Venu Gita PDF

Veu - gta
The Song of Kas Flute

Tenth Canto Chapter Twenty-one
rmad -Bhgavatam
The gops sing the glories of the sound of r Kas flute as He enters the enchanting forest of Vndvana upon the arrival of autumn
r rmad Bhaktivednta Nryaa Gosvm Mahrja
English titles published by rla Bhaktivednta Nryaa Gosvm Mahrja:

The Nectar of Govinda-ll Going Beyond Vaikuha Bhakti-rasyana r Prabandhval r ikaka r Bhakti-rasmta-sindhu-bindu r Mana-ik Bhakti-tattva-viveka r Upademta Rays of the Harmonist The Essence of All Advice r Gauya Gti-guccha The Pinnacle of Devotion Shower of Love rmad Bhakti Prajna Keava Gosvm His Life and Teachings r Vraja-maala Parikram r Navadvpa-dhma r Dmodarakam Gaura-v Pracrie My ik-Guru and Priya-Bandhu Arcana-dpik Gauya Vaiavism vs.Sahajiyism Secret Truths of the Bhgavatam rmad Bhagavad-gt Five Essential Essays r Harinma Mahmantra Jaiva-dharma Rga-vartma-candrik Bhajana-rahasya The Origin of Ratha-ytr r Brahm-sahit The Fearless Prince r Prema-samput r Sakalpa-kalpadruma r Camatkra-candrik iva-tattva Way of Love Secrets of the Undiscovered Self Gop-gta
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ISBN: 978-1-935-428-18-3 Gaudiya Vedanta Publications 2009 First printing: September 1999, 2,000 copies Second printing: December 2009. 3,000 copies
Photo of rla Bhaktivednta Svm Mahrja Bhaktivedanta Book Trust, Intl. Used with permission, www.krishna.com Cover painting ymar ds. Used with Permission.
Contents
Preface ............................................................................................. V Introduction ................................................................................... II Magalcaraa .......................................................................... XX Verse 1: r Ka enters the forest of Vndvana upon the arrival of autumn .................... 1 Verse 2: r Ka plays a captivating tune on His flute, drowning Vndvana in bliss ............... 5 Verses 3-4: Hearing the sound of the flute, the gops attempt to describe its beauty and are overwhelmed with desire to meet Ka ................... 9 Verse 5: Ka appears splendidly attired as the most beautiful dancer ........................ 23 Verse 6: The nectar of divine love floods the gops hearts ............................................... 37 Verse 7: To behold the beautiful faces of the sons of the King of Vraja is the perfection of the eyes ......................................................................... 41 Verse 8: Ka and Balarma appear as two splendid dancers amidst all the sakhs and cows ... 55 Verse 9: The veu steals the nectar of Kas lips which rightfully belongs to the gops ................ 59
Verse 10: The peacocks become intoxicated and dance to the sound of Kas flute .................. 67 Verse 11: The deer worship Ka with their loving sidelong glances ............................ 77 Verse 12: The demigoddesses riding in their airplanes become stunned and their clothes come loose ...... 85 Verse 13: The cows drink the nectar of the flute with the cups of their upraised ears .............. 101 Verse 14: The birds are sages who sit upon the trees listening to the flute with rapt attention ...... 111 Verse 15: The rivers embrace Kas lotus feet with their waves and offer flowers .................. 123 Verse 16: The clouds form an umbrella to protect Ka from the heat ............................... 137 Verse 17: The Pulinds smear themselves with the kukuma from Kas lotus feet ............. 143 Verse 18: Govardhana is hari-dsa-varya ............................... 159 Verse 19: Ka binds the cows with His cowherd ropes ................................................. 175 Verse 20: The gops feel a oneness with Kas pastimes which continuously manifest in their hearts ........ 181 Glossary/Index ........................................................................... 185
r rmad Bhaktivednta Nryaa Gosvm Mahrja
r rmad Bhaktivednta Vmana Gosvm Mahrja
r rmad Bhaktivednta Svm Mahrja
r rmad Bhakti Prajna Keava Gosvm Mahrja
Preface
We feel extremely privileged to present a revised third edition of the Veu-gta, translated from the Hindi commentary written by our beloved Gurudeva o viupda paramahasa parivrjakcrya aottara-ata r rmad Bhaktivednta Nryaa Gosvm Mahrja. The first English edition, which appeared in 1995, was a compilation of the direct transcripts of a series of lectures that our exalted Gurudeva had spoken in English several years before. The Hindi rendition, inspired by the English version, is the result of his deeply studying the commentaries of rla Jva Gosvm and rla Vivantha Cakravart hkura. He was so pleased with the Hindi rendition that he ordered it to be translated into English and published as soon as possible. The second English version, published in September, 1999, flowed much more smoothly than the original and convincingly captured the very charming sentiments stimulated in the hearts of the cowherd damsels of Vraja when they hear the sweetly alluring song of r ymasundaras flute. And now the third edition attempts to refine the language and open up the meanings of the many Sanskrit terms that define the bhakti experience. This book is a beautiful and priceless gift from our venerable Gurudeva to the practicing devotee who is aspiring to do rgnuga-bhajana, service in the mood of spontaneous love. Presenting many delightful descriptions of the moods of the gops who speak the Veu-gta, this sacred text effectively reveals the innocence in the hearts of the Vraja milkmaids, who know only their supernal sweetheart,
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Vrajendra-nandana ymasundara. The vision of this innocence, purity and fervent devotion will surely have a powerful effect on the reader, increasing his faith and instilling in him the desire to seriously cultivate bhakti in the wake of Knas beloveds. The introduction is also significant with its presentation of many authentic proofs that establish the qualification to hear these confidential topics. The conclusion of all these references is that it is actually our duty to hear these discussions from bona fide Vaiavas in our disciplic line, even while we are still plagued with extraneous desires. Indeed, our cryas have informed us that hearing about Kas pastimes with the beautiful damsels of Vraja is theapt medicine for healing the blemished heart. This translation is the fruit of a large cooperative effort. All of us from rla Gurudevas flourishing garden who helped bring this book to press are grateful to have been engaged in this elevated and exhilarating service. Please excuse any mistake that may have slipped by us. We humbly pray at the lotus feet of our beloved and magnanimous Gurudeva, whom r Caitanya Mahprabhu has sent to sprinkle the whole world with sva-bhakti riyam (intimate service to r Rdh), that he will be pleased with this English presentation of his Hindi words. We entreat that very soon he will also fill our hearts, which are harder and drier than any piece of bamboo, with his same deep loving sentiments for the Divine Couple, r r Rdh-Ka Yugala. Awaiting the mercy of r guru-pda-padma, the associated devotees of The Gauya Vednta Publishing Trust
Completed on: 15 March 2009, Gaura-prim
Introduction
rmad-Bhgavatam is a direct manifestation of the Supreme Lord. It is an ambrosial, overflowing ocean of supremely sweet nectarean love (prema-rasa) for the original Supreme Personality of Godhead (Svaya Bhagavn), that is, Vrajendra-nandana r Ka, the personification of divine mellows. Rasika and bhvuka devotees1 absorbed in tasting the beauty of Kas pastimes, always drown in this ocean. rmad-Bhgavatam is the fully ripened, juicy fruit of the desire tree of Vedic literature that comprises the entirety of Indian thought. Within rmad-Bhgavatam, gop-prema, the love of the cowherd maidens of Vraja, has been ascertained to be the ultimate objective. A few towering waves of gop-prema can be seen from the Veu-gta portion of rmad-Bhgavatam. Rasika devotees, who are seasoned in experiencing divine loving sentiments, drown themselves in these waves and even lose all consciousness of their own bodies. Greed to be immersed in this ambrosial ocean sprouts also in the hearts of the faithful devotees who are situated on the shore of this ocean. r Caitanya Mahprabhu, the combined form of rasarja (the King of divine mellows) and mahbhva (the Queen of divine love), resplendent with the sentiment and bodily complexion of r Rdh, relished the nectar of Veu-gta with r Svarpa Dmodara and r Rya Rmnanda in r Gambhra. rla Santana Gosvm and rla Jva Gosvm collected a few drops of this nectar in their commentaries
1 Devotees immersed in upper stages of bhakti and expert in tasting transcendental mellows.
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on rmad-Bhgavatam, entitled Bhad-vaiava-toa and Laghu-vaiava-toa respectively. rla Vivantha Cakravart hkura, through his commentary named Srrtha-darin, has distributed to the whole world that same nectar in the form of remnants of their mahprasda. Some persons believe that unqualified sdhakas (spiritual practitioners) are ineligible to hear, chant or remember the topics of r Veu-gta, r Rsa-pacdhyy, Yugala-gta, Bhramara-gta and so on, as described in the Tenth Canto of rmad-Bhgavatam. This consideration is fully legitimate. But according to their conception, only a sdhaka who has conquered the six urges (lust, anger, etc.), who is free from all anarthas (mean, selfish propensities) and fully purified of the heart disease of lust is eligible to hear such topics, while all others have no right. We will now examine this topic in greater detail. rla Rpa Gosvm, who established and fulfilled the inner hearts desire of r Caitanya Mahprabhu, composed r Bhakti-rasmta-sindhu, r Ujjvala-nlamai and other sacred texts. rla Kadsa Kavirja Gosvm composed r Caitanya-caritmta. While writing, they were deeply concerned that these confidential texts on rasa (transcen dental loving exchanges) should not fall into the hands of unqualified persons. If this should occur, it could present a great disturbance to the world. A glimpse of this topic is found in r Caitanya-caritmta (di-ll 4.231), as stated by rla Kadsa Kavirja Gosvm: e saba siddhnta gha kahite n yuyya n kahile, keha ihra anta nhi pya ataeva kahi kichu kari nigha bujhibe rasika bhakta, n bujhibe mha
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hdaye dharaye ye caitanya-nitynanda e-saba siddhnte sei pibe nanda e saba siddhnta haya mrera pallava bhakta-gaa-kokilera sarvad vallabha abhakta-urera ithe n haya pravea tabe citte haya mora nanda-viea ye lgi kahite bhaya, se yadi n jne ih vai kib sukha che tribhuvane ataeva bhakta-gae kari nmaskra niake kahiye, tra hauk camatkra
The esoteric and confidential conclusions regarding the amorous pastimes of rasarja r Ka with the gops (the cowherd maidens of Vraja who embody the highest sentiments of divine love) are not fit to be disclosed to the common ordinary man. But without revealing them, no one can enter into this topic. I shall, therefore, describe these topics in a concealed manner so that only rasika devotees will be able to understand, whereas ineligible fools will not. Anyone who has established r Caitanya Mahprabhu and r Nitynanda Prabhu in his heart will attain transcendental bliss by hearing all these conclusions. This entire doctrine is as sweet as newly grown mango sprouts, which can be relished only by devotees, who are likened to cuckoo birds. For the camel-like non-devotees, there is no possibility of admittance into these topics. Therefore, there is special jubilation in my heart. If those whom I fear are themselves unable to comprehend these topics, then what could be a greater source of happiness in all the three worlds? Therefore, after offering obeisances to the devotees, I am revealing this subject without any hesitation.
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By reading and hearing these topics, everyone can attain the highest benefit. rla Kadsa Kavirja Gosvm has clarified this topic by quoting the following verse from rmad-Bhgavatam (10.33.36): anugrahya bhaktn mnua deham sthita bhajate td kr y rutv tat-paro bhavet
In order to bestow mercy upon the devotees as well as the conditioned souls, Bhagavn r Ka manifests His human-like form and performs such extraordinary pastimes (rsa-ll) that anyone who hears them becomes exclusively devoted unto Him. (quoted in Caitanyacaritmta, di-ll 4.34).
Here Kadsa Kavirja points out that the verb bhavet in this verse is in the imperative mood. This means it is compulsory for the lto hear such pastimes, as explained in the following verse from Caitanya-caritmta (di-ll 4.35): bhavet kriy vidhili, sei ih kaya kartavya avaya ei, anyath pratyavya
In this verse bhavet is in the imperative mood. Therefore, this certainly must be done. To not do so would be a discrepancy.
For the information of the reader, I am referring here to rla Jva Gosvms Vaiava-toa commentary on the above quoted rmad-Bhgavatam verse (10.33.36). The words anugrahya bhaktn mnua deham sthita indicate that the Supreme Lord r Ka appears in His original human-like form and performs various pastimes in order to bestow favor upon His devotees. Therefore, although r Ka is satisfied in Himself (pta-kma), His display of
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kindness toward the devotees is quite appropriate. This is the distinctive characteristic of viuddha-sattva (pure spiritual goodness). The Lord is always prepared to reward the devotees with a result consistent with their performance of bhajana (worshipful service). The favor shown toward King Rahgaa by r Jaa Bharata and the Lords favor toward ukadeva Gosvm illustrate this. In the verse under discussion, it is said that the Lord manifests His form and pastimes in order to bestow favor upon His devotees. The word bhakta (devotee) used here refers to the vraja-devs (the gops), the Vrajavss (the residents of Vraja) and all other Vaiavas past, present and future. In order to bestow favor upon the vraja-devs, the Supreme Godhead r Ka lovingly engages in such pastimes as prva-rga (the loving attachment experienced in anticipation of meeting Ka). To bestow mercy upon all the residents of Vraja, He enacts His birth and other pastimes, and by all His activities He bestows favor upon past, present and future devotees through the medium of hearing narrations of His divine pastimes. r Ka manifests all these pastimes to benefit the devotees. By doing so, even ordinary persons (other than the devotees) who hear even the more common of the Lords pastimes become fully intent on the Lord. Therefore, by hearing the supremely ambrosial rsa-ll, r Kas circle dance with millions of gops, such persons will certainly become exclusively devoted to the Lord of this there can be no doubt. This fact will be elaborately discussed in sub sequent verses, such as vikrita vraja-vadhbhir ida ca vio (rmad-Bhgavatam 10.33.39). The words mnua deham sthita may also indicate that those jvas who have attained the human form of life are able to hear all these pastimes, and thus they become exclusively
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devoted to the Supreme Lord. This is so because the Lord incarnates exclusively on the earthly planets, and it is here only that worship of the Lord takes on its predominant form. Consequently, the human beings residing on the earthly planets may easily hear these narrations of the Lords pastimes. We find the word bhaktnm (for the devotees) in this verse, but in some other editions, the word bhtnm (for all living entities) is found in its place. In the first case, the purport is that the Lord incarnates only for the sake of the devotees, who are thus the root cause of the Lords appearance. But the Lord also appears in His original human-like form in order to bestow His favor upon the liberated souls, the aspirants for liberation, sense enjoyers, and all other living entities in accordance with their relationship with His devotees. The Lords compassion is therefore said to be the cause of His appearance. Nevertheless, it must be understood that the Lords favor toward other living entities is due only to their relationship with His devotees. In his Bhgavatam commentary known as Bhvrthadpik, rla rdhara Svm has written that, what to speak of the devotees, even materialistic persons are freed from their material absorption by hearing the Lords pastimes, and thus they become exclusively fixed upon Him. rla Vivantha Cakravart hkura explains this verse in his commentary known as Srrtha-darin: The Lord performs varieties of pastimes to show favor to His devotees. Coming in the human form of life, living entities who hear these pastimes become exclusively devoted unto the Lord. In other words, they develop firm faith in hearing the narrations of the Lords activities. What more shall I say about the importance of hearing about Kas pastimes ? And this rsa-ll, being fully imbued with mdhurya-rasa (the mellow of amorous love), is eminently distinguished even from the
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Lords other pastimes. Like a jewel, a mantra or a powerful medicine, this rsa-ll is endowed with such indisputable, astonishing potency that by hearing it, all persons in the human form become devoted to the Supreme Lord. Therefore, all varieties of devotees who hear the descriptions of these pastimes will become successful and obtain supreme pleasure. Can there be any doubt about this? Also, we may cite verse 10.33.30 from rmad-Bhgavatam: naitat samcarej jtu manaspi hy anvara vinayaty caran mauhyd yathrudro bdhija viam
In other words, those who are not the Supreme Lord, who are powerless and subjected to karma, should never imitate the Lords pastimes even within their minds. If anyone foolishly imitates Lord iva by drinking the poison generated from the ocean, he will certainly be destroyed.
The gist of rla Jva Gosvms and rla Vivantha Cakravart hkuras commentaries on this verse is that living entities who are subservient to the material body and who are anvara bereft of the controlling potency of the Supreme Lord should never behave in such a way as to imitate the Lord. What to speak of actually transgressing religious codes as the Lord seems to do in His pastimes, one should not entertain even the desire to do so. The word samcaraa (behavior), when divided into its constituent parts (samyak and caraa), signifies complete behavior. Here it has been used to indicate total prohibition of such activity. Therefore, the purport is that such behavior should not be adopted even to the slightest extent. What to speak of performing such activities through speech or the senses, one should not even mentally conceive of such activities for oneself.
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The word hi indicates that this certainly must not be done. If one were to behave in that way, he would be completely destroyed. The significance of the word mauhyd (stupidity) is that if anyone, being ignorant of the Lords omnipotence and his own incompetence, foolishly adopts such behavior, he will be utterly ruined. Just as if anyone other than Lord iva were to foolishly consume deadly poison, instantaneously he would be killed. But Lord iva, in spite of drinking poison, is not destroyed; to the contrary, he attains even greater fame and splendor as Nla-kaha, he whose throat turned blue from drinking poison. Here in this verse, imitation of such behavior has been prohibited, yet in the verse already cited (rmad-Bhgavatam 10.33.36) y rutv tat-paro bhavet it is evident that not only devotees but even others who faithfully hear these pastimes will become fully devoted to the Supreme Lord. This has been further explained in the following verse from rmad-Bhgavatam (10.33.39): vikrita vraja-vadhbhir ida ca vio raddhnvito nuuyd atha varayed ya bhakti par bhagavati pratilabhya kma hd-rogam v apahinoty acirea dhra
A sober person who in the beginning faithfully and continuously hears from his guru the narrations of r Kas unprecedented rsa dance with the young brides (gops) of Vraja, and later describes those pastimes, very soon attains par-bhakti, or prema-bhakti (supreme loving devotion), for the Supreme Lord, and thus becomes competent to quickly dispel the heart disease of lust.
Here, rla Jva Gosvm comments in Vaiava-toa: Having concluded the narration of the rsa-ll, ukadeva
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Gosvm became deeply immersed in spiritual ecstasy. In this verse, he describes the fruits of hearing and chanting the rsa-ll and thus benedicts all future listeners and reciters. Those who incessantly and faithfully hear Kas rsall with the young brides of Vraja, and later repeat those pastimes, quickly attain par-bhakti toward Bhagavn r Ka and thus relinquish the heart disease of lust. raddhnvita means to hear with firm faith. This word has been used to prevent the offense that results from mistrust or disregard of the statements of stra (authorized Vedic scriptures). Such negative temperament is in complete opposition to the principle of hearing with faith. It has also been used to promote constant hearing; by its use the importance of hearing has been pointed out. The words atha varayed indicate that after continuously hearing the rsa-ll along with other special pastimes, one will personally describe those pastimes. By indirect implication, it is further indicated that after hearing and reciting, one will also remember those pastimes and take great delight in them. In other words, hearing, chanting, remembering, experiencing delight and so on are all implied by the words raddhnvita anuuyt atha varayed (to hear repeatedly with faith and then describe). Par-bhakti (supreme devotion) means bhakti which follows in the wake of the gops of Vraja. Therefore, the bhakti referred to here is prema-bhakti of the highest category. The word pratilabhya (obtained), together with the word par-bhakti (possessing the distinctive characteristics of prema), indicates that first par-bhakti is obtained within the heart, displaying all its unending varieties at every moment. Thereafter one quickly gives up the heart disease of lust. The difference between kma (material lust) as a disease of the heart and kma (spiritual love) in relationship to the Supreme Lord is made clear. These two are quite distinct from
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each other. The word kma here indirectly implies that all diseases of the heart will quickly be dispelled by spiritual love. In Bhagavad-gt (18.54), it is said: One who is situated in the transcendental position beyond the contamination of the three modes of nature, who is fully satisfied in the self, who neither laments nor hankers for anything, and who looks impartially upon all living beings, attains par-bhakti unto Me. In this verse from Gt, it is said that one attains parbhakti only after the disappearance of the diseases of the heart; yet in the rmad-Bhgavatam verse quoted above, it is said that one attains par-bhakti even before their departure. Consequently, it is understood that hearing and chanting of rsa-ll is one of the most powerful forms of spiritual practice. rla Vivantha Cakravart hkura discusses the same verse (10.33.39) in his Srrtha-darin commentary: The prefix anu (repeatedly or methodically) when applied to uyt (to hear) indicates constant hearing. By continuously hearing from the lips of the ravaa-guru2 and Vaiavas, and thereafter reciting, narrating or describing those pastimes in poetry of ones own composition, one attains par-bhakti that bhakti which is of the nature of prema. After hearing instructions from the ravaa-guru, the person from whom one hears about the fundamental truths of Bhagavn, a desire may arise to engage in bhajana. The suffix ktv has been used in the formation of the verb pratilabhya (obtained) in this way: prati + labh + ktv. According to the rules of Sanskrit grammar, when the suffix ktv is applied to a verbal root with a prefix, it is replaced by yap. Then the letter p is dropped and thus the final form of the word pratilabhya is obtained. The suffix ktv is applied to the first of two verbs performed by the same
2 That guru from whom one hears the fundamental truths and confidential aspects of bhakti, and who instills the desire to enter bhajana. Often the same as the bhajana-ik-guru. XX
agent to show successive action (i.e., having attained prema, he relinquishes all lusty desires of the heart). In this case, the first action is pratilabhya, the attainment of prema, and the second action is apahinoti, renunciation of the lusty desires of the heart. Therefore, the suffix ktv in the verb pratilabhya indicates that although lust and other evils still remain within the heart, prema-bhakti first enters the heart and by its extraordinary influence destroys all vices to the root. In other words, hearing and reciting rsa-ll possesses such astonishing power that the lust in the heart of the faithful sdhaka is destroyed, and he attains prema. Though these two take place simultaneously, the influence of prema manifests first and then, through its effect, all lusty desires of the heart are dissipated. Thus, as a result of hearing and chanting the narrations of the Lords pastimes, one first attains prema for the Lords lotus feet and thereafter ones heart is liberated from lusty desires and all other contamination. Thus one becomes perfectly pure, because prema is not feeble like the processes of jna (the pursuit of knowledge which leads to impersonal liberation) and yoga. Bhakti is all-powerful and supremely independent. The words hd-roga-kma indicate the difference between lusty desires of the heart and the kma in relationship to the Supreme Lord. Kma which is in relationship to the Supreme Lord is of the very nature of the nectar of prema, whereas the lusty desires of the heart are exactly the opposite. Therefore, these two attitudes are distinct from each other. This is substantiated by use of the words hd-roga-kma. The word dhra means paita, or one who is learned in the scriptures. One who refuses to accept the claim of this verse and thinks, As long as the disease of lust remains in the heart, prema cannot be obtained, is said to possess
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an atheistic temperament. One who is free from such a foolish, nihilistic mentality is known as a paita, or sober person (dhra). Consequently, only those who have firm faith in the stra are known as dhra. Those who have no faith in the statements of the stras are atheists and offenders to the holy name. Such persons can never attain prema. Consequently, in the hearts of the sdhakas who firmly believe in the statements of the stra, faith arises by hearing rsa-ll and other narrations. Only in the hearts of such faithful devotees does prema manifest its influence as a result of hearing narrations of Kas activities. Thereafter, lust and all evils present within the hearts of the devotees are destroyed to the root. rla Vivantha Cakravart hkuras commentary on rmd-Bhgavatam (10.47.59) is also relevant to this discussion. There it is stated that bhakti is the only cause of superior qualities found in any individual. Austerities, learning, knowledge and so on are not the cause of superior qualities. Although bhakti is itself of the highest excellence, it does not appear only in the most exceptional individuals endowed with all good qualities. On the contrary, it may manifest or remain even in the most condemned and vile persons. Furthermore, it causes thoroughly wretched and fallen persons to attain all good qualities, to become worthy of the respect of all, and to attain the highest and most rare association. For this reason, the opinion that Bhakti-dev enters the heart only after all base propensities and desires (anarthas), offenses, lust and other diseases of the heart have been eradicated is not appropriate. On the contrary, by the mercy of the Supreme Lord or the devotees, or by faithfully executing sdhana and bhajana (daily practices of worshiping and meditating on the Lord to achieve love of Ka), this rare bhakti enters the heart first, and then all unwanted
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tendencies are automatically dissipated. This conclusion is thoroughly agreeable. Therefore, faithful sdhakas, with firm belief in the statements of stra, guru and Vaiavas, are eligible to hear the narrations from rmad-Bhgavatam, which are saturated with nectar. And those who believe that only sdhakas who are completely free from all anarthas are eligible to hear the above-mentioned pastimes will neither become free from anarthas nor obtain eligibility to hear even after millions of births. Another point to consider is that if this argument is accepted, then we sdhakas who are still affected by anarthas, although possessing faith, could never read or hear the sacred books of rasika Gauya Vaiava cryas (leading spiritual preceptors) like rla Santana Gosvm, rla Rpa Gosvm, rla Vivantha Cakravart hkura and rla Bhaktivinoda hkura. This means that we would be forever deprived of the extremely confidential and elevated truths of bhakti expressed by these cryas. There would be no possibility that the sprout of greed for rgnug-bhakti (spontaneous devotion) would ever be awakened in our hearts. We would be forever cheated of that which was not previously given, the prema-rasa of the most munificent r ac-nandana, He who bestows ka-prema. What, then, would distinguish the r Gauya Vaiavas who have taken shelter of r Caitanya Mahprabhu from Vaiavas of other disciplic lines (sampradyas)? A third point to consider is this. r Caitanya-caritmta (Madhya-ll 8.70) quotes this verse from Padyval: ka-bhakti-rasa-bhvit mati kryat yadi kutopi labhyate tatra laulyam api mlyam ekala janma-koi-suktair na labhyate
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Here, the words laulyam api mlyam ekalam (indeed the only price is greed) indicate that this supremely rare greed cannot be aroused even by pious activities accumulated over millions and millions of births. Then how can this greed be obtained? The words ka-bhakti-rasa-bhvit mati indicate one whose intelligence or perception has been awakened toward ka-bhakti-rasa, nectar-filled loving service to Ka. Here, the implication is that by faithfully hearing the narrations of r Kas pastimes saturated with rasa from the lips of rasika Vaiavas in whom ka-bhakti-rasa has arisen, or by faithfully and attentively studying the literatures related to the pastimes of r Ka composed by them, this greed may be obtained. Besides this, there is no other means. Some maintain that at present no sdhaka exists who is completely free from anarthas and that therefore no one is eligible, nor in the future will anyone be eligible. This argument is completely illogical. Freedom from lust and all other anarthas in and of itself is not the qualification for entrance into rgnug-bhakti. On the contrary, greed awakened towards the Lords mdhurya (sweetness) is the sole qualification for entrance into rgnug-bhakti. Nor is there any certainty that by routine observance of the limbs of vaidh-bhakti (following rules and regulations) alone, greed toward rgnug-bhakti will automatically awaken. There is no evidence of this anywhere. Therefore, our highest obligation is to follow the purport of the commentaries of the previous cryas to the above-mentioned verses of rmadBhgavatam. It is by the inspiration of His Divine Grace rla gurupda-padma nitya-ll-pravia o viupda aottara-ata r rmad Bhakti Prajna Keava Gosvm Mahrja and the repeated solicitation of many bumblebee-like devotees that I am presenting r Veu-gta to the readers, along with a
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purport to the commentaries of rla Cakravart hkura and rla Jva Gosvm named Srrtha-darin and r Vaiavatoa respectively. By reading this subject with full faith, the greed to enter into rgnug-bhakti will certainly sprout in the hearts of the faithful devotees. This itself is the very purpose of human life. Having expounded upon every point, I end the discussion here. Praying for a drop of mercy from r Guru and the Vaiavas,
r Bhaktivednta Nryaa
Tridai-bhiku
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r r guru gaurgau jayata
Magalcaraa
nama o viupdya gaura-prehya bhtale r-rmad-bhakti-prajna-keava iti nmine atimartya-caritrya sva-ritn ca pline jva-dukhe sadrttya r-nma-prema-dyine gaurraya-vigrahya ka-kmaika-crie rpnuga-pravarya vinodeti-svarpie
I offer prama unto my most worshipable holy master jagad-guru o viupda aottara-ata r rmad Bhakti Prajna Keava Gosvm Mahrja, who is very dear to r Caitanya Mahprabhu, who nurtures with extreme divine affection as a parental guardian those who take shelter of him, whose heart is always melting with compassion to see the sufferings of the jvas who are turned away from r Ka, who is bestowing upon them the holy name along with prema, who is the manifestation of the receptacle of Mahprabhus prema, who is the topmost preacher of prema-bhakti in the line of rla Rpa Gosvm, and whose name is Vinoda because he is very skillful in giving pleasure (vinoda) to Vinodin Rdhik and to Mahprabhu.
vivasya ntha rpo sau bhakti-vartma-pradarant bhakta-cakre varttitatvt cakravartty khyaya bhavat
Because he illuminates the path of bhakti for the whole world (just like Vivantha Mahdeva, Lord iva, the best of devotees), he is known as Vivantha. Because he has
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attained the foremost position among the community of devotees, he is known as Cakravart. Therefore, he is worthy of being called Vivantha Cakravart. (The word cakra means circle or wheel and vart means to reside. Thus, cakravart means one who resides in a circle or community. In this case the word vart also conveys the sense of an axis or axle around which a wheel rotates. Thus, cakravart is that person who is the axis around whom the Vaiava community revolves.)
r caitanya manobha sthpita yena bhtale svaya rpa kad mahya dadti sva-padntikam
When will r Rpa Gosvm, the dear associate of r Caitanya Mahprabhu, bestow upon me the shelter of his lotus feet? He has established ka-prema, love of Ka, and the method for obtaining it in this world, thus fulfilling the inner hearts desire of r Caitanya Mahprabhu.
vch-kalpatarubya ca kp-sindhubhya eva ca patitn pvanebhyo vaiavebhyo namo nama

I bow down again and again unto the Vaiavas who are just like desire trees, who are an ocean of mercy, and who deliver the fallen, conditioned souls.
veu-nda-sudh-vy nikramayyokti mdhurm ys na pyaymsa kas t eva no gati

By the shower of nectar in the form of His flute song, r Ka, who enjoys dallying in Vraja, has caused His dear-most vraja-gops to release a flow of sweet words incited by their unrestrained prema. He has thus bestowed upon us the good fortune of drinking the statements of those cowherd maidens, who are our one and only shelter.
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namo mah-vadnyya ka-prema-pradya te kya ka-caitanya-nmne gaura-tvie nama

The supremely munificent r Ka Caitanya is bestowing that precious gift of ka-prema, which is rare even for the demigods. He is r Gopjana-vallabha, r Ka Himself, the lover of the gops, now resplendent with a golden complexion, having assumed the sentiment and bodily effulgence of rmat Rdhik. I reverently bow down before r Gaurga Mahprabhu.
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Verse One
r-uka uvca ittha arat-svaccha-jala padmkara-sugandhin nyaviad vyun vta sa-go-goplako cyuta r-uka uvca r ukadeva Gosvm (or riya uka, the very dear parrot of rmat Rdhik) said; ittha in this way; arat autumn season; svaccha clear; jala water; padmkara lotus flowers are blossoming in the lakes, ponds and rivers such as the Yamun, Kusuma-sarovara, Mnas Gag, Govinda-kua, etc.; sugandhin full of sweet fragrance; nyaviat He entered; vyun by the cool and fragrant breeze; vta carrying; sa with; go the cows; goplaka and the cowherd boys; acyuta the infallible Nanda-nandana ymasundara.
Translation
r ukadeva Gosvm (rmat Rdhiks very dear parrot) said, O Mahrja Parkit, r Vndvana, now exquisitely decorated by the autumn season, became even more splendid. The lakes, ponds and rivers were filled to capacity with clear, sweet water. Gently blowing, aromatic breezes carried the mild, sweet fragrance of blossoming lotus flowers from the lakes. In this pleasing atmosphere the infallible Nanda-nandana r Ka entered the immensely
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Veu - gta, The Song of Kas Flute

alluring Vndvana forest, accompanied by His cows and the gopas, His cowherd friends.
nanda-varddhin Vykhy The Commentary that Increases Pleasure

In the previous chapter3 the crown jewel of swan-like devotees, r ukadeva Gosvm, gave an enchanting description of Vndvanas autumnal splendor. In the present chapter he describes Kas gallivanting in the forest in autumn. Ordinarily the six seasons summer, rainy, autumn, winter, misty and spring come and go one after another. In the summertime all the living beings are oppressed by the fierce rays of the sun, and the grass, trees and plants generally shrivel up. Ponds, lakes, pools and other reservoirs also begin to go dry, and the currents of the rivers dramatically slow down. With the advent of the rainy season all the lakes fill to the brim and start overflowing, and the flooding rivers acquire a fearsome aspect. Everywhere the water becomes muddy; the trees fill up with new green leaves; and the clouds float throughout the sky, sometimes sprinkling softly and sometimes raining in torrents. As soon as autumn arrives, the ponds, lakes and rivers naturally become clear. All the flowers bloom due to the nectar-filled autumn moon-rays. The full moon, surrounded by countless stars, rises in the cloudless sky. And the heart overflows with waves of new, joyful feelings. This is why Ka danced in the rsa-maala arena and enjoyed so many other activities with the vraja-ramas4 in Vndvana during autumn.
3 rmad-Bhgavatam, Chapter 20. 4 Ramas shy young girls who are expert in the various skills for awakening sweet amorous emotions, the sight of whose faces gladdens the heart.
Verse One
r ukadeva Gosvm also describes the beauty of Vndvana in the winter and misty seasons in various other passages. And in the spring all the trees, plants, animals, birds and human beings are infused with new life, exhibiting fresh feelings of elation. The trees and plants sprout new leaves and shoots, and the people blissfully sing Holi and other songs. At this time it seems that the land of Vraja is decorated like a bride. Vndvana-dhma is a most transcendental, miraculous and astonishing place where the unique splendor of spring, the charmingly sweet queen of all seasons, reigns perennially and where a velvety carpet of luxuriant green grass is always rolled out. The entire atmosphere is pervaded with both transcendental bliss and the intoxication of youth. These combine to create a kingdom of ever-increasing joy which casts a magical spell on the body and mind. The auspicious arrival of autumn smashes the pride of the unyielding clouds of the rainy season. At that time the whole atmosphere swings with joy a green luster is reflected everywhere, and new leaves and flowers appear on the trees, which are filled with sweetly chirping birds. The rivers, streams, ponds, reservoirs and waterfalls contain pure sweet water. Their waves seem to be playing with one another and running after each other as if desiring to be kissed. Many colored lotuses blossom in all the ponds and rivers, and the branches of the trees are also laden with fully bloomed and delightfully fragrant camp, camel, bel and jh (frangipani and varieties of jasmine). Intoxicated bees relish the nectar of these flowers, and the ponds, rivers and hills of the forest resonate with their melodious humming. Carrying the weight of the sweetly intoxicating fragrance, the gentle breeze collides into the branches of the trees and loses its balance.
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rla ukadeva Gosvm was filled with bliss as he described r Kas autumn dalliance and said: ittha aratsvaccha-jala padmkara-sugandhin. Mahrja Parkit, I have described only a fraction of the unparalleled beauty of Vndvana, which becomes especially splendid with the onset of autumn. On seeing the previously described loveliness of Vndvana at this time, r Ka, the performer of unlimited pastimes, becomes very pleased. To stroll in the forest and see more of her beauty, He enters Vndvana with His multitudes of cows and cowherd friends. With the advent of autumn the waters of Kusuma-sarovara, Pvana-sarovara, Mnasa Gag, the Yamun and the other forest lakes spontaneously become crystal clear. The current of the rivers slows down, their mood turns grave, and their waves also become subdued. The lakes and rivers are elaborately beautified with the blossoming of countless varieties of lotuses, lilies and other flowers. The gentle breeze blows with the wonderful fragrance of these flowers and permeates all of Vndvana. The infallible Acyuta5 r Ka, who never deviates from His nature, became filled with supreme bliss upon entering Vndvana.
5 Acyuta who never diverges from His constitutional qualities, especially His mercy, His beauty and His sweet pastimes; who never fails to keep His word and to please His devotees.
Verse Two
kusumita-vanarji-umi-bhgadvija-kula-ghua-sara-sarin-mahdhram madhupatir avaghya crayan g saha-pau-pla-bala cukja veum kusumita completely filled with beautiful flowers; vanarji amidst the rows of trees of the forest; umi maddened; bhga bees; dvija of birds; kula and flocks; ghua resounding; sara-sarin its lakes, ponds and rivers; mahdhram Govardhana, Nandvara and other hills; madhupati akhila-rasmta-sindhu r Ka (Here madhu means rasa. Madhu-pati therefore refers to rasika-ekhara Ka, who is the ocean of nectar of all the rasas. Madhu also means vasanta, who is enjoyed by Ka.); avaghya entering; crayan grazing; g the cows; saha-pau-pla-bala in the company of the cows, the cowherd boys and His elder brother Balarma; cukja vibrated; veum His flute.
Translation
Intoxicated bees were humming here and there amidst the rows of lush green trees filled with colorful, sweetsmelling flowers. All the lakes, rivers and hills of the forest resounded with the melodious singing of flocks of many kinds of birds as they flew from place to place. Madhu-pati r Ka, accompanied by Baladeva and the cowherd boys,

entered Vndvana and, while taking the cows for grazing, vibrated a mellow sweet tune upon His alluring flute.

The natural beauty of the land of Vndvana is beyond description. And it becomes even more exquisite and delightful upon the auspicious arrival of Vrajarja-nandana with His cows and cowherd friends. Kusumita-vanarji the many different trees and creepers fill up with soft, newly blossomed leaves, flowers and fruits. And why should it be otherwise? Just as the bee is the only enjoyer of a flowers honey, madhu-pati r Ka is the sole enjoyer and the supreme stock-keeper of the honey of all the rasas. Vasanta, the spring season, is also madhu (honey) for her pati (beloved master) r Ka, who is the recognized object of her service. Therefore, it is not strange that Vndvana enhances her beauty in welcoming Him, her revered lord and master. As soon as Vrajendra-nandana r Ka enters Vndvana, the trees, creepers, animals and birds all blossom with delight. As one watches this scene unfold, it is very hard to discern whether the forest flourishes because of the blossoming flowers or whether the trees are in ecstasy because of the lushness of the forest. r ukadeva Gosvm quoted the gops: jayati te dhik janman vraja rayata indir avad atra hi. Before Kas appearance in Vraja, the goddess of fortune Lakm-dev personally came to Vndvana and decorated her in various ways to facilitate Kas playing there. It seems that the entire forest is beautifully embellished in every way, ready to welcome Him. Describing the beauty of autumn in Vndvana, r ukadeva Gosvm said: umi-bhga-dvija-kula-ghua6
Verse Two
sara sarin-mahdhram. Different varieties of jasmine (bel and jh) and many other types of flowers are blossoming here, there and everywhere. Their fragrance reaches far and wide, inviting the bees to taste their honey. Swarms and swarms of humming bees are attracted to sit on the lovely flowers, and after drinking nectar they find other flowers to taste. In this way, drinking nectar full up to the neck, they become intoxicated and sing. It appears as if Vana-dev, the goddess of the forest, is welcoming the arrival of madhupati r Ka with their humming. On hearing the bees, how can the parrots, the many kinds of cuckoos, and other birds remain quiet? They also join in with their chirping and drown in ecstasy. Absorbed in bliss, they fly hither and thither from one tree to another and from one branch to the next, causing the whole of Vndvana to resonate with the sound of their singing. The combination of the humming of the bees and the singing of the birds creates an unparalleled, soft, sweet musical symphony which reverberates throughout all the ponds, lakes and hills of Vndvana. Ka, the son of the king of the cowherds, along with His friends and elder brother Dj, enters Vndvana on the excuse of taking the cows for grazing, but actually He comes only to drink Vndvanas enchanting beauty. Hearing the humming of the bees and the harmonious chirping of the parrots, cuckoos and other birds, Ka begins dancing with joy. In order to see the beauty of the various forests, He strolls from one to another, accompanied by His countless friends and cows. The innumerable flowers decorating the luxuriant forest grounds increase in number upon Kas entrance, and their fragrance becomes even more attractive. Seeing the dancing of the maddened peacocks and hearing the singing of the birds, Ka, in His charmingly crooked tri-bhagalalita (threefold bending) pose, leans against a branch of a delighted kadamba tree in the forest on the bank of the River
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Yamun. He holds the flute to His soft lips, places His blue lotus-bud-like fingers on the holes of the flute and vibrates a mellow tune. Saha-pau-pla-bala cukja veum Dma, rdm, Vasudm, Subala and the rest of His friends, along with Duj, also play their flutes, horns and other musical instruments in harmony with Kas flute. The entire Vndvana begins vibrating with musical sounds. All moving and nonmoving beings become spellbound upon hearing this sweetly enchanting music. At that time an indescribable stream of bliss never before experienced flows through Vndvana.
Verse Three
tad vraja-striya rutya veu-gta smarodayam kcit paroka kasya sva-sakhbhyo nvavarayan tad that; vraja-striya the young girls (kiors) of Vraja; rutya having heard; veu-gta the song of the flute (veu-nda); smara-udayam bhva of kma, arousing an intense desire to meet with Ka; kcit one of them; paroka privately (Hundreds and thousands of gops gathered together in a secluded place with no one else present, not even Ka, the gops mothers-in-law or any other family members.); kasya of Ka (His beloved gops); sva-sakhbhyo to their intimate companions; anuavarayan continuously described (the tad-tmika gops describing r Ka as befits Him).
Translation
When the vraja-kiors, the fresh young maidens of Vraja, heard that sound of r ymasundaras flute, feelings of love and an intense desire to meet with Him were aroused in their hearts. In a secluded place they described to their intimate companions r Kas beauty and qualities and the powerful influence of His flute.
Verse Four
tad varayitum rabdh smarantya ka-ceitam nakan smara-vegena vikipta-manaso npa tad that (the sweetness of Kas flute); varayitum to describe; rabdh beginning; smarantya remembering (ymasundaras qualities churning within their minds); kaceitam Kas pastimes (which attract the hearts of all); na aakan they were incapable; smara-vegena by the force of kma came the ardent desire to meet with Ka; vikipta agitated; manasa whose minds; npa O King Parkit.
Translation
O King Parkit, the vraja-ramas, the beautiful young damsels of Vraja, certainly wanted to discuss among themselves the sweetness of the sound of r Kas flute, but as soon as they remembered the veu, immediately the vision of their beloveds charming pastimes, His compelling glance filled with love, His beckoning eyebrows, His sweet smiles and His other attractive features manifested in their hearts. Vrajendra-nandana ymasundara, who charms even Cupid, churned their minds with His qualities, and their hearts were set aflutter with an intense desire to meet with Him. They completely lost control of their minds, which at once went
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Verses Three and Four

to join their beloved r Ka. How could the cowherd girls speak now? Thus they were unable to describe Him.

In Vndvana, on the bank of the Yamun embellished with delightful trees and creepers, Ka was standing in His graceful tri-bhaga-lalita pose. Leaning on one of the bent branches of a blossoming kadamba tree, He struck a lovely note on His flute. Immersed in supreme bliss, all the moving and non-moving beings became oblivious to their bodies and all bodily connections. The enchanting veu-nda, the mellifluous melody of the flute,6 was not able to confine its sweetness to its place in the forest, but came dancing out on the breeze, going from house to house in Vraja. It entered the ears of all the Vrajavss, causing waves of emotions to surge up in their hearts. Vndvana is the natural fountainhead of all varieties of transcendental loving sentiments (bhvas). From the men and women to the birds, animals and insects, and even the trees, creepers and unconscious entities such as the hills, lakes and rivers all are filled with loving emotions. According to the level of their bhvas, they taste the nectar of the unprecedented, condensed sweetness of Vrajendranandana ymsundara, the son of the king of Vraja, who is the embodiment of supreme pleasure. Just as the thundering of clouds causes masses of water from the unlimited, unfathomable ocean to inundate the shores, in the same way
6 A sound so inconceivably and startlingly sweet that it sets the head spinning and changes the intrinsic nature of all beings, both living and nonliving.
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the sweet veu-nda of the cloud-like nava-kiora naavara r Ka, the ever-youthful expert dancer, churns up the ocean of loving sentiments in the hearts of the Vrajavss. Vraja-bhmi is full with four kinds of moods dsya (servitorship), sakhya (friendship), vtsalya (parental affec tion) and madhurya (amorous love) with sakhya, vtsalya and madhurya predominating among the majority of its residents. rdm, Subala and the other cowherd boys in sakhya-bhva regard Ka as their friend, and by this bhva taste His sweetness. Nanda Bb and Yaod M lovingly look after Ka with vtsalya-bhva, and in the same mood the other elder gopas and gops also think of r Ka as their own son. In this way they taste the charm of Kas childhood.r Rdh, Candrval and all the other young wives of the gopas think of Ka as the love of their life, and relish the beauty of the youthful kiora Ka in madhuryabhva. Whenever the people of Vraja come in contact with r Ka in any way, either by seeing His beauty and pastimes, touching Him, hearing His sweet voice or listening to Him play on the flute, loving sentiments are stirred up in their hearts like waves in the sea. Both internally and externally they become emotionally flooded. All the cows of Vraja have vtsalya-bhva, motherly affection, for Ka. That is why touching Ka, seeing Him or hearing the veu-nda causes their hearts, which are an ocean of vtsalya-rasa, to swell with many rising waves. Streams of milk flow from the cows udders, flooding the forest lands. In addition, the trees, animals, rivers and hills, although they may not have a special relationship like vtsalya or sakhya-bhva, also nurture deep feelings for Ka. On hearing His veu-nda or by having even the slightest connection with Him in any way, they immediately become thrilled with joy and their hairs stand on end.
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In autumn, Nanda-nandana (Ka, the son of Nanda Mahrja), desiring to roam in the incomparably beautiful lush forest of r Vndvana, plays the flute so enchantingly that it makes the hearts of the Vrajavss fill with a joy never experienced before. Surpassing even this, indescribable new waves of blissful emotions rise within the hearts of the vrajavadhs, the young brides of Vraja. At the time of the veunda, new bhvas are surely stimulated in Nanda-nandanas own heart as well, since He is naturally the superlative crown jewel of enjoyers of rasa (transcendental loving exchanges). This is true especially now, when Vndvana is extremely picturesque in the radiantly beautiful autumn, with Ka manifesting the sweet juncture of two ages paugaa (childhood) just giving way to nava-kiora (early adolescence). When He comes from His fathers palace, Nanda Bhavan, to roam in the forest, the vraja-vadhs peep from their windows and from behind the trees and creepers, their eyes thirsty for a glimpse of Ka. Who can claim that the convergence of all these elements and sweet memories does not arouse in the heart of r Nanda-nandana an intense longing to meet with the young brides? When Ka starts playing the veu, everyone experiences supreme bliss in the heart, but in the vraja-vadhs the bhva ocean of their hearts leaps in a special way. They begin singing to each other, glorifying the sweetness of that veu-nda. Tad vraja-striya rutya veugta smarodayam When the vraja-kiors hear the sound of r ymasundaras flute, feelings of love and an intense desire to meet with Him are aroused in their hearts. rmat Rdhik, Candrval and the other vraja-ramas are the same age as r Ka. They have frolicked with Him throughout their tender years without any hesitation or discrimination. Therefore, a deep affection exists between them. Indeed, the gops cannot live without Ka. In their
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childhood, they did not distinguish between male and female. But as they grew up, they developed shyness, selfrestraint and other such qualities in their meetings with Him. Then they got married they became the wives of other men and Ka became their paramour. Now in their youth, despite their intense love for each other, their meeting freely became rare. Despite being the wives of others, they were ever eager to meet with Ka and ready to abandon their family obligations, modesty and fears. When r Ka, surrounded by the cowherd boys, used to go with D Bhaiy to tend the cows, some gops would hide behind the trees and others would anxiously peep from their windows to get a glimpse of His sweet lotus face. Hearing the veu-nda made them restless. Their desperation to meet with their beloved grew to such gigantic proportions that they finally threw off their selfcontrol, shyness, family obligations, chastity, moral conduct and other forms of etiquette, to meet Him. Gops with mdhurya-bhva are of four types: svapaka gops who take the side of rmat Rdhik or are in Her group; vipaka gops in the rival group of Candrval; taastha neutral gops like Bhadr, who are inclined toward Candrval; and suhd those who favor rmat Rdhik, like ymal. All kinds of gops, married and unmarried, are included in these groups, called ythas, which are further subdivided many times. Every ytha has a group-leader called a ythevar. rmat Rdhik is the group-leader of svapaka gops, Candrval of vipaka, ymal of suhd, and Bhadr of taastha. Sakhs like Lalit and Vikh are also qualified to be group-leaders, having sufficient beauty, qualities and other attributes, but being completely charmed by the beauty, qualities and emotions of rmat Rdhik, they never wish to be known as independent ythevars. The ythas are subdivided into smaller groups called gaas, which are again further broken into smaller numbers called a
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samja. Ten to twelve affectionate gops with similar bhvas comprise a samja. They reveal their hearts to each other without reserve. These gops are of three types: rmat Rdhiks kyavyha, the nitya-siddha and the sdhana-siddha gops. Those who directly appear from rmat Rdhik are called kyavyha. rmat Rdhik expands Herself in many forms to enrich the flavors of Kas pastimes. Nitya-siddha (eternally perfect) gops are jva-tattva.7 They appear from Baladeva Prabhu and are never bound by my. The sdhana-siddha gops are of two types: yauthik and ayauthik. Practicing devotees who are completely enchanted by the loving moods of the gops perform sdhana-bhajana8 following the path of spontaneous devotion (rgnug). Those who practice in groups and eventually take birth in Vraja, where they again come together, are called yauthik, and those who take birth in Vraja, having practiced solitary rgnugbhajana or with one or two others, are called ayauthik. The yauthik gops are also of two types: (1) ruticars (the personified Vedas) and (2) municars, or icars (the Daakraya sages). Seeing the fortune of the gops performing rsa-ll and other pastimes with Ka, the ruticars were struck with wonder. By engaging in severe austerities with great faith, they achieved birth in the homes of gops in Vraja. Then, by the influence of the association of nitya-siddha and kya-vyha gops, they easily entered the rasa dance and other pastimes. There is mention of municar/icar gops in the Bhadvmana Pura, wherein it is told that they hankered to meet
7 This includes souls who appear in the taastha-region (the border between the spiritual and material world) from Kraodakay Viu, a manifestation of Baladeva Prabhu, and come to Vraja directly from that taastha-region. 8 Sdhana-bhajana prescribed spiritual discipline that leads to love of r Ka.
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with r Ka and were doing bhajana under the guidance of the gops. Previous to this, in Tret-yuga, when as sages they saw the supremely enchanting beauty of r Rmacandra in the Daakraya forest, the desire in their hearts to join Ka became even stronger.9 Understanding their ardent desire, the most magnanimous r Rmacandra awarded them the boon of birth as cowherd girls in Vraja, which they obtained in the next Dvpara-yuga. Some of them received the association of nitya-siddha gops and easily entered the rsa dance. Those who did not get the association of nityasiddha gops were stopped by their husbands in their homes by the power of Yogamy, the Lords pastime potency who gives the purified living beings entrance into His lls. When r Nanda-nandana was seven years old, rmat Rdhik and the other vraja-gops were six years old. Although by worldly standards they looked and acted like small children, the Supreme Godhead r Ka and His eternal beloveds actually exhibited kiora-like (young teenage) emotions even at that time, and were greatly eager to meet with each other. Despite being the Lord of the entire material cosmos, the all-pervading spirit, the omniscient supreme controller, and the reservoir of all potencies, r Ka is controlled by the parental love of Yaod, Nanda and the other mature gopas and gops, as well as by sakhya-prema, the love of His friends, like rdm and Subala. Under the influence of this sakhya-prema, Ka enjoys cow-herding, playing games, joking, dancing and other boyhood activities. In the same way,governed by the amorous love of rmat Rdhik and other vraja-gops, Ka assumes His form as an attractive lover to taste the nectar of the rsa dance and various other pastimes He performed as a youth. In this madhurya-rasa,
9 The Daakraya is, yearning for Ka as their beloved, were performing austerities in the forest, meditating on Him by the gopla-mantra. While in exile Lord Rma was staying nearby with Lakmna and St.
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the Lord of lords, the supreme controller, Svaya Bhagavn r Ka is the nyaka, the hero; and His own internal energy, the gops, who are the embodiment of His hldin (pleasure) potency and who taste the highest expressions of love, are the nyiks, or heroines. Prior to meeting, the nyaka and the nyik feel a deep attachment for each other and experience an overwhelming eagerness to meet. This condition is described in the scriptures as prva-rga: ratir y sagamt prva-darana-ravadi-j tayor unmlati-prjai prva-rga sa ucyate
Ujjvala-nlamai (15.5)
When every atom of their bodies is filled with loving emotions for each other, the nyaka and nyiks are overwhelmed by intense longing to meet. Even before meeting, on hearing glorification of each others beauty, qualities and other attractive features, they experience different types of bhvas welling up in their hearts. These bhvas give rise to wonderfully indescribable feelings of desperation, called prva-rga by sages well versed in the rasa-stras (scriptures describing the nectar of loving exchanges). In the state of prva-rga, various types of sacr-bhvas (exhibitions of transitory ecstasies) are generated, such as ardent desire (llas), anxiety (udvega) and sleeplessness (jgaraa). In this worldly realm, it is the nyaka who first experiences the desire to meet. But in the case of the transcendental nyaka-nyiks, r Ka and the gops, it is the gops who experience these feelings first. rmad-Bhgavatam describes rmat Rdhiks and the other gops feelings of prva-rga. It is important to note here that the meeting of the vrajagops with Gopntha10 is not petty or degrading as in ordinary
10 Ka, the Lord of the gops; or Ka, who is controlled by the gops.
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lusty affairs. Externally, the loving affairs in both realms appear similar, but the love and the meetings of worldly nyaka-nyiks are ignoble, worthless and demeaning. The Vraja damsels prva-rga and their loving, playful activities, on the other hand, are transcendentally pure and faultless, and they bestow affection for Ka. Prema for Him arises in the heart of that enthusiast who hears about them, and the fever of material lust vanishes. Therefore, the crest jewel of swan-like devotees, r ukadeva Gosvm, first described how profound longing to meet with Ka appeared in the hearts of the knurgin11 vraja-vadhs on hearing the exquisite veu-nda. Upon entering Vndvana, akhila-rasmta-mrti (the embodiment of the full nectar of all rasas) Vrajendra-nandana r Ka immediately transmitted through the flute His desire to meet with the gops. When the gops heard that sound in their own homes, they were rendered helpless. Smara, their love and desire for Ka, awakened in the sleeping chambers of their hearts. Many kinds of vyabhicr-bhvas (temporary symptoms of rapture) started arising in every part of their bodies, and they could not control their intense emotions. To pacify the turmoil in their hearts, r Kas beloved gops met in a secluded place and discussed the powerful influence of His flute with their intimate sakhs kcit paroka kasya sva-sakhbhy nvavarayan. The vraja-gops are extremely reserved and chaste, and their high level of self-control is also exemplary. They nurture deep attachment for their paramour, para-purua Nanda-nandana (the divine Supreme Male), but they do not want to disclose this confidential matter to anyone under any circumstances. Their hearts start quivering even at the thought of this secret. But indifferent to everything else, knurga starts
11 Endowed with nurga, intense feelings of love which even though continually experienced remain increasingly ever fresh.
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manifesting by its own vigorous power in their hearts more and more, day after day. Eventually the vraja-ramas selfcontrol, shyness, respect, fear, family obligations, chastity and other powerful restrictions begins to weaken. Kas veu-nda is an eternal associate of anurga, startlingly fresh and compelling feelings of love. The beautiful music of the veu enters the heart through the ears of anyone who has even a drop of affection for Ka. Ones dormant, hidden anurga then awakens and is revealed in the heart. That is why the gops, in the state of prva-rga, become frantic upon hearing the enchantingly sweet song of the flute. The vraja-ramas acute love for Ka, natural and ever perfect, is kept secretly tucked away in the temple of their hearts. As Kas childhood playmates, their anurga manifests only to a small degree; but when they enter the threshold of youth, marry, and go to the homes of their husbands, their prema is kept safely hidden in their hearts in such a way that no one will suspect it. It is impossible for others to detect even a slight scent of it. And what to speak of others, it is suspected that the gops themselves are unable to open the treasure chest of their hearts and see the symptoms of their knurga buried deep under the layers of their self-control, shyness, family duties and other barriers. However, the very instant the sweet song of Kas flute enters their ears, the symptoms of their love surface straight away smarodayam. The veu-ndas peculiar nature is such that it immediately arouses ones smara, the amorous love for Ka hidden in ones heart. The gops feelings are like a latent spark of fire within wood and other fuels. Igniting upon contact with the wind, that spark assumes the form of a fearsome conflagration which reduces the fuel to ashes and illuminates everything all around. In just the same way the gops hide their knurga within, covered up by their self-control, shyness and other such restraints.
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These obstacles are burned up with great force by the sweet veu-nda, causing their deep attachment to Ka to blaze forth. Hence, the vraja-ramas, overwhelmed with love, lose all sense of external consciousness the moment they hear the enchantingly sweet sound of the flute. To get relief from the burning in their hearts, they are compelled to reveal some of their inner feelings to their intimate peers kcit paroka kasya sva-sakhbhyo nvavarayan. The word paroka has a hidden purport. It means avahitth, not revealing clearly but expressing ones feelings in a concealed manner, through hints and gestures. Because of the extraordinary power of the captivating sound of the flute, knurga manifests the ka-prema hidden in their hearts, but the young Vraja gops, whose self-restraint is like a deep, vast ocean try to hide their love and thus express their feelings in such a way that even their closest friends will not get a glimpse of their hidden emotions. They praise the flute song with ambiguous words in order to conceal their ka-prema tad varayitum rabdh smarantya ka-ceitam. Filled with profound love for Ka, the gops begin to describe the beauty of the veu-nda to their priya-narma sakhs (intimate girlfriends), but they express themselves with extreme caution so that not even a whiff of their knurga will blow in the direction of their friends. The vraja-ramas endeavor to keep the moods in their hearts secret is itself a special flow of ka-prema. Rasa-stra calls this avahitth. There are thirty-three types of sacr-bhvas, including nirveda (self-disparagement) and vida (despondency), as well as avahitth (concealment of ones emotions). Just as waves rise in the ocean and again merge in it, in the same way in the ocean-like hearts of the moonstruck damsels of Vraja, waves of nirveda, vida, dainya (humility), avahitth and so on rise and fall. The sacr-bhva of
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concealment arises due to deceit, shyness, fear and honor. Out of shyness, the gops express their concern that our family elders and others should not come to know about our illicit love. The endeavors of the vraja-ramas to try to keep their attachment to Ka a secret out of this fear are also extremely wonderful and delightful. Every gop is a boundless, unlimited store of kaprema. Just as Agastya i drank the entire vast ocean from his hallowed palms, in the same way the vraja-ramas have contained the entire, immeasurable ocean of ka-prema within their hearts. It is difficult to estimate when and which wave will arise next in the ocean of their love. Moment by moment, newer and newer waves that never come to rest, dance in the ocean of their bhvas. Concealing their feelings even from themselves, the gops describe the sweetness of the attractive veu-nda, but due to the surge of their emotions, they are not able to hide their overwhelming attachment to Ka. Instead, on the screen of their hearts appears the enchanting love-filled form of Madanamohana playing His flute. In the waves of their emotions, all their self-control, shyness, social pressures, honor, fears and other obstacles float away. Nakan smara-vegena vikiptamanaso They become so helpless in love that their hidden ka-prema starts exposing itself by its own volition.
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Verse Five
barhpa naa-vara-vapu karayo karikra bibhrad vsa kanaka-kapia vaijayant ca mlm randhrn veor adhara-sudhayprayan gopa-vndair vndraya sva-pada ramaa prviad gta-krti barha a peacock feather; pda wearing a head decoration; naa-vara skillful dancer (who is expert in loving affairs); vapu the transcendental body; karayo on the ears; karikra yellow kanera flower; bibhrat wearing; vsa garments; kanaka like gold; kapia yellowish; vaijayant named vaijayant (a garland strung with flowers of five different colors which hangs down to the knees); ca and; mlm the garland; randhrn veo the holes of the flute; adhara of His lips; sudhay with the nectar; prayan filling up; gopa-vndai with the cowherd boys; vnd-raya the forest presided over by Vnd-dev (Vndvana); sva-pada marked by the signs of His lotus feet, such as the conch shell and cakra; ramaa enchanting; prviat He entered; gta singing; krti His glories.
Translation
(The gops were seeing r Ka through their eyes tinged with loving emotions.) Accompanied by His cowherd friends, ymasundara entered the forest of Vnd-dev. His head was decorated
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with a peacock feather. He wore yellow karikra flowers over His ears, a dazzling golden yellow garment on His body, and a fragrant vaijayant garland made of five kinds of flowers hung from His neck down to His knees. Splendidly attired as a beautiful naavara, a most expert dancer, He appeared just like a very fine actor on stage. He poured the nectar of His lips through the holes of His flute, and the cowherd boys followed behind Him, singing His glories. In this way, the land of Vndvana was even more charming than Vaikuha12, due to being beautified by r Kas lotus feet marked with the conch, disk and other symbols.

Filled with deep attachment for Ka, the beautiful Vraja maidens were carried away by the sweet song of His flute. The alluring veu-nda astonishingly caused their hidden love for Him to start dancing in their hearts. They immediately began to describe to each other the marvelous sweetness of the veu-nda. As soon as they began talking, a strange thing happened the image of r Ka in His charming tri-bhaga-lalita pose, with His playful way of sauntering, His sidelong glances and His faint smile, established itself in their hearts, rendering the gops completely helpless in prema. Just as the sound of thunder causes the waves of the sea to start rising and inundating the shore, in the same way r Kas veu-nda arouses a tidal wave in the ocean of the gops bhva, and also sweeps away their intimate friends who are sitting nearby. In this verse barhpda naa-vara-vapu,
12 That portion of the spiritual realm where the Supreme Lord in His unlimited four-armed Nryaa forms is worshiped with awe and majesty.
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Verse Five
the crest jewel of perfected devotees, r ukadeva Gosvm, depicts an extraordinarily wonderful picture of r Kas sweet form which appears in the hearts of the gops when they hear the mellow sound of His flute. Barhpda While playing the flute r Ka enters Vndvana, ambling along in a winding gait and gesturing in such a way that defeats the art of dancing. Curly locks of black hair tied in a knot adorn the top of His head, making Him look very beautiful. The topknot, decorated all around with jewels and pearls, is crowned with peacock feathers arranged in a half-moon, giving the impression of a rainbow on a fresh cloud. The peacock feathers, having the same seven colors as a rainbow, look very enchanting, thereby increasing Kas splendor. Sometimes a rainbow is seen opposite the sun while it is raining, and when the sky is filled with dark clouds, the rainbow looks particularly beautiful. Kas complexion is like a fresh cloud, and the peacock feather halfmoon decorating the topknot looks like a beautiful rainbow. Naavara-vapu Ka appears like an expert dancer (naavara), moving gracefully as He enters the forest. On seeing His unparalleled, enchanting beauty with the eyes of bhva, the impassioned vraja-ramas become immersed in a state of supreme bliss. They cannot determine at this point whether Kas body is like a naavara or whether He actually is the embodiment of naavara. That person who is expert and unmatched in the art of dancing is called naavara. The gops ponder, In all the three worlds is there any naavara so spectacular that he can be compared to Ka? In other words, what can Ka be compared to? Comparisons such as a face like the moon and deep like the ocean are well known in this world. Here the ocean and the moon are the objects of comparison, and the face is the subject being compared. Generally, it is seen that in a comparison the object is superior to the subject. However, nothing more splendid in the
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three worlds than the perfect nature of Kas unprecedented sweet, beautiful form can be imagined. This is why it is not correct to say that Kas body is like a naavara. If someone wants to say that His body is like a beautiful naavara, then the generally prevailing statement that the object is superior to the subject will have to be changed. This is because here the subject (Kas form) is superior to the object (naavara). Ordinarily the object is superior to the subject. Butwhen Kas superlative beauty, sweetness, dress, form, dancing, singing and expressions are the subject matters of comparison, the subject is billions of times superior to the object since He is billions of times greater than all others. The god of the demigods, Mahdeva, is celebrated throughout the three worlds as naarja, the king of dancers. But in the art of dancing, naavara Ka is the supremely worshipful guru of naarja iva: g playan saha-bala kvaaya ca veu vikraycati giritra-ramrcitghri
rmad-Bhgavatam (10.44.13)
While tending the cows in Vraja with His gopa friends and elder brother D Bhaiy, Ka is absorbed in dancing and other pursuits as He roams through the forest. Though this very Ka is the supreme cause of all causes and the primeval Personality of Godhead worshiped by akara (iva) and Ram (Lakm), He assumes the form of a young boy as He secretly enjoys His pastimes here.
Therefore naarja iva cannot be compared to naavara Ka, so in this case iva cannot be accepted as the object of comparison. The vraja-ramas contemplate in their hearts, Our dear naavara ymasundara is the unparalleled, unique
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Verse Five
personification of the highest sweetness. No one can be compared to Him. Especially when one looks at His entire miraculous form, it becomes evident that from head to toe every part of His body, His attire and His ornaments, are all naavara. That is why His body itself is naavara and is not comparable to any other dancer. When Ka enters Vndvana, following behind the cows and accompanied by His cowherd friends, His lotus feet spontaneously prance in His own natural style that surpasses the art of dancing itself. At the same time His jeweled ankle-bells tinkle the sound rujhun, ru-jhun, and His ptmbara (yellow cloth), shining more brightly than the luster of gold, gracefully flutters. His waistbells dance with a sweet sound. On His chest the vaijayantml, with its seven different kinds of flowers, rhythmically swings, and His ten fingers also dance in a unique manner on the holes of the flute. Kas two eyes, agilely darting with a great variety of expressions and gestures, defeat the prettiness of khajana birds (wagtails) and baby deer. Beautiful dolphin-shaped earrings undulate on both His earlobes. Dark black curls fall on His forehead, bouncing as He moves, and even the peacock feather sitting on the top of His head starts to sway. Not only that, seeing that every part of His body is delightfully vibrating, the entire herd of cows, cowherd friends, creepers, branches of trees and even the Yamun imitate His dancing. Dear sakh, how much more can I tell you? The hearts of whoever beholds, hears about or remembers His nimble way of moving will also start dancing in the joyous ecstasy of love. That is why Ka is not like any other. He Himself is the matchless naavara, and every part of His body is naavara. Karayo karikra As He enters the forest, naavara ymasundara is wearing a yellow karikra flower on His ear (karayo), thereby increasing the beauty of His peerless
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fresh youth. Karikra flowers are yellow in color and have a sweet, mild fragrance. As this flower blossoms, it faces the eastern rising sun. Slowly, as the sun moves from east to west, the face of the flower follows its path; and when the sun sets, the flower also closes. In this verse, karayo is the plural form and karikra is singular. There is a deep meaning here rasika-ekhara r Ka wears only one flower, sometimes on His right ear and sometimes on His left. This demonstrates the youthful Kas carefree disposition and, since He puts the flower on the ear that faces the same direction as the gops, it also shows His intense love for them. Just as the karikra flower on Earth turns to the sun in the sky and thus demon strates its friendly regard for the sun, in the same way Ka, while taking the cows out grazing, places the karikra flower on that ear which faces the gops, thus indicating His hearts profound affection for them as they stand on their rooftops. Bibhrad vsa kanaka-kapia Naavara ymasundara, whose bodily complexion defeats the color of newly formed clouds, is gracefully adorned with avery beautiful ptmbara which shines like molten gold against His bluish body. He wears cloth the same golden color as the gops complexion, thus disclosing His inner loving feelings for them. On His broad chest the beautiful vaijayant garland, made of five or seven kinds of flowers, is swinging gently and sweetly. Seeing all this, the gops experience ever new waves of emotions surging in their hearts. Randhrn veor adhara-sudhayprayan Dressed in enchanting garments suitable for roaming in the forest, the topmost dancer ymasundara enters Vndvana in the autumn, playing the flute. His facial expressions at the time of the veu-nda seem to indicate that He is trying to fill the holes of His flute with the nectar of His lips. As the flute is His eternal companion, it is only befitting that he should
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Verse Five
be without any holes. If anyone, even after attaining Kas association, still has some holes, or defects, it is a matter of great distress. But for this eternal associate of Ka, the veu, it is impossible to be without holes. Therefore, Ka Himself tries to fill up those holes with the nectar of His lips. r Ka rests His fingers on the holes of the flute, and puts him to His soft bud-like lips which outshine the beauty of a ripe crimson bimba fruit. Then, when He dispatches His breath through the flute, sweetly alluring sounds flow from the holes of the veu, attracting all moving and non-moving beings. But alas! Still the flute cannot be without holes. Actually, Kas adharmta, the nectar of His lips, comes out through the holes of the flute as ndmta, the nectar of sweet sound. This exquisite music causes dry trees to become green and lush, flowers to bloom, and stones to melt. The veu himself, however, undergoes no change; his dryness never comes to an end. Although the music melts all other moving and non-moving beings, the veus hard, stiff body does not soften even slightly. In this world there are many objects with numerous holes, but Ka does not try to fill their holes. It is impossible for all to receive Kas association, but the veu has taken birth in a sad-vaa, a virtuous dynasty (or alternatively meaning good bamboo), so by nature he is simple (or straight, thus fit to be used for a flute). Because of this, he easily gets to be with Ka, who tries to fill his holes. But as the flute is devoid of inner essence, being heartless or hollow inside, he can never become holeless, despite having Kas association and mercy. From this we learn that those who get good association due to their simple nature or birth in a high-class family, but who have no love and affection in their hearts, still remain deprived of all benefits of good fortune.
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Vndraya sva-pada-ramaa Dear friend, the land of Vraja is certainly the most blessed on this Earth, and within the land of Vraja, Vndvana is even more auspicious. It is in her forests, on the pretext of grazing the cows, that r Ka happily roams about with His friends while playing His flute. That is why the land of Vndvana is very dear to Him. Outwardly this land appears very rough with many small, pointed stones and various kinds of thorns. But despite this, it is very pleasing to Kas lotus feet. If this were not so, why would r Ka have blessed Vndvana as the place for His pastimes of superior sweetness, overriding Goloka, Vaikuha and all the other sacred abodes? In these other realms Bhagavn rides on the back of Garua and other carriers or sits on a jeweled throne, and He always wears jewel-studded sandals. He never walks barefoot. But in this Vndvana, on the excuse of cow-herding, He freely roams about with bare feet, thereby adorning the land with the impressions of His beautiful lotus feet, which are ornamented with the flag, thunderbolt, elephant goad, water pot and other symbols. Gopa-vndair prviad gta-krti In this way Vrajendranandana ymasundara entered the supremely attractive Vndvana as He played the veu. At that time Ka was completely surrounded by a circle of all His cowherd friends. As they proceeded with Him, they loudly declared the glories of His swaggering gait which defeats the art of dancing, His expertise in playing the flute, His valor, His munificence and other admirable qualities, calling out, Sdhu, sdhu! Excellent, excellent. Gauya Vaiavcrya rla Rpa Gosvm writes a vivid description of the extraordinary impact of the sound of the flute in his drama, Vidagdha-mdhava:
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Verse Five
ruddhann ambu-bhta camat-kti-para kurvan muhus tumburu dhynd antarayan sanandana-mukhn vismpayan vedhasam utsukyvalibhir bali caulayan bhogndram ghrayan bhindann aa-kaha-bhittam abhito babhrama va-dhvani
When Vrajendra-nandana r Ka strikes a note on His flute upon entering Vndvana, all the clouds stop moving. Tumburu, the topmost master of the Gandharvas, is struck with wonder. Sanat, Sanandana and the other sons born from the mind of Brahm break their deep meditation. Brahm, the creator himself, becomes spellbound. Bali Mahrja, residing in Sutala-loka, becomes agitated by the various types of desires sprouting in his heart. The head of eanga13 which is holding the Earth, starts to spin. In this way the veu-nda pervades all the three worlds, thereby creating an upheaval throughout the entire universe.
Thus, Kas veu-nda captures the minds of all living beings, stimulating in their hearts those emotions which are in accordance with their particular relationship with Him, and intensifying them to the utmost limit. Those people who have no relation with r Ka in one of the three primary rasas (sakhya, vtsalya or mdhurya) in Vraja, only experience the sweetness of the veu-nda. Becoming charmed and stunned, they sink in the ocean of His loveliness. But, as soon as the veu-nda enters the ears of those who do have a relationship with Him in one of the primary rasas in Vraja,
13 The snake incarnation, who bears all the universes on His hoods and who with His ten hundred faces describes non-stop the qualities of the Lord but never reaches the end of His glories.
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it causes waves of bhvas to immediately start rising and falling in the ocean of their hearts. It is impossible to describe their extreme agitation. A stream of the veus ambrosial nectar enters the ears and inundates the hearts of the vraja-ramas, who are fully intoxicated in the highest sentiments of love for Ka. At that time a strange condition arises in them: they become tormented by the strong desire to meet with Ka. Therefore,in order to contain the inner mood of their hearts, the gops take shelter of avahitth concealment of their emotions, and describe the veus sweetness to their intimate sakhs. As soon as they begin to speak about the veu-nda, however, a picture of the enchanting form of Ka playing the flute becomes im printed in their hearts. They lose external consciousness and their throats choke up, leaving them speechless. Sinking and surfacing in the waves of their internal emotions, the sakhs only look at each other without speaking. In rmad-Bhgavatam descriptions of the sweetness of Kas beauty are found in many places, and amongst them, three are acclaimed to be especially wonderful and heartmelting. (1) by Brahmj (rmad-Bhgavatam 10.14.1): naumya te bhra-vapue taid-ambarya gujvatasa-paripiccha-lasan-mukhya vanya-sraje kavala-vetra-via-veulakma-riye mdu-pade paupgajya After the brahma-mohana-ll, the pastime of the bewilder ment of Brahm, the most respected Brahm said to r Ka, O Lord, You are the only person in the whole creation worthy of our prayers. O Vrajendra-nandana, You look like a new rain cloud, and adorned with a ptmbara
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Verse Five
which sparkles and shimmers like lightning, You look very elegant. With guj berry ornaments embellishing Your ears and a peacock feather on Your head, Your lotus face emits a brilliant luster. The garland of many colored forest flowers and leaves around Your neck, the cow-herding stick and forest bugle under Your arm, and Your veu tucked into Your cummerbund look splendid. In Your soft lotus hands are morsels of rice and yoghurt. Appearing in this sweet attire of a cowherd boy, You attract everyone. Your delicate lotus feet, softer than lotus flowers, are marked with auspicious symbols. To these lotus feet alone I am offering prostrated obeisances again and again. (2) by the dvija-patns, the wives of the priests (rmadBhgavatam 10.23.22): yma hiraya-paridhi vanamlya-barhadhtu-pravla-naa-veam anuvratse vinyasta-hastam itarea dhnnam abja karotpallaka-kapola-mukhbja-hsam The dvija-patns were the wives of the Mathur brhmaas, the respected priests learned in Vedic rituals. Despite being forbidden by their husbands, these ladies still appeared on the border between Vndvana and Mathur to feed Ka personally, bringing various kinds of palatable dishes prepared by their own hands. There, instantly imbibing with their eyes the sweetness of Kas marvelous beauty, they said, His complexion is blackish like a newly filled cloud, and His ptmbara, which defeats the luster of gold, shimmers against His darkish body. His head is decorated with a peacock feather, and every part of His body is embellished with designs drawn with various colored minerals. Sprigs of new leaves adorn His body, and on His neck is an enchanting forest garland
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with flowers of five colors. Dressed in this way He appears as nava-kiora naavara, the eternally youthful, expert dancer. One of His hands rests upon His friends shoulder, and with the other He plays with a pastime lotus14. Earrings grace His ears, curly locks of hair bounce on His forehead, and His lotus face is made most delightful with His ever-so-slight smile. (3) In the verse at hand from Veu-gta ukadeva Gosvm describes Kas enchanting beauty, which comes as a vision in the hearts of the Vraja gops. These are three extraordinary descriptions of Kas form and beauty. If we compare them from a neutral point of view, it becomes evident that the sweetness of Kas beauty as manifested in the hearts of the gops is the topmost. Brahm, the grandfather of the universe, is an empowered servant of Bhagavn. That is why majesty mixed with a touch of awe is seen in his prayers by use of the words naumi (obeisances) and iya(supremely worshipable person), indicating his dsya-bhva. The dvija-patns are situated on a higher platform than Brahmj. Although their mood is not characterized by opulence, a tinge of honor and respect is detected in their mdhurya-bhva. As they are brhmas, the wives of the priests, they are not entitled to enter into and relish Kas sweet pastimes. Standing on the borderline between majesty (aivarya) and sweetness (mdhurya) at the meeting ground between Mathur and Vndvana in Bhatrola at Brahma-hrada (Lake), they behold r Kas sweet beauty in accordance with their own mood. It is possible that in their next births15 they may perform bhajana in the
14 Twirling this lotus in His hand, Ka twists the hearts of all the Vrajavss and especially causes the gops hearts to dance. 15 Depending on their attachment to and relationship with Ka, some dvija-patns take their very next birth as gops.
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Verse Five
moods of the gops. Then by the grace of Yogamy, they may take birth as milkmaids and by the influence of association with the nitya-siddha gops, they may attain the good fortune of serving Ka. Considering these points, it is clear that the vision of Kas sweet beauty that manifests in the vraja-devs hearts upon hearing the veu-nda is the topmost. It is only on the throne of the inner heart of the love-maddened gops that the ultimate limit of beauty of nava-kiora naavara r Ka the ever youthful, superb dancer who is the endless ocean and the supreme enjoyer of ambrosial mellows (akhila-rasmtasindhu rasika-ekhara) can be manifested.
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Verse Six
iti veu-rava rjan sarva-bhta-manoharam rutv vraja-striyah sarv varayantyo bhirebhire iti thus; veu-ravam the vibration of the flute; rjan O King Parkit; sarva-bhta of all living beings; manoharam stealing the minds; rutv upon hearing; vraja-striyah the cowherd ladies of Vraja; sarv all of them; varayantya becoming absorbed by describing; abhirebhire by embracing r Ka, they felt spiritual bliss.
Translation
O King Parkit, the sound of r Kas flute steals the minds of all living beings, both moving and non-moving. When the young gops of Vraja heard that sound, they began to express their feelings. By describing the veu-nda, they entered a state of emotional turmoil due to their smara, or prema, and became completely absorbed in thoughts of their beloved. To alleviate the force of their love, within their hearts they began to embrace r Ka, who is the ocean of ambrosial bliss and the topmost rasika enjoyer.
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In their extreme emotional condition the gops were briefly at a loss for words. But after some time, when the force of their emotions calmed down a little, they somehow regained their composure and again began to describe the sweetness of the veu-nda. Then, r Kas enchanting form manifested in their hearts, and they became helpless with prema. Being spellbound, the gops experienced infinite bhvas converging within them, and each one tried to hide her overflowing emotions for her most beloved r Ka. This caused prema-rasa to flood their hearts even more, producing towering waves in which they themselves drowned. Describing to their intimate companions the bhvas which arose in their hearts due to seeing Ka, some of them became so overwhelmed by their emotions that they embraced their friends. Thinking that their sakhs were r Ka Himself, some gops hugged each other and floated in the blissful ocean of meeting with Him. Some, hearing their own secrets coming from the mouths of other sakhs, lost their composure out of joy and said, Friend, you have expressed exactly what I was thinking in my heart. How could you know my inner secrets? Driven by love, one gop bound her friend in the net of her embrace. On hearing the enchanting veu-nda, the vraja-ramas, filled with anurga, were tossed by the waves of their many bhvas which were continuously flowing one into the other. At this time their whole bodies exhibited symptoms of aasttvika16, sacr and other bhvas to their ultimate limit varayantyo bhirebhire.
16 Eight symptoms of ecstasy which arise when the heart is overwhelmed by emotions: stambhabecoming stunned; svedaperspiration; romacastanding of the hairs on end; svara-bhagafaltering of the voice; kampatrembling; vaivaryapalor or change of color; arutears; pralayafainting or loss of consciousness.
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Verse Six
r Kas enchanting beauty and the sweetness of His veu steal the minds of all living beings. But the hidden purport here is that at the time of the rsa dance, the sound of the flute captivated the beloved gops only, and no one else. When the vraja-ramas heard the sound of the veu in the very beginning of the rsa, an intense desire to meet with Ka arose in their hearts only, and they offered in sacrifice all of their fear, regard for public opinion and social conventions, virtuous conduct and so on. They went to meet their dearly beloved in whatever condition they were at that time. Forgetting everything service to their husbands, bathing, decorating themselves, cooking they left to join Ka: niamya gta tad anaga-vardhana (rmadBhgavatam 10.29.4). It becomes clear from this description that, upon hearing the veu-gta, all the birds, animals, trees, plants, as well as all the Vrajavss, young and old, become attracted to the veunda and are filled with bliss according to the level of their individual bhvas. However, only Kas most beloved vrajaramas sacrifice their fear, hesitancy, self-control, regard for public opinion and social conventions, virtuous conduct and other attachments, running to meet their lover in a disheveled condition.
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Verse Seven
gopya cu akavat phalam ida na para vidma sakhya pan anuviveayator vayasyai vaktra vrajea-sutayor anuveu-jua yair v niptam anurakta-kaka-mokam gopya cu the gops said; akanvatm of those who have eyes; phalam success; idam this (beautiful sight of r Ka as He enters Vndvana with the cows and cowherd boys); na not; param other (success of the eyes); vidma we know; sakhya O friends; pan the cows; anuviveayato entering one forest after another; vayasyai with Their friends of the same age; vaktra the sweetness of Their faces; vrajea of Nanda Mahrja; sutayo of the two sons Ka and Balarma, or Ka, the son of King Nanda, and Rdhik, the daughter of King Vabhnu (in other words, Rdh and Ka); anu-veu-jua following behind and touching the flute to His lips; yai by which; v and; niptam drinking (the nectar of Kas sidelong glances); anurakta filled with love; kaka sidelong glances; mokam pouring on (smiles, laughter and sidelong glances).
Translation
The gops said to their most intimate friends, O sakhs! Just see! How can we find words to express the indescribable
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fortune of one whose eyes behold the imperishable beauty of the two sons of Mahrja Nanda, r Ka and Baladeva, as They enter Vndvana with the cowherd boys and cows? They hold Their flutes to Their lips and smile mildly while lovingly showering sidelong glances upon us. At that time we drink the sweetness of Their faces.

The gops, totally mad for Ka, are filled with the deepest sentiments of love. Without their grace it is impossible to understand the words they speak to express the feelings overflowing from their hearts. That is why rla Jva Gosvm, rla Vivantha Cakravart hkura and other commentators have prayed to the gops for their blessings. rla Jva Gosvm has written in Vaiava-toa (The Commentary that Satisfies the Vaiavas): y budhyate vg-artho ym eva prasdata gop prapadye t ybhi sa gambhrayo jita
I take shelter at the lotus feet of the gops. By their mercy only can one understand the meaning of their words in the Veu-gta. What more can I say about their glories? Even Svaya Bhagavn r Ka Himself, whose heart is extremely deep, is constantly conquered by their love.
rla Vivantha Cakravart hkura has written in his commentary Srrtha-darin (The Commentary that Reveals the Essential Meanings): veu-nda-sudh-vy nikramayyokti-mdhurm y na pyaym sa kas t eva no gati
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The shower of nectar in the form of Kas veu-nda made the gops delirious, forcing them to come out of their houses to drink the sweetness of His song. Those gops are our only refuge.
In r Caitanya-caritmta (di-ll 4.95) the beautiful nature and form of the crown jewel of all gops, rmat Rdhik, has also been described: jagat-mohana ka tahra mohin ataeva samastera par hkur
That very r Ka, who attracts the entire universe with His beauty, qualities, pastimes, nature, opulence, sweetness and other aspects, is Himself attracted and rendered helpless by the unparalleled and unsurpassed love of Vabhnu-nandin rmat Rdhik. She is the most supremely accomplished of all in the art of love and affection, the embodiment of mahbhva, and extremely dear to r Ka. Indeed, She is the Goddess of He who is the God of the entire creation. Therefore, She is the greatest of the great, surpassing all transcendental limits.
Without Her causeless mercy, it is not possible to understand the depth of Her moods and words. For this reason the commentators have prayed to Her venerable lotus feet for Her causeless mercy. Hearing Kas alluring veu-nda, the gops became extremely restless in their desire to meet with Him. Sitting in seclusion in their homes, they were discussing the veu-nda with their closest friends while looking with great thirst towards the path Ka took on His way to the forest. As soon as they started to talk about the lovely melody of the flute, they saw with their eyes of bhva a vision of Kas enchanting form and were overwhelmed in love.
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Their throats choked up, their hearts stopped beating, and they stood silent for some time. After their bhva was pacified a bit, they patiently concealed their inner mood by indirectly hinting at Kas sweetness. They spoke with each other: akavat phalam idam na param vidma. Dear sakhs, you have chained yourselves in the net of household life and are wasting your eyes and other senses that the Creator has given you. You should try to escape from the prison of your houses as soon as possible. Come running with us to the Vndvana forest and there make your eyes, other senses and your very lives successful by seeing something indescribable and extraordinarily amazing. With this intent the verse akavat phalam idam has been spoken. The knurgin vraja-ramas, who know only Ka and who are themselves the essence of His life, were engaged in talking with their confidential friends about the enchantingly sweet sound of the flute. But then a vision of Kas charming form came in their hearts, rendering them unable to reveal their innermost feelings. Even in front of their dearest sakhs, who as their alter egos had the very same desires, they were hesitant to reveal their feelings of love for Ka and their anxiety to meet with Him. Therefore, in order to hide their prema for Him, they described not only Kas beautiful form but Balarmas beauty as well. By doing this their innermost feelings their intimate relationship with Ka and their eagerness to meet with Him were not disclosed to others. But it was not possible to hide their deep affection for Ka from their similar-hearted priya-narma-sakhs. Being influenced by shyness, self-control and other such qualities which naturally accompany prema, they continued their attempt to hide the feelings in their hearts but were not successful. The vraja-ramas, consumed with love for Ka, began telling their sakhs in sweet gentle voices, For one who has
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Verse Seven
eyes, this vision is the sole purpose and perfection of those eyes. Dear sakhs, beyond this there is nothing. Helplessly melting in prema, the gops forgot to tell for what purpose the eyes exist and were only able to say that this is the success of the eyes. They were incapable of mentioning the beauty, qualities and other special endearing aspects of the object that was making their eyes worthwhile. Being thoroughly astonished and wonder-struck, they were only able to hint, This is it... There is nothing more. After regaining their composure, they continued: pan anu-viveayator vayasyai. Sakh! r Ka and Baladeva enter one forest after another, surrounded by Their innumerable cowherd friends of the same age, such as rdm, Subala and Madhumagala. They follow behind the cows driving them towards Vndvana while calling out sweet words containing many secret signals. Only those eyes are successful that have tasted the sweetness of the lotus faces of the sons of the king of Vraja, Vrajarja-nandana r Ka and Balarma. The eyes of those who have not received the fortune of tasting this nectar are useless. The Creator has made their eyes in vain. It is stated in r Caitanya-caritmta (Madhya-ll 2.29): va-gnmta-dhma, lvaymta janma-sthna ye n dekhe se cnda vadana se nayane kiba kja, pauka tra mue bja, se nayana rahe ki kraa r Caitanya Mahprabhu, deeply absorbed in the loving moods of r Rdh, cried bitterly to r Rya Rmnanda and Svarpa Dmodara, The lotus face of our beloved Vrajendra-nandana r Ka defeats the beauty of millions upon millions of moons. That face is the glowing reservoir of complete, nectarean loveliness and the abode of the ambrosial songs of His flute. The eyes of those who have not seen this
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moon-like face are useless. Their heads should be struck with a thunderbolt. What is the necessity of such useless eyes? Various commentators have offered many different explanations of the phrase vrajea-sutayo, and a few of their deliberations are given here. The gops are calling both Ka and Baladeva vrajea-sutayo, the sons of the king of Vraja. Despite not being a son of Vrajarja Nanda, Balarmaj is also called vrajea-suta because, according to the Hari-vaa Pura, His father r Vasudeva was also the master of large herds of cows: vasudeva iti khyta gou tihati bhtale. Therefore, he can also be called vrajea. Vasudeva was famous in Vraja-maala as such, and that is why it is not improper to call his son vrajea-suta. According to another explanation, Baladevaj was born in Nandas Vraja, and from the time of His birth Nanda Mahrja had brought Him up like his very own son. Because Nanda and Yaod affectionately raised Him, no one can deny that He is their son. rmad-Bhgavatam (10.5) describes that after Kas birth Vrajarja Nanda, the king of Vraja, went to Mathur to pay taxes to Kasa. There he met the respected Vasudeva who said to him: bhrtar mama suta kacin mtr saha bhavad vraje tta bhavanta manvno bhavadbhym upallita
Brother Nanda! It is a great joy to know that you have been blessed with a son in your advanced age [after age fifty]. My son, together with His mother, is also living in your home. You care for Him with much love and affection, and therefore He sees you as His father.
These words spoken by Vasudevaj further confirm Baladeva as vrajea-suta. When Balarmaj came from Dvrak to console the Vrajavss, He offered prama to
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Nanda Mahrja and r Yaodj, addressing them as mother and father. They both blessed Him and made Him sit on their laps like their own son rmo bhivdya pitarv rbhir abhinandita. In this way we find various statements that prove that Balarmaj is indeed also known in Vraja as Vrajea-nandana. That is why the love-maddened gops, in order to hide their undivided love for Ka, described Balarmajs beauty and other qualities along with Kas. Sakh! Those eyes which have not drunk the beauty of Vrajarja-nandana Ka and Baladeva are useless. As soon as the cowherd girls began expressing the beauty of Ka and Balarma and the way the veu touches Their lips, many kinds of moods flashed in their hearts. Vaktra vrajea-sutayor anuveu-jua There is another deep meaning here. When the two sons of the king of Vraja, surrounded by all the cowherd boys of the same age, enter the forest for cow-grazing, one of them, holding a charming flute to His lips, follows some distance behind. The life and eyes of one who has drunk the sweetness of His lotus face are successful, and the eyes of one who has not tasted that sweetness have no purpose. This is the gops inner bhva. Outwardly, however, they convey their feelings in such a way that anyone overhearing them will not understand their inner mood. Their use of the descriptive phrase veu-jua (touching the flute to His lips) has intensified and filled the lovesick gops moods with so much rasa that it is impossible to grasp these bhvas without their mercy. The veu repeatedly touches Vrajarja-nandana r Kas lips when He plays on him. At that time Vrajendra-nandana sprinkles the veu with the nectar of His lips. He fills the flute with the breath of the indescribable love in His heart, expressed through enigmatic sounds such as kli.
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Pointing at the veus unparalleled good luck, the vrajaramas experienced a bhva arising in their hearts never encountered before, along with an intense yearning to attain the flutes great fortune. The phrase yairniptam expresses this bhva only the eyes of those who have beheld the beautiful lotus face of r Ka as He touches the flute to His lips are successful. If their purpose had been only to see r Ka, the gops would have said dtam (to see) instead of niptam (to drink). But with their hearts shackled by self-control, shyness, family obligations, honor and fear, it was impossible for them to taste r Kas sweetness and to drink the nectar of His lips. Therefore they said instead, O sakh! While playing the veu, Vrajendra-nandana r Ka lovingly casts sidelong glances at those devotees to whom He is deeply attached. They explained that with His fully loving gaze r Ka breaks the obstructions of shyness, duty, self-control and hesitancy. As soon as He arches His eyebrow in a coyly provocative way, all of these obstacles are banished forever. This is the deep purport of the word moka in this verse. Not only does r Ka look from the corners of His eyes at His dearest ones, but they also cannot refrain from looking at Him in the same way anurakta-kaka-mokam. Being shy, sakh, you still hesitate to go near Vrajendranandana. But if you approach Him a little, the play of His eyebrows will break your regard for public opinion, selfcontrol and all the rest, and drawing you closer to Him, He will force you to drink the nectar of His lips. At that time, drinking the honey of the lotus face of our prapriyatama, the love of our life, all of us will bring our lives, along with our eyes, to perfection. All the vraja-ramas are immersed in bhva, each and every one having her own particular, special mood. The heart cannot grasp all these individual bhvas, but it is possible to understand a few of them. Among all of the vraja-ramas,
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Verse Seven
rmat Rdhik, Candrval and the other principal gops are always the most eager to meet r Ka and enjoy with Him. r Rdhiks maidservants, however, like r Rpa Majar, are not eager to meet with r Ka themselves, but rather they only desire to arrange for Her to meet with Him. The pleasure Her followers taste is millions and millions of times greater than it would be if they were meeting personally with Ka. This particular kind of gop-bhva, called ullsarati, is especially sweet and has been brilliantly analyzed in Prti-sandarbha and in the commentaries on Ujjvala-nlamai: sacr syt samon v ka-raty suhd-rati adhik puyam ced bhvollsa itryate
Bhakti-rasmta-sindhu (2.5.128)
Generally, devotees of the same mood, who are enriched with similar desires, naturally share suhd-bhva, intimate friendship, with each other. That is why the love and affection (prti and rati) that Lalit and the other sakhs have for rmat Rdhik is called suhd-rati. When their suhd-rati increases from its normal condition to become the same as or just slightly less than their ka-rati (affection for r Ka), it is called sacr-bhva17. It is like a wave in their ka-rati, which is their permanent mood. In other words this suhd-rati becomes a sacr-bhva when the sakhs affection for rmat Rdhik rises up and becomes equal to the waves in the ocean of their prominent affection for Ka. But there are some gops whose tender affection (sneha) for Rdhj is so prodigious that it vastly exceeds their ka-rati and continuously increases by the moment due to their full absorption in it. In this case suhd-rati, no longer a sacr-bhva, is called bhva-ullsa17 Sacr-bhva is a transitory emotion that heightens the sthy-bhva, permanent emotion. These come in wavesthat arise from the nectarean ocean of sthy-bhva, causing it to swirl and swell, before they return to their source.
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rati, a special feature of madhura-rasa. Of the five types of sakhs, only the nitya-sakhs and pra-sakhs, who are known as majars, have this bhva-ullsa-rati, and for them it is the permanent emotion (sthy-rati). It is seen that creepers are always endeavoring to embrace trees, but the leaves, flowers and buds (majars) of the creepers do not even slightly try to embrace the trees directly. When a creeper embraces a tree, the joy of its flowers, leaves and majars automatically increases. In r Vndvana, rmat Rdhik stands supreme among all gops. She is famous as the wish-fulfilling creeper of love for r Ka. Some of Her sakhs have the nature of leaves, some are like flowers and some like majars. That is why they are always eager for rmat Rdhik to meet with Ka and are carried away by the bliss of Their union: sakhra svabhva eka akathya kathana ka saha nija llya nhi sakhra mana ka saha rdhikra ll ye karya nija sukha haite tte koi sukha pya rdhra svarpa ka prema-kalpa-lat sakh gaa haya tra pallava-pupa-pt ka-llmta yadi latke sicaya nija-sukha haite pallavdyera koi-sukha haya
Caitanya-caritmta (Madhya-ll 8.207-210)
After hearing the mellifluous sound of the flute, rmat Rdhik and the other vraja-ramas are tormented by desire to meet with r Ka. Attempting to assuage the burning in their hearts, they discuss the sweetness of r Kas name, form, qualities, pastimes and veu only with the sakhs within their own groups. rmat Rdhiks sakh-majars also
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Verse Seven
become restless upon hearing the veu-nda, not out of desire to see Ka personally, but rather out of desire for rmat Rdhik to meet with Him. They are always eager for the pleasure of r Rdh-Govindas sweet and loving meeting. In Her heart rmat Rdhik is feeling that the triumph of the eyes lies only in relishing the beauty of that Ka who is playing the flute and arching His eyebrows. But the sakhmajars have a different understanding. The fruit for their eyes is to drink the combined beauty of r Rdh-Kas sweet lotus faces. Just as we can get a glimpse of the moods of rmat Rdhik and the other principal gops by deliberating on this verse akavat phalam ida and others from Veu-gta, hints of the moods of the sakh-majars can also be found therein. Upon hearing Kas veu-nda, Rdhiks sakh-majars also began uttering this verse to the other vraja-ramas of the same mood. The sakh-majars are eager to arrange the meetings of r Rdh-Ka and to taste the rasa of serving the Divine Couple. In order to relish the meaning of these verses in this mood, it is necessary to understand a general analysis of the word meanings as well as their special inner purports, which can be explained in this way: O sakh, when vrajea-suta r Ka and vrajea-sut rmat Rdhik meet together, They decorate and dress each other in a manner befitting Their youthful age. While the enchanting veu is kissing Kas lips and rmat Rdhiks face is being served by Her arched eyebrows, the Prince and Princess of Vraja look tenderly at Their very dearest ones. Only those eyes which have seen these sweet faces are victorious; the eyes of one who has not seen this have been utterly wasted. Here vrajea-sutayo has an inner meaning vrajea-sut ca and vrajea-suta ca refer respectively to vrajea-sut rmat Rdhik, the daughter of the king of Vraja (Vabhnu Mahrja), and vrajea-suta r Ka, the
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son of the king of Vraja (Nanda Mahrja). Thus, both of Them are indicated. The phrase anuveu-jua indicates that first the veu is kissed by Ka, and then by rmat Rdhik. Descriptions of this are given in the Gosvms literatures. During the midday pastimes sometimes rmat Rdhik takes the veu from Kas hand, puts him on Her lips and plays him. At that time, r Rdh-Ka become absorbed in each other and cast charming, sidelong glances at Their dearest devoted sakhs. Seeing this sweet picture of the Divine Couple, these sakhs offer their everything to Them. Whoever beholds this sight has fulfilled the purpose of his eyes. This is the secret objective of the sakhs in r Rdhs own party. The gops, overflowing in bhva, were only able to say, This is success for one who has eyes. They were not able to say any more. The reason for this is that their throats immediately choked up upon remembering Kas beautiful form, and they were not able to speak further. The supremely rasika Vraja maidens are extremely grave by nature, and their utterances of love are also equally profound. One or two words are enough to reveal their deep, mysterious moods. What is the need of correct grammar subject, object, verb and adjectives to properly express their bhvas? This proves that the gops are supremely skillful and are the crown jewels amongst all rasikas, those experienced in tasting the nectar of loving exchanges. Hearing Kas flute song, the vraja-ramas, whose feelings of love are always fresh and new, became as if deranged with the appearance of aa-sttvika and many other kinds of bhvas. This incited their eagerness to meet with Ka, and by just a few words they revealed their hearts to those gops of the same mood. All the vraja-gops are Kas life, and they are all deeply committed to giving Him pleasure, but
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their bhvas are not the same. Consequently there are subtle differences in their eagerness to see Ka and their desire to meet with Him. It is impossible to describe and fully taste all of the individual moods of the multitudes of gops. rmad-Bhgavatam shows how to relish the sweetness of Kas veu-nda byfollowing two different moods: those of rmat Rdhik, the supreme gop who possesses mahbhva to the highest degree and who is the crown jewel of Kas beloved consorts; and those of Her devoted sakh-majars, who have taken shelter of Her lotus feet. The commentators as well have given particular importance to describing both these moods. Therefore, all of the verses of the Veu-gta are to be relished in this way. Each and every one of Kas beloved vraja-ramas is an unfathomable ocean of mahbhva. No one can count how many towering waves of these moods toss about and swirl through their hearts. And, with whatever visions of Ka appear in the practicing devotees heart by the gops mercy, he is fully gratified.
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Verse Eight
cta-pravla-barha-stabakotpalbjamlnupkta-paridhna-vicitra-veau madhye virejatur ala pau-pla-gohy rage yath naa-varau kva ca gyamnau cta of a mango tree; pravla with soft new leaves; barha peacock feathers; stabaka bunches of flowers; utpala-abja blue lotuses; ml with garlands; anupkta being touched; paridhna Their garments; vicitra especially attractive; veau being dressed; madhye in the midst; virejatu both of Them very sweetly decorated; ala extremely; pau-plagohy within the gathering of cows and cowherd boys; rage upon a stage; yath just as; naa-varau two most excellent dancers; kva ca sometimes; gyamnau singing.
Translation
One of the sakhs said, O sakh, r Ka and Balarma, singing sweetly amidst the gathering of cows and cowherd boys, are looking absolutely gorgeous, like a pair of most expert dancers (naavaras). Ka, dressed in yellow garments, and Baladeva, wearing blue, decorate Themselves very charmingly with newly grown mango blossoms, peacock feathers, leaves, clusters of flowers and garlands of many colored lotuses. O dear sakh! What can I say about the splendor of Their appearance? They look like two incomparably beautiful and skilled dancers performing on stage.
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The hearts of the cowherd damsels, imbued with mahbhva, are always deeply and fully immersed in r Kas sweet ocean of rasa. The vraja-ramas are constantly engrossed in remembering, thinking and conversing about Him. When they see Him and hear His veu-nda as He comes and goes from cow-grazing, they are completely overcome by their intense emotions of love. Thrown into a helpless state due to their ardent desire to see r Ka, they try to restrain the surge of these emotions in their hearts by revealing their feelings to their intimate sakhs. Because of shyness and hesitancy, however, they cannot directly express their affection for Him. That is why, although they want to describe the enchanting sweetness of r Kas face when kissed by the veu, they instead describe the beauty of Ka and Balarma both, with the phrase vrajea-sutayo, the two sons of the King of Vraja. But even by doing this, they cannot conceal the bhvas hidden in their hearts. In an attempt to cover up their undivided love for Ka, they purposely talk about both Ka and Baladeva in this verse, describing Their exquisite beauty and other superlative qualities. The vraja-ramas say, Dear sakhs, when the two brothers Ka and Balarma enter Vndvana to graze the cows in the company of Their cowherd friends, it is impossible to describe Their incomparable beauty. One gop, brimming over with emotions, says to another, O sakh! We can look at Ka from a distance, but how can we go near Him and drink the nectar of His lips? We will feel shy with the respected Balarma there. The second sakh replies, O foolish one, dont worry. Ka will look at us and His eyebrows will beg for our
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love (praaya). At that time our regard for public opinion, self-control and all other restrictions will disappear. Come on, sakh. Let us go see Him at once. Then we will just see what happens. The first sakh exclaims, Oh no, that is not possible. I can never go in front of Him when Dj is there. And not only that, sakh, our husbands, fathers-in-law and other relatives will stop us, and the village elders will hurl sarcastic and caustic comments at us. I feel it is not proper for us to go. On hearing this, the second sakh composes this verse in order to convince her friend to go with her. cta-pravla-barha-stabakotpalbjamlnupkta-paridhna-vicitra-veau
O sakh, They appear most astonishing, wearing crowns of soft, newly-grown mango leaves, peacock feathers and clusters of flowers on Their heads, blue lotuses on Their ears, garlands of night lotuses around Their necks, golden cloth (ptmbara) on Kas dark body and blue cloth (nlmbara) on Baladevas fair-complexioned body, and twirling pastime lotuses with Their right hands. Playing sweet music, They dazzle brilliantly amidst the sakhs and cows. My dear sakh, it appears as if two clever dramatists are dancing and acting on stage. How can I describe Their splendor?
Sometimes, in the circle of the cowherd boys, the two brothers areimmersed in Their own ecstatic mood and dance in such a way that the other boys call out, Sdhu, sdhu! Excellent, excellent! Here the word gyamnau has a deep meaning. Seeing Their dancing and hearing Them sing in a full range of ascending and descending notes, jumping from one key to another, all the sakhs lavishly praise Them. Sometimes, feeling overjoyed in the bhva of Their own
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sweet singing and dancing, the two brothers haughtily ask Their friends, Can any of you sing and dance like this? If so, then show Us. In this way, the Vraja maidens, immersed in bhva, keep their love for r Ka hidden in their hearts by describing Baladevas sweet beauty and other delightful qualities along with Kas. Their internal sentiments, however, reveal themselves through every part of their bodies their facial expressions, eyes, poses and language. O sakh! The only lucky ones in Vraja are the cowherd boys. Whether at home or in the forest they are always with Ka, enjoying with Him in so many ways. They get to see Him all the time, dance and sing with Him, and always touch His beautiful body. But the Creator has given us birth as gops, thus depriving us of this privilege. On top of that, we are wives from respectable families, and thus we cannot see Him to our hearts content. If we had been born as gopas instead of gops, we could be with Ka all the time and always see Him. In this way our lives would have been blessed. The exalted position of the vraja-ramas, who are overflowing with mahbhva, is evident here, although they consider themselves most pitiful and unfortunate. This is the natural characteristic of pure prema. The heart of r ukadeva Gosvm also became overwhelmed with gopbhva as he recounted these eternal pastimes. That is why, like the gops, he described the incredible good fortune of the cowherd boys with great exuberance.
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Verse Nine
gopya kim carad aya kuala sma veur dmodardhara-sudhm api gopiknm bhukte svaya yad avaia-rasa hradinyo hyat-tvaco ru mumucus taravo yathry gopya O gops (one gop addresses the others); kim what; carat performed; aya this; kuala sdhana and bhajana performed in previous lives; sma certainly; veu the flute; dmodara of Ka; adhara-sudhm the nectar of the lips; api even; gopiknm which is the rightful property of the gops alone; bhukte drinks; svaya he himself; yat from which (he is able to taste the nectar of Dmodaras lips as much as he desires); avaia (not even a drop) remaining; rasa of that rasa (the nectar of Dmodaras lips); hradinya the rivers; hyat feeling jubilant (due to seeing the flute drinking the nectar of Kas lips and thus manifesting ecstatic symptoms in the form of blossoming lotus flowers); tvaca on whose bodies; aru tears; mumucu overflowing; tarava of the trees; yath exactly like; ry family elders.
Translation
O dear sakh, one of the gops said to her friend, this flute is merely a piece of dry wood. We cannot imagine what sort of pious activities he must have performed in
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his previous births that in our very presence he is directly and fully tasting the nectar of Dmodaras lips, which rightfully belongs to us alone. He is not sparing even one drop of that rasa for us. Seeing the good fortune of this veu, Mnas Gag and the other ponds exhibit ecstatic symptoms the blossoming lotuses are actually their hairs standing on end. Seeing themselves as the family elders of the flute, who is mad for Bhagavn, all the trees rejoice. Under the guise of pouring forth streams of honey, they are actually shedding tears of bliss from their eyes.

The vraja-ramas, already desperate to meet Ka, now become even more restless. In order to cover up their deep, undivided affection for their beloved, they describe to their closest friends the beauty and other sweet qualities of both Ka and Balarma. However, they are not able to hide their real feelings for long. A vision of Kas beautiful form appears in their hearts, and as soon as they see the veu on His lips, the gops start admiring the rare, good fortune of that flute. In great wonder they think, Ah! There is no need to discuss the sakhs fortune as they have taken birth in the cowherd community and have been playing with Ka since childhood. But what shall we say about the fortune of this veu? These thoughts stimulate the gops natural mahbhva, causing a divine madness (unmda) to arise within their hearts. Thus they become jealous, imagining the veus supposed good luck gopya kim carad aya kuala. This verse is explained thus: O sakh! This veu! What austerities has this dry stick of bamboo performed in his
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previous life? What charity has he given, what auspicious deeds has he done, and in what holy places has he taken bath in order to always remain at Kas lips? Another sakh replies, He has not performed any of these virtuous deeds. If he had why would he have taken birth in a family of non-moving beings? Yet another sakh insists, If what you say is indeed true, how is it that this veu is always tasting the rasa of Kas lips? Just see how Vrajendranandana r Ka loves him. Sometimes He holds him in His hands, sometimes He kisses him, sometimes He keeps him tucked under His arm, sometimes in the folds of His waistband, and sometimes He sprinkles him with the nectar of His lips. If anyone in this entire Vndvana is fortunate, it is surely this veu. O sakh, by giving us birth as gops, the Creator has deprived us of all blessings. Alas! Why couldnt we have taken birth as the veu? We cannot meet Ka openly like this flute nor serve Him to our hearts content. Our birth as humans is simply useless. This veu certainly must have performed severe austerities or some pious activities in a previous birth, and if we only knew what they were, surely we would do the same so as to achieve such an uncommon fortune. Come on! Let us go to the respected Paurams. She is a pure ascetic who knows past, present and future. We will ask her advice and follow her instructions. Then we also can attain this rare auspiciousness. O sakh, another gop interjects, this veu is indeed thoroughly fortunate. There is no doubt about this because he is always relishing the nectar of being with Ka. For this reason, however, he has become so proud and arrogant that we cannot bear it. Gopkn dmodardhara-sudhm api The nectar of Kas lips is meant for our exclusive enjoyment but he thinks it is his property. Ka was born in
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the gopa dynasty and so were we. From infancy we have shared deep love with each other. He is our treasured sweetheart, and therefore we alone have full rights to the nectar of His lips. But this crafty and shameless veu is depriving us of our natural birthright and brazenly drinking the nectar of Kas lips just as he likes! Despite taking birth in the community of gopas, we are deprived of the nectar of Gopendra-nandana r Kas lips. But that veu, even though taking birth in the family of non-moving trees, is continuously drinking adharmta. The day Yaod-maiy bound r Ka with a rope, He became famous as Dmodara, and that very same day we initiated our loving relationship with Him. At that time no one in Vraja knew anything about the veu. His relationship with Ka began in earnest only after Ka began taking the cows out to graze. Although the veu had only a slight relationship with Him, he suddenly became the heir extraor dinaire to the full rights of Kas adharmta. Thus he has deprived us gopks of this privilege even though we have loved Ka since infancy. Therefore, O sakhs, I say that birth as a veu is higher and more blessed than birth as gops. Deliberating in this way on the veus great fortune and on their own bad luck, the gops, naturally characterized by mahbhva, are consumed with divine animosity, jealousy and other sacr-bhvas. Then they humbly say: bhukte svaya yad avaia-rasa. O sakh, when Ka puts the veu to His lips and plays him, His beautiful shining scarlet lips, which defeat even the lustrous color of a ripened bimba fruit, turn yellow, being drained of color. It seems that the veu is drinking the adharmta so completely that he drains r Kas nectar-filled (sarasa) lips, making them juiceless and dry (nirasa). This nirasa veu is trying to make Kas lips dry like himself. Kas adharmta is our exclusive property,
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but this veu is drinking all the nectar and snatching our share as well! Of this there is no doubt. Sakh, just see the evils perpetrated by this veu. Even after stealing someone elses wealth, he is not even the least bit embarrassed or afraid. He is shamelessly tasting our wealth right before our very eyes, and with his deceptively sweet melody he even has the nerve to taunt us by announcing, Just see, O gops, I have taken your wealth of Kas adharmta and, unrestrained, I am drinking the full rasa right in front of you! And there is nothing you can do about it. That is why, sakhs, it is not befitting for us to just sit here quietly. Let us teach that veu a lesson by forcibly kidnapping and hiding him in a remote place so that in the future he will never do this again. Here the phrase avaia-rasa has a hidden purport. rla Santana Gosvm has given several interpretations: ava means empty and ia means remains, so avaia means that not even one drop remains. The veu has fully drunk all the rasa, without leaving even one drop. The meaning of the word rasa in avaia-rasa is affection. No matter how much one drinks, the nectar of Kas lips never diminishes or goes dry. That is why the veu drinks it perpetually! No matter how much nectar he drinks, his thirst is never satiated, and that is why he drinks it continuously. There is another hidden meaning of avaia-rasa: after abandoning all worldly tastes, the gops relish Kas adharmta, and the veu incessantly drinks the gops remnants. Hradinyo hyat-tvaca Drowning in a sea of mahbhva upon hearing Kas veu-nda, the gops are tossed about in the high-spirited waves of various sacr-bhvas, sometimes experiencing humility (dainya), sometimes jealousy (ry), sometimes malice (asy) and so on. In that blissful condition the gops describe the good fortune of the veu:
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Despite being a male the veu is brazenly tasting our wealth, the rasa of Kas lips, and that, too, right in front of us! The trees cannot contain their joy. Seeing the incredible good fortune of the veu, they become ecstatically laden with fruits and flowers, and honey oozes out from them. It is as if their very own child has become fortunate, and with pride they cry tears of prema. And why not? The veu is, after all, made of bamboo, and bamboo is a member of the tree family. For that reason the family elders mango, kadamba, neem, aoka and others think of the veu as their child. This makes them jubilant and, feeling thrilled, they shed tears of love. Hradinyo refers to the Yamun, Mnasa Gag, Pvanasarovara, Mna-sarovara, Kusuma-sarovara and all the other rivers and lakes. Bamboo takes birth in rivers and lakes and is nourished by their water. For the bamboo that water is not really water but is actually milk. Because he has grown up on the milk from these rivers and ponds, they consider themselves his mothers. On seeing the rare fortune of their son, these mothers sometimes laugh, as exhibited by their blossoming flowers. Sometimes in their elation they express their joy through high-spirited waves, and sometimes they shed tears of happiness. They reflect, That supreme blessing, for which Brahm, iva, Lakm and others are always desperate but are unable to achieve, has been granted to our son. He is constantly tasting Kas adharmta. The gops display their jealousy, a characteristic of mahbhva, towards their rival, the veu, because he is always drinking the nectar of Kas lips (adhara-sudh) to his full capacity, leaving not even a single drop for them. Aru mumucus taravo yathry The gops continue, It is seen in this world that if someone born in a particular family line achieves some rare high position, the elders of that line become extremely joyful. In their exhilaration,
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they experience ecstatic eruptions of the skin, and tears of love fall from their eyes. In the same way, when the veu vibrates a sweet sound after drinking Kas adharmta, all the trees of the forest blossom with flowers as if their hairs are standing on end, and nectar flows from them as blissful tears. O sakh, what more can I say! In Vndvana this dry, hard wooden veu becomes entitled to the highest type of benediction. Only we gops are drowning in a sea of misfortune, and we dont foresee any chance of getting to be with Ka. If, by taking birth as any moving or non-moving being, we could have Kas association, our lives would be successful. yceha vaa-deha na tu kulaja-vadh-dehamdye hi kas ta-bhvena sajjan bahu-rci viharan durlabha syt paratra vabhve cid-aa-praamana-vaat vismttm yadi sy tena jyeya seya mama viraha-dutdrutm gateti
Gopla-camp (Prva 27.103)
r Rdhj tells Her friend, O sakh, I pray to God for birth in a family of bamboo in order to become a veu and remain on r Dmodaras lips forever. I am not praying for the superior birth as a human female. Ka is always hungry to play the flute and revels with him with great delight. For the flute, made only of bamboo, r Ka is easily available, while He is completely inaccessible to those who have taken high birth as women. Even if I am born as dead matter and ignorant of my identity, I become a flute, the omniscient r Ka will know that Rdhik, being acutely afflicted by
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My separation, has come to Me as a bamboo flute. He will then place Me on His lips again and again. rla Rpa Gosvm writes in his r Ujjvala-nlamai: mukunda-mahi-vndair apy asv atidurlaba braja-devy eka-savedyo mahbhvkhyayocyate varmta-svarpa-r sva svarpa mano nayet sa rha cdhirha cetyucyate dvi-vidho budhai
This bhva of the gops is uncommon in every respect and can be experienced only by r Rdh and the other vraja-devs. It is extremely rare even for r Rukmi and Mukundas other queens. This mahbhva is the highest nectarean wealth, which attracts the heart and causes it to adopt its very own nature. Among the enjoyable objects of this material world, there is nothing sweeter than mta, or nectar. In the same way nothing is more tasteful than mahbhva, that special esoteric form of divine prema. In this condition the hearts of the gops become one (tdtma) with mahbhva. Indeed, it is the natural condition of the beautiful Vraja maidens hearts to embody this highest expression of prema.
Scholars who are well versed in rasa-tattva have described two forms of this bhva: rha and adhirha. On analyzing the words and realizations of the gops which have been spoken as the Veu-gta, it becomes absolutely clear that the gops prema is of the highest standard, adhirha-mahbhva.
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Verse Ten
vndvana sakhi bhuvo vitanoti krti yad devak-suta-padmbuja-labdha-lakmi govinda-veum anu matta-mayra-ntya prekydri-sanv-avaratnya-samasta-sattvam vndvanam Vndvana; sakhi O friend; bhuva of the Earth; vitanoti spreads (the glories of the Earth far exceeding even that of Vaikuha); krti the glories; yat because; devak-suta of the son of Devak (another name for Yaod); pada-ambuja from the lotus feet; labdha received; lakmi the beautiful markings; govinda-veum the flute of Govinda; anu continuous; matta maddened; mayra of the peacocks; ntyam in which there is the dancing; prekya seeing; adrisnu in the meadows of Govardhana; avarata stunned; anya other; samasta all; sattva creatures.
Translation
The fame of the Earth, O sakh, is enhanced due to being splendidly decorated with the marks of the lotus feet of r Ka, the son of Yaod. Upon hearing the veu-nda, the peacocks take it as the thunder of the clouds, and, becoming intoxicated, begin to dance. Also feeling pleasure, the other animals in the meadows of Govardhana become stunned. Because of this, the presence of r Vndvana makes the Earth planet even more glorious than Vaikuha.
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Describing the conversations of the gops, who are being thoroughly drenched in the shower of nectar coming from r Kas lotus lips in the form of His ethereal flute song, rla ukadeva Gosvm said, The intoxicated gops have been telling their friends, O sakh, birth as a veu is so much better than that of a woman. If after death we can take birth as a veu, then we will be able to relish the joy of always being with Ka! Now, in this verse the gops cease talking about the fortune of the flute in Kas hand and instead speak about the favorable position of the Earth, which has been graced with the touch of Kas lotus feet. The natural action of prema is to make the heart restless. Intoxicated in the heights of love and anxious to embrace Ka, the sweet gops say, Had we been given birth as this forest ground rather than as milkmaids, we would have received the touch of Kas lotus feet and considered our lives worthwhile. We observed in the previous verse that the sight of any object of Vndvana stimulates the gops thoughts of Ka and kindles their love for Him. Having reached the peak of pure prema, the gops see themselves as very fallen and wretched. They regard Kas flute, the flutes relatives (the ponds, rivers, trees and flowers), and even the deer and other animals to be the most fortunate beings. All the residents of the forest, they ponder, can see Ka and even touch Him without anyone interfering. Only we gops have to face all difficulties in approaching Him. With eyes full of love, they look over the entire Vrajamaala and see that it is covered with the marks of Kas lotus feet. When Ka plays in the forest and climbs the trees with His friends, automatically the trees receive the touch
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of those very lotus feet, which are worshiped and prayed to even by Brahm, iva, great sages and all other living beings. The gops are eager that r ymasundaras rarely attained lotus feet, which are the abode of Lakm, should also adorn their breasts. For the forest of Vnd, however, these lotus feet are easily attainable as they climb the trees, perform pastimes in the secluded forest bowers (kujas) and enter the lakes. In this way the gops sing the glories of Vndvana. Vndvana bhuvo vitanoti krti The gops exclaim, O sakh, this land of Vndvana is even more sanctified and glorious than Vaikuha. In the word vitanoti, vi indicates Vndvanas unique speciality (vaiiya), meaning that Vndvanas qualities are more special than Vaikuhas, and tanoti means spreading. The land of Vndvana spreads the fame and prestige (krti) of the Earth. Being the playground of Svaya Bhagavn Vrajendra-nandana who is all-powerful, the cause of all causes, and the endless ocean of ambrosial mellows and having been touched by His lotus feet, Vndvana is infinitely superior to Svarga (the heavenly realm) and Vaikuha. Devak-suta-padmbuja-labdha-lakmi The glory of the land of Vndvana is that it is always covered with r Kas lotus footprints. Vndvanas beauty is thus enhanced by the various symbols of His lotus feet (the flag, thunderbolt, elephant goad, etc.). rla Santana Gosvmpda writes the meaning of the word vndvana: One who nourishes and protects everyone is called vndvana. Hiding the mood of opulence, Vndvana maintains all by prema alone. Being controlled by this prema, the supreme power Svaya Bhagavn Himself never leaves Vndvana even for a moment. r Rpa Gosvm describes this in his Laghu-bhgavatmta (Antya-ll 1.67): vndvana parityajya sa kvacin naiva gacchati.
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r Vndvana is the crown jewel of the Earth planet. Why do the gops say it is even higher than Svarga or Vaikuha? The answer to this question lies in understanding that in Svarga and other realms Bhagavn resides in His Viu expansions as Upendra in Svarga and as Viu in Vaikuha. In this way the same Bhagavn Viu resides in different places in one form or another. Ka, the original Viu, has one form, but still He is present everywhere in unlimited expressions according to the particular pastimes. Among all of these forms, however, only r Ka is the original, complete manifestation, and all others are partial incarnations or portions. This has been described in Brahma-sahit (39): rmdi-mrtiu kal-niyamena tihan nnvatram akarod bhuvaneu kintu ka svaya samabhavat parama pumn yo govindam di-purua tam aha bhajmi
I worship the original person r Govinda, who continuously descends to different planets and who, according to His prescribed schedule, manifests His powers in many different forms, establishing Himself as r Rma and other incarnations (avatras). However, at the end of the Dvpara-yuga in the twenty-eighth millennium of the seventh Manu in each day of Brahm, Svaya Bhagavn r Ka Himself, in His complete form, appears on this Earth with the full paraphernalia of His eternal Vraja-dhma.
r Kacandra, the Supreme Spiritual Being and the Supreme Truth, establishes His bare lotus feet in the land of Vndvana on the pretext of cow-herding. These lotus feet, decorated with the red kukuma18 from the breasts of the
18 A reddish powder that married women apply to the part in their hair and in a dot on their foreheads just above the eyes.
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vraja-devs, touch the land of Vndvana, thereby making her blessed. Offering prayers to the particles of dust of Vndvana, the respected Uddhava says: sm aho caraa-reu-jum aha sy vndvane kim api gulma-latauadhnm rmad-Bhgavatam (10.47.61)
It would be the greatest fortune for me to become a tree, creeper or medicinal herb in this Vndvana-dhma. Oh, if I become something like this, then I will always be able to serve the dust of the gops lotus feet. Bathing in this dust I will be blessed.
In this tenth verse we should understand that Devaksuta (the son of Devak) is actually Yaod-suta (the son of Yaod), because another name for Yaod is Devak. This is told in Bhad-viu Pura: dve nmn nanda-bhryy yaod devakti ca
The wife of Nanda had two names, Yaod and also Devak.
Govinda-veum anu matta-mayra-ntya Indra adhipati, the original master of all the cows, is Govinda. The verbal root vinda means to give pleasure, protection and nourishment. Therefore, He who is responsible for the welfare, protection and ever-increasing pleasure of all the gos gopas, gops, gopa-blakas (cowherd boys), govatsa (cows and calves) and go-bhmi (pasture grounds) is called Govinda. In this Vndvana Yaod-nandana Ka is always roaming about barefoot, glancing over the intoxicated, maddened peacocks, and from time to time vibrating mellow tunes on
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His dear flute. Catching sight of r Govinda, who pours forth the core of His heart through the veu, the peacocks experience great pleasure and start dancing with joy. They think that Kas golden ptmbara against the effulgence of His bluish body looks like a lightning flash across a new water-filled blue cloud, and that the soft sound of the veu is like muted thunder. Intoxicated with love, they spread their tail feathers and dance with complete abandon. Seeing this, Ka plays an even more heart-rending melody on His flute. The peacocks then become even more spirited than before and, being so delighted with the sweet veu-nda, surrender their feathers to Him. Accepting those feathers with great love, Ka places them on His crown and says, O peacocks, I will wear your gift of love on My head for the rest of My life. And because Ka sees the name of His most dearly beloved sweetheart on the feathers, the peacocks gift is especially precious. Ka affectionately accepts whatever a devotee offers with devotion. In Bhagavad-gt (9.26) He Himself says: patra pupa phala toya yo me bhakty prayacchati tad aha bhakty-upahtam anmi prayattmana
I accept with great affection whatever any devotee having immaculate prema lovingly offers Me, be it a leaf, a flower, fruits, water or anything else.
The peacocks become even more enlivened upon hearing the veu-nda and seeing Kas lotus face, His head decorated with their feathers. They drown in rapture, and dance to the sweet rhythm of the veu in a way that is very soothing and enchanting to Kas eyes. The peacocks and Ka exchange their bhvas, thereby inspiring each other to greater ecstasy.
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The sakhs see this entire scene through the eyes of their loving emotions. As their hearts are being inundated with the sacr-bhvas of dainya (humility) and nirveda (selfdisparagement), one gop declares, O sakh, such moods are exchanged between like-minded hearts. We have heard from Paurams that r Ka is a young, life-long brahmacr (celibate), and the peacocks are also brahmacrs. That is why they exchange loving glances with each other. Capable people associate with others who are similarly qualified. But we are married women and therefore belong to someone else, so how is it possible for us to get together with ymasundara? Ka often sits in Govardhanas valleys where everyone can get a clear, unobstructed view of Him. All the living entities in the valleys, except for the peacocks, stand or sit motionlessly, becoming detached from all material affairs. The specialty of the peacocks, which distinguishes them from the other birds and animals, is that they become uninhibitedly enraptured upon seeing their feathers on Kas head and upon hearing the veu-nda, which they take to be thunder. Instead of being stunned into complete immobility like the other creatures, the peacocks dance to the melody of the flute with full self-abandon. r Kas cloud-like beauty and the thunder-like sound coming from His veu make the peacocks hearts leap. Their bodies in turn start to dance along with their hearts. On the other hand, all the other living entities become totally motionless seeing Kas rpa-mdhur (sweet beautiful form) and hearing His veu-mdhur (sweet flute). In order to witness and taste the nectar of Kas sweet flute playing and the peacocks unprecedented, beautifully rhythmical movements, all the animals, birds, cowherd boys, cows, calves, deer and does gather in Govardhanas valleys. Flocks of birds crowd the branches of the trees, while the cowherd boys, praising the flute-playing and the dancing,
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circle close around Ka and the peacocks. Here adri, mountain, refers to Girirja Govardhana. On seeing Kas incomparable beauty and hearing the sound of the veu, which attracts the minds of everyone in the three worlds, all the birds and animals stop moving, becoming still as statues. The cowherd boys and others forget whatever they are doing and only look at Ka. Even the calves drinking milk leave their mothers and run towards Him, and the peacocks, having gone mad, start dancing with Him. Look, sakh, one cowherd maiden says to another, all kinds of animals and birds, upon hearing the vibration of the veu, become paralyzed in pleasure and lose external consciousness. Seeing Govinda and hearing His venunda, even hard stones and rocks melt and become clearly imprinted with ymasundaras most beautiful, tender footprints. But what more can I tell you, sakh? Our hearts are so hard that, even after hearing the veu-nda, nothing changes in them. Alas, fie on us. Our lives are cursed. What is the point of such a life? Avaratnya-samasta-sattvam rla Santana Gosvmpda has shed light on the meaning of this part of the verse. He says that avarata refers to the abolishing of the modes of passion and ignorance, meaning that only in the absence of passion and ignorance does viuddha-sattva, pure spiritual goodness, illuminate the heart. The gops explain its symptoms elsewhere: vana-lats tarava tmani viu vyajyatya iva pupa-phalhy praata-bhva-vitp madhu-dhr prema-ha-tanavo vavu sma
When r Ka, the master of inconceivable opulences, roams about Vndvana playing His veu, He calls out the names of the cows grazing in the meadows
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at the foot of Girirja Govardhana. At that time all the trees and creepers of the forest blossom with flowers and fruits. Their branches bend low with their weight, as if offering obeisances. These trees and creepers, filled to the brim with affection, thus express their love for Ka. Each and every pore of their bodies blossoms in delight, and their honey flows out as if they are shedding tears of joy.
This shows that the natural characteristic of bhakti is to awaken humility and a serving mood in the heart. rmad-Bhgavatam (2.9.10) tells us that in Vaikuha, only viuddha-sattva (unalloyed spiritual goodness) is manifest there is no mixed goodness, no effect of the three modes, nor any passage of time: pravartate yatra rajas tamas tayo sattva ca mira na ca kla-vikrama In this tenth verse the gops wonder, O Creator! When will we have the same good fortune as Vndvana, who always adorns her breast with Kas lotus feet? Oh, we are bereft of all auspiciousness. The peacocks and peahens together dance with Ka. Why cant we, along with our husbands, dance with Him upon hearing the sound of His flute? No, no, we are completely accursed as our husbands are vehemently opposed to this idea. The trees, creepers, deer and does even all the birds and animals can go close to Ka, but not even for an instant do we have the good fortune to be with Him and lovingly hold His lotus feet to our breasts. We are so powerless. Only when we die and take birth in another species in Vndvana will we be able to get Kas association; only then will our lives take on some meaning.
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Verse Eleven
dhany sma mha-gatayo pi hariya et y nanda-nandanam uptta-vicitra-veam akarya veu-raita saha-ka-sr pj dadhur viracit praayvalokai dhany fortunate, blessed; sma certainly; mha-gataya having taken birth in an ignorant animal species, thus being foolish; api although; hariya she-deer, or doe; et these; y who; nanda-nandanam the son of Nanda Mahrja; uptta-vicitra-veam dressed in a most startlingly unique yet pleasantly captivating manner; akarya hearing; veuraita the sound of His flute; saha-ka-sr accompanied by their husbands, the ka-sra deer, the essence of whose hearts is Ka; pj dadhu they worship Ka (from a nearby place); viracit perform; praaya-avalokai by their affectionate sidelong glances.
Translation
O sakh, when our beloved Nanda-nandana ymasundara dresses Himself in a most startlingly unusual yet pleasantly captivating manner19 and vibrates sweet sounds on His flute,
19 Ka appears very carefree and debonair, gracefully charming and gay, in the unlimited varieties of His distinctive dress. Always freshly and inconceivably unique (vicitra), each new garment (vea) is carefully calculated to steal the hearts of the Vrajavss over and over again.
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even the foolish deer, who have taken birth as most ignorant animals, upon hearing the veu-nda, go running to Him along with their husbands (the ka-sra deer) and gaze upon Him with their large, love-laden eyes. They are not just staring, sakh! They are worshiping Him by the sidelong glances of their wide lotus eyes. r Ka welcomes their worship by exchanging loving sidelong glances with them, and the does, in turn, accept His reciprocation. Truly, the lives of these deer are blessed. Sakh, how ironic it is that, although we are gops of Vndvana, we are not able to offer ourselves freely to Ka in the same way, because our family members harass us!

Owing to their unquenchable thirst which is a natural symptom of their prema, the damsels of Vraja, blessed with mahbhva, are always restless to meet with Ka and are unable to steady their minds in any way. Whenever they see anything which has even a hint of relationship with Ka, they think its position extremely fortunate. Due to their natural humility they consider themselves greatly unfortu nate. In Vndvana r Ka always walks barefoot, so Vndvana always attains the good fortune of being touched by His lotus feet. The forest of Vnd continuously serves r Ka and His dear ones in every way, especially since it is the land where He roams and performs amorous pastimes. The vraja-ramas, ever absorbed in their love for Ka, reflect on the glories of r Vndvana in this way. Oh, my goodness! Sakh, how can I possibly describe the good fortune of Vndvana? After all, it shelters r Kas near and dear ones, like the animals, birds, trees, creepers, cows, calves and beloved Vrajavss. We cant even imagine
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the good fortune of Vndvana, what to speak of attaining it. Just see! Just see! These deer are so lucky; the good fortune that they enjoy is extremely rare for us. Being animals, they are naturally devoid of discernment, which is why they are not deprived of seeing Ka. We have taken birth as women and are endowed with human intelligence, but despite this, we are still not lucky enough to able to meet with Him. This is the irony of our lives. An ignorant or undiscriminating person who has some relationship with Ka is thousands of times superior to an intelligent person who has no relationship with Him. When Vrajendra-nandana r Ka, beautifully decorated in extraordinarily unique attire suitable for roaming in the forest, enters Vndvana in the autumn and sees her wonderfully splendid beauty, Hestarts playing the veu. At that time the does forget to graze and neglect everything, including looking after their young. They swiftly run to Ka and stand so close to Him that He can touch them with His hands. These does are so foolish, the gops muse. They do not realize that they are about to give up their lives to the hunters veu. They have not even the slightest idea from where the music is coming. They do not know that it could easily be a hunter who is alluring them with his music in order to kill them. They become mad and, pointing their cupped ears in that direction, foolishly start running toward the sound. On the other hand, the does foolishness is also a form of greatness, because they go very close to r Ka, demonstrating their praaya20 for Him. That is why they are vastly more blessed than us.
20 That stage of prema when all manner of shyness and hesitation is completely removed. The raya, or reservoir, of madhura-rati, the nyik (heroine), perceives no distinction between her body, mind, intelligence, heart and life and those of her beloved r Ka, and visa-versa.
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Sitting at home, the gops observe all this through eyes tinged by their loving emotions. They see the does worshiping Ka as if begging for praaya through their love-laden eyes and standing very close to Him. The milkmaids eulogize, Oh, how very fortunate the deer are to come to Ka for abhisra, a secret love meeting, and beg Him for deep love. We have taken birth as gops and are unable to give up our family obligations, our regard for public opinion, our selfcontrol and other social concerns. We cannot meet Ka for abhisra, let alone beg for His praaya the way the deer do. Nanda-nandanam uptta-vicitra-veam Ka is dressed in exquisite garments, and adorned with a crown made of newly sprouted, very tender red mango leaves, clusters of various kinds of flowers, and a peacock feather. His brilliant yellow ptmbara shines like molten gold as it flutters in the wind. He wears a karikra flower on one ear only, and His swinging garland made of various forest flowers reaches all the way down to His knees. Kas attire is just suitable for His lovely and enchanting rising youth. Seeing Him dressed in His beautiful clothes, decorated with flower ornaments, and dancing, the deer are charmed by His appearance and watch Him with unblinking eyes as if they are great sages fixed in their meditation on the Absolute Truth (brahma). karya veu-raita As soon as they hear Kas flute, the does are immediately drawn towards Him. Their husbands are known as ka-sra, which means that Ka alone is the essence of their lives. Without Ka they cannot stay alive; He is everything for them. The male deer follow behind their wives, considering their wives more surrendered to Ka by their bodies, minds and very lives than they are. Running straight to Him, the does do not even look back to see whether their husbands are following or not. On seeing the eagerness and intensity of their wives love, the deer think, Ah, how much deep affection our wives have for Ka! They are
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much more fortunate than us. Because of this deep affection, their hearts are one with Him. rla Vivantha Cakravart hkura describes this in Ka-bhvanmta (7.5152): ka-sra iti nma srthaka sva dadhvayamaho dayodadhi dvei no giridharnurgi pratyutaiti sukhaya nijgan ts tu ta sakhi! vidhya phata ka-sajigamiti tay yntya eva jaat it rute veu-nda iha citrit babhu These verses mean: O sakh, having been enchanted by the veu-nda, the does leave their husbands behind, desiring to be with Ka. But despite this desire, their limbs refuse to move and they remain fixed like statues. The ka-sra deer stay behind their wives and gaze upon Ka. Thus it is proved that Ka is the sra, the essence, of their lives. Praayvalokai pj dadhau The deep, inner meaning is that the does look at Ka lovingly with their beautiful wide eyes. Simply casting glances filled with praaya is their complete worship, which automatically includes the offering of all types of articles. Moreover, in comparison to the formal worship (arcana) performed with all varieties of items, the rat (adoration) offered with love-filled eyes is the most excellent form of worship, or ritual of love. Here dadhau (accepting) has a deep meaning: Ka especially accepts this worship. Viracit praaya-avalokai gazing at Ka with praaya is the best form of worship, or offering. If our most beloved Ka can accept the worship (pj) which the does offer Him through their love-filled eyes, why will He not accept ours? This is the hidden purport of the gops words. Dadhau here has another deep meaning.
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By looking with love-filled eyes, the does have overpowered Ka. The gops consider these does extremely fortunate, because they lose all sense of their own bodies and give up regard for public opinion and even all concern for their husbands. They simply perform their worship of the wonderfully attired Nanda-nandana through their glances filled with a love that admits no sense of separateness from their adored object. Attracted by the veu-nda, they gaze upon Ka with unbroken concentration, with eyes full of loving emotions, as if performing rat; and the gops witness this loving form of worship. The poet Kavi Karapra quotes a ythevar disclosing to her companion her ardent desire to see Ka: ki ducara caritam li! tapo mgbhi paynti y sa-mural-kalam syam asya ako prakma-kamanya-guatvam s m smprata bhavati samprati saprathi
nanda-vndvana-camp (11.146)
O sakh! What severe austerities have these deer and does performed in order to achieve the result of seeing r Kas lotus face embellished with the supremely sweet sound of His flute? The does extremely attractive, large eyes are endowed with bountiful qualities; thus their inviting sidelong glances achieve their desired result.
Another ythevar says to one sakh: saubhgya-bhgiyam aho sakhi! kasr srkaroti nayane saha-kasr va-ninda-makaranda-bhara dadhna ksya pakajam aakitam pibanti
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O sakh, look at that deer named ka-sra! His wife is so extremely fortunate. Along with her kasra husband, she is unhesitatingly drinking the rasa of Kas lotus mouth, which carries the honeyed sound of the flute; thus she is making the best use of her two eyes. Ka is truly the sra, the essence, of the life of this does husband. But my husbands nature is opposite to the deers. He is very wicked and doesnt even let me get a glimpse of r Ka.
The word aakita (fearlessly) here means, I cannot fearlessly watch Ka when He returns home in the evening, because my cruel husband is always suspicious. The gops say, Our next birth should be as deer so that together with our husbands we can also worship Ka with love-filled eyes. In this verse the gops call the deer foolish. Actually, even if one who is ignorant associates with Ka, he is definitely intelligent, whereas one who is materially clever but does not take Kas association is actually a big fool. The gops continue, We would gladly be foolish if it meant we would get an opportunity to serve and worship Ka. Yaod-maiy, Nanda Bb and the other cowherds also think the same as the gops. Ka is Bhagavn Himself, but Yaod-maiy and Nanda Bb consider Ka only to be their son, not Svaya Bhagavn. All those conversant with scriptural truths (tattva-jns) pray for the dust of the lotus feet of Nanda Bb, Yaod-maiy and the other Vrajavss. All the trees, creepers, plants, animals, birds, insects, gopas and gops in Vraja are beyond my, being eternally full of unlimited knowledge and unfathomed happiness (sac-cidnanda), and are absorbed in the service of r Ka. It is not possible for there to be even a scent of ignorance in them. By the power of Yogamy they have forgotten all of r Kas majesty, His being Svaya Bhagavn Himself. Rather,
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as in ordinary worldly relationships, they see Him as their friend, son, lover, etc. All these personalities have rgtmika-bhva, natural affection for Ka in their hearts. Persons who have greed for this service mood of the rgtmika associates (the residents of Vraja) and who practice bhajana under the guidance of r guru-vaiava in this world are called rgnuga-sdhakas. Following the rgtmika associates, even those rgnuga practitioners remain distant from bhakti for r Kacandra that is filled with restrictions, reverence and majesty. Considering r ymasundara as their friend, son or lover, they practice sdhana-bhajana nonstop. r Ka appeared as r ac-nandana Gaurasundara to taste the mood of rmat Rdhik, the very embodiment of mahbhva, and to initiate the path of spontaneous devotion, following in the wake of the residents of Vndvana (rga-mrga). These bhvas have been described by r Rpa Gosvm, who fulfilled r acnandana Gaurasundaras inner hearts desire by his unprecedented, heart-touching explanations found in r Bhaktirasmta-sindhu, r Ujjvala-nlamai and other writings. But those who are qualified for this are rare in this world. Vaidh-bhakti, which is full of rules and restrictions, can bring one up to the majestic service of r Nryaa in r Vaikuha. But rgnuga-bhakti gives the love-filled service of r Vrajendra-nandana in Vraja. And among rgnuga devotees, only the rpnuga sdhaka, having attained his perfected spiritual form in accordance with the mood and service of r Rpa Gosvm, receives the eternal sev (divine service) of r Rdh-Ka in Goloka Vraja no one else. At that time, forgetting Svaya Bhagavn r Kas godhood and majesty, he thinks of rmat Rdhj as his own mistress (svmin) and r Ka as r Kiors (the Supreme Maidens) dearly beloved, and is always absorbed in Their sev. This is the speciality of the followers of r Rpa Gosvm.
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ka nirkya vanitotsava-rpa-la rutv ca tat-kvaita-veu-vivikta-gtam devyo vimna-gataya smara-nunna-sr bhrayat-prasna-kabar mumuhur vinvya ka r Ka (the attractor of the heart); nirkya observing; vanit for all young adolescent girls (kiors); utsava a festival; rpa whose beauty; la and character; rutv hearing; ca and; tat by Him; kvaita vibrated; veu of the flute; vivikta clear; gtam song; devya the wives of the demigods; vimna-gataya traveling in their airplanes; smara by Cupid; nunna agitated; sr their patience; bhrayat slipping; prasna-kabar the flowers tied in their hair; mumuhu they became bewildered; vinvya their drawstrings loosening.
Translation
O sakh, when the wives of the devas (demigods) see r Ka and hear His enchanting veu-nda, they become completely infatuated by the force of Cupid. After all, He attracts the hearts of all adolescent girls, being a treasury of all beauty for them, and bestows upon them supreme bliss with His sweet form, qualities and unique nature. The flowers binding the devs braided hair fall out, their srs slip from their waists, and they fall unconscious into the laps of their husbands in their heavenly airplanes.
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The gops, overwhelmed with intense love for r Ka, have now become extremely restless to meet with Him. They feel that their only goal in life is to serve Ka, and their only concern is how to achieve His sev. In this condition, if they see anyone with even a faint sign of relationship with Ka, they think him to be extremely blessed. O sakh, one gop says, how can I aptly describe the great fortune of the does who live in Vndvana, the land where Ka roams about performing His pastimes? Every day, on the pretext of grazing the cows, Ka Himself goes walking in the forests where the does take up their residence simply in order that they may see Him. Ah, look! Do you see how lucky the demigoddesses (devs) are, flying in their heavenly planes up in the sky? With unblinking eyes they are drinking the nectar of Kas beauty to their hearts content. By hearing His veu-nda, they make their lives and especially their eyes successful. But alas! Despite having taken birth in Vraja and spending all our childhood here, we can neither meet nor talk with Vrajendra-nandana freely. Although the deer have taken a lower birth in the animal kingdom, they live in Vndvana and are thus able to see the sweetness of Kas beauty and hear the veu-nda every day. And the celestial goddesses, who have taken a higher birth than us, are also not deprived of seeing Ka or hearing His veu, even though they live far away in Svarga, the heavenly planets. Despite having taken human birth in Vraja and residing here, we alone are deprived of seeing Ka. We are observing that both higher and lower life species are in the fortunate position of being able to see Him. Only we milkmaids are stuck in between and deprived of all auspiciousness, thus
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passing our lives uselessly. If the Creator had given us birth in a lower species like the deer or a higher one like the devs, then perhaps we could see Ka and our lives would be successful. In this way, while describing the great fortune of the deer and lamenting over their own ill fate, the gops see through the eyes of their emotions that even the wives of the devas, seated in their celestial airplanes in the sky, have become restless after beholding Kas unparalleled beauty and hearing the enchanting veu-nda. Losing consciousness, the devs fall into the laps of their husbands. On seeing their wonderful fortune, the gops also experience an intense longing to meet and embrace Ka. They become restless and bewildered as in intense desire to take birth in the society of devs arises in their hearts. Prema is of three types: (1) manda, weak (2) madhya, inter mediate, and (3) prauha, mature. Prauha-prema is that stage in which the nyaka (hero) and nyik (heroine) cannot tolerate the intense pain of separation from each other. The prema in which separation is tolerated albeit with intense pain is called medial, or madhya-prema. And that prema in which anger and jealousy towards a rival cause one to forget about service to Ka is called manda-prema. The prema of the gops speaking here (svapaka to Srmat Radhik) is prauha, mature. They become completely restless to meet with Ka freely and to embrace Him. Another speciality of prauha-prema is that such lovesick gops attribute their own knurga to all moving and non-moving beings, be they animals, birds, trees or creepers. They desire to take birth in any of these species so that they can meet with Ka without any obstacles. They also admire the fortune of the wives of the demigods and say, Sakh, when the devs saw the unparalleled, magnetic beauty of
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ymasundara, who is the love of our lives, and heard His veu-nda, the flowers in their braided hair automatically started falling out and their skirts came untied. This phenomenon is called moyita-bhva. rla Rpa Gosvmpda explains it in r Ujjvala-nlamai (11.47): knta-smaraa-vrtdau hdi tad-bhva-bhvata prkayam abhilasya moyitam udryate
The mood rising in the nyik when she is either remembering or hearing about her lover, and the subsequent desire which arises from that mood, is called moyita-bhva.
The gops attribute their own deep love for r Ka to the devs, and on seeing their good fortune to behold Ka without any obstacles, the vraja-sundars desire in their hearts to also take birth as heavenly goddesses. Ka nirkya vanitotsava-rpa-la The charming, sweet beauty of the eternally ever-fresh r Ka is like a festival for the eyes of the young teenage gops. The great poet Kavi Karapra writes in His nanda-vndvanacamp (11.149): dhany vimna-vanit janitnurgd rgtta-gha-ratibhi patibhi part ll-kala-kvaita-veum avekya ka dhairyd athvaruruhur mumuhur muhu ca Although the does are animals and therefore lack intelligence and although they are with their husbands, is this reason enough that they cannot have knurga? No, it is not. Is it possible that someone can be the crown jewel of all clever persons but not have deep attachment for r Ka?
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In flowery language known as alakra, one ythevar relates to her sakh her hidden admiration, Dear friend, just see! The devs flying in their airplanes are so fortunate, because they have developed anurga for r Ka and their husbands also have deep love for Him. Although sitting next to their spouses, the goddesses still lose their self-control on seeing Ka play the veu so sweetly, and their attraction for Him keeps rising up again and again. Vanit janit atyarth anurgy ca yoiti According to this phrase, only those young women who nurture immense love for r Ka can rightfully be called vanit (a young maiden) no one else. These devs, who display their love for Ka right in front of their husbands, are actually vanit. But we are not like them we cannot show our love for r Ka in front of our husbands because we dont have that same deep love that the devs have. What else can I say? visrasamna-cikur latha-mna-nvyo devyo dhti-vyasanato nikhil divva ripsyamnam amara-druma-pupa-vara vismtya hanta vavur-nayan mbha eva
Those demigoddesses became intoxicated on hearing the melody of the veu. The flowers in their hair started falling out, and the drawstrings of their skirts loosened. They had been showering flowers from desire trees upon r Ka, but, becoming intoxicated with joy, they forgot that and instead showered tears of love.
Vanitotsava-rpa-la Our Ka, who adorns His head with a peacock feather, bunches of various kinds of flowers and fresh mango leaves, who wears a karikra flower on His ear, and whose ptmbara shines like gold, is the best of
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dancers and the crest jewel of lovers. If any vanit sees Him, she will surely become intoxicated and go completely mad. Not only that, sakh, when dusky-complexioned r Ka vibrates a note on the flute, the devs start suffering from the urge of kma. rutv ca tat-kvaita-veu-vivikta-gtam On hearing the attractive veu-nda, the demigoddesses forget their chastity. Only for women smitten with anurga are r Kas incomparable beauty and enchanting veu-nda like a festival of joy. There is not even one single impassioned female in the entire world who will not get intoxicated upon tasting the nectar of r Kas beauty or hearing His melodious musical notes. His smiles, laughter, speech, glance and mannerisms are completely irresistible to one and all. Whosoever comes in contact with Ka becomes His. On seeing the matchless beauty of manmatha-manmatha r Ka, the Cupid of cupids, and hearing the music from His poisonous flute, the devs, sitting in their heavenly airplanes, suffer from the great fever of kma, lose their self-control, embrace their husbands and faint. On seeing the condition of their wives, who are suffering from kma due to ka-prema, the demigods, rather than feeling jealous, admire their wives loving mood, just like the does husbands. Not only do the demigods praise their wives ka-prema, they actually encourage them. rla Vivantha Cakravart hkura writes in his commentary: The gops reflect, We are gops and Ka is a gopa. Even so, we dont have as much love for the lotus feet of r Ka as the devs have. They belong to the species of demigods. Although Ka is not a deva but a human, these devs have such deep love for Him. Despite being goddesses, they have made their eyes successful. This is indeed very astonishing. Our eyes, bodies and intelligence are all completely wasted, because we dont get to
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associate with Ka. Suffering in separation and ardently yearning to meet with Ka, the gops are lamenting, speaking many different witty remarks (lpa) of this nature. Bhrayat-prasna-kabar mumuhur vinvya The flowers woven in their hair fall out, the drawstrings of their skirts come loose, and they faint and fall into the laps of their husbands. Serving their wives, the devas say, Ah! Dev, you are so blessed. We also love r Ka, but the love within us does not overflow like yours. Situated in mahbhva, the most mature stage of love, the gops pleasantly continue their love-crazed talks (salpa). Just as r Caitanya Mahprabhu saw Caaka Parvata as Govardhana, the sea as the Yamun and any forest as Vndvana, each and every object stimulates ka-prema in the gops hearts. In reality, this dry stick of bamboo, the veu, who is drinking Kas adharmta, is not actually a breathing, living person. The gops, however, possess extreme affection for prema-devat Ka, their God of Love, and see that bamboo stick as their rival. In the same way, the devas and devs sitting in their planes delight their eyes by beholding Ka, but in reality they can never taste the nectar of Kas love the way the gops do. Even Lakmj is not qualified to enter Vndvana and taste the nectar of prema like the gops. And the dvija-patns, the wives of the Mathur brhmaas, who are more qualified than the demigoddesses, are also unable to enter Vndvana and savor the sweet, enchanting beauty of rasika-ekhara-naavara-ngara r Ka (the topmost dancer and enjoyer of love). The gops attribute their own bhvas to anything and everything that is even remotely connected to Ka, and then admire its fortune. They desire to take birth as animals, birds and even creepers or trees to be able to meet Ka to their hearts content without any obstacles.
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From early childhood the vraja-ramas had a natural affinity and love for r Ka, because they are all the direct expansions of His internal energy (kya-vyha of svarpa-akt). The gops descended on this Earth along with r Ka from Goloka Vndvana. There the most brilliant, divine paramour love (unnatojjvala paraky-bhva) between r Nanda-nandana and the milkmaids of Vraja prevails eternally. In Goloka the gops do not have husbands in gross form; only the mood of having a husband is there. In order to enrich paraky-bhva, Yogamy, giving physical form to the mood of there being husbands in Goloka, by the will of Bhagavn, had the cowherd boys marry the gops in Kas manifest pastimes in this world. In reality, all the husbands and the weddings themselves were imaginary, just like a dream. Only to nourish their paramour love (upapati-bhva) did Yogamy arrange these marriages. This is madhura-ll, Kas sweet, human-like pastimes with the cowherd damsels. In it the mood of majesty (aivarya-bhva) is completely covered, with the pastimes as ordinary humans being prominent. The gops see themselves as simple, helpless girls. Devoid of any mood of majesty, they are completely unaware of Ka being the Supreme Lord. They are not all-knowing like Paramtm, the Supreme Soul and indwelling witness, but are innocent cowherd girls. Having very simple hearts, they cannot realize that Yogamy has staged such a drama that their marriage had taken place with r Ka Himself and not any other gopa. If the gops were to think that all this was by Yogamys arrangement, the mood of majesty would come. They only consider that, although their marriages have taken place with the gopas, their lifes beloved, r Nanda-nandana, is everything to them, dearer to them than life itself. For Nanda-nandana they sacrifice regard for public opinion, virtuous conduct,
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self-control and all other conventions. All their love-filled discussions are in this mood this is mdhurya-bhva. Nrada Muni knows that all the gops are married to r Ka Himself, and not to the other gopas. Although this is the truth, what the gops believe is the complete truth. Nrada, ukadeva, Uddhava and Vysa are all-knowing; they understand the real situation. But the gops have only one bhva: Ka is my cherished beloved. They understand that Ka is the only one who has stolen their hearts, and nobody else knows it but them. Under the sway of their hesitancy and shyness, while sitting in their homes, completely absorbed in loving thoughts about their beloved, they try to hide their camphor-like prema within the jewel-box of their hearts. Knowing that camphor flies away with even the slightest breeze, they do their best to hide their precious ka-prema within, but they do not understand how to keep it concealed. If the gops and Ka were to think that they were married to each other, this idea would hinder the sweet human-like pastimes of Vraja. If they were to see themselves as married, there would be no difference between them and the queens of Dvrak. So we should understand that whatever is written in rmad-Bhgavatam is absolutely correct. There is a deep secret behind the reason why rla Jva Gosvm, in his commentaries on rmad-Bhgavatam and r Ujjvala-nlamai, has refuted the paramour love (parakybhva) of r Ka and the gops, and instead has tried to establish the idea that Ka and the gops are married (svaky-bhva). Outwardly promoting svaky-bhva, he has kept the paraky-bhva intact and pure. Actually, it is not possible for a rpnuga Vaiava crya like rla Jva Gosvm to be a proponent of svaky-bhva. Whatever description and commentaries he has given in favor of svaky-bhva has been done to satisfy the desire of others, not his own.
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In the conclusion of his commentaries, he has written: likhita kicid atra parecchay. The meaning is that, in order for unqualified persons with different interests to understand these impenetrable, inconceivable pastimes without finding fault with them, he has accepted svaky so that they can also constantly meditate on them with full faith. This explanation, however, is not agreeable at all to those internal devotees who have taken shelter of the lotus feet of rman Mahprabhu. rla Jva Gosvm has clearly written in his commentary on r Ujjvala-nlamai: svecchay likhita kicit kicid atra parecchay yat prvpara-sambandha tat-prvam-apara param
I have presented this view partly by my own desire and partly by the desire of others. The first and last part of the explanation, referring to paraky, has been written out of my wish, and whatever is not related to paraky has been written out of the desire of others. It should be understood in this way.
The complete verse from r Ujjvala-nlamai (1.21) is: laghuttvam atra yat prokta tat tu prkta-nyake na ke rasa-nirysa-svdrtham avatrii
In regard to worldly lovers, the position of a paramour is considered degraded by those who understand rasa. But this does not apply to r Ka, the source of all incarnations, who establishes Himself as the transcendental paramour in order to taste the essence of rasa.
All rasas emanate directly from r Ka. The different incarnations of Bhagavn descend to this world to maintain control over religion and irreligion. Although He personally
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never does anything which breaks worldly rules of conduct, Svaya Bhagavn Govinda is not tied by these conventions and restrictions. We should understand correctly that whatever rman Mahprabhu and His eternal associates like rla Jva Gosvm and rla Vivantha Cakravart hkura have written about svaky and paraky-bhva is according to the evidence of vidhi-stra and rasa-stra.21 Both of these commentators are rpnuga Vaiavas, devotees in the line of rla Rpa Gosvm. rla Vivantha Cakravart hkura is a follower of the Gosvms. Therefore, we should try to understand the writings of rla Jva Gosvm through the explanations of rla Vivantha Cakravart hkura. rla Vivantha Cakravart hkura writes, Parakybhva is especially prominent in the goal and devotional practice (sdhya and sdhana) of the Gauya Vaiavas. Before the advent of r Caitanya Mahprabhu, not a single Vaiava crya (authorized spiritual preceptor) gave clear instructions for worshiping Ka in relation to parakybhva, although paraky-bhva is mentioned in r Kakarmta, in r Rsa-pacdhyy of rmad-Bhgavatam (10.2933), in Muktphala and in the writings and various collections of poems of Jayadeva Gosvm, Cadsa and Vidypati. But a clear explanation is found in the works of rman Mahprabhus followers like r Svarpa Dmodara, r Rya Rmnanda and r Rpa-Raghuntha. In these sacred texts and in other books of the Vaiava cryas, there is no mention of Kas marriage to the gops; nor is there mention of His sacred thread ceremony in Vraja, since that ceremony took place in Mathur. According to Vedic culture, marriage does not take place before this ceremony.
21 Vidhi-stra the scriptures presenting rules for morality and propriety in human society; rasa-stra those describing the nectar of loving exchanges with Ka in His pastimes.
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Many people think that rla Jva Gosvm supports svakybhva, but this idea has no basis. r Rpa, r Santana, r Raghuntha dsa, r Kavi Karapra, r Kavirja Gosvm and other primary rasika cryas have described Rdh-Kas pastimes on the basis of paraky-bhva. But since rla Jva Gosvm thought it rare to find someone qualified to do bhajana in paraky-bhva, he prescribed the system of mantra-may upsan (meditation on a single pastime) in his Ka-sandarbha (paragraph 156). r Rpa, Raghuntha and other Gosvms have described in their literatures svrasik upsan (meditation on chain of Kas pastimes that flow one after the other) this is the inner hearts desire of rman Mahprabhu. The detailed explanations of svaky and paraky-bhva by rla Jva Gosvm and rla Vivantha Cakravart hkura in their commentaries on r Ujjvala-nlamai present proper philosophical conclusions according to their own perspectives. The only difference is in their angle of vision. rla Jva Gosvm has taken the side of svaky, keeping in mind fundamental truths, while rla Vivantha Cakravart hkura has supported paraky-bhva, focusing on the pastimes. The gops are expansions of Kas own internal energy (His svarpa-kti) that is why they may be considered His wives (svaky). Although it is not possible for them to be other mens wives, still in their pastimes in this world, they appear to be married to others. This is only an illusion of Yogamy. rla Jva Gosvm has given a deep understanding here, explaining that there is no difference between the manifested and unmanifested pastimes. The only difference is that one is in the spiritual world (aprakaa), and the other manifests in this material world (prakaa). In the aprakaa realm the observer and that which he observes are completely pure.
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Only those people who have the great fortune of receiving r Kas unlimited mercy can fully abandon all material connections, enter the spiritual realm upon attaining their spiritual body (vastu-siddhi), and directly meet Ka there. These persons alone can see and taste the completely unblemished pastimes of Goloka, but such people are extremely rare. And there are those who, while living in the material world, have achieved perfection in their bhakti and are experiencing spiritual rasa by Kas mercy. They have vision of the eternal pastimes of Goloka within their darana of the prakaa-ll of Gokula in the material world. There is some difference between the two levels of qualification svarpa-siddhi (vision of ones spiritual form while still a sdhaka in this realm) and vastu-siddhi. Until one attains his spiritual body and enters prakaa-ll (vastu-siddhi), there are some material hindrances in receiving the darana of these Goloka pastimes. The vision of ones own constitutional form (svarpa) and his vision of Goloka depends on and is proportionate to the level of self-realization one has attained. Careful observation reveals that Goloka, in reality, is completely pure and absolutely free from my. In the same way the earthly Gokula, manifesting in the material world by the power of Yogamy, is also without any impurity. Whether the pastimes are prakaa or aprakaa, there is not even the slightest touch of material fault, degradation or incompleteness. Any apparent difference is due only to the viewpoint of the person and his own eligibility. Those in Goloka are completely pure. In the material world, however, devotees view the pastimes according to their qualification. Those whose eyes, intelligence and false egos are absorbed in matter will focus on faults, degradation, bodily identifications, impurity and ignorance. Such persons do not have faith in the fundamental truth. Those with less faults will experience a more pristine vision.
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Paraky-rasa is the essence of all the rasas. To consider that it is missing in Goloka minimizes that realm. It is impossible that the highest rasa is not relished in the highest planet Goloka. r Ka, the source of all incarnations, tastes this rasa in one way in Goloka and in another way in Gokula. Although by illusory, material vision paraky appears to transgress dharma, in whatever form it takes, it is without a doubt the untainted truth in Goloka also. Even if we practice spiritual disciplines continuously for a very long time, it is not possible to achieve perfection in this rasa without taking shelter of the gops. Sdhana-bhakti is of two types: vaidh and rgnuga. The prema illuminated through vaidh, practicing strict regulations, is full of awe and reverence. Possessing greed to serve Kas associates in Vraja gives rise to rgnuga-bhakti (spontaneous loving devotion), which is completely devoid of majesty and leads to the appearance of ecstatic prema-bhakti, pure unadulterated love for Ka. It is possible to enter into madhurya-bhva (the loving mood of the cowherd damsels of Vraja) based on pure paraky only by following rgnuga-bhakti under the guidance of the gops. Even great devotees like Uddhava could not achieve this highest bhva of the gops. He was stunned upon seeing their extremely elevated, transcendental sentiments and prayed to take birth in Vraja as a creeper or bush in order to get the dust of the gops lotus feet: sm aho caraa-reu-jum aham sy vndvane kim api gulma-latauadhnm y dustyaja sva-janam rya-patha ca hitv bhejur mukunda-padav rutibhir vimgym
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It will be the greatest stroke of fortune if I become a bush, creeper or herb in Vndvana-dhma. Then I will constantly be bathed in the transcendental dust of the vraja-gops lotus feet, and I will be blessed. Just look, the gops have completely left their close relatives and social and Vedic regulations, which are so hard to give up, and have reached Mukundas lotus feet, achieving His topmost prema. What to speak of others, even the rutis and Upaniads, who have been searching for Him up till now, have still not attained Him.
jne praysam udapsya namanta eva jvanti san-mukharit bhavadyavrtm sthne sthit rutigat tanu-v-manobhi ye prayao jita jito apyasi tais tri-lokym
Those who associate with love-filled devotees and hear Your pastimes from them with faith, absorbing body, mind and words, need not make any separate endeavor to acquire knowledge of the truth. My Lord, although You are invincible, they have conquered You and brought You completely under their control by their devotion!
The phrase jne praysam udapsya has been explained by rla Jva Gosvm in this way: What to speak of impersonal realization of the Lord (nirviea-jna, which is offensive to the lotus feet of Bhagavn), there is no need to make a separate effort to achieve knowledge of the position of the Supreme Personality of Godhead (bhagavat-tattva), because Ka Bhagavn is full in six opulences. He is the controller of all controllers and the cause of all causes, but knowledge of this reality obstructs the natural prema of Vraja, which has not even a scent of reverence based on social conventions and restrictions.
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Ajita r Hari can never be conquered by anyone, but that same Hari is conquered by those who, rather than making an independent endeavor to achieve knowledge of the truth (tattva-jna), simply hear narrations of Bhagavns pastimes from the mouths of rasika, tattva-ja devotees (who are adept in tasting transcendental mellows and who know the fundamental truths). Such persons bind Him by the ropes of their love. If rgnuga-sdhakas meditate on r Ka as Paramtm or Bhagavn, full in six opulences, they cannot enter the sweet pastimes of Vraja. The vraja-gops do not think of Ka as Paramtm or Bhagavn with all opulences. They only know Him as their intimate friend and their beloved sweetheart, as in ordinary worldly relationships, and are always eager to serve Him. Vaiavas who follow rla Rpa Gosvm continuously cultivate these moods of the gops, who are immersed in the most sublime expressions of love.
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gva ca ka-mukha-nirgata-veu-gtapyam uttabhita-kara-puai pibantya v snuta-stana-paya kaval sma tasthur govindam tmani dru-kal spantya gva the cows; ca and; ka-mukha from the mouth of r Ka; nirgata emitted; veu of the flute; gta the song; pyam the nectar; uttabhita raised high; kara with their ears; puai which were like cups; pibantya drinking; v the calves; snuta exuding; stana from the udders; paya the milk; kaval whose mouthfuls; sma really; tasthu stood still (the sttvika-bhva of becoming stunned); govindam r Ka; tmani within their hearts; d by their eyes; ru-kal their eyes full of tears; spantya touching (embracing).
Translation
O sakh, enough talk about the devs! Just take a look at the cows. When our beloved ymasundara fills the flute with the sweet sound flowing from His mouth, and when the cows hear that mellifluous song, they cup their ears up high and drink the nectar of rasa. How can this happen, friend? Taking beloved ymasundara onto the throne of their hearts through the doorway of their eyes, O sakh, they seat Him there and embrace Him within their minds. O dear friend! Just
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see how tears are flowing from their eyes! And their calves? As the calves drink from the cows udders, they are unable to swallow and the milk gets stuck in their throats. Their ears perk up and drink the nectar of the veu-gta flowing from Kas mouth. With their eyes they welcome Ka in their hearts and embrace Him. Therefore, their eyes overflow with tears, they start trembling, and their hairs stand on end.

Through the eyes of their loving emotions, the lovemaddened gops watch their beloved r Ka taking the cows to graze from one forest to another along with the other cowherd boys. At the same time they clearly hear Kas sweet veu-nda through the ears of their bhva. Every part of Kas body, His way of walking, laughing, talking and gesturing are like a supreme celebration for the gops eyes and ears. Upon hearing the veu-nda, the vraja-ramas, wildly in love with Ka, are compelled to sacrifice their lifetimes accumulation of self-control, chastity, gravity and so on. They do not wish to reveal their inner sentiments to their intimate sakhs, but they have no ability to hide them. Accepting r Ka as their dear-most beloved, they have surrendered their bodies, minds and everything they possess at His lotus feet. Indeed, they cannot live without Him even for a minute. Internally, externally, behind, in front and through every pore of their bodies, they are unable to see anything but Ka. Still, they do not wish to express their feelings even to their closest sakhs. In rasa-stra these divine moods are called avahitth. At first the gops try to hide their feelings, but somehow or other,
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their emotions rise to the surface. Then, being embarrassed, they again try to hide them. In the previous verse, however, while discussing the devs flying in their spacecrafts, some degree of the gops internal bhvas escape. Therefore, to cover up their real mood, they immediately change the subject and speak about the knurga of the cows, who are full of motherly affection for Ka, and of their newly born two- to three-day-old calves. The love-maddened vraja-gops observe, Dear friends, just see the condition of the devs flying in their heavenly planes! It seems that they belong to the class of shy young girls (ramas) who are expert in the various skills for awakening sweet emotions. That is why, on seeing ramamohana ymasundara, the enchanter of sweet chaste girls, and on hearing His veu-nda which stimulates amorous love (gra-rasa), they become enchanted and are afflicted by kma (pure-hearted desire for Ka). However, if one contem plates our dearest Vrajendra-nandanas bodily features, His unparalleled beauty, His alluring veu-nda, His mannerisms, His supremely captivating power and other features, who will not lose all awareness of body and mind? Whosoever one might be whether man or woman, human or demigod, animal or bird one definitely becomes enchanted. Anyone who sees Ka just once is bound to surrender to Him forever. There is not the slightest doubt about this. Our beloved Ka enters the all-attractive Vndvana to graze His cows. But why does He go out with the cows? Sakh! This is just an excuse! Actually He goes in order to roam freely, to play various games and pranks with His cowherd boyfriends, and especially to meet secretly with His beloved gops. When Ka transmits the nectar of His lotus lips through the veu-nda, no one is able to determine what kind of nectar it is. Animals, birds, men, women, trees,
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creepers, ponds, rivers, mountains and all other moving and non-moving beings no matter who they are all drown in the ocean of supreme pleasure and lose consciousness on hearing the magnetic melody of the veu. Oh! Just see, just see the condition of these cows! gva ca ka-mukha-nirgata-veu-gtapyam uttabhita-kara-puai pibantya When the cows hear the sweet veu-nda, it seems that a powerful stream of nectar is rushing directly into their ears. They immediately stop grazing, raise their heads, turn their ears towards the sound, and silently stand still as if in a picture. Why do they raise their ears? So that not one drop of the nectar which has filled them will fall out. They are not actually ears but are in fact cups which they fill with the nectar of the veu-nda, enabling them to greedily gulp it down with great gusto. Although cows may be unintelligent, foolish animals, and there is no chance that gra-rasa (amorous love) will be stimulated in their hearts as happens with the wives of the demigods, still they are certainly able to taste the sweetness of the veu. The melody of this flute is incapable of hiding its sweetness from the birds and animals also. O sakh! When the stream of the liquid nectar of the veunda emanating from r Kas moon-like face enters the ears of the cows, being unintelligent animals, they are unable to understand this sound vibration. They think of it as merely some indescribable flow of sweetness. Just as one drinks ambrosia from a cup, the cows also fill their raised cup-like ears with the mellifluous flow of the veu-nda and, tasting it with supreme pleasure, lose all consciousness of their bodies and minds.
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These cows are also very dear to Ka. In His childhood, when they were calves, He, along with His sakhs, used to take them out for grazing in the enchanting forests near NandaVraja. He would personally bathe them with His lotus hands, fondle them and lovingly rub their backs and soft necks. Even when the calves grew up, they refused to go out to pasture with anyone else but Ka. Therefore He Himself had to take them. Even though devoid of intelligence, these cows love Ka, and that is why they become immobile on hearing the veu-nda. Because He was with the cows from their very childhood, He is extremely fond of them. Someone may point out that this is the reason the cows are so attached to Him. But this is not correct, sakh! If you look one time at the calves who are merely two or three days old, who know only their mothers breast and nothing else, you will see that they also fall unconscious upon hearing Kas enchanting veu-nda. harer vaktra veu-dhvani-miatay varati sudh pibaty et gavy yad anu rasan-kara-yugalam hst prastabdh nija-viayamany tu rasan kim etat ki naitad bhavati kim ivaitat kim iti v
The lotus face of r Hari is actually showering nectar under the ruse of the veu-nda. The cows and calves turn their ears into tongues, which become completely stunned upon drinking that nectar. In this condition it is impossible to point out which is the tongue and which the ear.
When the stream of the veus melodious nectar enters the ears of the cows, an indescribable feeling floods their hearts, melting them completely and causing a stream of milk to
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flow with great force from their udders. Ordinarily a cows milk begins to flow upon seeing her calf, but in the case of Kas beloved cows that graze in Vndvana, the milk does not come in this same way. Only when the cows see Ka, touch His body or hear His veu-nda, unlimited milk flows from their udders, completely filling their calves mouths. But upon hearing the pleasing melody of the veu, the calves lose consciousness and cannot even swallow the milk flowing from their mothers breasts, although it is already in their mouths. The calves become absorbed in bliss and, rendered helpless, are unable to drink the continuous flow of milk that dribbles down their chins onto the ground. In his nanda-vndvana-camp (11.151) rasika Vaiava Kavi Karapra gives a very pleasing and heart-touching description of this: arddhvalhya vaskura-obhi-dant sotkaham uniita-netram udra-karam citrrpit iva patantam ivmtaugha veu-dhvani ruti-pue gamayanti gva
Feeling intense longing, the cows close their eyes, raise their ears and, standing completely still as if in a painting, drink the nectar of the veu-nda through their ears. They forget to swallow the half-eaten green grass, which just remains in their mouths.
In the next verse he describes the calves: canti ccukam aho na na samtyajanti vats nayanti na paya-kavala gal dha va-kal-hta-hd sakhi! naucikn sneha-snuta-stana-raso dharayaiva pta
O sakh! Enough about the state of the cows. Just look at the condition of the calves! They were drinking milk
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from their mothers breasts when they heard the sound of the veu. Immediately they forgot to suck the milk, and could not even take their mouths away from their mothers breasts. What more can I say? They were also unable to swallow the milk that was already in their mouths. Today that nectarean milk, filled with the cows love, is being drunk by the Earth instead.
In this way the cows and calves, due to excessive joy, forget themselves and get lost in gazing at the one who adorns His moon-like face with the veu. As soon as they see Vrajendranandana, His sweet and incomparably beautiful form manifests in their hearts, and their eyes fill with tears of joy. Thus they cannot even see Him although He is standing right in front of them. They can only hear and relish the veus wonderful, rasa-filled sound through their ears. They remain absolutely still, being intoxicated from tasting the nectar of their internal vision of that most attractive form. It seems that these cows, who are the embodiment of the nectar of vtsalya-prema (motherly love), make their lives successful by taking Vrajendra-nandana in the laps of their hearts, being unable to do so outwardly. As a result they drown in ecstatic bliss. Due to the influence of their natural supreme love, the vraja-ramas, overflowing with deep feelings of love, are always intensely eager to meet with Ka. In that state whosoever they see having any kind of relationship with Him, whether moving or non-moving, they immediately consider most fortunate. At the same time, under the influence of their humility, the cowherd maidens feel greatly afflicted and depressed, thinking themselves to be most unfortunate in every respect. On seeing the cows becoming absorbed in their emotions after hearing the veu-nda, the gops ponder deep in their hearts, Oh! In Vndvana taking birth as a cow is so fruitful
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because these cows completely forget their bodies and all bodily connections upon hearing the veu-nda. They even forget their own beloved calves and their food as well. The tender green grass that they were eating remains untouched in their mouths. The milk flowing from their breasts into the mouths of their calves falls to the ground. The newborn calves also are completely unaware of their bodies and minds. But alas! We are cursed! When we hear the veu-nda, we are unable to stop thinking about our bodies and our homes. It is indeed lamentable that we cannot escape from the shackles of home-life to go to Ka, being locked up in the chains of our self-control, regard for public opinion, obligation to family, chastity, honor, fear and other such impediments. We are unable to drown in the sea of sweetness created by the flute song, and instead always remain attached to our bodies and minds. We can only listen to the sound of the veu from afar. We dont get so lost in the mellifluous sound of Kas flute that we forget our honor and self-control. Nor do we become intoxicated by it. That is why our lives have no value. These cows and calves are thousands of times better situated than us because, on hearing the veu-nda, they forget everything, including their own bodies. Those who have only a slight relationship with Ka are really blessed and their lives are successful. Although we have taken birth in the community of cowherders, we are absorbed in our mortal selves, being under the grip of body and home; uselessly we carry the burden of our bodies. rla Raghuntha dsa Gosvm says: yat-kicit ta-gulma-kikaa-mukha gohe samasta hi tat sarvnandamaya mukunda-dayita llnukla param
Vraja-vilsa-stava (102)
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In Vraja the grass, bushes, creepers, insects, snakes, animals and birds are all dear to Ka and help to enrich His pastimes. They are all transcendental and increase His pleasure.
Why does a devotee develop the greed to become a tree in Vraja? Because he hopes that Ka will sit on my lap, taste my fruits, dance and play hide and seek on my branches. To nourish such sweet pastimes, a practicing devotee may desire to become a snake or a tree. Why would someone want to be a snake? Because: If I am a snake, then when rmat becomes angry with r Ka and starts to leave Him, by seeing me She will become frightened and immediately fall into His arms! The significance of this thirteenth verse is that, according to the gops love-filled vision, if anything, living or non-living, has any relationship with Ka, then that entity is extremely fortunate. Rgnuga-sdhakas, practitioners following the path spontaneous devotion, should remember the chain of these bhvas while doing their bhajana.
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pryo batmba vihag munayo vane smin kekita tad-udita kala-veu-gtam ruhya ye druma-bhujn rucira-pravln vanty amlita-do vigatnya-vca prya most of them; bata certainly; amba O my mother (O friend); vihag the birds; munaya great sages; vane in the forest; asmin this; ka-ikita seeing Kas beautiful moon-like face; tad-udita created by Him; kala-veu-gtam sweet vibrations made by playing the flute; ruhya rising; ye who; druma-bhujn to the branches of the trees (in the form of rmad-Bhgavatam); rucira-pravln having enchanting creepers and flowers; vanti they hear; amlita-da with wide-open, unblinking eyes; vigatnya-vca stopping all other sounds (not related to r Ka).
Translation
O my mother! The cows and calves are our family members. But look at the birds of Vndvana. To call them birds is certainly a mistake. Truly speaking, most of them are exalted self-satisfied sages and ascetics (tmrma is and munis). They sit quietly in the beautiful green trees of Vndvana, upon branches that are sprouting many charming, new blossoms. Gazing continuously with unblinking eyes
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at the elegance of Kas beautiful form, they take in His love-laden sidelong glances and become elated. Ignoring all other types of sounds, they listen to Kas captivating voice and the music of His flute which enchants the three worlds. My dear sakh, how blessed their lives are! Alas! How unfortunate we are. Our birth has become spoiled, our eyes useless. Where lies our fortune to behold the beautiful form of Ka and hear His sweet veu-gta? Due to millions of obstacles, this seems completely impossible.

Becoming overwhelmed with joy as a direct result of hearing the veu-nda, the cows and new-born calves of Vndvana forget their bodies and all bodily relations. Discussing the condition of the cows, the vraja-ramans, graced with deep attachment for r Ka, become immersed in bhva and completely forget themselves, fully losing consciousness of their surroundings. After some time, when their emotional turmoil subsides a little, they heave a deep sigh and say, O sakh, how much more can I say about the fortune of the cows and calves! Nanda-nandana Himself takes care of them. He cleans their bodies with His very soft hands, feeds them tender green grass, puts His arms around their necks and gently fondles them. Who knows how much love and affection He showers upon them! Therefore it is, of course, natural that the cows will also love Him in return. But maiy r, O mother! O my goodness! One cannot help but be amazed on seeing the activities and behavior of the birds of Vndvana. Pryo batmba vihag munaya When the gops are fully immersed in this highly charged, emotional discussion
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about the sweetly magnetic and strange effect of the veunda, they are completely unaware of their bodies and homes. At that time there is not a single gop present who is old enough to be called mother. Only young gops of the same loving sentiments and group are there. When women talk among themselves and all of a sudden any fearsome, amazing or surprising subject comes up in their conversation, they exclaim, maiy ri or ha amba, O mother, even though no older woman is present. When absorbed in bhva, ladies demonstrate this long-standing nature. They do not address each other as mother unnecessarily. Only for a prolonged occasion of extreme joy or amazement does this sweet form of exclamation, mother, naturally flow from their mouths. There are many places in rmad-Bhgavatam where there are accounts of women conversing with each other, but such a form of salutation is rarely found anywhere. Pryo batmba vihag munaya this extraordinary, loving form of greeting is found only in this verse in the Veu-gta. One vraja-rama, aroused by extreme feelings of love (mahbhva), exclaims to another, O mother! What more can I say about the birds of Vndvana? By observing their behavior, it seems that most of them are self-realized sages who are always contemplating Ka. On catching sight of Nanda-nandana r Ka when He enters Vndvana, all the peacocks and peahens flock around Him while singing out, ke! k! ke! k! They spread their colorful tail feathers and with great love start dancing. All varieties of parrots (uka-sr), pika-paph and other types of birds, overcome by the emotions resulting from seeing Ka, become immersed in supreme pleasure and start to sing and dance. It seems that these birds are not ordinary munis but rather the crown jewels of devotees because, except for devotees, all perfected is (sages), yogs, sannyss (renunciates), tapasvs
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(those performing austerities), dhyns (meditators), munis (ascetics) and other siddha sdhakas (perfected practitioners) are opposed to singing and dancing. Being devoid of natural spontaneous affection (rga), they always remain in a place far distant from singing, dancing and playing music. Only bhvuka and rasika-bhaktas22 by seeing Ka and remembering Him, become intoxicated by drinking the pleasure of rasa, and naturally sing and dance. Therefore, seeing the peacocks, cuckoos, parrots and other birds who are singing and dancing, one can understand that they are surely the crown jewels of devotees. Except for them, all the other birds, having adopted the course followed by munis, behave like munis. On hearing Kas sweet veu-nda, they do not sing nor do they dance like the parrots and peacocks, who have the mood of devotees. Like munis, they simply adopt silence and with closed eyes sit quietly without moving, as if in samdhi. When those birds who follow the discipline of munis hear Kas sweetly enchanting veu-nda from afar, they quickly leave their nests to come very close to Him. They go and sit on the branches of the trees nearest to Him, which are decorated with newly sprouted, soft green leaves and buds that have been bathed in the nectar of the veus musical notes. They sit there in such a way that they are not obstructed from seeing Ka, and that Ka can also cast His glance on them. They consider it more advantageous to sit on branches filled with leaves and flowers. They could have chosen bare branches so that they could more easily see Ka without obstruction as they listen to the veu-nda, but, being munis, they find the more secluded leaf and flower-filled branches more favorable. Another reason is that, on tasting the nectar of the flute song, there is the possibility of inanimate objects coming to life and living beings losing their consciousness.
22 Devotees immersed in upper stages of bhakti and expert in tasting transcendental mellows.
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When these helpless birds forget their bodies and minds upon hearing the veu-nda, there is a chance that they could fall from bare branches. Therefore they deliberately sit on leafy, flower-filled ones to prevent their falling when they enter a state of ecstasy and lose consciousness. Ordinarily munis live in complete seclusion in huts made of straw and grass. The birds also sit quietly in a solitary place on the front branches of trees that are fully covered with tender new leaves and flowers, and become overwhelmed with delight on drinking through the holes of their ears the melodious waves of nectar from the flute. In an ecstatic emotional condition they hear the sweet sounds with halfclosed eyes, forgetting their bodies and bodily relations. Indeed, they do not know anything else in the world besides the veu-nda. In r nanda-vndvana-camp (11.154) rla Kavi Karapra has explained this subject in a way that pleases the mind and deeply touches the heart: na spandate sakhi na rauti na vkyate nyan nnyac choti na jighatsati paki-sagha romcavn iva mud garuta dhunno va-kal-vadanam eva para karoti
O sakh, one gop says to her companion, on hearing the extremely attractive veu-nda, the entire bird population of Vndvana becomes motionless. They neither chirp, sing, see nor eat anything. The birds feel thrilled at every moment on hearing the sound of the veu, and with feathers aflutter, they silently relish its nectar with full concentration.
Seeing this unique and attractive scene, another sakh expresses her amazement to her dear friend, Look, look! O mother, it is so amazing that even these birds, who by
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nature are very restless and independent, have also taken to meditation. Living in the forest, keeping their eyes halfclosed, sitting quietly with fixed concentration, and observing silence this is all reminiscent of the munis. But to my understanding it is not right to say that they seem like munis. The entire bird population of Vndvana is actually comprised of munis. There are three types of munis: those who meditate on brahma-tattva (the impersonal truth), on paramtma-tattva (the Supersoul in the heart) and on bhagavat-tattva (the personal form of the Lord). Munis contemplating bhagavattattva are of two types: bhagavad-aivarya those who reflect on the name, qualities, beauty and other majestic aspects of Nryaa; and bhagavan-mdhurya those who meditate on Bhagavns sweet pastimes. In the beginning Sanaka, Sanandana, Sanat Kumra and ukadeva Gosvm were all brahmavds who had realized the impersonal truth, but by the mercy of four-headed Brahm, Sanat Kumra and the others became celebrated for meditating on the personal form of the Lord in a mood of awe and reverence. By the mercy of r Ka-Dvaipyana Vedavysa, r ukadeva Gosvm also became famous as a muni meditating on Bhagavn in the mood of sweetness. There is a world of difference between brahmavd munis and modern-day impersonalists (kevala-dvaitavds or myvds). Brahmavd munis do not deny the personal form of Bhagavn as do the nirviea kevala-dvaitavds. By the association of advanced devotees brahmavds can be converted into personalists.23 Paramtma-munis meditate on the Supersoul, the indwelling witness in the heart. Saubhari Muni belongs to
23 Brahmavds worship the all-pervasive brahman effulgence of Bhagavn. At the same time they accept Kas personal form but see it as an inferior form of worship. Kevala-dvaitavds, on the other hand, who also worship the impersonal brahma, do not accept the existence of Kas personal form and therefore are offenders. Thus, they can never be converted into personalists.
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this category. The goal of both types of munis is liberation. With the association of pure devotees, however, munis free from offenses give up their desire for liberation and also become devotees of Ka: brahma-bhta prasanntm na ocati na kkati sama sarveu bhteu mad-bhakti labhate parm
Bhagavad-gt (18.54)
A person who realizes the impersonal brahma becomes fully joyful. He never laments or desires anything. Being equally disposed to all beings, he attains devotion to Me which is blessed with the symptoms of prema.
These people take the shelter of such branches of the Vedas wherein brahma-tattva or paramtma-tattva is mentioned and wherein the fruit of liberation can be tasted. The desire tree of the Vedas has unlimited branches. It is evident from the activities of the bhagavat-tattva munis that they have taken shelter of one special branch from which they receive unobstructed vision of the fully transcendental Vrajendranandana r Ka Himself, who is filled with spiritual flavors. They eagerly cling to this branch, practicing the limbs of bhakti and adopting as the essence of their lives the diverse moods of mdhurya-rasa, the sweet moods of Vraja. This mood is represented by the various newly-sprouted, tender smooth leaves and buds specific to this particular branch. They are not interested in any other subject concerning the body, bodily relations or anything mundane. Rather, they are always absorbed in the practices of bhakti that are favorable for their spiritual nature. Avoiding all other topics, they do not want to hear or speak anything other than the names of Bhagavn and spiritual truths. They spend all their time in hearing, chanting and remembering r Kas sweet name, beauty, qualities and pastimes. Like the bhagavat-tattva
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munis, the birds of Vndvana also take shelter of the branch which allows them a view of Ka. They give up everything else, remaining perpetually absorbed in hearing r Kas melodious veu-nda. In r Caitanya-caritmta (Madhya-ll 24) r Caitanya Mahprabhu, the savior of the fallen souls in Kali-yuga, has explained the tmrma ca munaya verse in sixty-one different ways to His dear associate r Santana Gosvm. In this context He has given the definition of a muni. One of the many meanings is bird. To foster this definition, He has cited this verse, pryo batmba vihag munaya, as proof: muni-abde pak bhga, nirgrantha mrkha jana ka kpya sdhu kpya dohr bhajana
By the mercy of Ka and Kas devotees, even birds are able to worship and meditate on Ka by following muni-dharma free from desire.
This passage from r Caitanya-caritmta and the pryo batmba vihag munaya verse from rmad-Bhgavatam are the evidence for this. If r Ka or His devotees give their grace, it is not impossible for even unintelligent beings like birds to follow muni-dharma and do bhajana of Ka. In the same way, it is not impossible for the munis to take the form of birds and sit with half-closed eyes on the branches of the trees of Vndvana to taste with greed the sweetness of Kas incomparable, enthralling beauty and flute. Thus, it is difficult to decide whether the birds of Vndvana are following muni-dharma and tasting the loveliness of r Kas veunda, or whether the munis themselves assume the form of the birds, taking the shelter of branches of trees to taste the honey of the sweet flute song. Deepstudy of pryo batmba
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vihag munaya and other verses indicates how the birds follow muni-dharma. In the same way it can also be pointed out that the munis, having taken the form of birds, are listening to the veu-nda. The vraja-gops, intoxicated with the highest sentiments of selfless love, say, O sakh! On seeing the transcendental behavior of the birds of Vndvana, we cannot think that they are ordinary birds of the forest. It appears that selfsatisfied sages, like Sanaka and Sanandana, have entered Vndvana in the form of birds to taste the nectarean sweetness of the flute and beauty of vndvana-vihr Ka, who enjoys roaming about the forests. Living on Brahma-loka these sages were relishing the songs of the Vedas from Brahm and the lovely singing of Hh, Hh and other Gandharvas. But then they heard the veu-nda evincing startlingly novel melodies, rhythms, cadences of ascending and descending notes and other musical innovations, all combined with everincreasingly higher and newer aspects of mdhurya-rasa. Just by hearing that veu-gta, which allures the whole universe, they became overwhelmed with joy and lost consciousness. This clearly shows that Kas veu-nda has some special qualities and some incomparable nectar which is found neither in the singing of the Vedas nor in brahmasamdhi on Brahma-loka. Therefore residents of that planet, like the munis Sanaka and Sanandana, who enter brahma-samdhi upon hearing the songs of the Vedas, leave their residence in Brahma-loka in order to be birds in Vndvana and taste the nectar of Krsnas veu-nda. In this way they understand that their lives are fully successful. They renounce the desire tree of the Vedas and take shelter on the branches of the trees of Vndvana. With half-closed eyes and fixed minds, they listen to the veu-nda with full absorption, renouncing everything except for Kas
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name, form, qualities and pastimes. By fixing their minds exclusively on Ka, their lives become meaningful. Witnessing the astonishing absorption of Vndvanas birds upon seeing Kas beauty and hearing His veu-nda, the gops drown in the heights of prema and praise the birds great fortune over and over again: asmin vane tu vihag munya pradi kas tu tad-gurur iti pratata pratma naivnyath tad amun kimapi pragta mauna-vratena uyu parito nivi
All the birds of Vndvana are munis, and r Ka is their guru. This we know very well there is not the slightest doubt about it. The veu-nda performs such magic that all the birds have taken a vow of silence, and with fixed minds are listening to the lovely song of the flute.
The gops, thinking themselves most unlucky and the birds greatly blessed, say, Here Ka is also a muni, and on all sides He is surrounded by munis in samdhi. How then will it be possible for our desires to be fulfilled? It is true that r ukadeva, r Nrada and r Vysa are the prominent munis who must have performed such austerities that Yogamy became pleased and bestowed her mercy on them, granting them birth as birds in Vraja. That is why they are drinking the nectar of Kas sweet beauty and enchanting veu-nda to their hearts content. vanti mlita-do vigatnya-vca Through the eyes of ecstatic emotions, the gops observe that the birds are not singing but are unnaturally quiet, their external senses having slackened. These birds, they deliberate, have become aloof from the realm of external sense perception. Similarly,
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if our hearts would be overwhelmed by such all-consuming love, then we would also be blessed. Feeling distressed, they pray within their hearts, O Creator! Will we ever receive such good fortune to become birds in our next birth? Then without any hindrances we will be free to fly to Ka to drink the nectar of His sweet form, sweet flute and other special qualities. If we become parrots, we will be extremely dear to Ka and will have the fortune to sit on His soft lotus hands. Then, receiving their joyful touch, we will be blessed. Or, if we become peacocks, we will get the good chance to dance to the lovely tunes of the veu-nda and be able to entertain Ka.
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nadyas tad tad upadhrya mukunda-gtam varta-lakita-manobhava-bhagna-veg ligana-sthagtam rmi-bhujair murrer ghanti pda-yugala kmalopahr nadya the rivers (r Klind, Mnas Gag and others); tad then; tad that; upadhrya attentively hearing the song of the flute; mukunda r Ka, who awards liberation from all distress by giving His association; gtam the song of Mukundas flute, which gives rise to supreme spiritual bliss; varta by their whirlpools (awakening of their desire to meet with Ka); lakita manifest; mana-bhava by their conjugal desire; bhagna broken; veg their current; ligana by their embrace; sthagtam motionless; rmibhujai by the arms of their waves; murre of Lord Murri, the killer of the Mura demon; ghanti they carry; pdayugala the two lotus feet; kmala-upahr offering of lotus flowers as a gift.
Translation
The Yamun, Mnas Gag and other rivers become enchanted with amorous desires upon hearing r Kas veugta. The innumerable whirlpools they are exhibiting express their intense feelings of love. They stop flowing and with their waves as arms, they offer lotus flowers.They embrace Madanamohana, and hold His lotus feet to their breasts.
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Hearing the sweet veu-nda, the vraja-devs, saturated with passion for Ka, are overpowered by prema. They begin talking about the various effects of the veu-nda with the sakhs of their own group. In this context they describe the loving moods of the animals, birds and other living beings of Vndvana who become stunned motionless upon hearing the pleasing sound of the flute. The gops are so grave and self-controlled, however, that even after a lengthy discussion about the effect of the veu-nda on the animals and birds, they still have not expressed their own internal feelings. As they are all restless in prva-rga, anxiously waiting to meet with Ka, in separation from Him the blinking of an eye seems to pass like many eons. Trying to hide the true emotional state of their hearts by means of avahitth (concealment), the gops talk only about the various aspects of the veu-ndas alluring influence. Its enchanting power greatly increases their restlessness, causing them to experience such acute longing and anxiousness to meet with Ka that they consider even one blink of an eye to be like the passing of millions of eons full of suffering. Still, they do not express their internal bhvas even slightly. Among the many topics they discuss, they speak about the Yamun, Mnas Gag and other rivers that flow through Vraja-maala. Through metaphors, they describe how the lifeless rivers exhibit symptoms of love, being affected by the melodious veu-nda. The waters of the rivers are lifeless; actually, it is not possible for them to experience any transformation upon hearing the veunda. But the vraja-ramas do not differentiate between the living and non-living, their natures being controlled by their mahbhva. Reflecting their own mood onto all, they see all
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beings, whether living or non-living, to be as enchanted and agitated by the veu-nda as they are. In the Eleventh Canto of rmad-Bhgavatam (11.2.45) the nature of devotees of superior rank is described in the following way: sarva-bhteu ya payed bhagavad-bhvam tmana bhtni bhagavaty tmany ea bhgavatottama
Whatever mood and relationship a high-class uttamaadhikr devotee has with his revered Lord, he sees the rest of the world also having this same mood and relationship.
Kali-yuga pvanvatr, the savior of the most fallen, r Caitanya Mahprabhu, said to His dear associate r Rya Rmnanda: mah-bhgavata dekhe, sthvara-jagama th th haya tra r-ka sphuraa sthvara jagama dekhe, n dekhe tra mrti sarvatra haya tra iadeva-sphrti
Caitanya-caritmta (Madhya-ll 8.273-4)
Wherever highly elevated mah-bhgavata devotees look, they see Ka manifested in everyone and every thing. Although they are seeing both moving and nonmoving beings, they do not look at their outer forms but perceive only their own worshipable Lord in them.
For example, a mah-bhgavata named Mukunda fainted out of love, and fell from a balcony upon seeing a peacock feather, which had stimulated a vision of the sweetly smiling r Ka absorbed in playing the flute. rmad-Bhgavatam describes r Prahlda Mahrja as being in this same category.
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Those bhva-sdhakas who have progressed step by step through nih (steady practice) and ruci (taste) to the highest level of uttama-adhikra, see Bhgavan manifested everywhere and see their own ecstasies reflected in everyones hearts. The vraja-ramas, who are steeped in mahbhva, are kya-vyha (bodily expansions) of svarpa-akti rmat Rdhik. Some of the gops are nitya-siddhas, and along with them are also some sdhana-siddhas, who have reached perfection by following the moods of the nitya-siddhas. If such kmtmik gops, filled with divine amorous desires for Ka, see the Yamun, Mnas Gag and other rivers being restless with love and anxious to meet with Ka upon hearing the veu-nda, what is surprising about this? While roaming in the forest of Vndvana, r Nandanandana Ka arrives at the banks of the Yamun or Mnas Gag. He hears the pleasant sound of flowing water, sees the lovely soft lotus flowers floating on the waves, hears the sounds of the cuckoo birds on the banks, and is touched by the gentle, fragrant breeze blowing over the rivers. He is feeling so much pleasure by this that He begins to play a sweet melody on the veu to reflect His happiness. On hearing the melodious sound of the flute, the rivers, which are ordinarily flowing, stop moving. Unlimited numbers of whirlpools appear in their hearts; their water swells up and gradually makes its way to r Kas chest. Due to the repeated striking of Yamuns waves, the lotus flowers break off from their stems and present themselves at Kas beautiful feet. Upadhrya mukunda-gtam varta-lakita manobhavabhagna-veg Having seen all this through the eyes of their own devotional moods, the vraja-ramas, spurred on by their mahbhva, reflect within their hearts that the rivers like r Yamun and Mnasa Gag have much more love for r Ka than they have. The rivers lose their senses upon hearing the sweet veu-nda and, displaying various signs
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of kma (amorous desire) in their hearts, they reveal their desperate restlessness to meet with Ka. The gops express their bhvas to their intimate companions, O sakh, who knows what type of wonderful, intoxicating power lies in the sound-waves of our beloved Mukundas flute! Look, look! See how the Yamun, Mnasa Gag and other rivers become agitated and restless on hearing Kas veu-nda. Many kinds of moods churn their hearts, causing thousands of whirlpools to arise from their breasts. Actually they are not whirlpools, but rather are emotions overflowing from their hearts. They gaze upon Mukundas enchanting beauty and hear the waves of the flutes full range of ascending and descending melodies, both of which attract the three worlds. This has filled their hearts with so much kma that they are unable to contain their emotions any longer. Therefore, instead of flowing with great force towards their husband, the ocean, they flow towards Ka. Not only that, with their waves in the form of hands, they gradually reach Ka and offer their lotus flowers at His feet. Those same arm-like waves rise up higher and embrace r Kas chest. It is the inherent characteristic and natural action of rivers to flow towards the sea. Because all rivers are the wives of the ocean, they always diligently rush ahead to meet their husband. But the rivers that flow in Vraja-maala, like the Yamun and Mnasa Gag, have another nature altogether. On seeing r Kas enthralling beauty and hearing the enchanting waves of the veu-nda, they no longer pay heed to the laws of society or even to the duties of a chaste wife, as they are always restless to meet with Him. By touching Kas lotus feet and embracing His chest, they fulfill all their heartfelt desires and thus their lives are crowned with success. The word Mukunda, as spoken in this verse by the mahbhvavat gops, has a deep meaning. O sakh! On
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hearing Mukundas veu-gta, the gops say, the rivers become stunned and are unable to hide the feelings of kma rising in their hearts. rla Cakravart hkura and other commentators have described Mukunda in three ways: (1) Mukti dadti iti mukunda: one who bestows complete liberation from material afflictions is Mukunda. (2) Mu mukti-sukham, ku kutsita ktv, da premananda dadti iti mukunda: Mukunda is He who inspires distaste for mukti (liberation) and bestows the pleasure of prema upon His devotees. (3) Mu mukham means face, ku kunda-pupavat means like a kunda flower kunda-pupavat yasya mukha sa mukunda: one whose face is joyful, fragrant, sweet, soft and attractive to the heart like a kunda flower is Mukunda. The first meaning is meant for reward-seeking workers who are burning in the afflictions of the material world, and the second one is for tmrma brahmavds like r ukadeva Gosvm and Sanaka-Sanandana and for nirguabrahmavds. The vraja-gops have no connection with these two categories. They are always intensely eager to see the delightful, gentle smile of amorous desire on Kas beautiful, love-stimulating lotus face, which causes their prema to increase at all times in ever new forms: jayati jana-nivso devak-janma-vdo yadu-vara-pariat svair dorbhir asyann adharmam sthira-cara-vjina-ghna su-smita-r-mukhena vraja-pura-vanitn vardhayan kma-devam
24 All glories to the victorious r Ka, who is known as jana-nivsa, the ultimate resort of all living entities, and who is also known as Devak-nandana, meaning Yaod-nandana. (It is vda, only theory, that He is the son of Devak of Mathur.) He is the guide of the Yadu dynasty, and with His devotees, who are just like His own mighty arms, He kills everything unfavorable, as well as all
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The gops are always unable to hide the symptoms of love in their hearts. Even though they try, they fail. Another sakh says, These rivers are more fortunate than us. Being controlled by kma, they can satisfy Kas senses; but we, because of our chastity, shyness and ill luck, are unable to do so. They keep Kas feet on their soft lotus-like breasts and caress them with their soft lotus-like hands, thus making their lives successful. Although they meet with Ka as their paramour, which is improper for a chaste woman, their loving behavior with Him is always spotless and pure. This is because our Ka is Murri, He who killed the demon called Mura. Everyone in Vraja knows that when Gargcrya was conducting Kas name-giving ceremony, he had said, Nryaa-sama-gunai This boy will have all the same qualities as r Nryaa and will attract everyone. Just as touching the feet of r Nryaa and serving Him does not violate the vow of a chaste wife, in the same way there is no harm in serving and touching the lotus feet of r Ka, whose qualities are the same as r Nryaas. In Vaiava-toa rla Jva Gosvm has described the word murri in this fifteenth verse based on r Vmana Puras account of a demon called Mura. He was the son of Kayapa i and his wife Danu. Mura saw that his brother and many other valiant demons were killed in the battle between the demigods and the demons. Being afraid, he ran away from the battleground and in a dense forest began to perform severe austerity to propitiate Brahm, the universal grandsire. Brahm was pleased seeing Muras intense austerities and appeared before him to ask what blessing he wanted.
impious persons. By His presence He destroys all inauspiciousness for the living entities, moving and inert. His blissful smiling face always increases the amorous desires of the Vraja maidens.
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Mura immediately requested, If you are happy with me, then give me the blessing that whosoever I touch with my palm will immediately die, even if he is immortal. Brahmj replied, Tathstu So be it. After giving him this boon, he returned to Brahma-loka. Mura then went to Mount Sumeru, where he challenged the demigods, Yakas, Gandharvas, Kinnaras and others to fight. Everyone, however, was afraid to take up his challenge, because they knew about the boon granted him by Brahm and feared being destroyed. Proud of his power, Mura traversed the three worlds looking for someone with whom to fight. But there was not one brave hero prepared to oblige him. He finally reached Yama-loka and challenged Yamarja, the god of death, who politely replied, You are very powerful; before you I am insignificant. If you really want to fight, then go and battle with Viu. He will certainly smash your pride. Except for Him I dont see any warrior of your caliber in the entire three worlds. On hearing this Mura became happy and asked Yamarja, Where does this Viu live? Where can I find Him? Smiling, Yamarja replied, It is very difficult to locate Him. Although He is certainly omnipresent, still you should go to Viu-loka. There He can easily meet with you. Mura followed the route indicated by Yamarja and arrived on Viu-loka. There he met Bhagavn Viu, who asked, Why have you come here? Mura replied, I have come to engage in battle with You. The Lord retorted, Mura! You have come here to fight, but your heart is trembling like that of a frightened old man. I do not fight with cowards. Mura laughed very loudly when he heard r Nryaas words and, proudly moving his hands towards his heart, said, How is my heart trembling? As soon as his hands touched his chest, he fell down on the ground like a mangled tree and, wailing loudly, he died. r Nryaa then used His cakra (disc) to cut the demons
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heart into pieces. Seeing this, the demigods boarded their celestial airplanes and, cheering His victory in chorus, showered flowers on Bhagavn r Nryaa. Now free from anxiety, they again became absorbed in activities for the wel fare of the world. From that day on, Bhagavn r Nryaa became famous as Murri. The gops had once heard this tale from the respected Paurams. One of them now said, Sakh! Our Ka is brave like r Nryaa, who killed the Mura demon, and He has all the same qualities. That is why Mnas Gag, Yamun and other rivers neglect their husband, the ocean, and instead flow towards Ka and embrace Him. But even then their vow of chastity is not violated. There is a hidden intention in the gops words: Ka is brave like Nryaa and has the Lords other qualities as well. If we give up our regard for public opinion, self-control and duties, and neglect our husbands to meet and embrace Ka, then for us also there will be no possibility of deviating from our religious duties. There is another profound reason the gops call Ka Murri. By his cruel activities Mura always persecuted the demigods, who lived in constant fear of his atrocities. Killing that demon, Bhagavn Nryaa made the demigods feel secure and confident again. The cowherd maidens think, We have taken shelter of r Nanda-nandana, who has all the qualities of Nryaa, the destroyer of the Mura demon. From our childhood in Vraja, we were raised with Him, so it is a very sad state of affairs that we are now always being harassed by kma (Cupid). Despite being aware of this, this killer of Mura does not punish the demon of our mra (kma). r Nryaa became famous as Murri by killing the demon Mura and making the demigods fearless. In a similar way, if Ka kills our mra, He will be famous as Mrri. Then
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everyone will recognize that He has the same qualities as r Nryaa, otherwise not. And with the destruction of our mra, we vraja-ramas will also heave a sigh of relief. In the Brahma-vaivarta Pura, four meanings of the word mura are given: mura klee ca santpe kmabhoge ca karmam daitya-bhede hris te murris tena krtyate They are: klea (suffering), santpa (agony), kmabhoga (indulgence in lust) and the demon, Mura. Bhagavn destroys these four types of demons klea, santpa, kma-tpa (the burning fire of lust) and the demon called Mura and is therefore known as Murri. Just as r Nryaa is the enemy of the Mura demon, in the same way Ka is the enemy of mundane kma, or lust. If someone is consumed by lust and prays to Ka to attain sense gratification or even for relief from the torment of his lust, then Ka takes away all these degraded and insignificant material desires and transforms them into spiritual kma: kma lgi ka bhaje pye ka-rase kma chi dsa haite haya abhile
Caitanya-caritmta (Madhya-ll 22.41)
If any person worships r Ka to fulfill his material desires, Ka either fulfills all his desires or destroys them, and then gives him pure prema. As a result that person becomes absorbed in serving Ka with great love.
The vraja-ramas say, O sakh, look! By observing their flow and movements, we can clearly understand that the Yamun and Mnas Gag are possessed by kma. Coming close to Ka, their kma changes into prema. Seeing the whirlpools which have arisen as a result of hearing Kas
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veu-nda, we can clearly understand that the rivers hearts are agitated by kma. So, leaving their husband, the sea, they come to Ka and embrace Him with their arm-like waves. A lusty person, upon obtaining what he desires, becomes immediately involved in enjoyment. But the behavior of pure prem devotees is always opposite. In spotless viuddhaprema, when a lover meets his beloved, he immediately tries to please her with various kinds of services. Ordinary kma means enjoyment, but prema means serving the inner hearts desire of ones beloved. Material lust seems pleasurable but ultimately results in pain and sadness. Prema seems painful but culminates in sublime pleasure. Kma is compared to rusted iron, while prema ispure like unalloyed gold, so there is a world of difference between them. ligana-sthagtam rmi-bhujair murrer ghanti pdayugala kamalopahr The prema of the Yamun and Mnas Gag is immaculate and pure. Out of affection for r Ka, these waters sometimes assume dkiya-bhva, a submissive, rightist mood, and embrace Him. On seeing their dkiya-bhva, however, Ka takes up a contrary, leftist mood, vmya-bhva, in order to taste some special kind of rasa, and does not respond to their embrace. When the rivers note Kas neglectful mood, they become embarrassed. They withdraw their embrace and, with their waves as arms, quickly offer a lotus flower at His lotus feet. After washing Kas lotus feet with their cool water, they offer Him the lotus. O sakh! It is clear from the behavior of the Yamun and the other rivers that they have left their audacious behavior and, feeling ashamed, are repeatedly bathing Kas lotus feet. According to literatures like r Ujjvala-nlamai and other rasa-stras (scriptures describing the nectar of Kas loving exchanges with His devotees), it is seen that the nyiks prominent bhva is leftist, or contrary. This expression of
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love is called kandarpa-sambandhin uttam rati, sublime love controlled by Cupid. It has three main characteristics: the ladylove (the nyik) conceals her kma, she repeatedly rejects the proposals of the nyaka (the lover), and they rarely get to meet. bahu vryate khalu yatra pracchanna-kmuktva ca y ca mitho durlabhat s manmathasya param-rati
Ujjvala-nlamai (1.20)
Sometimes, however, in special situations like separation, the nyik exhibits dkiya-bhva, a submissive mood. For example, Ka disappeared during the rsa dance, and in the gops suffering due to separation from Him, they left their normal behavior and expressed their dkiya-bhva: praata-kma-da padmajrcita dharai-maana dhyeyam-padi caraa-pakaja antama ca te ramaa na stanev arpaydhi-han
O dear-most beloved, only You can remove our sorrow. Your lotus feet, which fulfill all the desires of Your surrendered devotees, are worshiped by the lotusborn Brahm. Your lotus feet are the very ornament embellishing the Earth. Just by meditating on Your lotus feet, all difficulties are destroyed, and by serving Them one receives unparalleled happiness. Kindly place those lotus feet on our breasts and in this way pacify our agitated hearts.
This dkiya-bhva is not favored much by r Ka, the charming lover who is the entire, everlasting ocean of the nectar of rasa (akhila-rasmta-sindhu dhira-lalita nyaka).
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That is why, on seeing the gops right-wing, submissive mood, He sometimes does not express much interest. Here, through analogy the gops attribute their own deep, inner moods to the rivers. On hearing Kas veu-nda, the Yamun and the other rivers exhibit abnormal behavior: they start flowing in the opposite direction, whirlpools arise, being stunned they stop flowing, and then their waters swell. Seeing all these changes, the gops, drowning in mahbhva, believe that the rivers also nurture deep passionate feelings for Ka, and by analogy discuss (lpa-pralpa25) with each other the many manifestations of the rivers moods. When the gops emotions subside, as a natural characteristic of their prema, they consider themselves unfortunate. Heaving a long sigh, they say, O sakh! We are most afflicted. Our lives and youth have been wasted. We have never once seen Ka to our full satisfaction. Even after hearing the veu-nda, because we are not able to give up our shyness, chastity, self-control, social obligations and household duties, we cannot present ourselves in front of Ka. We are unable to embrace Him and freely offer gifts of flowers at His lotus feet as the rivers do. Alas, alas! If we gopa-ramas were rivers like Yamun or Mnas Gag, then we also would sacrifice our everything on hearing Kas veu-nda, and would come to Him unrestrained. Then we would be able to embrace Him and touch His lotus feet. By taking birth as cowherd girls we have been deprived in every respect. Now we fully understand that birth as a river is billions of times better than as a gop. A river can easily associate with Ka freely and attain so much of His rare, invaluable service. It is not possible to have all this as a gop. O sakh! We do not know what severe austerities and worship
25 Many varieties of pleasing, witty, flattering remarks and jesting nonsense.
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they have performed to take birth in Vraja-maala as rivers. If we knew, then we also would leave everything and follow in their footsteps. Vidhata, O Creator! We dont know how many offenses we have committed at your feet that you have deprived us of meeting Ka and have put so many obstacles in our way, binding us in the prison of household life. Alas! Will we ever in any way be successful in having a relationship with Ka? Observing the moods and behavior of the rivers, the Vraja damsels, immersed in mahbhva, express their various moods with unlimited waves of emotions tossing in the boundless ocean of their hearts. The oneness of the moods of the gops with those of r Yamun and Mnas Gag is a rare and unique vision. Blessed are these vraja-ramas, in whom mahbhva resides, blessed is their sweetheart Ka, and blessed is this Vraja-bhmi.
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dvtape vraja-pan saha rma-gopai sacrayantam anu veum udrayantam prema-pravddha udita kusumvalbhi sakhyur vyadht sva-vapumbuda tapatram dv seeing; tape in the full heat of the sun; vrajapan the domestic animals of Vraja (the cows); saha together with; rma-gopai r Baladeva and the cowherd boys; sacrayantam herding together; anu repeatedly; veum His flute; udrayantam loudly playing; prema out of love; pravddha expanded; udita high note; kusumavalbhi with particles of water vapor, which are like clusters of flowers; sakhyu for his friend (who is the same color yma); vyadht he made; sva-vapu out of his own body; ambuda the clouds; tapatram an umbrella (composed of clouds).
Translation
Dear friend, these rivers are indeed the wealth of our Vndvana, but please consider the clouds for a moment. When r Ka and r Baladeva Prabhu take the cows out to graze in the heat of the sun with all the cowherd boys, r Ka plays loudly and sweetly on His flute again and again, and the clouds begin to hover above Them. The clouds become completely saturated with affection for Ka and
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cover the whole sky with their bodies, forming an umbrella to protect Him. When the clouds begin to sprinkle fine rain upon Them, it seems that they are showering Them with lovely white flowers. What can I say? These clouds are offering Him their very lives because they have so much love for their intimate friend, Ghanayma26.

Upon hearing the veu-nda, the vraja-devs, always lost in their all-consuming attachment for Ka, are rendered helpless by their love and become extremely restless. They talk to each other about the veu-nda, but they do not even know what they are saying. Through avahitt they try to hide the profound feelings of their hearts within by speaking with extreme caution, but sometimes, being overwhelmed by their prema, they are not able to conceal the deep secret of their overwhelming affection for Ka. The word gop originates from gupta, meaning to keep hidden. One who can keep her affection for Ka concealed in her heart is a gop.27 But love for Ka is such a self-effulgent, other-worldly and transcendental flavor that, even after thousands of attempts to conceal it, it spills out in some form or other. In the previous verse, while describing the Vraja rivers bhvas, which resulted from hearing the veu-nda, the gops
26 Ghanayma a name of Kna, meaning dark like a rain cloud. 27 The gops have so much love for Ka but they will never openly admit this. Rather, they will say the exact opposite and even criticize and admonish Him. When the gops go to meet Him, they keep what they are doing a secret. They never tell their husbands or families where they are going. They will say they are going to worship the Sungod or to fetch water. Anything kept secret becomes more flavorful.
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unwittingly end up openly revealing their hearts secret love for Ka. But when their emotions subside a little, they look at each other shyly and wonder, Oh no! What have we done? They bite their tongues and, in order to hide the bhvas previously expressed, say, O sakh! From His very infancy, Ka has been bathing, playing games in the water and enjoying rowing boats in the Yamun, Mnasa Gag and the other rivers. Thats why it is natural for the rivers to have fond feelings for Him. So it is no wonder that the mood in the rivers hearts is transformed upon hearing Mukundas flute song. But just see these clouds who are floating in the sky. One cannot help but be amazed to see their love for Ka! Clouds are not always present in the sky, but as soon as they see Ka, they become so filled with such an inexpressible love that they immediately come into sight. We have lived in Vraja from infancy, and we see Ka from time to time, but for us to exhibit the friendly behavior (sakhya-bhva) of the clouds towards Ka is impossible. Do you know why? I feel that the color of Kas body resembles the blackish hue of the clouds, His bright yellow cloth is like lightning, and His veu-nda is akin to thunder. That is why the clouds love Nanda-nandana like a friend, and by their exchange of love with Him, they make their lives successful. Such loving behavior is most praiseworthy. When r Ka goes for cow-grazing with Baladeva, rdm, Subala and the other sakhs and they arrive in Govardhanas meadows or at the banks of the Yamun at midday, the heat of the sun is so intense that all the gopas and cows feel quite tired. At that time, to collect the cows who are roaming about in the pastures, Ka puts the flute to His lips and calls them as He stands in His charmingly crooked tri-bhaga-lalita posture. The cows all become
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spellbound and gather before Him, some standing on the burning rocks and others on the scorching hot sand. With unblinking eyes they drink in Kas extremely beautiful and sweet appearance (rpa-mdhur) which charms the whole world. While gazing at Him they become so absorbed in pleasure that the burning rocks and sand actually feel cool to them. rla Rpa Gosvm has described this symptom of rga as that state of prema in which even extreme suffering is experienced as happiness: dukham apy adhika citte sukhatvenaiva rajyate yatas tu praayotkart sa rga iti krtyate
Ujjvala-nilmai (14.126)
At that time, not seeing any other means for giving the cows relief from the heat, Ka plays the malhra rga. Upon hearing the ascending and descending scales of this heart-rending rga, the clouds immediately gather together in the sky and begin sprinkling soothing drops of water. The burning rocks and stones immediately cool down with the refreshing shade of the clouds and their gentle shower. The cowherd boys and cows also get relief. It seems that the clouds, by their movements in the sky and their cooling shower inspired by Kas veu-nda, have made their bodies into a huge umbrella. Out of their love for Him, they offer raindrops, the essence of their life, to relieve Him from the heat. So listen, sakh, these clouds are millions of times more fortunate than us. We are so unlucky that we cannot offer our bodies or wealth in any kind of service to Ka. But these clouds completely surrender their bodies to form an umbrella to protect Him from the scorching rays of the sun. With their raindrops they also cool down the hot rocks and stones and make the sand pleasantly refreshing so that He will not feel any discomfort. Seeing Ka, these friends of His slowly emit
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their rumbling sounds of thunder as if blowing the conch shell to welcome Him. Oh! If the Creator had made us clouds instead of gops, then we also could surrender our bodies, minds, wealth and our everything for Kas service, just as these clouds have done. Alas! In this birth as gops we have been completely deprived of service to Ka. Sakh, see how much anurga these clouds have for Him. One sakh holds the hand of another, both of them drowning in their feelings of love, and says, Look, sakh! The clouds have caught sight of their beloved friend ymsundara, and their hearts have melted. These are not drops of rain coming down but cool tears that fall due to the rising of their sttvika-bhva, which is stimulated by seeing their bosom friend. When a great personality arrives, his dear ones worship him by bathing his feet with cool scented water, offering sandalwood paste, flowers and other items, and welcoming him by playing musical instruments. In the same way these cloud banks, on catching sight of their friend Ka, who is millions of times more dear to them than their own lives, shower soft snow-like drops of water as if bathing and offering flowers to His lotus feet. They sound their deep rumbling thunder as if blowing a conch shell in welcome. In this way, out of humility resulting from their natural love for Ka, the vraja-devs, possessed of nurga for Ka, call themselves unfortunate and the clouds supremely fortunate. By talking about the sakhya-bhva of the clouds, they try to hide their very sweet and deep attachment for Ka. The meaning behind the gops discussion is, We are young ladies, ramas. For this reason we thought that we were the only ones who love ymsundara, but now we see that this is not the fact. Whosoever sees Kas beautiful form or listens to His flute song becomes totally absorbed in bhva. Thus enchanted, he fully offers himself at His lotus feet.
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Sakh, we are tied by the ropes of self-control, shyness, family obligations, chastity, respect, fear and other such restrictions, and are therefore unable to render any type of service to Ka. Not only that, just to get the chance to see Him is quite difficult for us. And even if we are able to catch sight of Him or hear His veu-nda, then immediately our hearts become so bewildered that we can neither fix our gaze upon Him nor do any kind of service. In Vraja the animals, birds and even the clouds floating in the sky are much more fortunate than us, because they are never stricken by such bewilderment that hinders them from seeing Ka or doing something for His pleasure. We do not have even a tinge of prema. That is why, in spite of hearing the veu-nda, we still remain engaged in useless household activities. Alas, alas! In all respects we are such unfortunate girls.
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pr pulindya urugya-padbja-rgar-kukumena dayit-stana-maitena tad-darana-smara-rujas ta-ritena limpantya nana-kuceu jahus taddhim pr fully satisfied; pulindya the young girls of the lower-caste abara tribe; urugya of r Ka, who loudly sings a very sweet song by mouth or flute; pada-abja from the lotus feet; rga the reddish color of affection; rkukumena through the beautiful kukuma powder or paste; dayit of His beloved (r Rdh); stana the breasts; maitena which had adorned; tat of that; darana by the sight; smara by the force of kma (amorous desire); ruja the burning torment of desire; ta upon the blades of grass; ritena touching; limpantya smearing; nana upon their faces; kuceu and breasts; jahu they gave up; tat that; adhim the disease of the heart or the anguish caused by kma.
Translation
O sakh! These Pulinds, the young maidens who live in the forest, are fully satisfied because they possess anurga, extraordinary attachment, for r ymasundara within their hearts. When they see Him, the pain of divine lust arises within them and their hearts are struck with the disease of love. And when they see the grass covered with
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kukuma, these forest maidens are immediately overwhelmed by the burning torment of smara. This reddish kukuma, coming from ymasundaras lotus feet when He roams about Vndvana, adorned the breast of one of His beloveds. The supremely fortunate Pulinda girls take this kukuma and smear it on their faces and breasts, and in this way alleviate the anguish of their desire.

The vraja-ramas, madly in love with Ka, are describing to their sakhs the many different aspects of the sweetness of the veu-nda and its wonderful effects on all those who hear it. Overpowered by their emotions, the gops do not realize what they are saying. As they are describing the loving moods of the Yamun, Mnas Gag and other rivers, the external symptoms of their deep passion for Ka automatically appear as a result of seeing Him. Having expressed their feelings openly, they become embarrassed and again try to hide them. Covering their madhurya-bhva with sakhya-bhva, they begin describing the clouds that have gathered in the sky due to the veu-nda. Because of the powerful effect of the gops mahbhva, however, this attempt to hide their feelings does not last long. By remembering the Pulinda girls of the forest, the gops again become completely absorbed in their own bhva, saying, Sakh, the luster of ymas complexion is somewhat similar to the color of the clouds floating in the sky, His bright yellow cloth resembles their lightning, and His veu-nda sounds like their thunder. Because of these similarities, the clouds and Ka are friends. It is natural that the clouds have affection
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for Him. For us to describe their relationship is not strange or unnatural. But when we see the fortune of the Pulinda kanys (fresh, young maidens) who move through the forest, it seems that they also are so much more fortunate than us. Living in the forest land of Vndvana are many types of men and women from various tribal castes like Pulinda, abara and Bhla. Some of the men from these tribes work as palanquin carriers in the towns and villages of Vraja. Others work for the higher castes tilling the fields, digging and doing other types of menial labor for their living. Their wives, daughters and other tribeswomen go from forest to forest in their spare time to collect dry wood, cow dung, varieties of edible green leaves, fruits, roots and other things. The ramas of the Pulinda, abara and other low-caste tribes never come near Ka, nor does He maintain any relationship with them. Even so, how can they be bereft of hearing Kas supremely enchanting veu-nda? In other words, how can they remain untouched by Kas love? Sometimes, hearing the veu-nda from afar, they tell many stories about Ka to each other while, unbeknownst to them, ka-prema sprouts in their hearts. In his Vraja-vilsa-stava rla Raghuntha dsa Gosvm has described that all the grasses, shrubs, trees, snakes, animals, birds, worms and insects of Vraja are completely filled with bliss, and help to enrich Kas pastimes. In the Vedic scriptures there is much evidence that, on seeing their serving mood, even great perfected sages and bhakti-yogs like Brahm and iva aspire to take birth in these species. So why would young girls like the Pulinds be deprived of nourishing Kas lls? It is simply not possible. In some way or other, they also help enrich His pastimes. These Pulinda kanys live either in the forest or near the hilly region of Vraja. On the pretext of performing srya-pj,
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worship of the Sungod, the vraja-ramas, yearning to meet Ka, go to Kusuma-sarovara to pick flowers, or sometimes they go to meet Him at Srya-kua, Bhdravan and other wonderful places. These simple-natured Pulinda girls collect many varieties of beautiful fragrant flowers and offer them to the vraja-devs, who use them to fashion exquisite garlands, necklaces, armlets and other types of floral ornaments for presenting to Ka. The vraja-ramas, being pleased with the Pulinda maidens carefree and simple behavior, sometimes talk with them lovingly about Kas enchanting beauty and qualities. By the association of the extraordinarily influential vraja-ramas, the tribal girls hearts are infused with prema. In Bhad-bhgavatmta (2.7.14) r Santana Gosvm describes the glory of such saintly association in a very hearttouching way: mahat-sagam mhtmyam evaitat paramdbhutam ktrtho yena viprsau sadyo bht tat-svarpavat
The glory of mahat-saga, the association of great personalities, is extremely wonderful. By the effect of such affiliation, the brhmaa Jana arm immediately became perfect like his gurudeva, r Svarpa.
r Santana Gosvm further clarifies this verse in his commentary: You may say that one can get the love-laden service of Vrajendra-nandana r Ka by performing various types of severe practices, and even then it is only after a long time that one receives the special mercy of Bhagavn. Considering this, how could this brhmaa have obtained such a rare treasure without any endeavor? To dispel this doubt the mahat-sagam verse has been written. In fact, the effect of affiliation with a greatly exalted personality, a maht-purua, is so glorious that, without doing any sdhana,
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the brhmaa became perfect like r Svarpa. One may ask how this impossible phenomenon could happen. The answer is that such a doubt is not proper, because the influence of a mahat-puruas association is extremely miraculous and beyond logic, and therefore it can make anything happen. In his Govinda-llmta (Tenth Sarga), r Kadsa Kavirja Gosvm has mentioned the Pulinda girls in the chapter describing va-cor-ll, the pastime of stealing the flute. One day, seeing the audacity of the flute, the gops stole him. When Ka realized that His flute was missing, He became very anxious. Seeing His distress, Lalit and the other sakhs smiled and started making fun of Him. r Lalitj said, O crown jewel of debauchees! Why are you so concerned about a dry piece of bamboo? At Govardhana there are two Pulinda girls named Mall and Bhg, who are our sakhs. They are expert in the art of woodcarving. If you just give me the word, I will get you ten or twenty pieces of bamboo with so many holes. rla Vivantha Cakravart hkura has also described the Pulinda kanys in the story of the dice game in his Sakalpa-kalpadruma. In this ll r Ka was defeated, and the gops clapped with satisfaction. Ka became slightly embarrassed and cautiously said, Lalit! This time I am putting up My flute as a wager. Tell me what your sakh is going to stake in exchange. Lalitj immediately replied, Just tell us what you want Her to wager. Ka answered, The embrace of your beloved sakh. Lalitj agreed, Evam astu So be it. The dice game began again, and this time rmatj was defeated. But She, having cleverly signaled Bhg to come and sit next to Her, said to Ka, This girl Bhg is my representative, so think of her as Me and embrace her.
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Bhg was completely embarrassed, and the sakhs smiled sweetly. How fortunate these Pulinda girls are! In this way they are also helpful in fostering Kas pastimes. When these Pulinda girls are wandering about collecting dry cow dung in the forests, they see the kukuma from r Kas lotus feet spread all over the grass and are overwhelmed with the anguish of lust. They wipe off some kukuma from the grass and hold it to their nostrils to smell it, thereby becoming attracted to its enchanting fragrance which ignites their kma. Drowning in bhva, they smear it all over their faces, but even then the intense heat of the kma in their hearts is not relieved. Finally, they rub off the rest of the kukuma from the grass and adorn their breasts with it. This makes them feel like they are meeting with Ka, or areactually touching His body. Thus their burning kma is pacified. And why wouldnt that happen? The fragrance of r Rdhs body along with the fragrance of r Kas lotus feet and the fragrance of the kukuma itself combine as the Trive28, producing such an extraordinarily powerful scent that, upon entering the Pulinds hearts, the unbearable heat of their kma is instantly cured. The vraja-ramas, desperately in love with Ka, do not actually go to the forest and directly witness what is happening to the Pulinda kanys. Rather, while they are sitting in their homes they hear the veu-nda; a storm of feelings arises and immediately a vision of all these events flashes clearly in their hearts. With deeply felt words they relate this to the beloved sakhs in their own group, who cherish the very same bhvas. Is it possible that, while sitting far away in their houses, they can describe what is happening in the hills and forests? Yes, it is possible. The effect of ka-bhakti is so wonderful
28 Confluence of the Gag, Yamun and Sarasvat Rivers in Prayg.
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that it endows miraculous powers like omniscience upon those who are blessed with it. The glory of Bhakti Mahdev (the personification of bhakti) is presented in Nrada-pcartra: hari-bhakti-mahdevy sarv muktdisiddhaya bhuktya cdbhuts tasy ceikvad anuvrat
Slokya (living on the same planet as Ka) and the other four types of mukti (liberation), the eight siddhis (mystic perfections) including aim (becoming smaller than the smallest) and laghim (becoming lighter than the lightest), omniscience, the post of Indra and the post of Brahm are all maidservants of Hari-bhakti Mahdev. So wherever Mahdev Hari-bhakti is present, her maidservants the bhuktis (heavenly enjoyments), siddhis and muktis automatically appear there with folded hands, always waiting for orders.
The vraja-ramas are situated on the highest level of bhakti. No, no they are the direct embodiment of bhakti. There is no doubt that all the muktis, siddhis and others wait for the gops order. What to speak of the gops, even the great personality Sajaya, by the mercy of Ka-Dvaipyana Vedavysa, received divine vision (divya-di). Sitting so far away in the royal palace of Hastinpura, he could see the distant battle at Kuruketra and described the whole battle scene to Mahrja Dhtarara. If he could do this, why would this not be possible for the mahbhvavat gops? When they are absorbed in deep loving moods and are discussing Kas enchanting beauty, His astonishing veu-nda and the effect of both on the animals and birds, then all kinds of unknown happenings in line with their moods shine brilliantly in their eyes of bhva. In this way the vraja-ramas who are sitting in their homes can see the condition of the Pulinda kanys, and share their feelings with their closest sakhs:
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tad-darana-smara-rujas ta-ritena limpantya nana-kuceu jahus tad-dhim Lost in their mahbhva the vraja-ramas say, O sakh! Just see how these Pulinda kanys, taking the kukuma from the grass to rub on their faces, breasts and other parts of their bodies, are sinking in the ocean of bliss! This pleasure blossoms in every hair on their bodies. It seems that this is not ordinary kukuma. Certainly this kukuma, which looks very beautiful on the green grass mixed with drops of morning dew, is from the lotus feet of our sweetheart r Ka. It is impossible for such bhva to arise at the sight of ordinary kukuma, or to experience supreme pleasure by smearing it on oneself. This is why I say that these particles of kukuma surely come from Kas lotus feet and have somehow been pressed onto the grass. See how these Pulinda girls have become intoxicated with its sweet scent! Sitting nearby, they first sniff it and immediately experience indescribable feelings of joy. The torment of divine lust arises in their hearts, and they smear the kukuma on their faces. Then, when the heat of their kma does not subside, they rub it on their breasts. Someone may say that this is not kukuma but mahvara, the red dye, from Kas lotus feet which is on the grass, since no one puts kukuma on his feet. However, such thinking is not logical. Its supernatural aroma is shouting out and declaring it to be kukuma. But where did it come from? Then the vraja-ramas stop speaking for awhile. r-kukumena dayit-stana-maitena O sakh! This must be the kukuma from the breast of some beloved (dayit). Somehow it got stuck to the soles of urugya r Kas lotus feet and came off on the grass, either when He was returning home before dawn after meeting that beloved, or when He was going for cow-grazing after engaging in mid-day pastimes at Rdh-kua.
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The cowherd girls address Ka as urugya. Urugyapadbja-rga has a deep, confidential meaning. He who defeats the most sweet-sounding cuckoo bird with His varieties of pleasant, high-reaching melodies which flow rhythmically from His lotus mouth, and who emits through His veu such supremely enchanting, high-pitched tones that all the hamlets, villages, forestlands and other places of Vraja resonate the sound in ecstasy this person is called urugya. All the animals, birds and other living entities, and all the Vrajavss become overjoyed in a state of supreme pleasure. Considering all this we cannot imagine the state of the vraja-ramas on hearing the electrifying sound of the veunda, which attracts all moving and non-moving entities. Their condition can never be described. rmad-Bhgavatam (10.29.3) gives a heart-touching description of this: jagau kala vmad manoharam. In the very beginning of the rsa-ll, Kas flute sings out kl, a penetrating, all-attracting vibration which drives everyone mad. The gopa-ramas, the lovers of the supernal Cowherd Boy, come under the control of love and instantly leave wherever they happen to be. Being pulled in the direction of the sound of the flute, they run to reach that heart-thief. Some gops are in the midst of serving their husbands, some are milking the cows. They lose control of their senses and, in whatever condition they are, start running. Those gops who are putting mascara on their eyes or decorating themselves leave everything half done. In this condition they offer in sacrifice their self-control, shyness, family obligations, chastity, honor and fear in order to quickly meet with their beloved. Niamya gta tad-anaga-varddhana vraja-stya kaghita-mnas. Ka attracts the gops with His sweet flute song rmad-Bhgavatam (10.29.4). Urugya-padbja-rga-r-kukumena dayit-stana-maitena. One of the sakhs says, O dear friend! Where did this kukuma
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on the grass come from? It smells very sweet and arouses kma. Another sakh answers her: urugya-padbja-rga dayit-stana maitena r-kukumena. This kukuma came onto urugya r Kas lotus feet, having adorned the breast of His favorite beloved. Upon rubbing this r-kukuma, which is the embodiment of affection (rga), on their bodies, the Pulinda kanys experience complete fulfillment of their desires, and their entire lives become successful. Here the word dayit means the topmost beloved who has given her da deha and daihika (body and mind) to fully surrender Herself at the lotus feet of Her lover, r Ka. How powerful is this miraculous kukuma which decorates the breast of that special dayit! rla Santana Gosvm in Vaiava-toan and rla Vivantha Cakravart hkura in his Srrtha-darin clearly explain that the phrase rkukumena refers to rmat Rdhik as the most beloved dayit; so here the accepted meaning of r is rmat Rdhik. Thus, dayit is understood to be that beloved who possesses the highest stage of prema, the special mood of mdankhyabhva, rmat Rdhik Herself. The lovesick gops become extremely restless describing both the kukuma on Kas lotus feet, which has come from the breast of that dayit, and the condition of the Pulinda kanys. They say, How is it that these Pulinda kanys, who are simple forest dwellers, have such a high love for Ka? They have no direct contact with Him, but just by touching the kukuma from His lotus feet (even though that kukuma originally came from the gops bodies, and besides that it is now on the grass far away from Ka), how they have become mad with prema! They pacify their burning hearts by massaging this kukuma all over their faces and breasts. That is why their lives are successful. We are the only unfortunate ones in Vraja-maala. We cannot override our regard for public opinion, self-control
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and the rest like these Pulinda kanys, nor do we go mad, adorning ourselves with the kukuma or the dust from Kas lotus feet. We do not have so much prema for Ka like His dayit, who sacrifices everything in every way to serve Him. Despite hearing the flute song, we still remain engrossed in our households. Alas! Woe is us! Devoid of prema our lives are useless. Such vraja-ramas as we, bereft of love, cannot even imagine the fortune of Kas beloveds. Leave all this talk. If we had taken birth as Pulinda kanys rather than vraja-ramas, then we also would rub all over our bodies that kukuma which has come onto the grass from Kas lotus feet. Then our lives would also be worthwhile. Another sakh says, What to speak of being Pulinda kanys, even if we had taken birth as mere blades of grass in the forest, our lives would be successful by getting the touch of the kukuma from the breasts of the prema-filled vraja-gops, which has fallen from Kas lotus feet. But alas! Our lives are so cursed. We have been deprived of any type of relationship with Ka. On contemplating the explanation in Vaiava-toan, one can conclude that the gops are looking at the activities of the Pulinda girls directly through the eyes of their bhvas and are admiring the good fortune of the forest girls. They have come to a sure conclusion about that especially fortunate young beloved of r Ka. It is impossible that ngara Ka, the sweetheart who is dhra-lalita (the youthful, rakish lover expert in cutting jokes) and rasika-cmai (the crown jewel of enjoyers), is roaming about in the forest only to play His flute. He must be enjoying intimate pastimes with His topmost ngar, that ladylove who is endowed with all superlative qualities. That is why somewhere in Vrajamaala there must be a beloved from whose breast came the kukuma that has stuck to Kas lotus feet:
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tda-ngarasya td vin sthiter asambhavt y kcit nigha vidyate tasy stanbhy maitam Who is the mahbhvavat vraja-rama who possesses all exemplary qualities and who is seated on the highest peak of prema? It is told further on in Rsa-pacdhyy29 that Ka disappeared from the rsa-sthal (dancing arena) with His own beloved. After this the gops came to the following conclusion themselves: anayrdhito nna bhagavn harir vara yan no vihya govinda prto ym anayadraha
O sakhs! r Rdhik is much more fortunate than all of us! She has surely performed so much more worship (rdhan) of Bhagavn r Hari than we have to have received the name Rdhik. That is why, being very much pleased with Her, Govinda has left us in the rsasthal and gone off with Her to a solitary place.
Almost all commentators of rmad-Bhgavatam declare that anayrdhito clearly refers to rmat Rdhik as r Kas dear-most sweetheart. Some distance away from the rsa, the gops saw Kas beloved Rdhik anxiously tossing about in the pain of separation from Him. rla Rpa Gosvm has commented on mdana-bhva, the highest state of mahbhva, in r Ujjvala-nlamai (14.219): sarva-bhvodgamolls, mdanoya partpara rjate hldin-sro rdhym eva ya sad
29 Five chapters in the Tenth Canto of rmad-Bhgavatam describing rsa-ll.
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The supreme state of exaltation in which all the various stages of prema, from rati (the eighth stage in the development of the creeper of bhakti) to mahbhva, are manifest simultaneously in their most radiant form, is called mdana (mdankhya) bhva.
This mdana-bhva is more exalted and delightful than mahbhva, rha, adhirha, modana, mohana and all other loving sentiments. This glorious bhva is always present in rmat Rdhik, and in Her only; it is not found even in Her dear-most priya-narma sahks like Lalit and Vikh. Therefore, r Kas most favorite beloved of all, His life and soul, is rmat Rdhik, from whose breast r-kukuma has come onto His lotus feet. The author of Vaiava-toa also says, Although all previously uttered expressions of the gops thoughts and feelings are the experiences of their own internal moods, still not one drop of these is imaginary. Because of the deep kaprema which the Vraja beauties possess, they are able to see the invisible and that which is beyond their view as if directly in front of their eyes. Reflecting on rmad-Bhgavatams yasysti bhaktir bhagavaty akican (5.18.12) and other verses, one can come to understand that those who have akican bhakti for Bhagavn in their hearts bhakti performed in a mood of seeing Ka as ones only possession are never ignorant of any subject, be it religion, science, the perceptible and the imperceptible. Consequently they have no doubt as to who is r Kas superlative dayit. rmad-Bhgavatam (10.86.42) presents a statement about Ka by the Dvrak queens, which confirms this siddhnta: kmaym aha etasya rmatpda-raja riya kuca-kukuma-gandhdhya mrdhn vohu gadbhta
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We are always praying to the lotus feet of r Ka that we may wear on our heads the dust from His lotus feet, which are always fragrant with the aroma of kukuma from rmat Rdhiks breast.
The same prayers are uttered by the gops, the Pulinda kanys and all others in Vraja down to even the grass, bushes and creepers. r Jva Gosvm has written about this verse in the Bhatkrama-sandarbha commentary: dayiteti vaktrn rdhsakhitva spaam eva. The meaning is that the kukuma which had adorned the breasts of one special dayit has rubbed off on r Kas feet. It is very evident that these words were spoken by the sakhs of rmat Rdhik. The Vaiava-toa and Krama-sandarbha commentaries make it clear that Ka engages continuously in pastimes with His eternal beloved r Rdhik. Therefore, there is not a speck of doubt that this kukuma on Kas lotus feet has come from rmat Rdhiks breast. Even while still a small child, r Ka manifested Himself as a fresh youth (kiora) to perform various types of loving pastimes with His treasured sweetheart, r Rdhik. This is confirmed in the Bhaviya Pura: blyepi bhagavn ka kaiora rpam rita reme vihrair vividhai priyay saha rdhay This siddhnta is also seen in the Ka-ymala-tantra: ekena vapu gopa-prema-baddho rasmbudhi anyena vapu vndvane krati saha rdhay
In rdhma Vndvana r Ka in one form affectionately grazes the cows and performs pastimes with His sakhs, and in another form engages in various pastimes with rmat Rdhik.
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Quoting from various verses like these, rla Jva Gosvm proves that only with rmat Rdhik does Ka perform the topmost pleasurable pastimes. It is, indeed, the kukuma of Her breast, coming from r Kas feet onto the grass, which the Pulinda girls smear all over their bodies. rmat Rdhiks sakhs and the other vraja-ramas are admiring the good fortune of the Pulinda girls. In Ujjvala-nlamai, in the chapter on sthy-bhva (14.221), rla Rpa Gosvm describes the external symptom (anubhva) of mdana-mahbhva: atreryy ayogyepi prabalerya-vidhyit sad bhogepi tad-gandha-mtrdhras tavdaya
In the highest state of mahbhva called mdana, one always remains unsatisfied, thinking that Ka is not present with Her, even after enjoying with Him in different ways, dancing with Him and sitting on His lap.
When Rdh is in that condition, even an unqualified object that has the slightest scent of a relationship with Ka appears supremely fortunate to Her and immediately arouses feelings of jealousy. She experiences great separation in meeting and intense union in separation. Even after meeting Ka again and again, She forgets that She has ever met Him before. This is a wonderful and amazing characteristic of mdana-bhva. Ujjvala-nlamai quotes prna pulindya and other verses from rmad-Bhgavatam as proof of this. According to Ujjvala-nlamai the prn pulindya verse refers to rmat Rdhik because mdana-bhva, which rmat Rdhik is always experiencing, is superior even to the state of divyonmda (divine madness at the time of separation) and premavaicitya (thinking ones lover is absent even while together).
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Even after meeting Ka She totally forgets that She has ever been with Him. She envies the fortune of the unqualified Pulinda ramas, who have barely any relationship with Ka at all, and at the same time She is praising them. Who is speaking this verse? One may think that some differences in opinion exist between Vaiava-toa and Ujjvala-nlamai. But rla Jva Gosvm is one of the main rpnuga Vaiavas, so it is not possible for him to have any view diverging from rla Rpa Gosvm. Therefore, it is proper to accept the appropriate siddhnta only after reconciling both lines of thought. Some commentators hold the belief that rmat Rdhik and all other vraja-ramas as well experience the highest expressions of love. Out of all of them rmat Rdhik is pre-eminent but at the same time the prema of other vraja-ramas is also not ordinary. Their expressions of love are most rare even for the Dvrak queens and Lakm herself. Therefore, on hearing the veu-nda, r Rdhik and the other gops, according to their moods, are thrown into an emotional turmoil, and speak incoherently about all the happenings going on around them. Ujjvala-nlamai describes the feelings of mdankhya (mdana) bhva which arise in r Rdhiks heart upon seeing the good fortune of the Pulinda kanys; and Vaiava-toa describes the bhvas of the other gops. We should have no doubt about this and should take it as our duty to relish the inner mood of these verses.
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hantyam adrir abal hari-dsa-varyo yad rma-ka-caraa-spara-pramoda mna tanoti saha-go-gaayos tayor yat pnya-syavasa-kandara-kandamlai hanta oh (indicating distress); ayam this (as if showing with the finger that Govardhana is just nearby); adri hill (Govardhana); abal O friends (sakhs, literally meaning those who have no power to serve Ka as Govardhana does); hari-dsa-varya the best among the servants of Hari (Hari who steals away the mind, sinful activities and all distress); yat rma-ka-caraa-spara because of the touch of the lotus feet of r Ka and r Balarma (or because of the touch of the lotus feet of r Ka and the ramas); pramoda jubilation (giving rise to the eight sttvika-bhvas, such as hairs standing on end in the form of grass and tears in the form of cascading waterfalls on Girirja Govardhana); mna tanoti offers respect (by offering various services); saha with; go-gaayo the cows, calves and cowherd boys; tayo to Them (to the two lotus feet of Ka, or to the lotus feet of Rdh-Ka Yugala); yat because; pnya with drinking water or with the fragrant cool water from Govardhanas waterfalls; syavasa very soft grass, food grains, flowers and fruits; kandara kuja-like caves; kandamlai edible roots.
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Translation
O sakhs! This Girirja Govardhana is the topmost servant of r Hari. How fortunate he is indeed! Have you not seen how elated he is to obtain the touch of the lotus feet of r Ka, who is pra-vallabha, dearer to us than life, and of r Baladeva, who is nayanbhirma, the source of delight for the eyes? Just see how graciously he receives Balarma and all of Kas cows and cowherd boys. He supplies cool clear water, soft green grass, wonderfully sculpted caves to rest in, and varieties of fruits and roots to eat. By offering all these opulences, Girirja Govardhana, the king of mountains, serves and pays respect to r Ka and Baladeva Prabhu, who are surrounded by all the gopas and cows.

Steeped in the deepest sentiments of pure love, the gopa-ramas, the lovers of the supernal Cowherd Boy, are completely absorbed in describing the good fortune of the Pulinda girls living at Govardhana Hill. Automatically, the bhva sheltering in their hearts shines forth. But as their emotions calm down a bit, they try to cover their internal feelings which have already spilled over, saying, Our sweetheart ymasundara roams in different picturesque areas of the supremely enchanting Vndvana. In some places He becomes absorbed in herding the cows with the cowherd boys, elsewhere He is enraptured by performing many different kinds of amorous pastimes with His sweethearts in the caves and love bowers (kujas) of Govardhana, and elsewhere He enjoys playing in the water.
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Despite having eyes, however, we are so unlucky that we do not even get a chance to see Him. Despite having feet we cannot walk up to Him. Despite having arms we cannot embrace Him, because of our concern for public opinion, chastity, self-control, moral principles and other impediments. Even after hearing the veu-nda, we still engage in our household work, thereby rendering all our senses useless. Our eyes, ears, hands and feet all are worthless. In vain we are carrying the heavy load of our bodies. Oh! These low-caste Pulinda kanys, who were previously looked down upon by all, are so incredibly blessed. Even though they have no direct contact with Ka, without hesitation they smear on their faces and breasts the kukuma clinging to the grass, thereby cooling their burning hearts. In this way they make their lives successful. But we cannot even do that, despite being goparamas. Or if we had been born as blades of grass, our lives would be successful. In this way the goddesses of Vraja, the vraja-devs, are desiring to be born as a blade of grass, a creeper, a tree or any other similar life form. As they are displaying all the symptoms of mahbhava, the great glories of Girirja start to manifest in their hearts. Therefore they say: hantyam adrir abal haridsa-varyo sakhi ri! No desires can be fulfilled without taking shelter of great personalities and serving them. We have heard the glories of Govardhana Hill from the saintly Pauramsj. Come, let us take bath in Mnas Gag and circumambulate Govardhana. Then we shall take darana (audience) of his presiding deity, r Hari-deva, worshiping and praying to Him. Our life-long desires, which are so difficult to achieve, will be fulfilled by doing this. This humility of the gops is natural and appropriate for their human-like pastimes (nara-ll), but for sdhakas this subject has a special message. If someone wants to achieve the
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anurga-filled service of the Divine Couple r r RdhKa in transcendental Vndvana, the only way is to take the association and shelter of the lotus feet of devotees who relish the sweetness of Vraja, the rasika vraja-bhaktas. That is why rla Raghuntha dsa Gosvm says: anrdhya rdh-padmbhoja-reum anritya vndav tat-padkm asambhya tad-bhva-gambhra-cittn kuta yma-sindho rasasyvagha
(r Sakalpa-praka)
Without taking shelter of the dust of the lotus feet of mahbhva-svarpa rmat Rdhik, whose very form is made of the highest sentiments of love, and of Vndvana, which is adorned with the dust of Her lotus feet, and without hearing nectar-filled narrations from the mouths of rasika devotees of Vraja, it is not possible to dive into the boundless ocean of love for ymasundara.
mahater kp bin kona karme bhakti naya ka-bhakti dr rahu, sasra nahe kaya
Caitanya-caritmta (Madhya-ll 22.51)
Without the mercy of great devotees, there is no way to enter devotional service. One cannot achieve kabhakti, or even be released from material existence.
The moment the image of Govardhanas glory comes in their hearts, the Vraja gops, who are filled with boundless affection, immediately point their finger towards Girirja, saying: hantyam adrir abal hari-dsa-varya. The word hanta is used either in elation or amazement. After experiencing both of these emotions, the vraja-devs use the word hanta. By having Girirjas darana and worshiping him, our long-
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awaited desires will be quickly fulfilled. We are deprived of joy, any kind of power or fortune, as well as the association, service and mercy of great personalities. That is why we are weak (abal). Will there ever be a time when Girirja will give us his mercy and we will have that great fortune? This would be amazing. For these two reasons the word hanta is used here. The gops regretfully describe themselves as weak, by which they are trying to say, We have no strength to abandon our social obligations and self-control. We are not able to break the chains of society and thus be freed to come before our beloved ymasundara to surrender everything at His lotus feet. The vraja-ramas, overwhelmed in prema, tell about the glory of Girirja, O sakh! Girirja Govardhana is hari-dsavarya, the topmost servant of Hari (Ka). In the entire universe there are many kinds of hari-dsa, but out of all of them Girirja Govardhana is indeed the greatest. The vraja-ramas utter the phrase hari-dsa-varya, whose many different meanings can be realized by repeatedly meditating on them. The name of the presiding deity of Govardhana is Hari-deva. The whole of Vraja worships Harideva, whose topmost servant is Govardhana Hill, so he is called hari-dsa-varya. All the Vrajavss serve Hari-deva. But Girirja has surrendered his entire self his body, mind, wealth and everything at the lotus feet of Hari-deva and keeps Him over his heart. That is why Girirja is the topmost of all His servitors. In this material world those who serve their wives, sons, daughters, family, wealth, bodies and minds are actually my-dsa, servants of the illusory energy, whereas those who have no material attachment and have sacrificed everything for the service of Bhagavn are haridsa. Dhruva, Prahlda, Ambara, Nrada, Vysa and other such jewel-like devotees have given up everything to serve
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the Lord, but none of them has turned his very body into a playground for Bhagavns pastimes. Only Girirja has done this; therefore he is the topmost hari-dsa. One who snatches away all sorrows and sufferings, and who captures everyones heart through His name, beauty, qualities or sweet pastimes, is Hari mana harati citta ca iti hari. His intimate devotees also possess these capacities kabhakte ker gua sakali sacre. Because all of Hari-devas qualities have been transmitted to Girirja Govardhana, he is mahat-purua, a great personality; and to take shelter of his lotus feet is ones only duty. It is not an ordinary thing to be the servant of Hari. People who have little sukti (accumulated spiritual merits) are not admitted to Kas service. First Ka removes all types of impurities in the heart and breaks all material ties. Only then does He give one the chance to serve Him. Service to Him is of two types: one is sambhrama, performed with reverence, and the other is virambha, intimate service, filled with a sense of mamat, or possessiveness towards Him. This virambhasev, service performed in the mood of a bosom friend, is better than sambhrama-sev, service mixed with awe and reverence. That is why rla Rpa Gosvm has indicated virambhena guru-sev, intimate service to guru, as one limb of bhakti. The highest expression of virambha-sev is pre-eminent in the mdhurya-bhva (mood of amorous love) exhibited by the vrajadevs, and especially by rmat Rdhik. One can observe some feelings of possessiveness also in dsya, sakhya and vtsalya; but the way the vraja-devs serve with their whole bodies in mdhurya-bhva is not found anywhere else. Only in madhurarasa is service with mamat intimately performed with great expertise and precision by the whole body. rla Raghuntha dsa Gosvm therefore prays exclusively for personal service to rmat Rdhik (rdh-dsya), saying:
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pdbjyos tava vin vara-dsyam eva nnyat kadpi samaye kila devi yce sakhyya te mama namostu namostu nityam dsyya te mama rasostu rasostu satyam
O Svmnj, my divine mistress! You are krparya, the lovely abode of r Kas playful pastimes. I will never pray for any other bhva than that of Your ds (maidservant), to perform that topmost service to Your lotus feet. I eternally bow my head and offer prama again and again to the position of being Your friend, but I am telling You truly that I desire only to be Your maidservant.
The vraja-devs, attributing their own deep moods to Girirja Govardhana, say, Govardhana performs r Haridevas virambha-sev with his entire body. Therefore, he is Haris greatest servant (hari-dsa-varya), and, being merciful, he can bestow upon us his own mood. Previously it has been told that r Hari-deva is Govardhanas presiding deity. Circumambulating Girirja Govardhana does not bestow the full fruit without visiting r Hari-deva. This means that prema-bhakti depends upon mercy. There are two types of mercy: that of great devotees and that of Bhagavn. The mercy of Bhagavn, however, comes through the pure devotees. In other words, it can be said that the mercy of the devotees is always present, including and prevailing over the mercy of Bhagavn. In rmad-Bhgavatam three great personalities have been called hari-dsa: Mahrja Yudhihira, r Uddhava and r Girirja Govardhana. The gops, however, after considering all possibilities, conclude that Girirja Govardhana is Kas topmost beloved servant and thus call him haridsa-varya.
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In the rjasya-yaja30 conducted by Mahrja Yudhihira, sages, saintly brhmaas, many high-class Vaiavas and great personalities, including Grandsire Bhma, r Vedavysa and r Nrada, gathered together. As Mahrja Yudhihira was welcoming them, he said, Ah! Today is such a fortunate day that simply by sitting at home, I am receiving the darana of all these great souls. Seeing the good fortune of the saintly King Yudhihira Mahrja, rla ukadeva Gosvm joyfully exclaimed: hari-dsasya rjare rjasya-mahodayam naivtpyan praasanta piban martyo mta yath
Parkit Mahrja, all those sages never became fully satisfied in their praising the rjasya-yaja of r Haris servant, the saintly King Yudhihira Mahrja, just as a mortal person continues to drink nectar without ever becoming satiated.
At that time Devari Nrada said to Mahrja Yudhihira: yya nloke bata bhri-bhg ye priyosau jagad-varea devo gurur bandhuu mtuleyo dta suht srathir ukti-tantra
Bhad-bhgavatmta (1.5.7)
Mahrja! In this world you are all indeed fortunate, because the supreme controller of all controllers, r Ka, the original cause of all causes, is your dear worshipful deity, guru, cousin, brother, messenger, friend, charioteer and servant who follows your every order. He who is the object
30 Elaborate sacrificial ceremony performed to establish an emperors sovereignty over the whole world.
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of love for all living entities is Himself bathing the feet of all the sages and saintly kings who have arrived for your rjasya-yaja. That same Supreme Soul, whose audience is extremely rare, always resides incognito in your home. Truly, we have not come here to take r Kas darana, but rather to witness the amazing way you Pavas have won over the all-pervading and fully independent Supreme Power and Supreme Truth, r Ka. You have made Him your intimate family member. O Dharmarja (Yudhihira), eldest son of Pu, how is it that r Ka, who lives in everyones heart as the witness and supreme controller, always resides in your house and makes Himself quite at home with you? All these great personalities have come here just to see this.
This is why rmad-Bhgavatam has conferred upon Yudhihira Mahrja the title of hari-dsa, which completely befits him. The second hari-dsa is r Uddhava. In this regard rmad-Bhgavatam (10.47.56) states: sarid-vana-giri-dror vkan kusumitn drumn ka sasmrayan reme hari-dso vrajaukasm In order to console His parents as well as the vrajaramas and the other Vrajavss, Ka sent His dear servant Uddhava to live in Vraja for some time. This haridsa Uddhava wandered around Vraja with the Vrajavss, sometimes going to the banks of the Yamun, sometimes walking in the forests, sometimes roaming on Girirja Govardhana, and sometimes meandering happily amongst the trees laden with colorful flowers. In each place He asked the Vrajavss about Kas pastimes that took place there, thus causing them to become overwhelmed by those pastimes. How dear this hari-dsa Uddhava is to Ka!
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vn pravaro mantr kasya dayita sakh iyo bhaspate skt uddhavo buddhi-sattama
Parkit! The highly intelligent and respected Uddhava was a prominent member of the Vi dynasty and the direct disciple of Bhaspati. He was Kas prime minister and dear bosom friend. What greater glories than these can be attributed to him!
r Ka Himself said to Uddhava: na tath me priyatama tma yonir na akara na ca sakarao na rr naivtm ca yath bhavn
O Uddhava, you are My very closest friend. No one is as close to Me as you are, not even My own son Brahm, akara, My brother Balarma, or the other half of My body, Lakm. Not even My own soul is as close to Me as you are.
This is why in rmad-Bhgavatam Uddhavaj has also been given the title hari-dsa, which is entirely appropriate in every respect. After some deliberation, however, the vraja-ramas, overflowing with mahbhva, come to realize that Girirja Govardhana is the best of all the servants of Hari that is why they call him hari-dsa-varya. There must be some deep, secret reasons for this. By following the literatures of rla Rpa, Santana and the other Gosvms, who have deep realization of the principles of transcendental mellows (rasatattva), some of these ultimate mysteries can be revealed. In Bhad-bhgavatmta rla Santana Gosvm explains the gradations of all kinds of devotees: the jn-bhakta, uddha168
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bhakta, prem-bhakta, premapara-bhakta and premturabhakta.31 Although the Pavas serve Ka with intimacy, treating Him as their family member, they still nourish a trace of reverence. According to Santana Gosvm, Yudhihira Mahrjas feelings for Ka are predominantly dsyabhva mixed with sakhya and vtsalya; Arjunas mood is predominantly sakhya-bhva mixed with dsya; and the other Pavas, as well as Kunt, have a similar disposition. The Pavas prema is suppressed because of their reverential mood resulting from their knowledge of Kas Godhood. This is why Uddhava, a premtura-bhakta, has higher love for Ka than the premapara Pavas. Both the Pavas and Uddhava are Kas associates in Dvrak. Because Uddhavas love is higher, Ka sent him to the school of the lovelorn gops to receive training in higher levels of prema. Uddhava went to Vraja, where he was wonderstruck to observe the gops unique high-class love. There he realized the glory of the rare dust of Vraja (touched by the gops) which is supremely worshipable for Brahm, iva, ukadeva and others. And beyond this, Uddhava expressed his deep longing to take birth as a blade of grass, bush, medicinal herb or any other such species in Vraja, so that he would always be fully bathing in the gops foot-dust. He came to understand that he should take shelter of the most magnanimous Girirja Govardhana to fulfill this desire. He chose to take birth as a blade of grass or some other plant at Girirja Govardhana in yma Kui near Kusuma-sarovara. rla Rpa, Raghuntha and other Gosvms describe the very mysterious kuja-lls and other pastimes of
31 Jn bhakta a devotee who knows the Lords supreme position (Prahlda); uddha-bhakta a devotee actuated by the pure devotional aptitude found in the Vraja pastimes (Ambaria); prem-bhakta one imbued with full loving devotion (Hanumn); premapara-bhakta a devotee engrossed in pure prema (the Pavas); and premtura-bhakta a devotee impelled by overwhelming love (Uddhava).
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r Ka and the gops in Stavaml, Stavval and other works: pramada-madana-ll kandare kandare te, racayati nava-ynor dvandvam asminn amandam (the youthful lovers r Rdh-Ka perform newer and newer secret, amorous pastimes within your many caves); rasa-nidhi-nava-yno ski dna-keler (O Govardhana, you facilitate and witness the dna-keli pastime enacted by the youthful lovers r Rdh-Ka, who Themselves are a treasure-house of nectar); yatraiva ko vabhnu-putry/dna ghtu kalaha vitene (Demanding a road tax, Ka quarreled for several hours at Dn Gh with the daughter of Vabhnu Mahrja). In these prayers Girirja Govardhana is depicted as the witness of all the secret pastimes and the bestower of vraja-prema. The Gosvms pray to Giri Govardhana to give them shelter at his lotus feet. According to the Garga-sahit Girirjaj appeared from r Kas love-filled eyes. In the Vraja that is manifest in this world, Yogamy Prim-devis heart appeared in the form of Girirja as the son of Drocala [one of the Himlayas], and Pulastya i brought him to Vraja-bhmi. According to the Bhaviya Pura, however, the topmost rasika Girirja Govardhana manifested directly from the heart of rmat Rdhik, r Kas internal potency (His svarpa-akti): manasa prakter jto giri-govardhano mahn. The word Govardhana means go, gopa, gopn samvarddhayati he who increases the pleasure of prema for the cows, calves and all the residents of Gokula. r Girirja Govardhana has the fortune of doing many kinds of service, as well as witnessing and nourishing r Kas rsa dance and other confidential lls. r Girirja has two identities: as a devotee (bhakta-svarpa) and as Ka Himself (bhagavatsvarpa). The Gauya Vaiavas see Girirja as bhaktasvarpa.
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In this way the vraja-devs, thoroughly steeped in their love for Ka, continue: yad rma-ka-caraa-sparapramoda. Upon receiving the touch of the beautiful lotus feet of Rma and Ka, Giri Govardhana gets carried away by prema, and the two brothers experience supreme pleasure walking upon him. Seeing this, the gops cannot help but call Girirja hari-dsa-varya. That dsa who delights r Hari with his service and in turn receives supreme joy from that service is topmost among the attendants of r Hari. That dsa who finds the service of r Hari to be hard work or experiences some difficulty, whose service Bhagavn reluctantly accepts, cannot be called His topmost. When Hari (Ka who steals the hearts of the residents of Vraja) comes to Govardhana with Balarma and the cowherd boys on the excuse of cow-herding, Govardhana experiences supreme pleasure which causes tears, horripilation, trembling, perspiration and other aa-sttvika-bhvas (eight bodily symptoms of prema) to be easily seen on his body. The growing grass is his hair standing on end (romca), the fountains are his tears (aru), and the dew is his perspiration (sveda). At that time the stones of Govardhana melt. For the comfort of the lotus feet of Rma and Ka, his stones become warm in winter and cool in the summer. Because he is manifesting symptoms of rapture, such as ecstatic eruptions of the skin, bristling hairs and perspiration, it is clearly understood that Govardhana receives maximum joy from doing service for Ka. And Ka also receives great happiness in playing, having fun and roaming on Govardhanas body. There is not a drop of doubt that Girirja Govardhana is the topmost of r Haris servants. Ordinarily, on studying this part of the verse rmaka-caraa-spara-pramoda it seems that the gops are describing the rambling of both Balarma and Ka. However,
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reflecting upon their staunch exclusive love for Ka, one can understand the deeper bhva in the gops hearts. Taking rma to mean supremely captivating rather than Balarma, they are actually saying rma-ka to cover their deep bhvas. Thus, this phrase means: Being graced by the touch of r Kas most enchanting lotus feet, r Govardhana rejoices in full delight, his hairs rising up and his body trembling. Two of the gops sacr-bhvas are indicated here : concealment of their emotions (avahitth) and humility (dainya). Their hearts churning with loving sentiments, the gops describe the good fortune of Govardhana at receiving the touch of Kas lotus feet, and at the same time express their own humble position. Alas! Alas! Even if we were only one of Govardhanas stones, we would also soften from the touch of Kas lotus feet. By Kas veu-nda, even the stones of Govardhana melt, but our hearts do not. The Creator has made us so unlucky and so bereft of love that neither are we ever able to receive the touch of Kas lotus feet, nor do our hearts melt. The gops, emotionally surcharged, highly praise Girirja Govardhanas absorption in prema, saying: mna tanoti saha-go-gaayos tayor yat pnya-syavasa-kandara-kanda-mlai O sakh! Govardhana is not satisfied merely by being overwhelmed with bliss upon receiving the touch of r Kas lotus feet, experiencing hairs standing on end (romcita), ecstatic eruptions (pulakita) and becoming enraptured (pramudita). He also hospitably receives Ka, Baladeva, all Their cowherd friends and countless cows with various types of gifts as if welcoming a bosom friend. With his body, mind, wealth, life and everything, he performs manobha-sev he fulfills the inner hearts desire of Ka
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and His whole party. He offers gifts of cool and pure sweet water to quench their thirst, very sweet succulent fruits and roots for them to eat, different types of flowers, and red ochre32 for decorating. For resting and roaming he arranges seats and beds bedecked with jewels, effulgent gems for lamps and mirrors, and elaborately decorated caves and kujas. And for the cows he provides nutritious grass. Ka, His friends and the cows become extremely satisfied with all these gifts presented byGiri Govardhana. Mnasa Gag and the other rivers of Govardhana are continuously filled with utterly pure, sweet, cool water. The various types of trees and creepers are perpetually full of luscious, fragrant fruits and flowers, ready for using for r Kas service. Sweet-smelling, tasty green grass is ever available for the cows, thereby increasing the flow of their milk. Within his countless caves Govardhana always keeps sitting and sleeping places ready for Ka and His cowherd friends. Being attracted by all these assets, Ka daily goes roaming on Govardhana to graze His cows and performs amazingly wonderful pastimes with His friends. Not only this, He enjoys deep, confidential lls with His sweethearts in the decorated kujas and caves. That is why the gops themselves have awarded Girirja Govardhana the title hari-dsa-varya. In regard to the phrase hantyam adrir abal, there is some difference of opinion whether it has emanated from the lotus mouth of rmat Rdhik or from the mouths of the other gops. rla Santana Gosvm says that it refers to the gops: Govardhano jayati aila-kuldhirjo yo gopikbhir udito hari-dsa-varya All glories to the king of all mountains, whom the gops have entitled hari-dsa-varya. rla Raghuntha dsa Gosvm, on the other hand, has clearly stated in his Govardhana-vsa-prrthana-daakam:
32 A saffron-colored pigment extracted from Govardhana ils.
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giri-npa! hari-dsa-re-varyeti-nmmtam idam udita r-rdhik-vaktra-candrt
O Girirja Mahrja! The nectarean name hari-dsavarya has clearly issued forth from the moon-like face of rmat Rdhik.
There appears to be some difference of opinion between rpad Santana Gosvm and his follower, rpad Raghuntha dsa Gosvm, but actually this is not so, since rmat Rdhik Herself is a gop. Both Rdhik and the gops have called Girirja hari-dsa-varya upon seeing his extraordinary endeavor in service. Regarding this subject, rpad Santana Gosvm states in r Bhad-bhgavatmta that rmat Rdhik together with all the gops named Govardhana haridsa-varya. Raghuntha dsa Gosvm, on the other hand, claims that the glories and significance of Govardhana being called hari-dsa-varya have issued from the mouth of rmat Rdhik, the topmost gop. rmat Rdhik and all the gops, as well as rpad Santana Gosvm and all our subsequent cryas, have glorified Govardhana as the topmost servant of r Hari. Hari-bhakti-vilsa, explaining the method for worshiping Govardhana, also refers to him as hari-dsa-varya: r-ka-dsa-varyoya r-govardhana bhdharam. In this way the gops, absorbed by their knurga, lavishly praise the many prema-filled services that Govardhana performs for Ka. By their facial expressions and gestures the cowherd maidens reveal their mood, Despite taking birth in Vraja, we could not do any service for Ka. Our whole lives have simply gone in vain.
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g gopakair anu-vana nayator udraveu-svanai kala-padais tanu-bhtsu sakhya aspandana gati-mat pulakas tar niryoga-pa-kta-lakaayor vicitram gh the cows; gopakai with the cowherd boys; anuvana to each forest; nayato leading; udra very liberal (the sound of the flute is very liberal because it carries knurga to the gops wherever they may be); veusvanai by the vibrations of r ymasundaras flute; kalapadai having sweet tones; tanu-bhtsu among the living entities; sakhya O friends; aspandana gati-mat causing the moving and non-moving living entities to completely change their natures, i.e., the rivers permanent nature is to flow but now they stop flowing; pulaka tar even among the non-moving trees, pulaka and other sttvika-bhvas are blooming; niryoga-pa the ropes for binding the hind legs of the cows; kta-lakaayo of those two (Ka and Balarma) who are characterized by; vicitram extraordinary wonder.
Translation
O sakhs! The two brothers, our ymasundara and Gaurasundara Balarma, move in an especially graceful and unique manner. When ymasundara, together with His cowherd friends, leads the cows from one forest to another, He wraps around His head a rope used for binding the legs of
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the cows at the time of milking, and on His shoulders He hangs a noose for catching cows. What to speak of human beings, when even moving living entities such as animals and birds, as well as the non-living rivers, see that unparalleled sweet beauty and hear the melody of His flute, they become stunned, and the immobile trees shiver with ecstasy. What more can I tell you, sakh, of the magical wonders of the flute?

While describing the good fortune of Girirja Govardhana, the vraja-ramas, delirious in their elevated feelings of love, say, O sakh! Just see! It is not surprising that Girirja is blessed by doing various types of service for Ka and by getting the touch of His soft, lotus feet. If we could also be hari-dsa-varya like Govardhana, then we also would be favored by doing varieties of service, and our lives also would be fruitful. But we are forever locked in the prison of our homes, with our bodies and minds engaged in mundane affairs. Therefore it is impossible for us to get that good fortune. In Vndvana all the living entities, whether moving or non-moving, are blessed. Their lives are successful because they are ableto get the benefit of touching Kas lotus feet and establishing some kind of relationship with Him. We are the only unfortunate ones in the whole of Vraja. As the gops speak, the image of Ka going to the forest to graze the cows while playing the enchanting veu manifests in their hearts. They become completely immersed in supreme bliss, as if they are directly seeing r Ka Himself. Now, becoming helpless in their prema, they say, Just see, sakh! With very sweet gestures ymasundara, that supreme dancer, gracefully swaggers from one forest to another. All the
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moving and non-moving entities become overwhelmed in the bliss of love upon hearing His sweet veu-nda, and clearly exhibit aa-sttvika bodily transformations. Our ymasundara, along with His multitudes of cows, goes from one forest of Vraja-maala to another for cowherding. Because of their large numbers, the cows cannot graze in just one small forest. The cowherd boys do not leave their bosom friend Ka alone even for a moment. Keeping Him in the center, they constantly and diligently look out for His safety, always staying in groups to protect Him from the potential dangers of demons, monsters and snakes. Yaod-maiy made them repeatedly take an oath, ordering them, O my sons Subhadr, rdm, Sudm! This Kanhaiy is very naughty! He does not want to stay in the house. Despite having hundreds of servants, He Himself wants to go herding the cows. What shall I do? In the forest there are deep rivers, snakes, prickly bushes, demons, fiends and other causes of fear. Promise me that you will never leave Him alone. This is the reason that there are unlimited numbers of cows in front of and behind Him. What a unique pose Ka assumes! Playing the va while resting His arms on D Bhaiys shoulders, He moves along in the midst of the multitude of cowherd boys. Here the word gopakai refers to the cowherd friends who offer Ka protection. Niryoga-pa-kta-lakaayor vicitram The gops continue, Oh! The two brothers, Rma and Ka, look so beautiful walking in the forest with the niryoga and pa ropes adorning Their bodies. During milking, the restless calves are tied with a rope to a post in the ground in order to keep their faces near their mothers. This rope is called niryoga, and the other rope, which is tied to the restless cows to keep them from kicking when being milked, is called pa. According to rla Jva Gosvm, all the cows in Vraja are well-behaved; therefore, it is not necessary for them to be
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tied up during milking. But for those few restless cows a noose called niryoga-pa is used to tie their two hind legs together. The niryoga-pa used by r Ka is made of extremely fine yellow-colored cloth fibers, and the ends of the rope are woven with hanging strands of pearls which softly tinkle as He moves along. Like the other gopas Ka ties the niryoga on His turban, and He lets the pa hang down onto His chest from His shoulders. His dress is so winsome that anyone who sees Him cannot help but be charmed. The gopa-ramas, filled with prema, swoon upon seeing this alluring attire. Because of their love for r Ka, they relish the sweetness of His body, but to hide that prema they describe the fascinating beauty of both Rma and Ka. However, their internal bhva is such that Rma here does not refer to Balarma, but rather to ramaya Ka. In Sanskrit the word ramaya means charming and lovely. Nayator udra-veu-svanai kala-padais tanu-bhtsu sakhya aspandana gati-mat pulakas tar The gops resume, O sakh! In the entire creation there is not a single living entity who will not be charmed upon seeing the sweet, alluring forms of Rma and Ka, which attract the three worlds. They enchant everyone. And the atmosphere created when Ka strikes a melodious note on His flute to gather up all the far-distant cows is most difficult to describe. Oh! Kas flute is naturally so generous that without discrimination his tunes enter the ears of all the living entities in Vraja and churn supreme bliss in the ocean of their hearts. The effect created by the soft melodious echo of the veu is such that, upon hearing it, everyone thinks that Ka is calling him only, and no one else. When Kas ankle-bells, tinkling rujhu, ru-jhu, join the veu, then the sweetness of the veu increases even more. Is there any person who will be able to maintain his calm upon hearing this?
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Verse Nineteen
In Utkalik-vallar (27) rla Rpa Gosvm gives a nectar-filled description of the waves of the veu-nda meeting with the sound of Kas ankle-bells. This vibration, mixed with the sweet tinkling of the ankle-bells of Kas beloved rmat Rdhik, creates sound waves that stimulate Their amorous pastimes: dhvasta brahma-marla-kjita bharair urjevar npurakvnair urjjita-vaibhavas tava vibho va-prasta kala labdha-asta-samasta-nda-nagar smrjya lakm parm rdhya pramadt kad ravaayor dvandvena mandena me
Oh! Will I ever be able to hear the very attractive and amazing sound of rmat Rdhiks ankle-bells mixed with Your enchantingly melodious veu-nda, which together defeat even the soft, sweet warbling of Brahms swan-carrier?
While conversing about Kas enchanting cowherd attire and the veu-nda, the Vraja maidens, who are helpless with prema, say, Sakh! On seeing Kas niryoga and pa, it seems that they really are niryoga-pa surely for all eternity they will never come untied. The unwavering samdhi-yoga of munis is insignificant next to this everlasting, continuous union of niryoga. Kas niryoga-pa are actually ropes of prema. Binding up all the Vrajavss and forest residents in His trap of love, Ka renders them helpless, and thus demonstrates the amazing and wonderful effect of these ties of prema. Aspandana gati-mat pulakas tar The love-filled gops say, When Ka, enchantingly dressed as a cowherd boy, takes the cows for grazing in Vndvana and plays His veu, it is impossible to describe the extraordinary symptvoms of prema which arise in the hearts of all the moving and nonmoving living entities. By that flute song all the animals of the forest, like the deer and birds, become absorbed in prema
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and are rendered immobile, looking like stone statues or colored drawings. The trees, creepers and other non-moving living entities give up their intrinsic nature and adopt the character of moving beings. They also burst out in jubilation, their hairs stand on end and their skin ripples in ecstasy due to the intense pleasure in their hearts. They are not the only ones affected by the veu-nda. The Yamun, Mnas Gag and the other rivers stop flowing, and the stones of Giri Govardhana melt and flow like rivers. Rasika devotees say that the word tying is not used in relation to r Kas niryoga and pa, which He actually uses only for decoration. They are exclusively the ornaments of the native costume of the vraja-gopas and are found only in Kas human-like pastimes. There is no nee d to tie the cows and calves with a rope. These pastimes are performed for the pleasure of the devotees of prakaa Vraja-dhma in this material world. rla Vivantha Cakravart hkura explains this in r Vraja-riti-cintmai (35): chatrdi-dae ubha-cmardi-dae ca daa rutir asti yatra nvydi-kedika eva bandha samdhi-yogdi-kardhi-abda The word daa, meaning rod of chastisement, is used in Vraja only for the handles of umbrellas and cmaras, yak-tail fans. The practice of punishing due to offenses and other transgressions with a rod, as is customary in a kings royal court, does not exist in Vraja. The word bandhan (to bind) is used only for tying the gops hair and waist sashes. In Vraja there are no fetters or bonds used for punishment. The word dhi, headache, is used in relation to ecstatic meditation in samdhi-yoga, since the special feature of Vraja is that no suffering or anguish is found there.
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Verse Twenty
eva-vidh bhagavato y vndvana-cria varayantyo mitho gopya krs tan-mayat yayu eva-vidh this type, such (such wonderful pastimes of Bhagavn which astonish the three worlds); bhagavata the Supreme Personality of Godhead (who manifests unparalleled and unsurpassed sweet beauty and sweet pastimes); y which; vndvana-cria who was wandering in the Vndvana forest; varayantya (the gops continuously) engaged in describing all these pastimes of the Lord (and thus attained tadtm with those pastimes; in other words, they entered into those pastimes and experienced Kas association directly); mitha among one another; gopya the gops; krs tan-mayat yayu they attained complete identification with those pastimes; in other words, those pastimes manifested within their hearts.
Translation
O Mahrja Parkit! These are not the only pastimes of Vrajendra-nandana ymasundara, who roams in Vndvana. He performs unlimited lls. By continuously discussing those pastimes amongst themselves, the gops enter a state of ecstatic trance and meditate upon r Ka. Thus they
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become one with Bhagavns pastimes, which continuously manifest within their hearts.

In this way, the gops, drowning in their overwhelming love for Ka, discuss the change of nature in all the moving and non-moving residents of Vraja, who have been enchanted by Kas sweet beauty and sweet flute song. While describing this, the gops are sometimes overpowered by feelings of humility and sometimes by jealousy. Thus, becoming restless, they say, Sakh! Just see the condition of all the moving and non-moving living entities after hearing the lovely flute melody of r Ka, who is decorated with His niryoga-pa. It seems that He must be a magician expert in casting spells, as well as the crown jewel of clever cheaters. His friends also are not any less than this; as His accomplices they aid and abet Him in every way. Ka attracts one and all with the power of His beautiful form and sweet flute song, ties them up with the ropes of love, and loots them of everything they hold dear. We have had enough! Now, only from afar will we offer respects to the veu-nda. We think it wise not to hear it at all. Otherwise, if we do hear the sound of Kas flute, our hearts will be rendered helpless and we will be tied up by His prema-pa forever. Then our entire wealth our selfcontrol, shyness, family values and traditions will be stolen! O sakh, there is no need to hear the veu-nda of that clever magician, the king of swindlers. Come, come! Let us go where the sweet song of His flute will not enter our ears. The crown jewel of swan-like devotees, r ukadeva Gosvm, has described the transformations caused by prema
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Verse Twenty
in the love-maddened vraja-ramas, and their keen eagerness to meet with Ka, resulting from their hearing the sweet veu-nda. Mahrja Parkit! What more can I say about the waves of the many bhvas in the vraja-ramas, who are absorbed in the highest expressions of love? I have given you only a brief view. Who knows how many countless waves of divine sentiments surge up in the turbulent ocean of their hearts! It is not easy to describe their condition. The gops, while walking, talking, waking and sleeping, are completely immersed in remembering Kas various pastimes. They are always eager to meet with Him, and in this way they somehow pass their lives. O King! Overflowing with amorous sentiments of the highest order, the gopa-ramas, the lovers of the supernal Cowherd Boy, are overwhelmed by intense eagerness in anticipation of meeting with Ka (prva-rga). This arouses many kinds of supremely sweet, divine moods like llas (yearning), udvega (anxiety) and jgaraa (sleeplessness). Even the Creator, Brahm himself, is unable to describe these transcendental sentiments, of which I have given just a glimpse. Thus ends the nanda-varddhin commentary, the blissful account of Veu-gta as narrated in rmad-Bhgavatam.
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Glossary / Index
abhisra the journey to go for a rendezvous or tryst with nyaka r Ka, the primary location for this being Saketa where They meet at night---p 80 Acyuta r Ka, who never deviates from His nature or diverges from His constitutional qualities, especially His mercy, His beauty and His sweet pastimes; who never fails to keep His word and to please His devotees---p 4 adharmta nectar or remnants of Kas lips---p 29, 62, 91 adhara-sudh another term for adharmta, the pure nectar of Kas lips [sudh is nectar of honey or flowers]---p 64 adhirha-mahbhva the full-blown, highly developed prema found only in the vraja-devs; symptomized by the appearance of all kinds of sttvika-bhvas and vyabhicribhvas manifest to the utmost extent; all kinds of happiness in this world up to Brahma-loka combined will not compare to even a drop of this high level of prema. This adhirhamahbhva has two forms: modana and mdana. In some states of separation modana becomes mohana, when all the sttvika-bhvas manifest in the blazing (sddpta) condition---p 66 aivarya-bhva worship of Ka in the mood of awe and reverence; seeing Ka as Bhagavn, who has no birth, no death and no intimate pastimes with His associates---p 92 akhila-rasmta-mrti the embodiment of the full nectar of all twelve rasas---p 18 akhila-rasmta-sindhu the endless ocean of ambrosial rasa, r Ka---p 5, 35, 134
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lpamost pleasing, flattering, witty remarks; one of the twelve vcika anubhvas (a verbal manifestation of the hearts emotion)---p 91, 135 aasa partial incarnations or portions (avatra)---p 65 anarthaunwanted tendencies of the heart; base, selfish propensities. anubhvasactions which reveal the emotions in the heart. They are thirteen in number: dancing, rolling on the ground, singing, loud crying, writhing of the body, roaring, yawning, breathing heavily, giving up concern for public image, salivating, loud laughter, staggering about and hiccuping. anurgaan intensified stage of prema [see viuddha-prema]; as defined in Ujjvala-nlamai (14.146): Although one regularly meets and is well-acquainted with the beloved, the ever-fresh sentiment of intense attachment causes the beloved to be newly experienced at every moment, as if one has never before had any experience of such a person. The attachment which inspires such a feeling is known as anurga. It is accompanied by various anubhvas---p 19, 38, 89, 141, 162 anurgavatendowed with or absorbed in the mood of anurga. aprakaathe unmanifested, eternal spiritual world---p 96 rdhanworship of ones revered deity by mantra---p 154 asythe sacr bhva of malice---p 63 tmrmaone who is self-satisfied, always absorbed in meditating on the self---p 111, 118, 128 avahitththe sacr bhva of hiding ones emotions; not revealing clearly but expressing ones feelings in a concealed manner, through hints and gestures---p 20, 32, 102, 124, 172 avatraa fully or partially empowered incarnation of r Bhagavn---p 70
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avatrthe original, complete form of r Bhagavn; the source of all incarnations. ayauthikthose who have taken birth in Vraja after having performed solitary rgnuga sdhana-bhajana or with one or two other persons---p 15 Bhagavnthe Supreme Personality of Godhead, who is full with six opulences: full strength, full fame, wealth, knowledge, beauty and renunciation. bhva(1) loving emotions; a particular mood of love in which the devotee serves r Ka; (2) an intensified stage of prema which Ujjvala-nlamai has equated with mah-bhva, which occurs when anurga attains a certain stage of exhilaration and relish. This can be experienced and relished only by anurga itself and by no other bhva. When anurga is adorned with the inflamed and exciting sttvika passions shining like molten gold and reaches its climax in rmat Rdhik, becoming identical with Her very temperament and dispositions, it is called bhva---p 11, 24, 34, 43 bhva-ullsa-ratiaffection for Rdh that is characterized by an exceptionally great joy. It is the sthy-rati, permanent emotion, of the nitya-sakhs and pra-sakhs, who are known as majars. Their suhd-rati for r Rdh and everything connected with Her vastly exceeds their karati and keeps on increasing by the moment due to their full absorption in it. This is a special feature of madhuryarasa---p 50 bhvavatfilled with ecstatic amorous love. brahmavd munissages who worship the impersonal brahma, or the effulgence of r Kas body. They accept the personal feature of r Bhagavn, but think it is inferior to brahma---p 116 dainyathe sacr-bhva of humility---p 20, 63, 73, 172
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dkiya-bhvathe submissive, rightist mood which is found especially in Candrval and her vipaka gops; sometimes it is also to a small degree exhibited by rmat Rdhika---p 133 dayitthe topmost beloved who has given her da deha and daihika (body and mind) to fully surrender Herself at the lotus feet of the love of Her life, r Ka---p 133, 150 dhra-lalitaa youthful, rakish lover, who is expert in cutting jokes---p 153 dna-hnafallen and wretched. divyonmdathe ecstasy of bewilderment that is experienced in separation; a wonderful state of divine madness that resembles delusion---p 158 gaaa smaller group of gops within a larger group, called a ytha---p 14 Ghanaymar Ka, who is the color of a dark rain cloud---p 138 gopaa cowherd boy. hldin-aktir Kas internal pleasure-giving potency, rmat Rdhr. irythe sacr-bhva of jealousy. jgaraathe sacr-bhva of sleeplessness---p 17, 183 kma(1) the divine, amorous love, or prema, of the gops; (2) material lust---p 90, 103, 126, 131, 148 kandarpa-sambandhin uttam ratithe rati in which the nyiks, concealing their amorous desires, again and again reject the requests of the nyaka and rarely meet with their lover---p 133 kntaa male beloved---p 88 kanya chaste unmarried girl who loves only r Ka---p 145 kya-vyhaa direct bodily expansion---p 15, 126 kevala-dvaitavdone who denies the personal form of r Bhagavn and exclusively meditates on impersonal brahma. Such a person is an offender---p 116 ka-bhajanainternal worship of r Ka.
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ka-milanameeting with r Ka; there are thirty-two types of milana, just as in vipralambha, or separation, there are thirty-two types. ka-ratiaffection towards r Ka---p 49 knurgina female filled with deep loving attachment for r Ka, when even in separation the most beloved r Ka is constantly present before the eyes---p 18, 44 kukumaa reddish powder that married women apply to the part in their hair and the dot on their foreheads just above the eyes---p 70, 144 llasthe sacr-bhva of ardent desire---p 17, 183 ll-kamalaa pastimes lotus which Ka twirls in His hand like a toy, thereby twisting the hearts of all the Vrajavss and especially causing the gops hearts to dance. mdanathe highest expression of adhirha-mahbhva, present only in rmat Rdhik Herself. It is described in Ujjvala-nlamai (14.219): That aspect of prema which is the condensed essence of the hldin potency and in which all the other stages of prema from sneha up to modana meet together and enjoy supreme exultation is known as mdana. This is the very pinnacle of prema, beyond which there is nothing superior. This type of prema is eternally present in rmat Rdhik and no one else. Sometimes She exhibits this prema externally and sometimes She conceals it within Her heart. In this stage, one always remains unsatisfied, thinking that Ka is not present with Her, even after enjoying with Him in different ways, dancing with Him and sitting on His lap. When Rdh is in this condition, even an unqualified object that has the slightest scent of a relationship with Ka appears supremely fortunate to Her and immediately arouses feelings of jealousy. She feels great separation in meeting and intense union in separation. At that time, even after meeting Ka again and again, She forgets
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that She has ever met Him before. This is a wonderful and amazing characteristic of mdana-bhva---p 154 Madana-mohanathat form of r Ka who, like Cupid, attracts and bewilders every living being---p 123 mdankhyaanother name for mdana adhirha-mah bhva---p 155 madhu-patir Ka, who is akhila-rasmta-sindhu, the ocean of nectar of all the rasas, and who is also rasikaekhara, the topmost enjoyer of loving mellows. Madhu also refers to the spring season (vasanta) that is enjoyed by Ka---p 5 madhura-bhva, or mdhurya-bhvaseeing r Ka as an ordinary family member, dear friend or lover, never considering Him to be Bhagavn Himself. In His humanlike pastimes He takes birth from the womb of Yaod Maiy Hes quite ignorant, He cannot turn over without the help of His mother; Hes always hungry; sometimes He becomes angry, steals and tells lies. According to r Kavi Karapra: That which colors or pleases the heart and makes it melt is called mdhurya.---p 12, 98 144 madhya-premamedial love; the prema in which separation is tolerated albeit with intense pain---p 87 mahbhvathe most mature stage of prema---p 43, 53 mahbhva-svarpthe embodiment of mahbhva, rmat Rdhik. mahbhvavata damsel consumed with the highest loving sentiments---p 123, 149, 154 mamatfeelings of deep intimacy with and possessiveness for r Ka, Ka is mine---p 164 mnathat stage of prema when sneha reaches exultation, thus causing one to experience the sweetness of the beloved in ever new varieties, yet externally takes on a crooked feature (Ujjvala-nlamai 14.96), and when the nyik
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assumes an outward demeanor of pique which turns into a sulky mood and indignation arising out of jealous love. manda-premaweak love; that prema in which anger and jealousy towards a rival causes one to forget about service to r Ka---p 87 manmatha-manmathar Ka, the Cupid of cupids---p 90 manobha-sevfulfilling the inner hearts desire of ones worshipable lord---p 173 mantra-maythe vision of a single pastime or verse at a time appearing in ones bhajana---p 96 modanathat adhirha-mahbhva in which all the sttvikabhvas are aroused to a much greater extent than in the brightly burning (uddpta) condition. In some special con ditions of separation modana becomes mohana, and as an effect of this helpless condition of separation, all the sttvika-bhvas manifest in the blazing (sddpta) condition. It is found only in rmat Rdhiks party---p 155 moyita-bhvathe bhva rising in the nyik when she is either remembering or hearing about her lover, and the subsequent desire which arises from that bhva---p 88 Mukundar Ka, who bestows complete liberation from material afflictions; who inspires distaste for mukti and bestows the pleasure of prema upon His devotees; whose face is like a kunda flower joyful, fragrant, sweet, soft and attractive to the heart---p 66, 99, 125, 139 murasuffering, the burning of distress, indulgence in lust, and the name of a demon---p 129 ngaraa male lover; r Ka---p 153 ngara female beloved; rmat Rdhik and the gops---p 153 nara-llr Kas human-like pastimes in which all the Vrajavss consider Him as a friend, family member or beloved, as in ordinary worldly relationships---p 161 naarjathe king of dancers; Lord iva---p 26
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naavaraone who is expert and unmatched in the art of dancing---p 12, 24 nava-kiorathat ever-fresh youth who is from ten to fourteen years old---p 13, 35 nyakaa hero; r Ka---p 17, 87, 134 nyika heroine; rmat Rdhik and the other gops---p 17, 87, 134 nija-priyatamones own dearly beloved. nlmbarathe blue cloth that Baladeva Prabhu wears; rmat Rdhik also wears blue cloth---p 57 nirasadry, devoid of juice or mellows---p 62 nirvedathe sacr-bhva of self-disparagement---p 20, 73 para-brahmathe supreme power, r Bhagavn. paramahasaan exalted, swan-like personality. paraky-bhvadivine paramour love---p 92 paramahasa-iromaithe crown jewel of swan-like devotees. para-puruathe divine, supreme male, r Ka---p 18 para-tattvathe Supreme Truth. paugaachildhood, from five to ten years old---p 13 ptmbarathe brilliant golden yellow cloth that r Ka wears, that looks like a flash of lightning against His dark complexion---p 27, 57, 72, 80, 89 prakaamanifested, visible to ordinary eyes; the spiritual realm which manifests in the material world---p 96, 180 pralpaincoherent or delirious speech; one of the twelve vcika (verbal) anubhvas [also see anubhvas]---p 135 pra-priyatamathe dearest beloved who is ones very life air---p 48 pra-bandhua bosom friend. pra-vallabhathe beloved of ones life---p 160 praayathat intensified stage of prema that occurs when mna assumes a feature of unrestrained intimacy known as virambha, or confidence devoid of any restraint or
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formality. This confidence causes one to consider ones life, mind, intelligence, body and possessions to be one in all respects with the life, mind, intelligence and body of the beloved---p 57, 79 prauha-premathe mature love of the gops; that stage in which the nyaka and nyik cannot tolerate the intense pain of separation from each other. This is found in those gops who are svapaka to Srmat Radhik---p 87 prema-vaicityathe condition when, even in the beloveds presence, the lover, under the sway of intense emotions, is aggrieved with fears of future separation, or thinks she is separated from him---p 158 priya-narma sakhsmost intimate girlfriends. pulakaecstatic eruptions of the skin occurring with romca, hairs standing on end. prva-rgathe mood of overwhelming eagerness experienced in anticipation of meeting, when the nyaka and the nyik already feel a deep attachment for each other; upon meeting the lovers think they have never met before; various types of sacr-bhvas are generated in this condition---p 17, 124, 183 rga(1) an intensified stage of prema that occurs when an unquenchable loving thirst (prema-may t) for the object of ones affection (r Ka) gives rise to spontaneous and intense absorption in ones beloved, so much so that in the absence of the opportunity to please the beloved, one is on the verge of giving up his life; (2) when praaya attains its highest level, and when even extreme misery is experienced in the heart as immense pleasure. If by accepting some misery there is a chance to meet with Ka, then that misery becomes a source of great happiness. And where happiness affords one no opportunity to meet with Ka, that happiness becomes the source of great distress---p 140
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rga-mrgathe path of bhajana which follows in the mood of the Vrajavss, who have spontaneous loving devotion for Ka. r Caitanya Mahprbhu came to give this type of prema to the world---p 84 rgnuga-sdhakasthose who practice bhajana following the mood of the Vrajavss under the guidance of r-guruvaiava in this world---p 84, 100, 109 rgtmikthe Vrajavss, who have rga in their tm, that is, natural affection for Ka in their hearts. rjasya-yajaelaborate sacrificial ceremony performed to establish an emperors sovereignty over the whole world. The emperor, in Vedic times, upon his ascendance to the throne, would send a challenge horse all over the world to declare his supremacy, and any ruling prince or king was at liberty to take the challenge and express his willingness either to accept or reject the supremacy of the particular emperor. One who accepted the challenge had to fight with the emperor and establish his own supremacy by victory. The defeated challenger would have to sacrifice his life, making a place for another king or ruler. Such performances required hundreds of millions of dollars, thus it was out of the question for a petty king---p 166 ramasshy young girls who are expert in the various skills for awakening sweet emotions; the very sight of whose faces gladdens the heart---p 141 rasa-strasscriptures describing the nectar of transcendental loving exchanges---p 17, 133 rasarja-mahbhvar Ka, the king of mellows, combined with rmat Rdhr, the queen of divine love, came as the Golden Avatra, r Caitanya Mahprabhu. rasika-bhaktaa devotee seasoned in experiencing divine loving sentiments; one who enjoys the rasa of madhurabhva, which is full of the sweetness of the human-like
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pastimes, as opposed to a jn-bhakta who worships r Ka with aivarya-bhva, steeped in His majesty---p 114 rasika-ekharathe supreme enjoyer of rasa, r Ka---p 28, 35, 91 ratithe seventh level in the development of the creeper of bhakti; the initial stage of perfection in devotion (bhvabhakti). The stage of bhakti in which uddha-sattva, the essence of the Lords internal potency consisting of spiritual knowledge and bliss, is transmitted into the heart of the practicing devotee from the heart of the Lords eternal associates and softens the heart by different kinds of taste. It is the first sprout of prema. romcathe sttvika-bhva of hairs standing on end---p 171 rha and adhirha mahbhvathat mahbhva in which all sttvika-bhvas are blazingly manifest (uddpta) and which cannot be concealed by any means is called rhabhva. These are its symptoms: the briefest moment of separation is unbearable; one thinks that everyone and everything around feels the same great agitation of heart; one kalpa seems like one moment, and one instant seems like an eternity; even when Ka is happy, the gops are always troubled that He may be distressed; being transcendental, the gops are never in illusion, but they also forget everything, even their own identities. When all the symptoms (anubhvas) of rha-mahbhva arise simultaneously, this condition becomes even more astonishing and special and this is adhirha-mahbhva. There are two types of adhirha-mahbhva modana and mdana. Modana, which in some states of separation becomes mohana, when all the sttvika-bhvas manifest in the blazing (sddpta) condition, is found exclusively in rmat Rdhiks party, and mdana, the highest expression of prema, is present only in rmat Rdhik
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Herself. Only this mdana-mahbhva bestows hldinaktis highest and most sublime pastimes (suvilsa). All the bhvas included from the initial stage of prema up to mdankhya-bhva are termed viuddha-prema. rpa-mdhurthe sweetness of r Kas form---p 73, 140 rpnuga-sdhakasthose who follow the mood and service of r Rpa Gosvm in order to receive the eternal sev of r Rdh-Ka Yugala in Goloka Vraja. sakh-majarsrmat Rdhiks intimate maidservants, who have taken complete shelter of Her lotus feet. They are fully absorbed in increasing the pleasure of their svmn and have no thought of meeting with r Ka themselves---p 51 samjaa group of ten to twelve affectionate gops with similar bhvas---p 15 sambhrama-sevservice in the mood of aivarya, performed with reverence---p 164 salpaaffectionate chit-chat; one of the twelve vacika (verbal) anubhvas---p 91 sacr-bhvasthirty-three internal emotions which emerge from the nectarean ocean of sthybhva, cause it to swell, and then merge back into that ocean. These include emotions such as despondency, jubilation, fear, anxiety and concealment of emotions; sacr-bhvas are also known as vyabhicr---p 17, 62, 73, 172 sa-rasafilled with nectar, juicy. sarva-aktimnall-powerful; the possessor of all energies (aktis), r Ka. sttvika-bhvasthat which causes perturbation to be aroused within the heart. They are of eight kinds: (1) stambha, becoming stunned; (2) sveda, perspiration; (3) romca, standing of the hairs on end; (4) svara-bhaga, faltering of the voice; (5) kampa, trembling; (6) vaivara, pallor or
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change of color; (7) aru, tears; and (8) pralaya, fainting or loss of consciousness---p 159, 175 eangathe snake incarnation, who bears all the universes on His hoods and who, with His ten thousands of faces, non-stop describes the glories of the Lord, yet never reaches their end. eanga becomes the gigantic lotuslike white bedstead on which the Personality of Godhead lies in the Garbhodaka Ocean at the time of the universal dissolution. smaralove (prema) and desire for Ka (kma) hidden in the heart which arises after anurga, stimulated by seeing Ka or anything connected to Him. Each gop tries to hide her feelings from the others. It is found only in the kmnug or kmtmik-gops---p 18, 37, 144 snehathe stage when prema, attaining a state of excellence, intensifies ones perception of the object of love, and melts the heart. When sneha is enkindled in the heart, there is no quenching of the ever-new thirst for seeing the beloved---p 49 r-niketanathe abode of Lakm; the abode of r Rdh, the original Lakm; the abode of the beauty of vraja-rasa; the dwelling place of all kinds of beauty and softness. suhd-bhvaintimate friendship of the sakhs with rmat Rdhik---p 49 suhd-pakathose gops who favor rmat Rdhik, like ymal. svakywedded love in madhurya-rasa, as found in the queens of Dvrak---p 93 sva-pakathose gops who take the side of rmat Rdhik or are within Her own group. svrasik-upsanwhen a continuous stream of lls appears spontaneously in the heart of the sdhaka during bhajana. It is a garland of pastimes, with millions of flowers---p 96
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svarpa-aktKas internal potency, r Rdh---p 92 svarpa-siddhia vision of ones svarpa, or eternal spiritual body, while still in this material world; it is attained at the stage of rati, or bhva, when viuddha-sattva descends into the heart---p 97 Svaya Bhagavnthe original Supreme Lord, r Ka. Although the word Bhagavn may be used for any incarnation of the Lord, the word Svaya Bhagavn specifically refers to the original form of the Lord, as Vrajendranandana ymasundara r Ka, who is the source of all incarnations. tdtmato become one with, as iron in fire becomes red hot like fire, and finally acts like fire---p 66 taastha-pakathe party of gops neutral to r Rdh, like Bhadr. tattvaestablished truths presented in the authorized scriptures (stra). Tret-yugathe second millennium in the cycle of four ages (Satya, Tret, Dvrpara and Kali). Tret is the silver age: people lived for 10,000 years and performed great sacrifices to achieve self-realization. It lasts 1,296,000 years, and it witnesses the introduction of vice---p 16 tri-bhaga-lalitaKas charming posture curving in three places at the neck, waist and knees---p 8, 24 , 139 unmdavthe maddened frenzy of prema---p 60 unnatojjvala-rasamthe brilliantly shining mdhurya-rasa, specifically the moods of rmat Rdhik and Her kyavyha associates, especially the moods of rha, adhirha, modana and mdana. These are not found in Satyabhm and Rukmi. udvegathe sacr-bhva of anxiety---p 17, 183 upamnathe object of a comparison. upameyathe subject of a comparison. upanayanasacred thread ceremony.
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upapati-bhvathe love of a paramour; the feeling of having a paramour---p 92 vaidh-bhaktibhakti which is full of scriptural rules and restrictions, prompted by a sense of duty and fear of sinful reaction. It elevates one to the majestic service of r Nryaa in r Vaikuha. When following rgamrga, one will practice vaidh-bhakti until one is inspired by intense longing for spontaneous service; then vaidh transforms into rgnuga, but still one will continue to follow accepted rules and regulations---p 94 Vaikuhathe transcendental realm beneath Goloka Vraja; the spiritual abodes where the Lord dwells in His fourarmed Nryaa forms, and where He is served in a mood of awe and majesty---p 30, 67 vmya-bhvathe contrary, leftist mood found in rmat Rdhiks svapaka gops, especially in rmat Rdhik Herself---p 133 vanita young woman who nurtures excessive love for r Ka---p 89 vastu-siddhithe spiritual body one receives upon attaining prema and taking birth in Vraja---p 97 veu-mdhurthe sweetness of r Kas flute---p 73 veu-ndathe mellifluous song of r Kas flute, which is so inconceivably sweet that it sets the head spinning---p 11 vicitra-vear Nanda-nandana ymasundaras most startlingly unusual yet pleasantly captivating manner of dressing. The unlimited varieties of His attire, always freshly and inconceivablyunique, make Him appear very carefree and debonair, gaily and gracefully charming. Each distinctive new outfit is carefully calculated to steal the hearts of the Vrajavss every time they see Him---p 80 vipakathe gops in the rival group of Candrval---p 14 virambha-sevservice filled with intimacy, performed in the mood of mamat, identifying the recipient of service
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as ones own, like a bosom friend. rla Rpa Gosvm has indicated virambhena guru-sev as one of the limbs of bhakti---p 164 viuddha-sattvapure spiritual goodness; the combined hldin and samvit-aktis, the transcendental potency of devotion which is in the hearts of r Kas associates of the spiritual world and which descends through the disciplic succession (paramapar) into the heart of the practicing sdhaka in the stage of bhva, or rati---p 74 viuddha-premacompletely pure, absolute and perfect prema. It includes all the bhvas, from the initial stage of prema up to mdankhya: prema, sneha, mna, praaya, rga, anurga, bhva, mahbhva, rha, adhirha, modana, mohana and mdana (mdankhya)---p 133 vraja-ramasthe shy young girls of Vraja, the very sight of whose faces gladdens the heart. vraja-sundarsthe beautiful milkmaids of Vraja---p 88 vraja-vadhsthe wives of the cowherd men---p 13, 18 vyabhicr-bhvassee sacr-bhvas---p 18 yauthikthose who perform their sdhana in a group and eventually take birth in Vraja where they again come together. Examples are the ruticar and municar-/icargops---p 15 YogamyKas pastime potency, who arranges all the pastimes in Vraja---p 16, 34, 83, 92, 120, 170 yugalathe divine loving couple---p 159 ythevarleader of a major group of gops---p 14, 82
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Worldwide Centers & Contacts

INDIA
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London Ganga-mata Gaudiya Matha 108 High Street, Plaistow Tel: 2085523810 Email: [email protected] Website: www.gangamatas.com
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San Francisco Gaudiya Vedanta Publications Offices 4589 Pacheco Blvd. Martinez, CA 94553. Tel: (800) 681-3040 ext. 108 Email: [email protected] San Francisco Hrdaya Govinda dasa. Tel: (510) 478-4063 Email: [email protected] Los Angeles 305 Rose Avenue, Venice 90291 Tel: (310) 310-2817. Email: bvpswami @gmail.com Website: www.rosetemple.org. San Diego Sumangala dasi Email: [email protected] Florida, Alachua: Isha dasa. Tel: (386) 462-9029 Email: [email protected] Orlando Latika dasi. Tel: (407) 366-8582 Email: [email protected] Hilo Sravan Kumar dasa. Tel: (808) 935-7247. Email: [email protected]
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Maui Chiranjiva dasa and Shyama Priya dasi 1140 Freitas Place, Makawao, Maui Hi 96768 Tel: (808) 573-6968 Email: [email protected] Houston IGVS. Tel: (281) 491-4114, (713) 984-8334. Email: [email protected] New Jersey Vinay Krishna dasa 491 Vernon Ct., Piscataway. Tel: (732) 878-9719, (732) 878-3840. Email: [email protected] Oregon, Eugene Pushpadanta dasa. Tel: (541) 461-3169. Email: [email protected] Washington, DC Preaching Center 6925 Willow Ave. NW, 20012. Tel: (301) 270-3258 Email: [email protected]
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Veu - gta

The Song of Kas Flute

r rmad Bhaktivednta Nryaa Gosvm Mahrja

English titles published by rla Bhaktivednta Nryaa Gosvm Mahrja:

r rmad Bhaktivednta Nryaa Gosvm Mahrja

r rmad Bhaktivednta Vmana Gosvm Mahrja

r rmad Bhaktivednta Svm Mahrja

r rmad Bhakti Prajna Keava Gosvm Mahrja

r r guru gaurgau jayata

vch-kalpatarubya ca kp-sindhubhya eva ca patitn pvanebhyo vaiavebhyo namo nama

veu-nda-sudh-vy nikramayyokti mdhurm ys na pyaymsa kas t eva no gati

namo mah-vadnyya ka-prema-pradya te kya ka-caitanya-nmne gaura-tvie nama

Veu - gta, The Song of Kas Flute

nanda-varddhin Vykhy The Commentary that Increases Pleasure

Veu - gta, The Song of Kas Flute

Veu - gta, The Song of Kas Flute

nanda-varddhin Vykhy The Commentary that Increases Pleasure

Veu - gta, The Song of Kas Flute

Verses Three and Four

nanda-varddhin Vykhy The Commentary that Increases Pleasure

Veu - gta, The Song of Kas Flute

Verses Three and Four

Veu - gta, The Song of Kas Flute

Verses Three and Four

Veu - gta, The Song of Kas Flute

Verses Three and Four

Veu - gta, The Song of Kas Flute

Verses Three and Four

Veu - gta, The Song of Kas Flute

Verses Three and Four

Veu - gta, The Song of Kas Flute

nanda-varddhin Vykhy The Commentary that Increases Pleasure

Veu - gta, The Song of Kas Flute

Veu - gta, The Song of Kas Flute

Veu - gta, The Song of Kas Flute

Veu - gta, The Song of Kas Flute

Veu - gta, The Song of Kas Flute

Veu - gta, The Song of Kas Flute

nanda-varddhin Vykhy The Commentary that Increases Pleasure

Veu - gta, The Song of Kas Flute

nanda-varddhin Vykhy The Commentary that Increases Pleasure

Veu - gta, The Song of Kas Flute

Veu - gta, The Song of Kas Flute

Veu - gta, The Song of Kas Flute

Veu - gta, The Song of Kas Flute

Veu - gta, The Song of Kas Flute

Veu - gta, The Song of Kas Flute

nanda-varddhin Vykhy The Commentary that Increases Pleasure

Veu - gta, The Song of Kas Flute

Veu - gta, The Song of Kas Flute

nanda-varddhin Vykhy The Commentary that Increases Pleasure

Veu - gta, The Song of Kas Flute

Veu - gta, The Song of Kas Flute

Veu - gta, The Song of Kas Flute

Veu - gta, The Song of Kas Flute

nanda-varddhin Vykhy The Commentary that Increases Pleasure

Veu - gta, The Song of Kas Flute

Veu - gta, The Song of Kas Flute

Veu - gta, The Song of Kas Flute