10/03/201r 1) Native Americans songs, prayers; nothing written down; - orally transmitted generation rom generation, orming what

t is called !an oral tradition" - the ig#re o the story teller within Natives is a healing and story telling 2) $he %eginnings o coloni&ation- %ro#ght %y the 'hite (eople) $hey %ro#ght their c#lt#re, literary traditions) $hey came rom the *o#th +,e-ico .ity/ - *panish (eople +North o 0io 1rande 0iver- New ,e-ico, Ari&ona, .ali ornia/ Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca: Explorer Alvar N#2e& .a%e&a de 3aca was a *panish e-plorer who sailed to North America rom *pain, leaving in 1425)

$he e-pedition o 240 to 300 men was led %y (an ilo de Narvae&) A ter s#rviving a h#rricane near .#%a, the e-pedition landed on the west coast o 6lorida 7near $ampa 8ay) in April 1429, claiming the land or *pain) A series o h#rricanes and ights with Native Americans :illed many o the crew, and the pilot o the ship sailed to ,e-ico witho#t the 240 to 300 men) $he stranded men hastily made 4 ma:e-shi t ra ts on which they sailed west, hoping to reach a *panish settlement in ,e-ico) $hree ra ts san:, %#t the two s#rviving ra ts 7carrying 90 men) landed at 1alveston ;sland 7o what is now $e-as)) Narvae& did not s#rvive) A ter a very cold winter with very little ood, only 14 men s#rvived) ;n spring, the men traveled west %y land, wal:ing along the .olorado 0iver) 8y 1433, there were only o#r s#rvivors, incl#ding <stevanico, .arran&a, .a%e&a de 3aca, and Alonso .astillo ,aldonado) $he men were enslaved or a while %y some ;ndian tri%es along the way, and were helped %y other tri%es) $hey were the irst non-natives to travel in

this area o the so#thwestern North America) =a vaca and his ellow travelers were the irst <#ropeans to see the %ison, or American %# alo) $he o#r men inally reached the *panish settlement o .#liacan in early 143> 79 years a ter %eing stranded in 6lorida)) ?ater that year they reached ,e-ico .ity, where they were welcomed %y the 3iceroy Antonio de ,endo&a) A ter serving as a ,e-ican territorial governor, .a%e&a de 3aca ret#rned to *pain 7in 1435) and p#%lished an acco#nt o his travels, noting the appalling treatment o ;ndians %y the *panish) @is writing enco#raged many other *panish e-peditions to the Americas, incl#ding those o @ernando de *oto and 6rancisco 3asA#e& de .oronado) ;n 14B0, .a%e&a de 3aca was appointed governor o the *panish settlement on the 0io de la (lata 7now called (arag#ay)) @e e-plored along the (arag#ay 0iver 7in 14B2, he was the irst <#ropean to see ;g#ac# 6alls)) $he settlers threw him o#t o o ice in 14B4, and he was p#t on trial - he was charged with many o enses, incl#ding #s#rping the a#thority o the Cing o *pain) @e was o#nd g#ilty and died soon a ter) 6;0*$ 0<.D0=* D6 A,<0;.AN NA$;3<* AN= ';?=?;6< D6 E*A)

3) 1>05 - 3 ship loads landed in 3irginia o#nded Fames$own irst permanent 8ritish colony) ,an in charge o it was .pt Fohn *mith

@e p#%lished an acco#nt o the voyage !A tr#e realtion o 3irginia" 71>09) ,ost amo#s record o his e-ploration is !A description o New <ngland" 71>1>))Fohn *mith e-plored the coast as ar as to .ape .od) @e created maps) $han he went %ac: to <ngland) @is impact in literat#re was tremendo#s) @is intention was to enco#rage ppl to come to America)- :ind o A (0D,;*<= ?AN=, land he advertised the America) - ,yth o the American =ream- which may come tr#e i yo# p#t an e ort to coloni&e it)

.aptain Fohn *mithwas an <nglish advent#rer and soldier, and one o the o#nders o the Famestown, 3irginia, settlement - 1>05) *mith also led e-peditions e-ploring .hesapea:e 8ay and the New <ngland coast) *mith was one o 104 settlers who sailed rom <ngland on =ecem%er 1G, 1>0>, and landed in 3irginia on April 2>, 1>05) 'hen they reached North America, the gro#p opened sealed instr#ctions and o#nd that *mith was chosen as one o the seven leaders o the new colony) $his was controversial since *mith had %een acc#sed o m#tiny on the voyage) $he settlers esta%lished Famestown on ,ay 2B, 1>05; it %ecame the irst permanent <nglish settlement in North America) Famestown was located on an island in the Fames 0iver in what is now 3irginia) *mith was the colonyHs leader and also led h#nting and e-ploration e-peditions aro#nd the area) @e traveled as ar as what is now 0ichmond, 3irginia 71>05)) Dn another trip later that year, *mith was ta:en captive %y the .hie o the

(owhatan ;ndians and was condemned to death) (ocahontas 714G4-1>15), da#ghter o the ;ndian chie , saved *mithHs li e) 7(ocahontas event#ally married the <nglish settler Fohn 0ol e and later died o smallpo-)) 8y the end o the irst year, most o the settlers had died o starvation or disease) A ter that disastro#s irst year, *mith imposed order %y orcing everyone to wor:) ;n 1>09, *mith led a small e-pedition e-ploring the .hesapea:e 8ay area 7as ar north as 8altimore)) Dn their ret#rn trip, they also went #p the (otomac 0iver 7#p to 'ashington, =).))) *mith almost died while ret#rning to Famestown; he ca#ght a stingray that st#ng him and almost :illed him) $hat area o the 0apahannoc: 0iver is still called *tingray (oint) A ter ret#rning to Famestown, he set o#t again to e-plore more o .hesapea:e 8ay, mapping m#ch o the area) ,ore settlers arrived at the Famestown colony in A#g#st, 1>0G) $here was no agreement on who sho#ld %e in charge o the colony) *mith was inI#red in a g#npowder e-plosion in *eptem%er, 1>0G, and le t or <ngland in Dcto%er, 1>0G) *mith sailed to America again in 1>1B, traveling to what he called New <ngland, the area rom ,aine and,assach#setts) @e ret#rned to <ngland with #rs 7%#t he never ret#rned to 3irginia))

B) 1>20 'illiam 8rad ord led a gro#p o (ilgrims rom @olland to 3irginia; $hey were irst (#ritans +<ngland-/@oland-/ E*A/, %#t they never made it) $hey landed in (lymo#th rom the name o (lymo#th in <ngland) 8e ore they le t the ship they signed a doc#ment principles o =<,D.0A.J $he ,ay lower .ompact agreement to orm a government in new land and to ollow democratically elected leader) 'illiam %ecame 6;0*$ 1D3<0ND0) As a mem%er o the *eparatist movement within (#ritanism, 8rad ord migrated to @olland in 1>0G in search o religio#s reedom and lived 11 years in ?eiden) ;n 1>20 he helped organi&e the ,ay lowerHs e-pedition to the New 'orld) 8rad ord helped dra t the important Mayflower Compact en ro#te to America) Dnce on land, he helped select the site or the new colony) ;n 1>21, a ter the colonyHs irst, disastro#s winter, he was #nanimo#sly elected governor, and he served in that position or some 30 years %etween 1>21 and 1>4>) @is remar:a%le tact, honesty, and political a%ility proved indispensa%le in ass#ring the colonyHs s#rvival, and he helped avert n#mero#s potential disasters) @e was instr#mental in esta%lishing and ostering the principles o sel -government and religio#s reedom that characteri&ed later American colonial government) $ho#gh lac:ing in ormal ed#cation, 8rad ord possessed native literary a%ility) @is vivid acco#nt o the early settlement, History of Plymouth Plantation,1>20-1>B5, not p#%lished in #ll #ntil 200 years a ter his death 7194>), has %een a #niA#e so#rce o in ormation a%o#t the (#ritansH voyage and the challenges that aced the settlers) 1>2B $he =#tch esta%lished New Amsterdam as a capital o New Netherlands later renamed to New Jor: 1>30 - !@istory o (lymo#th (lantation" 1>3> @arvard irst Eniversity ?iterat#re K diaries, travel acco#nts, spirit#al a#to%iographies oc#s deeply on spirit#al li e) (lain style, simplicity in their architect#re, ood)

(#ritans were devoted .hristians they wanted to p#ri y the .hristian ch#rch)$hey wanted to escape rom prosec#tion o ch#rch in <ngland)$hey were highly ed#cated people) $hey esta%lished schools)$hey prod#ced more %oo:s than all people in colonies all together) (#ritans treated writing as an e-tension o religion) $he predominant s#%Iect was $@<D?D1J and @;*$D0J) $hey wrote not or enetertainment %#t to instr#ct others and themselves and they wanted to testi y the e-perience o divine grace) $hey were loo:ing or signs as %eing <?<.$<=)$hey %elieved in (0<=<*$;NA$;DN god ma:es the decision whether one goes to hell or heaven) $hey %elieved in signs o grace which co#ld %e seen d#ring the entire li e) Dne o the sign o %eing the chosen ones was the economic s#ccess- i yo# %ecome rich, gain recognition,respect it can %e a sign o god"s grace) 0eligio#s matters stricly connected with material matters) .A(;$A?;*, - the sign that god was on their side)- east colonies s#ccess)) (#ritans were not interested in antagoni&ing their c#lt#re with Natives)

15/03/2011/, 2B/03/2011 What was the Great Awakening? : The Great Awakening was a period of great revivalism that spread throughout the colonies in the 1730s and 1740s. It deemphasi ed the importance of church doctrine and instead put a greater importance on the individual and their spiritual e!perience. Why did the Great Awakening Occur : $he 1reat Awa:ening arose at a time when man in <#rope and the American colonies were A#estioning the role o the individ#al in religion and society) ;t %egan at the same time as the <nlightenment which emphasi&ed logic and reason and stressed the power o the individ#al to #nderstand the #niverse %ased on scienti ic laws) *imilarly, individ#als grew to rely more on a personal approach to salvation than ch#rch dogma and doctrine) Who wa! "onathan Edward! : Fonathan <dwards was a :ey American revivalist d#ring the 1reat Awa:ening who preached or close to ten years in New <ngland) @e emphasi&ed a personal approach to religion) @e also %#c:ed the p#ritan tradition and called or #nity amongst all .hristians as opposed to intolerance) @is most amo#s sermon was L*inners in the @ands o an Angry 1od,L delivered in 15B1) ;n this sermon he e-plained that salvation was a direct res#lt rom 1od and co#ld not %e attained %y h#man wor:s as the (#ritans preached) Who wa! George White#ield : A second important ig#re d#ring the 1reat Awa:ening was 1eorge 'hite ield) Enli:e <dwards, 'hite ield was a 8ritish minister who moved to colonial America) @e was :nown as the L1reat ;tinerantL %eca#se he traveled and preached all aro#nd North American and <#rope %etween 15B0 and 1550) @is revivals led to many conversions and the 1reat Awa:ening spread rom North America to the <#ropean continent)

What i! the $igni#icance o# the Great Awakening : 6ollowing are signi icant acts to remem%er a%o#t the 1reat Awa:eningK

;t p#shed individ#al religio#s e-perience over esta%lished ch#rch doctrine, there%y decreasing the importance and weight o the clergy and the ch#rch in many instances) New denominations arose or grew in n#m%ers as a res#lt o the emphasis on individ#al aith and salvation) ;t #ni ied the American colonies as it spread thro#gh n#mero#s preachers and revivals) $his #ni ication was greater than had ever %een achieved previo#sly in the colonies)

EN%&G'()EN( * +nd hal# o# ,V&&& century ,#ch o M3;;; cent#ry literat#re serve political p#rposes) ;t"s time o str#ggle or independence) ,any wor:s carried a spirit o =eclaration o ;ndependence 7need to %e economically, spirit#ally, c#lt#rally independent o New <ngland)) ;t"s and emphasis on rationalilty, esta%lished model o li e, vision, attit#de against reality) Need to re orm, change the li e) - "uly. /0012 3eclaration o# &ndependence- $homas Fe erson inaliena%le tr#ths) $he role o the government is to ollow principles rom =eclaration) ; the gov ailes ppl have the right to choose new one) ,ost o the writers re ers to the =eclaration o ;ndependence) @enry =avid $horea# at the certain time he re #sed to pay ta-es) @e acted on a pronciple that once government ails to reali&e one o the principles rom =eclr , he has the right to oppose ) (eople write K critical essays, te-ts o political signi icance,s#pporting new E* identity which will %e independent to 8ritain) (eriod o .hange) $ransistion)

155>- 1920 $;,< D6 $0AN*;**;DN %etween <N?;1@$,<N$ AN= 0D,AN$;.;*,

$he 0omantic (eriod 1920-19>1

(4AN$CEN3EN(A%&$)

The $ranscendentalist movement was a reaction against 19th cent#ry

rationalism and a mani estation o the general h#manitarian trend o 1Gth cent#ry tho#ght) $he movement was %ased on a #ndamental %elie in the #nity o the world and 1od) $he so#l o each individ#al was tho#ght to %e identical with the world -- a microcosm o the world itsel ) $he doctrine o sel - reliance and individ#alism developed thro#gh the %elie in the identi ication o the individ#al so#l with 1od) $ranscendentalism was intimately connected with .oncord, a small New <ngland village 32 :ilometers west o 8oston) .oncord was the irst inland settlement o the original ,assach#setts 8ay .olony) *#rro#nded %y orest, it was and remains a peace #l town close eno#gh to 8ostonHs lect#res, %oo:stores, and colleges to %e intensely c#ltivated, %#t ar eno#gh away to %e serene) .oncord was the site o the irst %attle o the American 0evol#tion, and 0alph 'aldo <mersonHs poem commemorating the %attle, L.oncord @ymn,L has one o the most amo#s opening stan&as in American literat#re)