m @ n & Vo @ @ @ & _ hm @ @ & am @ @ O &&