Chapter #11: Triumphs and Travails of the Jeffersonian Republic Big Picture Themes 1.

. Jeffersons election was considered a revolution because he represented the common people for the first time. 2. Troubles in North Africa and between England and France emerged. Jeffersons actions were sluggish. 3. Trying to again avoid war with England or France, Jefferson bumbled around with an embargo. His theory was that the only way to avoid war was to stop interaction between U.S. ships and Europe. The overall effect was to kill U.S. trade and enrage the merchants and businessmen up North. 4. The Louisiana Purchase came as a complete surprise and quickly doubled the size of the U.S. 5. James Madison picked up where Jefferson left off with the embargo in trying to avoid war. But, young western Congressmen wanted war to possibly gain new land, to squelch Indian troubles, and defend the free seas. They declared the War of 1812 with England. IDENTIFICATIONS: Marbury v. Madison A court case setting up judicial review. Henry Clay An early Republican Warhawk. Essex Junto A group of radical New Englanders who strongly opposed the DR.

Burr Conspiracy A conspiracy by Aaron Burr to secede New England and New York. Impressment Forcing by the British Navy to take sailors and seamen. Chesapeake/Leopard Incident The Chesapeake frigate was bombarded because they didnt give up 4 British deserters until later. Non-intercourse Act An Embargo only against Britain and France.

Macons Bill No. 2 A bill that said if either France or Britain repealed its commercial restrictions, the US would embargo against the other country. William Henry Harrison and the Battle of Tippecanoe Indiana territory governor who attacked the Prophet at Tippecanoe. War Hawks Those who wanted war with Britain for many reasons.

Battle of Horseshoe bend A battle in the southwest with Andrew Jackson who crushed the Indians. Hartford Convention A New England convention that wanted to send envoys to DC to support New England interests. Treaty of Ghent The treaty that ended the War of 1812. Treaty of Greenville 1795 A surrendering of the Ohio Valley by the Indians. Battle of New Orleans A battle the Americans won that left 2000 British troops dead. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Federalist and Republican Mudslingers Know: John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Whispering Campaign 1. What political liabilities existed for Adams and for Jefferson in 1800? John Adams did not go to war against France, and the Alien and Sedition Acts made him look bad. Hamilton himself attacked the president in a privately printed pamphlet. Adams was called Father of the American Navy for having war preparations and taxes but not sending them to war. Thrown on the defensive, the Federalists concentrated their fire on Jeffersons personal life. This was the Whispering Campaign.

The Jeffersonian "Revolution of 1800" Know: Aaron Burr 2. Was the 1800 election more or less important than the 1796 election? Explain. Jefferson won by a majority of 73 electoral votes to 65. This was because Aaron Burr, a master wire-puller had turned New York to Jefferson by the narrowest of margins. The three-fifths compromise also gave Jefferson a bonus. Jeffersonian joy was dampened by a deadlock since Jefferson and Burr received the same number of electoral votes and could only be broken by the House of Representatives. John Adams and the Federalist Party would never have another Federalist president. Jefferson felt his reelection was a revolution because he could fix the betrayed ideals that Hamilton and Adams had done. Also revolutionary was a peaceful and orderly transfer of power. 3. If the Federalists had power for such a short time, were they really that important? Explain. The Federalists may have had power for only a short time but by being a competing political party, they checked the liberal powers and still fought for representation for the interests of New England. Responsibility Breeds Moderation Know: Pell-mell 4. How revolutionary was the "Revolution of 1800?" Jefferson spurned a horse-drawn coach and strode by foot to the Capitol from his boarding-house. Jefferson inaugurated with a speech saying that we are all Republicans, we are all Federalists. Washington, with its rustic setting, lent itself to the simplicity and frugality of Jeffersonian Republicans. This contrasted with Federalist Philadelphia. Jefferson decided official dinners should have pell-mell seating, with no regard to rank. Jefferson started the precedent of sending messages to Congress to be read by a clerk. Jefferson was forced to reverse many of the political principles he had so vigorously championed. Jefferson, as with his reconciliatory method, didnt evict many public servants for political reasons. Jefferson quickly proved an able politician as he was especially effective in the informal atmosphere of a dinner party. His party was weak-jointed. Opposition to the Federalists had been the chief glue holding them together but as they faded, so did DR unity. Jeffersonian Restraint Know: Albert Gallatin 5. "As president, Thomas Jefferson acted more like a Federalist than like a Democratic Republican." Assess. The Jeffersonians quickly enacted the new naturalization law of 1802. Jefferson only kicked one prop of the Hamiltonian system, that of the excise tax. Albert Gallatin was a good treasurer who also believed in getting rid of the national debt by balancing the budget. Later, the Jeffersonians would make an even larger bank and tariff. The "Dead Clutch" of the Judiciary Know: Judiciary Act of 1801, Midnight Judges, John Marshall, Marbury v. Madison, Samuel Chase 6 What was the main purpose of John Marshall as Chief Justice? How can this be seen in the Marbury v. Madison decision? The Judiciary Act of 1801created 16 new federal judgeships and other judicial offices, the Midnight Judges. The Republican Congress repealed the Judiciary Act and had their knives sharpened for

John Marshall. John Marshall strongly believed in a powerful central government because of his experiences at Valley Forge. Marshall used Marbury v. Madison to decide what was constitutional and set the precedent for Judicial Review. Samuel Chase, who was an arrogant Supreme Court justice, was impeached by the House of Reps. The Senate failed to muster enough votes to convict him. No precedent was made to impeach judges. Jefferson, a Reluctant Warrior Know: Barbary States, Shores of Tripoli, Gunboats 7. How did Jefferson deal with the extortion of the Barbary States? Jefferson reduced the army to 2500 soldiers and officers. Pirates of the North African Barbary States had long made a national industry of blackmailing and plundering merchant ships in the Mediterranean. The pasha of Tripoli declared war on the United States and so Jefferson sent the infant navy to fight. Jefferson built 200 tiny gunboats which were largely ineffective. The Louisiana Godsend Know: New Orleans, Deposit Privileges, James Monroe and Robert Livingston, Napoleon, Toussaint L'Ouverture 8. Explain two ways that history may have been different if the French had not sold Louisiana to the United States. Napoleon induced the king of Spain to cede back Louisiana including New Orleans. Spaniards at New Orleans withdrew the right of deposit guaranteed America by the treaty of 1795. Thomas Jefferson felt threatened that Napoleon owned Louisiana. In 1803 he sent James Monroe to Paris with Robert R. Livingston already there. $10 million was to be offered for New Orleans and land east. Santo Domingo (Haiti)having revolted made Napoleons dream of a New World empire falter. Also since France wanted to sue for peace with Britain, Napoleon decided just to sell Louisiana to America instead of perhaps ceding it to Britain. Louisiana was ceded for about $15 million. Jefferson was startled. Toussaint LOuverture ruled Haiti. Jefferson felt bad that it was unconstitutional to buy land but he did make the deal. For about three cents an acre and 838,000 of them, the public was satisfied. Louisiana in the Long View Know: Lewis and Clark, Sacajawea, Zebulun Pike 9. What positive consequences resulted from the Louisiana Purchase? Jefferson called it the Valley of Democracy and allowed French Louisianans to accept their legal code based on French Civil Law. Also by buying the land, the United States would no long have to deal with powerful Old World rivalries across the border. Jefferson sent his personal secretary, Meriwether Lewis, and a young army officer, William Clark to explore the north of the Louisiana Purchase. A Shoshoni Sacajawea led them on. Lewis in the Marias River skirmished with a few Blackfoot Indians. Zebulon Pike trekked to the headwaters of the Mississippi River in 1805 - 1806. He also ventured into the Southern Portion of Louisiana. America: A Nutcracked Neutral Know: Orders in Council, Impressment, Chesapeake 10. In what way did the struggle between France and Britain affect the United States? Aaron Burr, Jeffersons first-term vp dropped from the cabinet in Jeffersons second term.Burr joined with a group of Federalist extremists to plot the secession of New England and New York.

He was founded out by Hamilton. He then traveled West where he struck up an allegiance with General James Wilkinson. They planned to separate the west and then invade Spanish-controlled Mexico and Florida. John Marshall did not find him guilty of overt acts of treason. Aaron Burr fled to Europe where he urged Napoleon to invade the US. Jefferson was reelected with a landslide but Napoleon soon relaunched a storm against Britain that raged for 11 years. For two years a maritime United States enjoyed juicy commercial pickings. At the Battle of Trafalgar Horatio Lord Nelson achieved immortality by smashing the combined French and Spanish fleets off the coast of Spain. At the Battle of Austerlitz in Austria, Napolean crushed the combined Austrian and Russian armies. London issued a series of Orders in Council which closed French ports to foreign shipping. French orders ordered that any merchant ship would be sieged that entered British ports. Six thousand seamen were impressed by the Royal Navy. The Chesapeake, a frigate, was attacked in response to not giving up 4 English desertees. Britain was in the wrong here. The Hated Embargo Know: Embargo Act, Non-Intercourse Act 11. Who opposed the embargo and why? The army and navy was weak. Jefferson reasoned that if America stoppped trading, the Europeans would be peacefully coerced. The Embargo Act was passed in 1807. The American economy staggered as piles of exports gathered uselessly. An enormous illicit trade rose up, especially along Canada. The embargo had the effect of reviving the dying Federalist Party and New Englanders hurled their nullification of the embargo into the teeth of the Virginia Lordlings in Washington. An alarmed Congress yielded to the storm of public anger by repealing the embargo and enacting the Non-Intercourse Act. Britain had bumper grain crops and Latin American republics threw open their ports for compensating commerce. The French continued to seize American ships and take cargo. This embargo act however, surprisingly made Americas manufacturing gain. Madisons Gamble Know: James Madison, Macon's Bill No. 2 12. How did Napoleon take advantage of American policy? Jefferson recommended Madison as his successor. Macons Bill No 2 reopened American trade with all the world and said that if either France or England repealed its commercial restrictions then the non-repealing state will have the US embargo it. Napoleon ambiguously said the French decrees might be repealed if Britain also lifted its Orders in Council. Madison accepted Frances decree and gave Britain three months to repeal or otherwise be embargoed. Madisons gamble failed, Britain did not repeal. Britain was in control of the seas and saw no reason to repeal and so America had a new embargo only against Britain. Tecumseh and the Prophet Know: War Hawks, Henry Clay, Tecumseh, The Prophet, William Henry Harrison 13. What considerations motivated the war hawks to call for war with Great Britain? The Twelfth Congress had many more war hawks than before. These Republicans detested impressment and the Orders in Council that dammed American trade.Western war hawks wanted to wipe out the renewed Indian threat in the West. Henry Clay was a war hawk. Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa, two Shawnee brothers, begun to weld together a far-flung confederacy of all the tribes east of the Mississippi. War-hawk spokesmen believed that scalp buyers in Canada were

nourishing the Indians growing strength. William Henry Harrison advanced on Tecumsehs hq in the junction of the Wabash and Tippecanoe Rivers. The Prophet was routed while Tecumseh was in the south recruiting. This drove Tecumseh to ally with Britain. Tecumseh died in 1813 at the Battle of the Thames. "Mr. Madison's War" Know: War of 1812 14. How and why did New England Federalists oppose the War of 1812? The British arming of hostile Indians pushed Madison. Felix Grundy, three of whose brothers had been killed in Indian clashes, cried that they must wipe out the Canadian base. Southern expansionists looked to Florida. War fever was also used to prove whether the republican experiment can finally hold its own with force and arms. Madison asked Congress to declare war on 1812. Republicans voted yes while Federalists damned the conflict. Pro-British Federalists in the Northeast sympathized with Britain and resented the Republicans sympathy with Napoleon. The Federalists also opposed the acquisition of Canda which would only add more agrarian states from the wild Northwest. New England gold holders probably lent more dollars to the British Exchequer than to the federal Treasury. Federalist farmers sent huge quantities of supplies and foodstuffs to Canada, enabling British armies to invade New York. New England governors stubbornly refused to permit their militia to serve outside their own states. The War of 1812 was a struggle against old England and New England. Chapter #12: The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge of
Nationalism

1. The U.S. vs. England fighting had a few themes: (a) U.S. lost in Canada, (b) U.S. surprisingly won at sea, (c) the two split in the Chesapeake, and (d) the U.S. won the big battle at New Orleans. 2. The war was not universally supported. Mostly, the North opposed the war since it was bad for trade. The South and West generally favored the war. 3. After the war, the U.S. could focus on herself, as with the American System to build up the economy. 4. In terms of expansion, a few things happened: (a) the Missouri Compromise drew an EastWest line to separate slave and free states, (b) Oregon and Florida became American lands, and (c) the Monroe Doctrine warned Europe to stay away! IDENTIFICATIONS: Rush-Bagot Agreement An agreement to have only a set amount of ships in the Great Lakes between Britain and the US. Second Bank of the United States Instituted in 1816 for another cheap way to get money quickly. Francis Cabot Lowell

American businessman credited with bringing industrialization to the US. Era of Good Feelings The Era of Good Feelings is used to describe Monroes administration. Adams-Onis Treaty The treaty that attained Florida and drew lines across the southwestern part of Louisiana. Panic of 1819 An economic disaster caused by overspeculation in western land. Tallmadge Amendment An amendment proposed by the House of Representatives that called for gradual emancipation of kid slaves and said no slaves could be brought for Massachusetts. Missouri Compromise A compromise between slave and free states. Missouri was made a slave state and Maine was made a free state. John Marshall The most important supreme court justice who always argued for Federalism. Latin American Revolution Occurring in the late 1810s, Argentina, Venezuela, and Chile called for independence. Monroe Doctrine A declaration by Monroe saying that the Western Hemisphere was not to be colonized or intervened in.

GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: On to Canada over Land and Lakes Know: Oliver Hazard Perry, Thomas Macdonough 1. Evaluate the success of the US navy in the fight for Canada. The regular army, militia, and ranking generals were all ill-trained or old. The American army send out from Detroit, Niagara, and Lake Champlain but were all beaten back shortly. Early on the

American fort of Michilimackinac was taken. British general Issac Brock led Canadas brilliant defensive operations. The American Navy had skillful handling, better gunners, and were manned by non-press-gang crews. The frigates had thicker sides, heavier firepower, and larger crews. Oliver Hazard Perry built a fleet on Lake Erie and captured a British fleet. The retreating redcoats were overtaken by General Harrisons army and beaten at the Battle of the Thames in Oct. 1813. In 1814, Napoleon had been defeated and the British were able to pour into Canada. The British prepared to invade New York with 10000 troops but Macdonough luckily beat back the British fleet carrying supplies near Plattsburgh in Lake Champlain. The influence of pushing back the British allowed terms at the Anglo-American treaty to be more fair for the Americans. Washington Burned and New Orleans Defended Know: Francis Scott Key, Andrew Jackson, Battle of New Orleans 2. Did the United States fight the War of 1812 effectively? Explain. Four thousand British troops landed in the Chesapeake and dispersed six thousand militia at Bladensburg and entered the capital and set fire to most of the public buildings. The British hammered Fort McHenry but could not capture Baltimore. Francis Scott Key watched the bombardment from a British ship. Andrew Jackson beat back the British in New Orleans after having crushed the southwest Indians at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend.The British led a frontal assault that devastated their own troops. In American eyes, this major victory restored honor. FInally, the Royal Navy had led a naval blockade along Americas coast. The Treaty of Ghent Know: Treaty of Ghent, John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay 3. Was the Treaty of Ghent advantageous to the United States? Explain. The Treaty of Ghent, having been propsed by Tsar Alexander I of Russia, was led by five American peacemakers to the Belgian city of Ghent. John Quincy Adams deplored his colleague Henry Clay here. Having at first been successful, the British envoys made demands for a neutralized Indian buffer state in the Great Lakes region, control of the Great Lakes, and a substantial part of conquered Maine. News of British reverses in upper New York and at Baltimore made London more willing to compromise. The Treaty of Ghent was essentially an armistice, both sides agreed to stop fighting and to restore conquered territory. The treaty decided the war a draw though it was advantageous to the United States. The American land military was untrained and could not gain any territory, it wouldve been more likely that the US would lose more land battles if the British began to focus its crack redcoats into the former colonies. Federalist Grievances and the Hartford Convention Know: Blue Light Federalists, Hartford Convention 4. What did the Hartford Convention do? New England had prospered during the war since it had illicitly traded with Canada and had not had a blockade until 1814. Ugly rumors were made about Blue Light Federalists, who would signal British ships that an American ship was trying to escape the blockade. When the capture of New Orleans seemed imminent, Massachusetts called for a convention at Hartford, Connecticut. The states of Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island dispatched full delegations, neighboring New Hampshire and Vermont sent partial representation. A minority called for secession but the final report called for financial assistance from Washington for lost trade, and proposed constitutional amendments requiring a two-thirds vote in Congress before an embargo could be

imposed, new states admitted, or war declared. Delegates sought to abolish the three-fifths clause, limit presidents to a single term, and prohibit the election of two successive presidents from the same states (Virginian Dynasty). Three envoys were sent to DC to be dishonored by news from New Orleans and Ghent. The Second War for American Independence 5. What were the long term effects of the War of 1812? The war was a small war with only 6000 Americans being killed. It was globally unimportant but held huge consequences for the United States. In a diplomatic sense, the conflict could be called the Second War for American Independence. Sectionalism identified with the discredited New England Federalists was dealt a black eye. Federalists were the most conspicuous casualty of the war. War heroes emerged, esp. the two Indian fighters Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison. The Indians reluctantly agreed in a series of treaties to relinquish vast areas of forested land north of the Ohio River. Manufactured prospered behind the British blockade. Canadian patriotism and nationalism also received a powerful stimulus from the clash. In 1817 the Rush-Bagot agreement between Britain and the United States severely limited naval armament on the lakes. In 1815, when Napoleon failed at Waterloo the European monarchs went back into conservatism. Nascent Nationalism Know: Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, Stephen Decatur 6. What evidence of nationalism surfaced after the War of 1812? Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper attained international recognition in the 1820s as the nations first writers of importance to use American scenes and themes. The North American Review began publication in 1815, the year of the triumph in New Orleans. American painters took to native landscapes. A revived Bank of the United States was voted by Congress in 1816. A more handsome national capital began to rise in Washington. THe army was expanded to 10,000 men. THe navy further covered itself with glory in 1815 by beating plunderers of North Africa. Stephen Decatur was a naval hero. "The American System" Know: Tariff of 1816, Henry Clay, The American System, Erie Canal 7. In what ways could nationalism be seen in the politics and economics of the post-war years? The self-imposed embargoes and war had strengthened American manufacturing. In 1815, after the war, British competitors undertook to dump their contents on the United States. The tariff of 1816 was instituted primarily for protection. Henry Clay proposed a plan, the American System for a profitable home market. He called for a bank that could provide easy abundant credit, a protective tariff, and a network of roads and canals. The public resonated with idea of better roads and canals, especially in the road-poor West. Congress voted in 1817 to distribute $1.5 million to the states for internal improvements. President Madison vetoed this measure as unconstitutional. The individual states were forced to venture ahead with construction programs of their own, including the Erie Canal. New England and Jefferson Republicans choked on the idea of direct federal support of intrastate internal improvements. The So-Called Era of Good Feelings Know: James Monroe, Virginia Dynasty, Era of Good Feelings 8. To what extent was James Monroe's presidency an Era of Good Feelings?

James Monroe was nominated as president in 1816 by the Republicans and won with 183 electoral votes to 34. He continued the Virginian Dynasty. James Monroe may not have been intellectually forceful as a president but he had a talent for interpreting popular rumblings. He started with a goodwill tour early in 1817. In Federalist New England he was welcomed and a Boston newspaper announced an Era of Good Feelings had been ushered in. The acute issues of the tariff, the bank, internal improvements, and the sale of public lands were being hotly contested. Sectionalism and conflict over slavery was beginning. The Panic of 1819 and the Curse of Hard Times Know: Wildcat Banks, Panic of 1819 9. Explain the causes and effects of the Panic of 1819. In 1819 a paralyzing economic panic descended. The Bank of the United States had loaned out too much and overspeculated in frontier lands. Wildcat banks of the west were forced to the wall and foreclosed mortgages on countless farms. The Panic of 1819 created backwash in the political and social world. The poorer classes were severely strapped and so sown the seed of Jacksonian democracy. Imprisonment for debt in many states led some to bear remedial legislation. Growing Pains of the West 10. What factors led to the settlement of the West in the years following the War? Nine frontier states had joined by 1819. Most had been admitted as free and slave, alternating. Cheap land drove immigrants to catch the Ohio Fever. Land exhaustion in the older tobacco states also drove others west. Acute economic distress from the embargo years, crushing of Indians, building of highways, and the use of steamships all led people to travel westward. Noteworthy was the Cumberland Road, begun in 1811, which ran ultimately from western Maryland to Illinois. The West however, was still weak in population and influence. The Land Act of 1820 allowed a buyer to purchase 80 virgin acres of land for a minimum of $1.25 an acre in cash. Slowly, its demands for transportations were met, though with resistance. Slavery and the Sectional Balance Know: Tallmadge Amendment, Peculiar Institution 11 Why was Missouri's request for statehood so explosive? The House of Representatives wanted to pass the Tallmadge Amendment in response to to Missouri asking to be a new slave state. This called for the stopping of slaves being brought into Missouri and also provided for the gradual emancipation of children born to slave parents already there. The Senate was able to defeat this amendment. However the North began overtaking the South in population and therefore in the House of Representatives. The slave system caused southerners profound concern as the Missouri emancipation amendment might set a damaging precedent for the rest of the area of the Louisiana Territory. Some anti-slavers were wanting to abolish thepeculiar institution. The Uneasy Missouri Compromise Know: Henry Clay, Missouri Compromise, "Firebell in the Night" 12. "Neither the North nor South was acutely displeased, although neither was completely happy." Explain. Henry Clay played as compromiser with a bundle of three compromises in Congress. Freesoil Maine was admitted as a state. Missouri was permitted to retain slaves. All future bondage was

prohibited north of the line of 36 30 in the remainder of the Louisiana Purchase. Both sides were displeased by the compromise though both sides gained something. The Missouri Compromise held for 34 years to preserve the shaky compact of the states. Though James Monroes first term held the Missouri Compromise and the Panic of 1819, he was still reelected for a second term with only 1 electoral vote against him. The question of slavery, like a firebell of the night spooked Thomas Jefferson. John Marshall and Judicial Nationalism Know: John Marshall, McCulloch v. Maryland, Loose Construction, Cohens v. Virginia, Gibbons v. Ogden 13. Explain Marshall's statement, "Let the end be legitimate,...are constitutional." John Marshall declared the bank constitutional in McCulloch v. Maryland. The state of Maryland had attempted to destroy a branch of the BUS by imposing a tax on its notes. This ruling gave a strong affirmation for loose construction. Marshall argued that the Constitution was intended to endure for ages to come and to be adapted to the various crises of human affairs. Two years later, the Cohens v. Virginia case found the Cohens guilty of illegally selling lottery tickets. Marshall asserted the right of the Supreme Court to review the decisions of the state supreme courts in all questions involving powers of the federal government. The steamboat case Gibbons v. Ogden grew out of an attempt by New York to grant to a private concern a monopoly of waterborne commerce between New York and New Jersey. John Marshall reminded the state that only Congress alone controlled interstate commerce. Judicial Dikes Against Democratic Excesses Know: Fletcher v. Peck, Dartmouth College v. Woodward, Daniel Webster 14. "John Marshall was the most important Federalist since George Washington." Assess. In Fletcher v. Peck, John Marshall declared that the contract between a Georgian legislature, swayed by bribery that granted 35 million acres in the Yazoo River country (Mississippi), could not be canceled by state laws according to the Constitution. Daniel Webster protected the college in Dartmouth College v. Woodward. This college had been granted a charter by King George III in 1769 and the New Hampshire state legislature had saw fit to change it. Again Marshall saw that New Hampshire as a state could not impede on the contracts of charters or others. Websters often expressed his ideas to John Marshall and later gave classic speeches to the Senate, challenging state rights and nullification. John Marshalls decisions are felt strongly as a conservative and federal government oriented decision maker who often didnt care for popular suffrage. Sharing Oregon and Acquiring Florida Know: John Quincy Adams, Treaty of 1818, Andrew Jackson, Adams-Onis Treat of 1819 15. Who was more important to American territorial expansion, Andrew Jackson or John Quincy Adams? Explain. John Quincy Adams was James Monroes secretary of state. With the Treaty of 1818 the Monroe administration called for a pact that allowed Americans to share the coveted Newfoundland fisheries, fixed the vague northern limits of Louisiana along the forty ninght parallel from the Lake of the Woods (Minnesota) to the Rocky Mountains. The treaty further provided for a ten year joint occupation of the untamed Oregon Country. The bulk of Florida lay under Spanish control though Americans had torn down the Spanish flag in 1810 in West Florida and a small American army seized the Mobile region in the War of 1812. Revolutions broke out in South America in Argentina,

Venezuela, and Chile. Americans instinctively cheered the birth of these sister republics. Spain had to denude Florida of troops in order to squelch the rebels. Andrew Jackson entered Florida on the pretext that hostile Seminole Indians and fugitive slaves were using Florida as a refuge. Jackson executed two Indian chiefs and two British subjects for helping the Indians. He also seized the two most important Spanish posts in the area, St. Marks and then Pensacola. Monroes cabinet all called for discipling Jackson except for John Quincy Adams who would take the offensive. In the Florida Purchase Treaty or Adam-Onis Treaty of 1819, Spain ceded Florida and shadowy claims to Oregon in exchange for Americas abandonment of murky claims to Texas. Also the vegue western boundary of Louisiana was made to run zigzag along the Rockies to the forty-second parallel and then to turn due west to the Pacific. The Menace of Monarchy in America Know: George Canning 16 How did Great Britain help support American desires regarding Latin America? The monarchs of Europe undertook to stamp out the democratic tendencies of the French Revolution. The crowned despots together smothered rebellion in Italy and Spain and probably had been gazing at the revolted colonies of Spanish America. Many Americans were alarmed. Russia had already been descending on the continent from Alaska. In 1821, the tsar issued a decree extending Russian jurisdiction over one hundred mmiles of the open sea down to the line of 51. Great Britain did not join the monarchs but traded with the revolutionaries and found it sweet. George Canning in 1823 approached the AMerican minister in London asking whether the US would combine with Britain in a joint declaration renouncing anyones interest in acquiring Latain American territory. Monroe and His Doctrine Know: John Quincy Adams, Monroe Doctrine 17 How could a militarily weak nation like the United States make such a bold statement ordering European nations to stay out of the Americas? John Quincy Adams suspected the British George Canning of underlying motives. Adams suspected that Britain wanted to tie Americas hands together as to be unable to take Latin American possessions in the future, such as that of Cuba. The Canning Proposal seemed entirely unnecessary, the British navy would already prevent the approach of hostile fleets because the SOuth American markets had to be kept open at all costs. The Monroe Doctrine was born late in 1823 and sternly warned the European powers of noncolonization and nonintervention in North America. Monroe first directed his verbal volley at the lumbering Russian bear in the Northwest saying that the North American continent should no longer be colonized. The United States tried to help the Latin American republics down south with the declaration of non-intervention. Monroe's Doctrine Appraised 18. Evaluate the importance of the Monroe Doctrine in subsequent American history. The monarchs were angered at Monroes doctrine however they wouldve been blocked by the British navy had they gathered for an American invasion. Monroes message did not have much contemporary significance. In the Russo American Treaty of 1824, Russia had already decided to retreat by fixing his southernmost limits at the line of 54 40. The United States has never willingly permitted a powerful foreign nation to secure a foothold near its strategic

Caribbean vitals. The Monroe Doctrine mainly lasted as giving voice to patriotism and giving an illusion of isolationism.