CONTENTS

PART 1 PAGE

NOUN CLAUSES

INTRODUCTION ........................................................................ 1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4 1-5 1-6 1-7 1-8 NOUN CLAUSES BEGINNING WITH A QUESTION WORD .............................................................................. NOUN CLAUSES BEGINNING WITH "WHETHER... OR NOT", "IF... OR NOT... "................................... NOUN CLAUSES BEGINNING WITH "THAT" ............................. NOUN CLAUSES AS OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION .............. TENSE RELATIONS BETWEEN THE MAIN VERB AND THE NOUN CLAUSE ............................................... ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ABOUT NOUN CLAUSES ..... QUESTION WORDS FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVES .......................... "-EVER" WORDS IN NOUN CLAUSES ..................................

2 2 8 10 14 15 17 18 19

TEST YOURSELF 1 ........................................................................................ 22 PART 2 INDIRECT SPEECH .................................................................... INTRODUCTION .............................................................................. 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 PART 3 29 29

REPORTING STATEMENTS ....................................................... 29 REPORTING QUESTIONS ................................................................... 35 REPORTING IMPERATIVES .................................................... 36 REPORTED SPEECH (MIXED TYPES) ............................................. 38

AUXILIARY VERBS IN SHORT ANSWERS ............................... 40 3-1 3-2 3-3 3-4 3-5 "TOO" AND "EITHER" ....................................................................... "SO" AND "NEITHER/NOR" ............................................................... AUXILIARY VERBS IN SHORT QUESTIONS ................................ "SO" AND "NOT" REPRESENTING A "THAT CLAUSE" ............... QUESTION TAGS ................................................................................ 40 40 43 43 46 48 51

EXAMPLES FROM YS/YDS ................................................................... TEST YOURSELF 2 ......................................................................................

TEST YOUR VOCABULARY .....................................................................

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PART 1 NOUN CLAUSES

INTRODUCTION
Noun clause bir cmlede isim gibi ilev gren cmleciktir. Yani cmlede zne ya da nesne grevinde bulunabilir. I don't know the answer. (object) noun I don't know what the answer is. (object) noun clause

I don't know her address. (object) noun I don't know where she lives. (object) noun clause Our discussion was private. (subject) noun What we talked about was private. (subject) noun clause Her address is unknown. (subject) noun Where she lives is unknown. (subject) noun clause Noun clause'lar ayr grupta inceleyebiliriz: 123Noun clauses beginning with a question word (what, why, who, when, etc.) Noun clauses beginning with whether or not/if ... or not Noun clauses beginning with that

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NOUN CLAUSES BEGINNING WITH A QUESTION WORD

Soru szc ile balayan bir soruyu, noun clause biimine dntrmek iin ncelikle o cmleyi soru olmaktan kurtarmamz gerekir. Bunun iin de soru cmlesi dzenini dz cmle dzenine dntrmeliyiz. Bilindii gibi ngilizce soru cmlesi Yardmc fiil + zne + yklem forml ile oluturulur. Dz cmle ise zne + yardmc fiil + yklem dzeniyle kurulur. Question: Noun clause: Question: Noun clause: Why is he coming tomorrow? Why he is coming tomorrow is a secret. What time does he start work? I don't know what Lime he starts work.

Question:

When did he leave the country?

Noun clause: Question: Noun clause: Question: Noun clause: Question: Noun clause: Question: Noun clause:

When he left the country is still unknown. Where are you going on holiday? Where we are going on holiday isn't certain yet. What are you going to buy for him? I haven't decided yet what I am going to buy for him. When did you buy that sweater? I can't remember when I bought this sweater. What have they done about this case? I have no idea what they have done about this case.

Eer bir soru szc cmlenin znesini soruyorsa, o soru cmlesinde zne olarak bir baka szck bulunmad iin, cmleyi dz cmle biimine dntremeyiz. Bu nedenle, soru cmlesi ile noun clause'un szck dizimi ayn olur. Question: Who is coming tomorrow? Noun Clause: I don't know who is coming tomorrow. Question: What is happening in that country? Noun Clause: What is happening in that country doesn't concern me. Question: Whose daughter has passed the exam? Noun Clause: I haven't heard whose daughter has passed the exam. Question: How many students are going to take the university exam? Noun Clause: I don't know exactly how many students are going to take the university exam.

Simple Present Tense ve Simple Past Tense ile zneyi sorarken, "do, does" ya da "did" yardmc fiilleri kullanlmaz. Question: Noun clause: Question: Noun clause: Question: Noun clause: Question: Noun clause: Question: Noun clause: Question: Who comes to the office first? I don't know who comes to the office first. Who came to the office first this morning? I don't know who came to the office first this morning. Who locks the doors in the evening? I don't know for sure who locks the doors in the evening. Who locked the doors yesterday evening? I don't remember who locked the doors yesterday evening. What happens here at the weekend? Please tell me what happens here at the weekend. What happened here yesterday? 4

Noun clause:

Please tell me what happened here yesterday.

Eer ayn soru szcklerini kullanarak cmlenin nesnesini soruyorsak, "do, does" ya da "did" yardmc fiilleri kullanlr. Who visits him every day? ("Who" zneyi soruyor.) Onu her gn kim ziyaret ediyor? I don't know who visits him every day. Onu her gn kimin ziyaret ettiini bilmiyorum. Who/whom does he visit every day? (Cmlede nesne durumundaki insan sorarken "who" yerine "whom" da kullanabiliriz.) O her gn kimi ziyaret ediyor? I don't know who/whom he visits every day. Onun her gn kimi ziyaret ettiini bilmiyorum. Who visited him yesterday? ("Who" zneyi soruyor.) Dn onu kim ziyaret etti? I don't know who visited him yesterday. Dn onu kimin ziyaret ettiini bilmiyorum. Who /whom did he visit yesterday? O dn kimi ziyaret etti? I don't know who/whom he visited yesterday. Onun dn kimi ziyaret ettiini bilmiyorum. Who/whom did she go to the party with? (With whom did she go to the party?) I don't know who/whom she went to the party with. with whom she went to the party. "Who, what, whose" gibi soru szckleriyle sorabileceimiz u soru tiplerine de dikkat ediniz: Who are verb those girls? subject those girls are. subject verb

I don't know who Who is verb

that man? subject that man is. subject verb

I don't know who What is verb

this substance? subject this substance is? subject verb

Do you know what

Whose

is verb

that car? subject

Do you know whose that car is? subject verb Whose book is this? (or Whose is this book?) verb subject verb subject I don't know whose book I don't know whose this is. OR subject verb

this book is. subject verb

Soru szcyle balayan bir noun clause oluturabilmek iin, bu sraladmz kurallar dikkate alarak, rneklerde kullandmz soru szcklerinin yan sra dier btn soru szcklerini de kullanabiliriz: which, how, how many, how much, how often, how long, etc. EXERCISE 1 : Change the question in parentheses to a noun clause.

1- (What is the government saying about the incident?) Do you know what the government is saying about the incident? 2- (Why are the police at Mrs. Thomas's house?) Thomas's house. I wonder why the police are at Mrs.

3- (How can we help him with his financial problems?) We don't know .................................................................................................................. . 4- (Where should I hang my coat?) Could you tell me .......................................................? 5- (Where will the meeting be held?) Has the manager told you ........................................? 6- (Whose suggestion was this?) I would like to know ..................................................... . 7- (Which universities offer courses in public relations?) I am trying to find out ........................................................................................................................................ . 8- (How long has this been happening?) The engineer wants to know ........................................................................................................................................ . 9- (Who shot the security guard?) Did anyone see ........................................................? 10- (Who was the security guard shot by?) Did anyone see ...............................................? 11- (When will they move into their new house?) ............................................. depends on the sale of their old one. 12- (How does she manage on her old-age pension?) I have no idea ................................... 13- (How much would he charge for decorating the house?) Do you know ................................................................................................................?

14- (What was he hoping to achieve by behaving like that?) I can't imagine ............................................................................................................... 15- (When did he start this course of medication?) I need to know ...............................................................................................................

16- (Where did they pat the posters?) Do you remember ...................................................? 17- (How shortsighted is our manager?) Can you believe ...................................................? 18- (Which supermarket do you buy your groceries from?) I'd like to learn ............................................................................................................... . 19- (What is the difference between the cheap one and the expensive one?) I can't see ............................................................................................................... . 20- (How long did it take you to knit this cardigan?) I wonder ...............................................................................................................

EXERCISE

2 : Make a question using the given sentence. The words in parentheses should be the answer to the question you make. Then change the question to a noun clause.

1- The children were making (Mother's Day cards). Question: What were the children making? Noun clause: Did you see what the children were making? 2- Your car is worth (4000). Question: ............................................................................? Noun clause: The insurance company needs to know ........................................................................................................ 3- You need to learn (Microsoft Excel and Word) software packages. Question: ........................................................................... ? Noun clause: Has the boss told you ........................................... 4- Diana's dress was designed by (Elizabeth Emanuel). Question: ...........................................................................? Noun clause: We are all dying to know .................................. 5- Mr. Casserley has gone to Leicester (to see a customer). Question: .........................................................................? Noun clause: The boss wants to know ................................... 6- The match starts (at 7.30). Question: .......................................................................? Noun clause: We can listen to the radio to find out ............

7- Fitting the carpet costs (100) extra. Question: .......................................................................? Noun clause: Can you ask the dealer ..............................................? 8- I have lost (6 kilos) since I started jogging in the mornings. Question: .....................................................................................? Noun clause: Can you guess ...........................................................? 9- I found out your telephone number (by phoning directory inquiries). Question: ...........................................................................? Noun clause: I'm curious about...................................................... 10- 'Madame Bovery' was written by (Gustave Fontaine). Question: ...............................................................................? Noun clause: I wish I could have remembered in the library ............................................................................................................... 11- (1 million pounds) has been given to the Colombian government to help the fight against the drug dealers. Question: ...............................................................................? Noun clause: I was surprised to hear ...................................................................... . 12-You are having your operation at (the American Hospital). Question: ..........................................................................? Noun clause: Give us a phone call to let us know ..................................................... . 13-The children are going to (play basketball) after the picnic. Question: ........................................................................? Noun clause: I don't know ................................................... 14-Joan and Eric are going (to Skegness) for their holiday. Question: .......................,.........................................................? Noun clause: Do you know ......................,................................................................? 15- She didn't tell Sam about the party (because she wanted it to be a surprise). Question: .............................................................................? Noun clause: I can't imagine .................................................................................... 16-The ruins are (2,000 years) old. Question: ...............................................................................? Noun clause: Does the leaflet state .........................................................................? 17-You can buy telephone cards (at the Post Office). Question: .................................................................................? Noun clause: Excuse me, can you tell me ...................................................................? 18-They are going to send their son to (King Edward High School). Question: ..............................................................................? Noun clause: Have they decided ................................................................................? 19- You met (the National Sales Manager and the Personnel Manager) at the head office. Question: ...............................................................................? Noun clause: I'm curious about................................................................................. .

20-A disaster in Ethiopia was averted (by sending food aid). Question: .........................................................................................? Noun clause: The reporter is explaining ...............................................

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NOUN CLAUSES BEGINNING WITH "WHETHER OR NOT" or "IF...OR NOT"

Yardmc fiille balayan bir soruyu noun clause'a dntrrken, noun clause'un bana "whether" ya da "if" getirilir ve soru cmlesi, dz cmle biimine evrilir. "Or not" whether'dan hemen sonra gelebilir (whether or not) ya da noun clause'un sonunda yer alabilir (whether ... or not). Ancak "or not" "if"den hemen sonra kullanlmaz. Sadece noun clause'un sonunda yer alabilir (if...or not). Her iki cmlede de "or not" kullanmayabiliriz ve bu durumda anlam deimez. Is she coming to the party? I wonder whether she is coming to the party or not. whether or not she is coming to the party. whether she is coming to the party. if she is coming to the party or not. if she is coming to the party. (Onun partiye gelip gelmeyeceini merak ediyorum.)

Eer "noun clause" cmlede zne durumunda ise sadece "whether" kullanlr, "If" bu ekilde cmle banda kullanlmaz. Whether she is coming to the party or not isn't certain yet. Whether or not she is coming to the party isn't certain yet. Whether she is coming to the party isn't certain yet. (Onun partiye gelip gelmeyecei henz belli deil.) - Do we have to return our assignments by Monday? - I don't know whether we have to return our assignments by Monday. - May I leave early today? - I'd like to learn if I may leave early today. NOTE: "Whether or not" kalbnn koul cmlesinde ve noun clause'da kullanm arasndaki - Can you help me with my English homework? farkllklara ve Trke'ye evirisine dikkat ediniz. - I wonder if you can help me with my English homework. 1- "Whether or not", koul cmlesinde yan cmleyi, noun clause'da ise cmlenin znesini ya - Did she pass the exam? da nesnesini oluturur. - I don't know whether or not she passed the exam. I will go to the theatre whether he comes with me or not. (Conditional) (O gelse de gelmese de, tiyatroya gideceim.) I don't know whether he will come to the theatre with me or not . ( Noun Clause) (Onun benimle tiyatroya gelip gelmeyeceini bilmiyorum.) 2- "Whether or not" koul cmlesinde kullanld zaman baz tense kstlamalar vardr: future tense kullanlmamas gibi. "Whether or not" noun clause'da kullanld zaman tense kstlamas yoktur. She would support him whether he were (was) right or not. (conditional) I don't know whether he was right or not. (noun clause: "he"den sonra "were" kullanlmaz.) The result will be the same whether we attend tomorrow's meeting or not. (conditional: "whether" in bal bulunduu cmlede future tense kullanamayz.) (Yarnki toplantya katlsak da katlmasak da sonu ayn olacak.) I haven't decided yet whether I will attend tomorrow's meeting or not. (noun clause) (Yarnki toplantya katlp katlmayacama henz karar vermedim.)

EXERCISE 3

Change the question to a noun clause.

1- Is he enjoying his new job? I'm not sure ..................................................................................................... . 2- Could I pay you on Friday? I wonder ........................................................................................................... 3- Does she still work at the University of Technology? Do you know ...............................................................................................? 4- Has she accepted the job yet? I don't know ......................................................................................................... . 5- Did they agree to our terms? He hasn't told me ................................................................................................ . 6- Should we inform the police? We can ask the insurance company ...................................................................... 7- Does she work in the same department as Kate? I'll ask my sister .................................................................................................... 8- Can the shop deliver the sofa by Friday? We need to know .................................................................................................. . 9- Have the windows been cleaned this week already? The new cleaner is asking ..................................................................................... 10-Are they going to repair the television under the guarantee? ..................................................................................... hasn't been confirmed yet.

EXERCISE 4

Change the question to a noun clause.

1- Where are we meeting before the match? George is going to decide ..................................................................................... . 2- Was he disappointed about losing the race? Do you know .....................................................................................................? 3- What were they doing in the warehouse? Did the manager find out.....................................................................................? 4- Who did Veronica marry? I'm not in the least interested in ......................................................................... . 5- Which resort in Turkey did the travel agent recommend? I can't remember ................................................................................................. 6- Has the butler polished the silver yet? Can someone find out.........................................................................................? 7- How much money has Richard made with his new business? .......................................................................................... is none of our business.

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8- Did he do it on purpose? I wonder .............................................................................................................. 9- Why is the shop closed at such an early hour? I don't know ..................................................................................................... 10-Will the heroin's deception be discovered? I'm waiting for the second episode to see ............................................................

1-3 NOUN CLAUSES BEGINNING WITH "THAT"

Dz cmleleri noun clause biiminde kullanrken, noun clause'un bana "that" getirilir. Eer noun clause cmlede nesne durumundaysa "that" kullanmayabiliriz.

Statement: She doesn't like pop music. Noun clause: We know that she doesn't like pop music. We know she doesn't like pop music. (Onun pop mziini sevmediini biliyoruz.) Statement: Noun clause:
He is the best of all. I'm sure that he is the best of all. I'm sure he is the best of all. He committed the crime. That he committed the crime is obvious. (Suu onun iledii ak.)

Eer noun clause cmlede zne durumundaysa, noun clause'un bandaki "that" kaldrlamaz.

Statement: Noun clause:

Statement: He can't win the election. Noun clause: That he can't win the election is known. (Onun seimleri kazanamayaca biliniyor.)
Ancak "that clause"un bu ekilde cmlenin banda zne olarak kullanlmas pek yaygn deildir. Onun yerine, cmleye "It" ile balayp noun clause'u ortada kullanmak daha yaygndr. It is obvious that he committed the crime. It is obvious he committed the crime. (Suu onun iledii ak.) It is known that he can't win the election. It is known he can't win the election. (Onun seimleri kazanamayaca biliniyor.)

Statement: She will pass the exam. Noun clause: That she will pass the exam is certain. It is certain that she will pass the exam. (Onun snav geecei kesin.)
"That clause"u yaygn olarak: a) b) c) Baz sfatlardan sonra Baz isimlerden sonra Baz fiillerden sonra

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d) a)

"The fact" ile kullanabiliriz. "That clauses" after certain adjectives:

Sorry, glad, happy, afraid, surprised, disappointed, pleased, sure, etc. gibi duygu ya da tavr bildiren sfatlardan sonra "that clause" kullanabiliriz.

Statement: Noun clause: Statement: Noun clause: Statement: Noun clause:

You passed the exam. I'm glad (that) you passed the exam. I hurt his feelings. I'm sorry (that) I hurt his feelings. She couldn't get the job. I'm surprised that she couldn't get the job.

Sonu -ing ve -ed ile biten baz sfatlardan sonra "that clause" kullanm olduka yaygndr. Surprised, amazed, pleased gibi sonu -ed ile bitenler, ancak bir canlnn duygularm ifade edebilecei iin "I, You, We, They, Peter, My mother" gibi znelerle kullanlrlar. Surprising, amazing, pleasing gibi sonu -ing ile bitenler ise olaylarn durumunu ifade ettikleri iin zne olarak "it" gerektirirler. It is very surprising that she was dismissed from her job. (inden atlmas ok artc.) I'm very surprised that she was dismissed from her job. (Onun iten atlmasna ok ardm.) 'It's pleasing that you've made good progress in English. (ngilizce'de iyi bir ilerleme kaydetmeniz memnuniyet verici.) I'm pleased that you've.made good progress in English. (ngilizce'de iyi bir ilerleme kaydetmenize memnun oldum.) True, strange, fair, unfair, unfortunate, obvious, apparent, too bad, likely, unlikely gibi sfatlarla da "that clause" yaygn olarak kullanlr. It's likely (that) there will be another rise in prices soon. It's apparent/obvious (that) some small businesses will go bankrupt after the recent economic crisis. It's unfair (that) women still don't have the same rights as men. It's true (that) smoking gives rise to certain respiratory diseases. b) "That clauses" after certain nouns:

Miracle, pity, shame, wonder, relief, a good thing, fact, belief, theory, impression gibi isimlerden sonra "that clause" kullanabiliriz. It's a wonder (that) she survived_the accident. It's a miracle (that) the child didn't get killed when he fell from the fifth floor.

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It's a widely accepted belief (that) the two major conservative parties should be united to come to power. It's my impression (that) television reduces the interest in reading. (Benim izlenimim o ki televizyon, okumaya olan ilgiyi azaltyor.) It's a great shame (that) some nations spend an enormous amount of money on arms while others starve to death. It's a good thing (that) your parents are quite understanding to you on this occasion.

"That clauses" after certain verbs:

Baz fiiller, kendilerinden sonra noun clause alabilirler. Bu cmlelerde noun clause, yklemin nesnesi durumundadr I know his I know ambition. noun (that) he will try anything to attain his ambition . noun clause

I will prove his innocence. noun I will prove that he is innocent. noun clause (Onun masum olduunu ispatlayacam). Yaygn olarak "that clause" alan fiiller unlardr: acknowledge add admit advise allege announce answer appear argue arrange (wh) * assume assure beg believe (wh) claim command complain confess confirm consider (wh) fear feel find out (wh) forget (wh) guess grumble guarantee happen hear (wh) hope imagine (wh) imply indicate inform insist know (wh) learn (wh) mean notice (wh) object realise (wh) reckon recognize recommend remark remember (wh) remind reply report request resolve reveal (wh) say (wh) see (wh) seem sense (be aware of) show (wh) state (wh) stipulate suggest (wh)

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declare decide (wh) demand demonstrate deny determine discover doubt (wh) estimate (wh) expect explain (wh)
*

observe occur to + object order perceive point out predict presume pretend promise propose prove (wh)

suppose suspect teach tell (wh) think (wh) threaten turn out understand (wh) urge warn wish wonder (wh)

Yannda (wh) bulunan fiiller, bir soru szcyle ya da whether ile balayan bir noun clause da alabilirler.

The teacher claims that he cheated during the exam. I assume that the meeting will have to be cancelled. Everybody in the company thinks that Mr. ONeil will make a successful manager. The result of the exam indicates that you didn't study hard enough. He never admits that he has made a mistake. She will soon realise that she has just lost the chance of making a career by rejecting this post. Appear, seem, happen, occur ve turn out fiilleri zne olarak "It" kullanmay gerektirir. It appears that we will face terrible conditions on this expedition. It seems to me that this child will be an artist when he grows up. (Bana yle geliyor ki bu ocuk byynce ressam olacak.) It occurs to me that his action was deliberate. It turned out that he had a number of accomplices in the robbery. "Yapacamz" bir ey iin sz vermek anlamna gelen "promise" ve "bir eyin olacan nceden tahmin etmek" anlamna gelen "predict" fiilleri, noun clause'da future tense kullanmay gerektirir. She promises that she will be more careful next time. The villagers predict that the harvest will be good this season. Temel cmlenin yklemi past tense ise noun clause'da "will"in past biimi "would" kullanlr. She promised that she would be more careful next time. (Bir dahaki sefere daha dikkatli olacana sz verdi.) The villagers predicted that the harvest would be good this season.

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Beg, command, decide, demand, determine, order, resolve, urge, insist ve suggest fiilleri ile noun clause'da daha ok "should" kullanlr. Temel cmlenin yklemi past tense olduunda da noun clause'daki "should" ayn kalr. I suggest that you should go to a doctor. (Doktora gitmeni neririm.) He demanded that I should be on time for work. (e vaktinde gelmemi istedi.) We decided that we should work overtime to meet the increasing demand. The doctor insists that I should stop smoking.

d)

Noun clauses with "the fact"

Bir "that clause"u ou zaman "the fact that" biiminde kullanabiliriz. "The fact that'li cmle, zne ya da nesne durumunda olabilir. Statement: She couldn't pass the exam. That disappointed us.

Noun clause: The fact that she couldn't pass the exam disappointed us. (Onun snav geememesi bizi hayal krklna uratt.) Statement: Noun clause: Statement: Noun clause: The Independence War was won with great difficulty. Yesterday in class we discussed the fact that the Independence War was won with great difficulty. She cheated in the exam. That made the teacher furious. The fact that she cheated in the exam made the teacher furious.

Eer "the fact that" cmlesi, son rnekte olduu gibi, cmlenin znesi durumundaysa, "the fact that" yerine sadece "that" de kullanabiliriz. That she cheated in the exam made the teacher furious. Eer "that clause", bir preposition'n nesnesi durumunda ise bu noun clause yalnzca "that" ile balatlamaz. Bu durumdaki bir "noun clause" "the fact that" kullanmay gerektirir. (Bkz. 1-4) We are not worried about the fact that she comes home late from work.

1-4 NOUN CLAUSE AS OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION

Bir preposition'dan sonra noun clause gelebilir.

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She takes no notice of my She takes no notice of

warnings. noun

what I say. noun clause this subject. noun

Your question isn't related to

Your question isn't related to what we are discussing now. noun clause She is very excited about She is very excited about the holiday resort. noun where we arc going to spend our holiday. noun clause

She hasn't told me anything about her decision. noun She hasn't told me anything about whether she will come or not. ("if" bu ekilde bir preposition'dan sonra kullanlmaz.) (Gelip gelmeyecei konusunda bana bir ey sylemedi.) She is very concerned about the firm's financial problems. noun She is very concerned about financial problems. noun clause whether the firm can overcome its

"That clause" bir preposition'dan sonra "the fact that" biiminde kullanlr. Statement: He was devastated by the tragic news. Noun clause: Yesterday we talked about the fact that he was devastated by the tragic news. Statement: She is the author of two well-known books. Noun clause: I'm interested in the fact that she is the author of two well-known books. Statement: Her boss will award her with a raise in salary. Noun clause: She is very excited about the fact that her boss will award her with a raise in salary.

1-5 TENSE RELATIONS BETWEEN THE MAIN VERB AND THE NOUN CLAUSE
Noun clause'un tense'i ile temel cmlenin tense'i arasndaki ilikiyi iki blmde inceleyebiliriz. a) b) Temel cmlenin yklemi Present Tense ise, Temel cmlenin yklemi Past Tense ise.

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a)

Noun clause as the object of a verb in Present Tense

Eer temel cmlenin yklemi "I think, I have thought" gibi bir present tense ise ya da "I will say, I'm going to say" gibi bir future tense ise, noun clause'un tense'i ile aralarnda mantkl bir uyum olmas gerekir. Yani yklemin kstlayc baz zellikleri yoksa eer (rnein suggest, recommend, promise, predict gibi fiiller belli tense'leri gerektirir), noun clause'un tense'i present, past ya da future olabilir. Statement: He goes abroad very often. Noun clause: I think (that) he goes abroad very often. Statement: Noun clause: Statement: Noun clause: Statement: Noun clause: He is going/is going to go/will go abroad soon. I think (that) he is going/is going to go/will go abroad soon. He has just gone abroad. I think (that) he has just gone abroad. He went abroad last week. I think (that) he went abroad last week.

Statement: He had just left the office when I got there. Noun clause: I think (that) he had just left when I got there. Temel cmlenin yklemi present olduu zaman noun clause'da Past Perfect kullanm, "after, before, by the time, etc." gibi zaman balalar kullanarak zaman netletirdiimiz takdirde mmkndr. Yklem present iken noun clause'da "will'in past biimi "would" kullanlmaz. Ancak, "would like, would prefer, would rather" gibi anlam present ya da future olan yaplar ve 2. ve 3. type "if clause" ile kullanlan "would" ve "would have done" kullanlabilir. I think (that) she would succeed if she tried. I think (that) she would have succeeded if she had tried. I think (that) she would rather go to the theatre than to the cinema. I think (that) she would like to be invited to the party. I think (that) they had just shipped the order when we called to remind them. Bu tense kurallar, soru szcyle ya da whether/if ile balayan noun clause'lar iin de geerlidir. I don't know when she will leave Istanbul. why she left so hurriedly. if she wants to come with us. whether she heard the news. what she has been doing there for an hour. who left the office last yesterday. why she refused our invitation. when she will leave on holiday. how she managed to persuade him. which countries she has been to. what he was doing there at the time. why he wants to resign. how long he has been living in this city. which one he would rather choose.

I have discovered

She will find out

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whether he will attend the meeting or not. if he completed the job he had been given. They haven't announced yet where the party will be held. who took over the firm. what has been going on here. who/whom they are going to award the prize to.

b)

Noun Clause as the object of a verb in Past Tense

Temel cmlenin yklemi "I thought, I had thought" gibi Past ya da Past Perfect Tense ise, noun clause'un tense'i eylemin olu zamann ifade eden tense'in bir derece past biimidir. Yani will yerine would, can yerine could, have done yerine had done, did yerine had done gibi. Statement: They have finished writing their report. Noun clause: I noticed (that) they had finished writing their report. Question: When will he come? Noun clause: He wondered when he would come. Question: Is she going to come with us? Noun clause: He wanted to know whether/if she was going to come with us. I know (that) he can pass the exam without much effort. (Fazla aba harcamadan snav geebileceini biliyorum.) I knew (that) he could pass the exam without much effort. (Fazla aba harcamadan snav geebileceini biliyordum.) I don't know for sure what she bought for you. (Sana ne aldn kesin olarak bilmiyorum.) I didn't know for sure what she had bought for you. (Sana ne aldm kesin olarak bilmiyordum.) I've just learnt (that) she is coming soon. (Onun yaknda geleceini henz rendim.) I had just learnt (that) she was coming soon. (Onun yaknda geleceini henz renmitim.) Ancak noun clause genel bir doruyu ya da doa kanununu ifade ediyorsa, temel cmlenin yklemi past olduunda da noun clause'un tense'i present olabilir. After the experiment, we found out that different fluids have different boiling points. Should, had better, ought to, would rather, would prefer ve would like, temel fiil past olduumda da ayn kalr. May, might biiminde, have to ve must ise had to biiminde deitirilir. I think she would rather stay at home. (Evde kalmay tercih edeceini zannediyorum.) I thought she would rather stay at home. (Evde kalmay tercih edeceini zannediyordum.) I suggest that he should look for another job. (Baka bir i aramasn neriyorum.) I suggested that he should look for another job. (Baka bir i aramasn nerdim.)

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She knows (that) she must/has to help her mother. (Annesine yardm etmek zorunda olduunu biliyor.) She knew (that) she had to help her mother. (Annesine yardm etmek zorunda olduunu biliyordu.)

1-6 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ABOUT NOUN CLAUSES

Noun clause'larda dikkat etmemiz gereken bir dier nokta, fiillerin alabilecekleri noun clause tipleridir. nk her fiil. tip noun clause alamayabilir. Sadece soru tipinde (soru szcyle ya da whether/if ile balayan) noun clause alabilen, sadece "that clause" alabilen ya da her iki tip noun clause ile kullanlabilen fiiller vardr. rnein, "zannetmek" anlamnda "think" sadece "that clause" alabilir. nk bir eyin "ne zaman olacan, nasl olacan, olup olmayacan" zannedemeyiz. Ancak bir eyin "olduunu, olacan" (that clause) zannedebiliriz. I think (that) she will give up her job. I don't think (that) she will go on working under these conditions. I thought (that) she would refuse our offer. I didn't think (that) she would accept our offer. Ancak "think", ''I can't think" biiminde kullanlrsa, "Bir neden dnemiyorum, anlamyorum" anlamna gelir ki soru szcyle balayan bir noun clause alabilir. I can't think why she refused our offer. I can't think why she won't come with us. Ask, want to know gibi baz fiiller ise "that clause" almazlar. Bu fiilleri ancak bir soru szcyle ya da wether/if ile balayan noun clause'larla kullanabiliriz. nk "bir eyin olacan (that clause)" soramayz. Bir eyin "ne zaman olacan, nasl olacan, nerede olacan," ya da bir eyin "olup olmayacan" sorabiliriz. I will ask him what he will do with so much money. She asks where we are going to meet. I asked him whether he liked the meal. She wants to learn if I will join them. Tell, understand, explain, know, etc. gibi fiiller ise tip noun clause ile de kullanlabilirler. He told me (that) he couldn't understand the lesson. I will tell you tomorrow whether I will come with you or stay home. He hasn't told me yet where we are going to meet. I know (that) she doesn't trust me. I know when she will leave on holiday. I don't know whether/if she will be interested in our offer. She understood by his remarks (that) he wouldn't lend her the money. She didn't understand why he had refused to lend her some money. I couldn't understand whether/if she was sincere in her attitude towards me. Bu farkl kullanmlar gz nne alarak, rneklerde kullandmz fiiller ya da yaygn olarak bilinenler dndaki fiillerle karlatnz zaman, fiilin alabilecei noun clause tipini belirlemede size

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nerebileceimiz yntem, temel cmlenin yklemi ile noun clause'daki anlam arasnda mantksal bir btnlk salamanzdr.

1-7 QUESTION WORDS FOLLOWED by INFINITIVES

Soru szcyle ya da "whether" ile balayan noun clause'lar, belli kurallar dahilinde ksaltarak, Question word + infinitive biiminde ifade edebiliriz. Ksaltma yapabilmemiz iin ncelikle, temel cmlenin znesi ile noun clause'un znesi ayn olmaldr. I don't know what I should do in this case. I don't know what to do in this case. (Bu durumda ne yapacam bilmiyorum.) zneler farkl ise ksaltma yapamayz. I don't know what you should do in this case. (no change) (Bu durumda ne yapacan bilmiyorum.) Eer bu cmleyi "... what to do" biiminde ksaltrsak, "... ne yapacam ..." anlamna gelir ki cmlenin anlamn deitirmi oluruz.

Temel cmledeki yklemin nesnesi ile (indirect object) noun clause'un znesi ayn kii ise yine ksaltma yapabiliriz. I can tell you how you can get to the station. I can tell you how to get to the station. (stasyona nasl gideceini syleyebilirim.) Can you show me how I can start this machine? Can you show me how to start this machine? (Bu makinay nasl altracam bana gsterebilir misin?) "Whether" ile balayan noun clause'lar da ayn kurallara gre ksaltabiliriz, ("if" bu ekilde ksaltma iin kullanlamaz.) I can't decide whether I should stay home or come with you. I can't decide whether to stay home or (to) come with you. They wondered whether they should buy an expensive present or a cheap one. They wondered whether to buy an expensive present or a cheap one. Ksaltma yaparken, noun clause'da kullanlan tense'i de dikkate almalyz. Bu ksaltma her tense ile mmkn deildir. Should ya da can/could ile kurulmu cmleleri ksaltabiliriz. She told me where I could get fresh vegetables. She told me where to get fresh vegetables.

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I don't know who /whom I should invite to the party. I don't know who/whom to invite to the party. I think I know how I can overcome this situation. I think I know how to overcome this situation.

1-8 "-EVER" WORDS in NOUN CLAUSES

WHOEVER WHOMEVER WHEREVER HOWEVER

mean any person means any place means any way (manner)

WHICHEVER WHATEVER WHENEVER

mean any thing means any time

Whoever ve whomever, "kim olursa olsan, her kim isterse" anlamna gelir. Noun clause'un znesi durumundaysa sadece whoever, nesnesi durumundaysa whoever ya da whomever kullanabiliriz. Who should I give this book to? It doesn't matter to me. You can give it to whoever needs it. (Whoever noun clause'un znesidir.) (Kitab, kimin ihtiyac varsa ona verebilirsin.)

- Who should I give this book to? - It doesn't matter to me. You can give it to whoever/whomever you like. (Whoever/whomever noun clause'un nesnesi durumundadr. nk noun clause'un znesi "you"dur.) (Kitab, sen kime istersen ona ver.) Whoever/whomever I spoke to said they didn't like the party. Whoever took my dictionary should return it right away. Whoever wants to come with us should make his decision now. I think I have the freedom to talk to whoever /whomever I like. Wherever, "neresi olursa olsun, cann nereye isterse..." anlamna gelir. Where should I put this vase? You can put it wherever you think is suitable. Where shall we go on holiday this summer? I haven't a special place in my mind. We can go wherever you want. I must talk to her at once. Try to find her wherever she is.

However, "istediin gibi yap, nasl istersen yle yap" anlamna gelir. Students in high school have to wear a uniform in Turkey, but in Europe there is no such rule. Students may dress however they please. (renciler istedikleri gibi giyinebilirler.) How would you like your egg?

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However you cook the egg is all right with me. (Yumurtay nasl piirirsen piir benim iin uygundur.)

"However"n bu kullanm ile "but" anlamndaki kullanm arasndaki farka dikkat ediniz. You can furnish the house however (any way) you like. (Evi istediin gibi deyebilirsin.) I don't want to interfere in your choice about the furniture; however (but), I prefer modern style. (Mobilya konusundaki seimine karmak istemiyorum ama ben modern stili tercih ederim.) Whatever ve whichever, "ne istersen, hangisini istersen" anlamn verir. Burada nce, "what" ile "which" arasndaki fark netletirmek gerekir. "Which" snrl bir grup iinde tercih yaparken "hangisi" anlamn verir. "What"da ise snr yoktur. What languages can you speak? (Bu soruyu sorarken btn dilleri gz nne alyoruz.) - Which European languages can you speak? (Avrupa dilleri ile snrlyoruz.) What should I wear to the party? Which of my evening dresses should I wear to the party?

What ile which arasndaki bu fark, whatever ve whichever iin de geerlidir. We shall try to do whatever is needed to make your stay an enjoyable one. There are three rooms left at the hotel. You can choose whichever you want. Here are the box of tools. You can take whichever one suits your requirement. Think over your words. Don't just say whatever comes into your mind.

Whenever, "ne zaman istersen, istediin zaman" anlamn verir. Shall we leave now? It's up to you. We can leave whenever you want. (Ne zaman istersen/istediin zaman gidebiliriz.) You don't have to stay till the end of the programme. You may leave whenever you wish.

EXERCISE 5

Complete the sentences by using "-ever" words.

1- Cecil, my childhood friend, never fails to visit me ....................... he comes to England on business. 2- A friend of mine is a florist and she was really busy on St. Valentine's Day. ....................... she managed to get all the deliveries out, I just can't imagine.

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3- ....................... is working in the restaurant tonight must polish the glasses. 4- We can't decide whether to go to Turkey, Egypt or Greece, but....................... one we choose, I'll need some new summer clothes. 5- ....................... you give this vase to, I'm sure they will love it. It's so beautiful. 6- ....................... you do when you retire, it won't be as stressful as international negotiations. 7- Working for the Foreign Office, he never knows from one year to the next which country he will be working in, but....................... he works, he is provided with accommodation and a car. 8- I like all of the colours you've mentioned, so you can paint the living room ....................... colour you like best. 9- I feel really sorry for Janet. She is in love with Jeff, but....................... she does to draw his attention, he just ignores her. 10- ....................... I arrange the ornaments on this shelf, they just seem to look like clutter.

TEST YOURSELF 1
1-45. sorularda, cmlede braklan boluu uygun ekilde tamamlayan kelime ya da ifadeyi bulunuz.
1- I think Jeremy's aunt lives ....... they went for their honeymoon. A) what C) when E) where B) who D) that A) who C) what E) where B) that D) when

4- ........ we rent this shop again next year depends on the amount of profit we make. A) When C) Whom E) Which B) Who D) Whether

2- The high value of the pound at the moment explains ....... manufacturers and exporters are suffering. A) when C) why E) how long B) where D) who

5- We are not sure yet .......... we want to spend on flowers at our wedding. A) how C) how often E) how far B) how long D) how much

3- I'm sure I'm not the first to notice .......... your daughter is a very talented artist, especially for her age.

6- It wasn't until he refused to help his mother organise his aunt's funeral that I realised ........ selfish Mike is.

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A) how C) why E) when

B) what D) which

11- My sister-in-law collects Victorian cheese dishes and buys one ....... she sees one for sale in an antique shop. A) whatever C) whichever E) whoever B) whenever D) however

7- Will you ask the salesman to explain ......... they ordered their next year's supply from our competitors? A) who B) whom C) where D) what E) why 8- I would like to know .......... the trains will be running normally during the public holiday. A) whom C) whether E) which B) who D) what

12-I can't see .......... the purpose of the new shopping centre is, There are more than enough in town already! A) who C) why E) where B) what D) which

13- Do you have any idea about ........ I should send my letter of resignation to? A) what C) how E) when B) why D) whom

9- The main question on the exam asked us to explain ........ glaciers were formed. A) how C) how far E) however B) how much D) how long

14- I'm not sure ....... the branch manager is the right person to send it to. A) when C) where E) whether B) whom D) which

10- I'm sorry, I don't know ........ department Mrs Green works in. A) where C) who E) how B) when D) which

15-I can't remember ......... people were killed in the explosion, but it was quite a few. A) how much B) how far C) how long D) how often E) how many 19-I don't know ......... month you should plant tulip bulbs. Why don't you ask a florist? A) which C) why E) how B) when D) whose

16- We can't decide ........ to do at the weekend. Have you got any interesting suggestions? A) where C) what E) when B) how D) which

17- I'm not sure ......... this sweater will fit my daughter. Can I exchange it for a larger size if it is too small? A) whether C) when E) whom B) how D) who

20- ......... Ethiopia is at war with Eritrea has meant many Western nations are reluctant to send food aid to avert widespread famine, A) How C) What E) Whether or not B) When D) The fact that

18- Thousands of cattle have starved to death ......... the drought in Ethiopia started. A) how C) when E) why B) since D) which

21- For the last few weeks, medical teams ......... day and night in an effort to find out exactly what ......... this terrible illness, but they've had little success so far. A) are working/will cause B) have worked/will have caused C) have been working/is causing

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D) will have worked/will be caused E) were working/had been caused 22- The police were investigating who ........ the gate to the factory open the night before the robbery. A) is leaving B) has left C) had left D) was left E) will be left 23- How you look after yourself following your operation ........ whether you recover completely or not. A) was determining B) had determined C) is determined D) has been determined E) will determine 24- Today with 'mail merge' computer software, the same letter can be addressed to 100 different people at the touch of a button, so a secretary today ......... in hours what it ......... days to do 50 years ago. A) should have accomplished/may take B) could accomplish/takes C) accompli shed/will have taken D) can accomplish/used to take E) accomplishes/has been taking 25- I'm not sure whether I ........ able to speak German confidently when I ......... there 30- I might be able to tell you ........ channel the film is on if I can remember ........ I put the newspaper. A) which/where C) what/how E) whose /that B) where/when D) whom/which

next month as I haven't practised for so long. A) am/will go B) have been/went C) will be/go D) was/had gone E) should be/am going 26- It has been confirmed recently ......... using mobile phones can cause brain damage. A) if C) what E) where B) that D) when

27- I couldn't believe ......... hot chill powder Margaret had used in her curry. I could hardly eat it. A) how much C) how far E) how few B) how long D) how often

28- I've lost count of ........ times the children have watched their 'Toy Story' video. A) whether C) how many E) how much B) whatever D) whenever

29-I would like to know ......... bag this is because it's occupying my seat. A) how C) where E) whose B) whom D) which

33- My husband and I eat at the Draper's restaurant .......... we go shopping in Shrewsbury. A) whenever C) wherever E) whoever B) however D) whichever

31- Mrs Holliday ........ that the buildershad made a terrible job of her extension. A) commanded C) requested E) grumbled B) appeared D) predicted

34- The professor ......... that the nutritionist said chocolate was healthy only because she is employed by one of the biggest chocolate company. A) wondered C) wished E) commanded B) argued D) pretended

32- The police ......... that the attack on the man was racially motivated. A) suspected C) estimated E) ordered B) arranged D) guaranteed

35- The Royal Ballet are attempting to recreate the ballet "Dante Sonata". Luckily for the producer, some of the former dancers ......... how the dance was performed fifty years ago.

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A) allege C) remember E) predict

B) hope D) reply

40- I guessed from the shape of the package ......... my birthday present was a cassette. A) which C) when E) how B) what D) that

36- The accused man ........ that he acted in self-defence. A) suspected C) occurred E) claimed B) expected D) resolved

37- Yes, that is ........ I want you to behave in public. A) what C) which E) why B) since D) how

41- Helen will be working as a representative for Thomson's Holidays in Turkey, but she doesn't know exactly ......... she will be posted. A) what C) who E) how B) why D) where

38- Enjoyment of the film 'Erin Brockovich' rather depends on ........ you like Julia Roberts or not. A) what C) if E) when B) whether D) how

42- It's important to find out ......... she is actually allergic to. A) how C) where E) what B) when D) why

39- Donating some of your wages to a charity will not only help unfortunate people, but it will also give you a sense of pleasure, ......... charity you support. A) whoever C) whichever E) wherever B) whenever D) however

43- The fans were sent home because the police ........ that the violence could escalate. A) proposed C) feared E) replied B) ordered D) hoped

44- In the United Kingdom, the law ..... that cars must be tested for safety every year. A) threatens C) teaches E) guesses B) stipulates D) notices

D) how long it will take to get there E) who will be presenting the new proposals 47- ........ will become clear later. A) Whenever he goes to visit his family in Ireland B) When will the new owners take over the car factory. C) Since the businessmen decided to buy this loss-making factory D) How the new ownership will affect the Employees E) Who will the boss appoint as the new manager 48- ........ was his only desire. A) Whether there would ever be peace in his country

45- The results of the survey ......... that George Bush junior would win the election. A) warned C) considered E) assumed B) indicated D) requested

46- You really have to go to Australia for the conference ........ . A) whether or not you are scared of flying B) if your manager goes instead of you C) which town is it being held in

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B) If he could manage to afford a Mercedes Benz C) Without the compassion shown to them by the community D) That his family could live without fear of persecution E) Although they had managed to arrive in Miami safely 49- ......... so it will probably take me longer than usual to get to work. A) I couldn't remember where I had put the shampoo B) My sister has bought a much faster car C) The reporter has just remarked that two lanes of the highway are closed D) The fact that she slows down at every junction E) Jennifer implied that I should buy a faster car as soon as possible 50- The environmentalist argues A) how is the environment going to be affected if a nuclear accident should occur B) that genetically modified salmon are a threat to the wild species C) whether they will allow this species to be grown in the UK D) which 46-55. sorularda, yarm braklan could cmleyi uygun ekilde tamamlayan possibly ifadeyi bulunuz. breed with wild salmon 54- Do you know ........? A) how much sugar does he lake B) where is Patricia going on holiday C) since Sonia was back from holiday D) is Freddie coming to dinner tonight E) how Julia likes her coffee 55- Yesterday at school, we learnt ........ A) how glass is made B) what is the procedure in making porcelain C) that was extremely interesting D) whether we enjoy it or not E) which concerned the teacher most of all 56- Naturally, you're very upset about what's happened, but now we must focus on what we can do from now on.

E) who believes genetically modified fruit poses a danger to the human health 51- The Foreign Minister refused to comment on ......... . A) whether we would withdraw food aid if the human rights abuses continued B) why hasn't the government done something about these human rights abuses C) how can they allow these abuses to happen without doing anything D) ever since a breakdown in law and order developed in the area E) the situation is now completely out of control in the area 52- The airline didn't explain A) that the plane will stop to get fuel B) why the plane had been delayed C) that wasn't very nice of them D) what time did we leave Heathrow Airport E) how long does it take us to get to Istanbul 53- The police underestimated A) when so many police officers leave the police force B) particularly which politician had the terrorists targeted C) how many demonstrators would turn up D) the fact was that the situation was out of control E) whenever there is a football match in the town A) Seni bu kadar ok zen eyin ne olduuna deil, bundan sonra ne yapabileceimiz konusuna younlamaya alyorum. B) Olanlar konusunda ok zlmen doal, ama imdi asl dnmemiz gereken bundan sonra ne yapacamzdr. C) Btn bu olan bitenlerden sonra ok zlmeni doal karlyorum, ancak artk yaplabilecekler zerine younlaalm. D) Doal olarak, olanlar konusunda ok zgnsn, ama artk bundan sonra ne yapabileceimiz zerine younlamalyz. E) Olanlar karsnda bu kadar ok zlmeni doal bulsam da, artk bundan sonra ne yapabileceini dnmen gerektiine inanyorum. 57- As a helicopter has no wing to stay in the air, its rotating blades provide lift and movement through the air.

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B) Onunla son karlatmda, hala ok fkeli grnyordu ve onu asla affetmeyeceini sylyordu. C) En son grtmzde, ok fkeliydi ve onu hala affetmemi grnyordu. D) Onu son grdmde, hala ok fkeli olduundan ve onu asla 56-60. sorularda, verilen ngilizce cmlenin Trke dengini bulunuz. hareketini salayan dnen pervanesidir. C) Helikopterin havada kalmasn salayacak kanatlar yoktur; bu yzden havalanmas ve havadaki hareketi dner pervanesi tarafndan salanr. D) Helikopterin havalanmasn ve hareketini salayan pervanesi, onun kanatlan olmad iin havada durmasn da salamaktadr. E) Helikopterin havada durmas iin kanatlar olmadndan, havalanmasn ve havada hareketini dnen pervanesi salar. 58- It's known that, though the author attained fame and wealth in the later years of his career, he suffered great poverty in the earlier years. A) Yazar, kariyerinin ileriki yllarnda hreti ve paray yakaladysa da, ilk yllarnda byk yoksulluk ektii bilinmektedir. B) lk yllarn byk yoksulluk iinde geirdii bilinen yazar, kariyerinin ileriki yllarnda hrete ve paraya kavumutur. C) hreti ve paray ancak kariyerinin ileriki yllarnda yakalayabilen yazarn. ilk yllarnda byk sknt ektii bilinmekteydi. D) Yazar, kariyerinin son yllarnda hrete ve paraya kavumutur, ancak ilk yllarnda yaad byk yoksulluu herkes bilir. E) Bilindii gibi yazar, kariyerinin ilk yllarnda byk yoksulluk ektiyse de. ileriki yllarnda hreti ve paray yakalamtr. 59- When I last met her, she appeared still very angry and said that she would never forgive him. A) Onu en son grmde, hala ok fkeliydi ve onu kesinlikle balamadndan szediyordu. balamayacandan sz ediyordu. E) En son karlatmzda ona kar hala ok fkeliydi ve onu hibir zaman affetmeyecek gibi grnyordu.

A) Helikopterin havalanmas, havada durmas ve harekeli dnen pervanesince salanmaktadr nk tm bunlar yapmaya yarayan kanatlar yoktur. B) Helikopterin kanatlan olmadndan, havalanmasn, havada durmasn ve

60- Because the part of the brain involved in memory is also involved in emotions, it is not surprising that emotions can affect a person's memory. A) Beynin hafzayla ilgili blmnn duygularla da ilikisi olabilecei iin, kiinin hafzasnn duygular tarafndan etkilenmesi artc deildir. B) Duygularn kiinin hafzasn etkilemesine amamak gerekir: nk beynin hafzayla ilgili blm duygularla da balantl olabilir. C) Beynin hafza ile ilgili blm duygularla da ilgili olduu iin, duygularn kiinin hafzasn etikileyebilmesi artc deildir. D) Kiinin hafzasnn duygular etkileyebilmesi artc deildir; nk beyindeki hafza ile ilgili blm duygularla da iliki iindedir. E) Beynin hafza ile ilgili blmnn duygularla ilgisi bilindii iin, duygularn kiinin hafzasn etkilemesine armamak gerekir. 61- Hkmet vakit geirmeden bir eyler yapmal; nk blgedeki insanlar iin barnma sorunu katlanlmaz bir hal ald. A) Residents who are finding the problem of accommodation in the area intolerable are demanding that the government should act without delay. B) Problems of accommodation have become intolerable for the people in the area, but the government is delaying doing anything about it.

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64- Senin snavlardaki hatan, sorular yantlamaya balamadan nce aklamalar 61-65. sorularda, verilen Trke cmlenin ngilizce dengini bulunuz. dikkatle accommodation in the area as the okumamandr. situation is becoming intolerable. A) You make so many mistakes in exams D) The government must do something because you don't read the questions without delay as the problem of properly before you start answering them. accommodation has become intolerable B) Where you go wrong in exams is that you for the people in the area. don't read instructions carefully before E) The government made a speedy response you start answering the questions. to the problem of accommodation in the C) You would do better in exams if you read area, which had developed to intolerable the instructions carefully before you levels. started to answer the questions, D) Your mistake in the exam is to start 62- Ayn anda bu kadar ok orman yangnnn answering the questions before you read kmas, yangnlarn nedenleri konusunda all the instructions carefully. kuku uyandrd. E) Your biggest mistake about exams is A) Police were suspicious about the causes that you start answering the questions of the forest fires, particularly because before you read the instructions they had ignited simultaneously. thoroughly. B) Suspicion arose regarding the cause of the 65- Doum gn hediyesi olarak ona almay fires when several forest fires broke out dndm bluzun aynsn alm olmas around the same time. ne byk tesadf deil mi? ' C) The fact that so many forest fires broke out simultaneously aroused suspicion as A) Wouldn't it have been a disaster if I had to the causes of the fires. bought her that blouse for her birthday as D) They were treating the circumstances she already has an identical one? surrounding the outbreak of forest fires as B) Coincidentally, she bought exactly the same suspicious because several fires started at blouse I was thinking of buying her as a the same time. birthday present. E) Because several fires ignited in the forest C) What a mistake it would have been to buy at the same time, the police believe that her the blouse as a birthday present as she has just bought an identical one. the circumstances are suspicious. D) She was wearing the same blouse as I had 63- ki yldr ayn irkette alp birbirimizle bought her as a birthday present, which was hi karlamamamz ok tuhaf. a very unfortunate coincidence. E) What a big coincidence it is that she bought A) It's very strange that we've been working exactly the same blouse I was thinking of in the same company for two years and buying her as a birthday present, isn't it? have never met each other. 66- As there were four of us, it was more B) If is funny that we could have been economical to buy a group ticket. working in the same company for two years, but had not actually met each other. A) We knew that four people could travel on a C) We have been working for the same group ticket, which would be more cost company for two years, but, strangely, effective. have only just met each other. B) We purchased a group ticket because, being D) it's quite odd that we managed to work for four of us, it worked out cheaper that way. the same company for two years without C) I saved some money by buying a ticket ever meeting each other. which is valid for four visits. E) It's rather strange that we worked in the D) All four of us should buy a season ticket in same factory for two years before order to save money, meeting each other. E) A group ticket is designed for four people to use, so it is very economical.

C) It is vital that the government should act without delay to solve the problems of

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67-I had no idea what to buy my sister for her birthday, so I asked my mother for her suggestion.

69- We were a little disappointed to find that the mayor himself had not attended the award ceremony.

A) The fact that the mayor was 66-70. sorularda, verilen cmleye anlamca en yakn olan seenei bulunuz. not present in A) My mother had no suggestions about what I person at the award ceremony disappointed should buy for my sister's birthday, so I us a little. don't know what I'm going to get. B) The mayor had promised to attend the B) Having no idea what to buy my sister for award presentations, but he was unable to in her birthday, I asked my mother to buy the end something for me. C) What disappointed us most about the C) I asked my mother what she thought would ceremony was that the awards were not make a nice present for my sister's birthday, presented by the mayor himself. as I couldn't think of anything. D) As we expected, the mayor didn't attend the D) I didn't know what 1 should get as a award ceremony, which did not disappoint birthday present for my sister, but, luckily, us at all. my mother gave me some useful ideas. E) By not going to (he ceremony, the mayor E) I never know what to get my sister for her disappointed both the audience and the birthday, but my mother usually gives me a award winners. suggestion, which works out quite well. 70- It took a long time for us to find the 68- They maintain that this issue will be answer to what had seemed a simple discussed at the forthcoming council question. meeting. A) Sometimes the simplest questions take the A) Their claim was that this matter had already longest time for us to answer. been discussed at the previous council B) It took them quite a long time to think of an meeting. answer to the simple question we asked B) They claimed that they were going to them. discuss this matter at the council meeting, C) We spent some time looking for an answer but they didn't. until we realised how simple the question C) It is necessary that this topic should form actually was. the focus of the discussion at the next D) It appears to be a very simple question, but council meeting. people have been trying to answer it for a D) They asserted that there was a need for this long time. topic to be discussed at the impending E) We spent a lot of time looking for an answer council meeting. even though we had considered the question E) They claim that there will be a discussion to be an easy one. about this topic at the next meeting of the council.

GOOD LUCK!

PART TWO INDIRECT SPEECH

INTRODUCTION
Birinin syledii sz iki ekilde aktarabiliriz: dolaysz (direct) ve dolayl (indirect). Dolaysz anlatm (direct speech), kiinin azndan kan ifadeyi aynen aktarmaktr. Sz iki trnak arasnda yer alr ve "She said, she asked, etc." gibi ifadelerle aktarlr. Bu ifadeler aktarlan szden nce ya da sonra yer alabilir.

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He said, "I don't like horror films." "I don't like horror films," he said. He asked, "Do you like horror films?" "Do you like horror films?" he asked. Dolayl anlatm (indirect speech), kiinin azndan kan ifadeyi aktarrken baz deiiklikler yapmay gerektirir (pronoun, tense, etc. changes). George : I don't like horror films. George said (that) he didn't like horror films. George : Do you like horror films? George asked me if/whether I liked horror films. Dolayl anlatm, aktarlan cmlelerin yaps asndan u grupta inceleyebiliriz: 1- Reporting Statements 2- Reporting Questions 3- Reporting Imperatives

2-1 REPORTING STATEMENTS

Dz cmleleri aktarrken en ok kullanlan aktarma sz "tell" ve "say"dir. "Tell"den sonra mutlaka szn kime sylendiini belirtmemiz gerekir. He has told me..., I will tell him...We told them..., etc. "Say"den sonra hemen cmle gelir. He said (that) .... I will say (that.) .... etc. "Say"den sonra bir zamir kullanmak istersek. "He said to me, She said to us, etc." gibi. zamirden nce "to" kullanmak zorundayz. Ancak "say"in bu kullanm, Indirect Speech'de pek yaygn deildir. Eer aktarma sz, "She always tells us, She has just told me, She will tell us" gibi Simple Present, Present Perfect ve Simple Future ise, aktarlan cmlenin tense'inde bir deiiklik yaplmaz. Sadece gerekli zamir deiiklikleri yaplr. Paul : I am not so keen to see that film. Paul says (that) he is not so keen to see that film. Paul has told us (that) he is not so keen to see that film. Paul will tell you (that) he is not so keen to see that film. Eer aktarma sz Simple Past ya da Past Perfect ise (I told him, he had told us, etc.), zamir deiikliklerinin yan sra, tense ve zaman zarflarnda da deiiklik yaplr. Direct cmlenin zamirlerini deitirirken, sz kimin sylediini ve bu sz kimin kime aktardn dikkate almalyz. Aye: I will help you tomorrow. Aye told me (that) she would help me the following day. Aye told her mother (that) she would help her the following day. Aye told her brother (that) she would help him the following day. a) Tense Changes in Reported Speech

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Direct Speech

Reported Speech

Simple Present................................................ Simple Past "I never get up late." he said. He said (that) he never got up late. Present Continuous ....................................... Past Continuous "I'm working on my thesis," he said. He said {that) he was working on bis thesis. Present Perfect .............................................. Past Perfect "I've applied for a job." he said. He said (that) he had applied for a job. He said (that) he had been working for two hours. Present Perfect Continuous ...........................Past Perfect Continuous "I've been working for two hours," he said. Simple Past ...................................................Past Perfect "I stayed at home last night," he said. He said (that) he had stayed at home the previous night. Past Continuous ............................................ Past Perfect Continuous "I was working in Ankara last year," he said. He said that he had been working in Ankara the previous year.

am/is/are going to ......................................... was/were going to shall/will ....................................................... should/would should/would ................................................ should/would can .................................................................. could could ............................................................. could must, have to ................................................. had to must, have to (future necessity) ...................... must/had to/would have to must (deduction) ............................................. must don't have to ................................................. didn't have to mustn't ........................................................... wasn't, weren't to do/mustn't should/ought to/had better ............................... should/ought to/had better may ................................................................. might might .............................................................. might used to ............................................................ used to

Direct cmledeki "I/We shall", indirect cmlede "He/She/They would" olur. Ancak indirect cmlede zne I/We olarak kalyorsa "I/We should/would" kullanlr. "I shall meet my friends tomorrow." Ali told me (that) he would meet his friends the following day. "I shall meet my friends tomorrow." "I told my mother (that) I should/would meet my friends the following day. Direct cmledeki would, would rather, would prefer, would like, would hate gibi yaplar, indirect cmleye aynen aktarlr. "I would rather stay home than go out today." My mother said that she would rather stay home than go out that day. "I would like to invite you to dinner one evening." I told my friend that I would like to invite him to dinner one evening.

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Type-1 if clause, indirect cmleye bir derece past yaplarak aktarlr. Type-2 ve Type-3 ise aynen aktandr. "We shall/will spend the day out if it is nice tomorrow." She said that they would spend the day out if it was nice the following day. "I would do the same if I were you." She told me that she would do the same if she were me. ''I wouldn't have behaved like that if I had been in your position." She said that she wouldn't have behaved like that if she had been in my position. Must ve have to present bir anlam tayorsa had to biimine dnr. "I must/have to get up very early on weekdays." She said that she had to get up very early on weekdays. Must ve have to (will have to) future bir anlam tayorsa genellikle would have to biimine dntrlr. Ancak szn aktarld srada direct cmledeki gelecek zaman kavram artk gemi durumda ise would have to yerine had to da kullanlabilir. Future bir anlam tayan must indirect cmleye deitirilmeden de aktarlabilir. "I must/have to/will have to get up very early tomorrow." Last week, Sue left the party early, because she said she must/had to/would have to get up very early the following day. "I must/have to/will have to study harder next year." (spoken in 1995) She said that she must/would have to study harder next year. (reported in 1995) Tahmin bildirirken kullandmz must, indirect cmleye aynen aktarlr. "He must be stupid to refuse their offer." She said that he must be stupid to refuse their offer. Zaman balalarnn bulunduu cmlelerde. Past Tense ve Past Continuous Tense normalde indirect cmleye aynen aktarlr. Ancak, Past Tense'i Past Perfect Tense biiminde de aktarabiliriz. "I was studying English when you phoned me." She told me that she was studying English when I phoned/had phoned her. "I saw an old friend of mine while I was driving home yesterday." He said he saw an old friend of his while he was driving home the day before. Doa kanunlar, srekli geerlilii olan genel dorular ve kurallar aktarlrken tense deiiklii yaplmaz. "The earth revolves round the sun." The teacher explained to his students that the earth revolves round the sun. Expressions of time and place in Reported Speech

b)

Direct

Indirect

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today .......................................................... that day tonight .......................................................... that night yesterday ..................................................... the day before/the previous day the day before yesterday ............................ two days before/earlier last week/month/year/night ........................ the previous week/month/year/night (the week etc. before) yesterday morning/afternoon/evening ........ the previous morning/afternoon/evening a year/month/week ago ............................... a year/month/week before, the previous year/month/week two years/months/weeks ago ......................... two years/ months /weeks before/earlier tomorrow ....................................................... the next day/the following day the day after tomorrow ................................... in two days' time next week/month/year ................................... the following week/month/year now ............................................................... then /immediately

"I'll phone you tomorrow," he said to me. He told me that he would phone me the next day/the following day. "I'm going to visit my relatives today," she said. She said she was going to visit her relatives that day. "He left home half an hour ago," his mother said to me. His mother told me he had left home half an hour before. He said, "I'm leaving Istanbul the day after tomorrow." He said he was leaving Istanbul in two days' time. Zaman zarflarndaki bu deime her zaman ayn olmayabilir. Szn aktarld zaman da dikkate almamz gerekir. rnein szn sylendii gn ile aktarld gn ayn ise "today" deimez. "I may come home late today." Sue told me this morning that she might come home late today. On Saturday Sue said, "I'm starting my new job the day after tomorrow." Eer bu sz Cumartesi gn aktaryorsak: Sue told me that she was starting her new job in two days' time. Pazar gn aktaryorsak: Sue told me that she was starting her new job tomorrow. Pazartesi gn aktaryorsak: Sue told me that she was starting her new job today. Direct cmledeki this/these indirect cmleye genellikle that/those ya da the biiminde aktarlr. Here ise there biiminde ifade edilir. c) Say and tell Direct cmleyi aktarrken, "say", cmlenin banda ya da sonunda yer alabilir.

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Sue said, "I didn't like the film." "I didn't like the film," Sue said. Say cmlenin sonunda yer ald zaman devrik olabilir. "l didn't like the film," said Sue. Say'den sonra szn kime sylendiini belirtmek istersek say + to kullanlr ve bu kullanm, sadece cmlenin sonunda yer alabilir. Cmlenin bana gelmez ve devrik yapamayz. "I didn't like the film," Sue said to me. Direct cmleyi aktarrken "tell" de kullanabiliriz. Ancak "tell" den sonra szn kime sylendiini belirtmemiz gerekir ve tell, cmlenin sonunda yer alabilir. ''I didn't like the film," Sue told me. Tell lies, tell stories ve tell the truth ifadelerinde, szn kime sylendiini belirtmek zorunlu deildir. She told (me) lies. Grandma told (the children) stories. Will you tell [me) the truth? Indirect cmleyi aktarrken "say" ya da "tell + object" cmlenin banda kullanlr. "Say + to + object" kullanm da mmkndr ancak ok yaygn deildir. Sue said (to me that) she hadn't liked the film. Sue told me (that) she hadn't liked the film. "Tell someone about something/about doing something", bir konuda bir eyler anlatmak anlamndadr. "Say" bu ekilde kullanlmaz. He told me about his trip to Alanya. He told us about travelling around Turkey. Cmleleri aktarrken "tell" ve "say" in yan sra baka fiiller de kullanabiliriz. Bu fiiller cmleyi yaknma, itiraz, gzlem vb. gibi anlamlar da ilave ederek aktarmamz salar. Bu ekilde yaygn olarak kullanlan fiiller unlardr: add admit announce answer argue assure + object * boast complain deny * grumble inform murmur object observe point out promise protest remark remind + object reply scream shout whisper yell

Deny fiilinden sonra gelen cmle olumsuz olamaz. Ancak direct cmle olumsuzdur. "I can't finish all this work by lunch time." She protested that she couldn't finish all the work by lunch time.

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"We will get married as soon as school is over." They announced that they would get married as soon as school was over. "You will really feel comfortable at that hotel." The travel agent assured us that we would really feel comfortable at that hotel. "I didn't steal the money." He denied that he had stolen the money. "I'm beginning to get bored here." Sue whispered that she was beginning to get bored there.

EXERCISE 6

: Put the following sentences into Reported Speech. Pay attention to whether the reporting verb is in the Present or Past.

1- "I'm fascinated and I have never seen such a well-preserved Roman ruin." Upon reaching the site, Heidi remarked that ........................................................... . 2- "Their defence won't be strong enough for them to win tomorrow," My brother has only just pointed out that ................................................................ . 3- "I'll mend your bicycle the moment I have some free time." My father promised two weeks ago that ................................................................... . 4- "I can run ten miles easily." William boasted that ................................................................................................ . 5- "The incident hasn't been reported properly by the newspapers." The politician claims that ......................................................................................... . 6- "I left Turkey two years ago." The young lady answered that ................................................................................... 7- Mum may not have roasted the chicken long enough. My brother whispered that ........................................................................................ 8- "I don't think they'll serve us a decent breakfast at this hotel tomorrow morning." Mum grumbles that ................................................................................................. '. 9- "I have been working here for ten years and know the best way to do the end of month balance." The accounts assistant yelled that ............................................................................. 10- "You should drink some water during exercise." The aerobics teacher reminds us frequently that ....................................................... . 11- "My grandfather doesn't seem to be aware of what is going on around him." Sally said that ........................................................................................................... . 12- "I want to see the manager immediately." A young lady entered the shop and told the assistant angrily that .............................. . 13- "I paid a fortune for this blouse and it's faded after just one wash." She complained to the manager that ......................................................................... . 14- "I expect to get a complete refund for this." She continued that ................................................................................................... . 15- "I'm sorry. We can't give you a refund, but you can exchange it with another item in the shop." The manager apologised and said that..................................................................... .

2-2 REPORTING QUESTIONS

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Soru cmlelerini aktarrken tense, yer ve zaman zarflarna ilikin deiiklikler iin izlenecek kurallar, dz cmleleri aktarrken uyduumuz kurallarla ayndr. Ancak, soru cmlelerini aktarrken "say" ve "tell" yerine, ask, inquire, wonder, want to learn, want to know gibi fiiller kullanlr. Bu fiillerden ask, nesne alabilir. Dierleri almaz. "Why didn't you come to the party?" She asked (me) why I hadn't come to the party. She inquired/wondered/wanted to know why I hadn't come to the party. Soru szcyle balayan sorular aktarrken, aktarma sznden sonra soru szc gelir ve soru cmlesi dz cmle biimine dntrlr. "Why are you leaving so early today?" My mother asked me why I was leaving so early that day. "What time is it?" A child in the street asked me what time it was. Yardmc fulle balayan sorular aktarrken, aktarma sznden sonra if ya da whether kullanlr ve soru cmlesi dz cmle biimine dntrlr. "Are you coming with us?" She asked me if/whether I was coming (going) with them. "Can you speak English?" A tourist stopped me in the street and asked if/whether I could speak English. Eer temel cmlenin fiili, Simple Present, Present Perfect ya da Future Tense ise soru cmlesinin tense'i ayn kalr. Sadece gerekli zamir deiiklikleri yaplr. "Are you coming with us?" She is asking me if/whether I'm coming (going) with them. "Why did you refuse my offer?" He has asked me twice so far why I refused his offer.

EXERCISE 7

: Put the following sentences into Reported Speech. Pay attention to the tense of the reporting verb.

1- "Did you enjoy the concert last night?" I asked my sister ............................................................................................. 2- "Are you experiencing any pain?" Grandmother, the nurse is asking you ................................................................... . 3- "When will the final be played?" I inquired ....................................................................................................... 4- "Could you keep it until tomorrow for me?" I asked the shop assistant.................................................................................. . 5- "When do you have to hand the essay in by?" My father asked me .................................................................................. 6- "Who is responsible for organising the meeting?" The secretary wanted to know ................................................................................ 7- "How many 'Pokemon' cards have you collected?" My friend looked at my cards and asked enviously ................................................. 8- "Why did your wife abandon you?"

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His mother wondered ........................................................................ 9- "Have you heard about the murder?" I asked my father .............................................................................. 10- "When did you defrost the freezer last?" The cleaner asked me ........................................................................ 11- "How much is the entrance fee to the zoo?" William telephoned and asked ........................................................... 12- "How much longer are you going to produce cars at a loss?" The reporter asked the chairman of Rover .......................................... 13- "Can you take me to the hospital next Tuesday?" My mother asked me ......................................................................... 14- "Were the conditions good on the slopes today?" The hotel receptionist asked us .......................................................... 15- "Which terminal are you landing at? As there are four at Heathrow, I asked my cousin .............................. 16- "Have you typed the proposal that I need to take with me tomorrow?" The salesman asked the secretary ..................................................... 17- "Are you aware that many shops accept dollars in Istanbul?" The travel agent asked me ................................................................. 18-"What did your husband just say?" My aunt asked me .............................................................................. 19- "Which charities are helping with the relief effort? The reporter has asked the minister .................................................. 20- "Can someone tell me what's going on here?" Upon reaching the crowd, the police officer asked ..............................

2-3 REPORTING IMPERATIVES

Emir cmlelerini aktarrken, tell, order, command, ask gibi fiiller, emrin kime verildiini gsteren bir zamir ile birlikte kullanlrlar. He told me, I asked him (rica etmek, istemek anlamnda), They ordered me, etc. "Say" fiili, bu ekilde emir cmlesi aktarrken kullanlmaz. Olumlu emir cmleleri to + verb infinitive, olumsuz emir cmleleri : not to + verb infinitive biiminde aktarlr. Direct: Indirect: Direct: Indirect: "Study your lessons regularly," the teacher said to us. The teacher told us to study our lessons regularly. "Don't try to cheat during the exam." she said to us. She told us not to try to cheat during the exam.

Eer bir cmle emir cmlesi biiminde balayp devamnda bir cmlecik (clause) alyorsa, o cmleciin tense'ini bir derece past yapmamz gerekir. Ancak, temel cmlenin tense'i present ya da future ise bu tense deiiklii yaplmaz. "Study regularly if you want to pass the exam." The teacher told us to study regularly if we wanted to pass the exam. "Don't release your seatbelts until after the plane has fully landed." The air-hostess told the passengers not to release their seatbelts until after the plane had fully landed. The teacher always tells us to study regularly if we want to pass exams. An air-hostess usually tells the passengers not to release their seatbelts until after the plane has fully landed.

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Emir cmlesi biiminde kurulan cmleler bazen uyar, t, tevik etme, neri vb. gibi anlamlar ifade edebilirler. Bu durumda bu cmleleri, cmlenin ifade ettii anlama gre advise, encourage, warn, beg, implore, forbid, recommend, remind, request, urge, etc. gibi fiillerle de aktarabiliriz. "Don't play with matches." I warned my son not to play with matches. "Speak slowly and clearly if you don't want to be misunderstood." She advised me to speak slowly and clearly if I didn't want to be misunderstood. "Don't use my car again." My father ordered me not to use his car again, or My father forbade me to use his car again. "Don't forget to phone Ann later today." Sue reminded me not to forget to phone Ann later that day. or Sue reminded me to phone Ann later that day. "Try once more." My friends encouraged me to try once more. "Come to the picnic with us." She invited/asked me to come (to go) to the picnic with them. "Don't hit the children." His wife begged/implored him not to hit the children. "Help me, please, with this heavy suitcase." An old lady asked/requested me to help her with the heavy suitcase.

EXERCISE 8 :

Put the following sentences into Reported Speech.

1- "Don't eat these chocolates as they are for our guests." My mother forbade us ............................................................................................... . 2- "Don'1 expect drivers to stop at pedestrian crossings in Rome." The tour guide advised us ......................................................................................... . 3- "Don't give the dog sweets, Johnny." Johnny's mother told him ......................................................................................... . 4- "Don't touch the furniture with your sticky fingers." The mother told her young child ................................................................................ 5- "Don't look up lots of words. Try to guess the meaning from the context." Our English teacher instructed us ............................................................................. 6- "Let me do the washing up for you." Janet urged her mother ............................................................................................ . 7- "Roll your sleeve up, please." The doctor instructed me ......................................................................................... . 8- "Make sure you always have change in the cash register." The area manager asked us ..................................................................................... . 9- "Empty the contents into a cup, add water and stir well." The instructions on the packet simply tells us .......................................................... . 10- "Don't jump into the pool." The lifeguard told the boys ....................................................................................... 11- "Call the doctor if you are worried about her."

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Her husband told Kate .......................................... 12- "Keep your wrist loose all the time. Don't get tense. My badminton instructor advised me .................... 13- "Put all your litter in the bins." The teacher on duty in the canteen reminded us ... 14- "Tell me when the picture is straight." Jim asked me ........................................................ 15- "Don't swim in the river." Our parents forbade us .........................................

2-4 REPORTED SPEECH (MIXED TYPES)

Aktaracamz ifadeler bazen arka arkaya ki cmle, iki soru, iki emir cmlesi ya da bir soru + bir dz cmle, bir soru + bir emir cmlesi vb. gibi kark olarak bir arada bulunabilir. Bu durumda, her bir ifadeyi kendine zg fiillerle aktarabiliriz. Yani dz cmleler iin tell say, remark, explain, etc., soru cmleleri iin ask, want to know, inquire, wonder, etc.; emir cmleleri iin ise ask, tell order, etc. gibi fiiller kullanabiliriz.

a)

Statement + Statement
"My son hasn't returned from school yet. I have to wait at home until he comes." She said/told me that her son hadn't returned from school yet and that she had to wait at home until he came.

Aktarlan cmlelerin her ikisi de dz cmle olduu iin bir tane aktarma sz yeterlidir. ki cmle arasnda "and that" kullanlr. Eer iki cmle arasnda but, so, because, as, or gibi baka bir bala varsa, o zaman and yerine cmlenin kendi balac kullanlr. "I have to study hard or I will fail the test." She said that she had to study hard or she would fail the test. "I liked the book but I didn't like the film much." She said that she had liked the book but she hadn't liked the film much.

b)

Question + Question
"Why are you still at home? Does your lesson start later today?" My mother asked me why I was still at home and if/whether my lesson started later that day.

c)

Question + Imperative/Imperative + Question

"Why are you still waiting? Start your work without delay." The boss asked the employees why they were still waiting and told them to start their work without delay. "Do it as I told you. Do you have any more questions?" The manager told the secretary to do it as he had told her and asked if she had any more questions

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d)

Statement + Question / Question + Statement

"It's very hot in here. Can I open the window?" I said that it was very hot in there and asked if I could open the window. "What time is it? I don't want to miss the news programme on TV." She wanted to know what time it was and said that she didn't want to miss the news programme on TV.

e)

Statement + Imperative/Imperative + Statement

"I'm very keen on my freedom. Don't interfere in my business." She told her parents that she was very keen on her freedom and told them not to interfere in her business. "Don't involve me in this case. I don't want to get into trouble." He told us not to involve him in that case and said that he didn't want to get into trouble.

EXERCISE 9 :

Put the following sentences into Reported Speech, using the Simple Past of the reporting verb.

1- "Could you post this letter? I want her to receive it by the weekend." He .................... me ................................................ as .............................................. 2- "Don't walk about after dark! It is dangerous around the city." I ................ my daughter .................................... because .......................................... 3- ''What do you think the problem with the car is? Does it need a service?" She ................. her husband ................................. and .............................................. 4- "I can't understand how to insert a graph into my file. Can you explain how to do it?" My colleague ............................................. and .......................................................... 5- '"Erin Brockovich' sounds like a good film. Which cinemas is it showing at? My friend ............................................ and .................... me ...................................... 6- "This course will only cover the basic procedures of 'Microsoft Word'; however, more advanced training is available." The instructor .................... us .................................... but........................................ 7- "Don't go out with your hair wet. You will catch pneumonia." My mother ................... me ............................... or else .............................................. 8- "Buy this expensive perfume. You have been working very hard lately. You deserve it." Jack .................... his sister .......................................................... because .................................................... and ........................................................... 9- "1 haven't enough cash with me. Do you accept credit cards?" The customer .................... the sales assistant............................................... and ......................... him ...................................................... . 10- "Tidy your room. I can't even see the floor."

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PART THREE AUXILIARY VERBS IN SHORT ANSWERS

His mother .................... Joe .................................................... because ......................................................

3-1 TOO and EITHER

a) ki olumlu cmle, bir eleri hari, ayn anlam tayorsa, ikinci cmlenin sonuna "too" eklenir. "Too" cmleye "de, da" anlam verir. They have a pet dog at home. They have a cat, too. He raises sheep on his farm. He raises chickens, too. Bu durum iki olumsuz cmle iin sz konusuysa, ikinci cmlenin sonuna "either" eklenir. They don't keep birds at home. They don't keep fish, either. He doesn't raise cows on his farm. He doesn't raise pigs, either. b) Eer iki cmlenin, zneleri hari, dier eleri ayn ise, ikinci cmlede tekrardan kanmak iin, olumlu cmlelerde Subject + auxiliary verb + too, olumsuz cmlelerde Subject + auxiliary verb + either kullanlr. Yardmc fiil, birinci cmledeki tense'in yardmc fiili olmaldr. My parents live in Germany. My sister does, too. I understood the lesson perfectly. Other students did, too. Jill was in a hurry. Her parents were, too. I don't like fish at ail. My sister doesn't, either. You are not old enough to get married. Your boyfriend isn't, either. I didn't quite understand the lesson. The others didn't, either. c) Too ve either, anlamca uyumlu olan ama farkl szcklerden oluan cmlelerin sonuna da gelebilir. He is very successful in his school subjects. He shows the same success in his social life, too. She isn't very popular with her schoolmates. She isn't liked much by her teachers, either. d) Bazen iki cmle, anlamca ayn olmasna ramen,cmlelerin biri olumlu, dieri olumsuz olabilir. Bu durumda, ikinci cmle yap olarak olumluysa too, olumsuzsa either kullanlr. I hate martial arts, such as judo and karate. I don't like football, either.

3-2 SO and NEITHER / NOR

ki cmle anlamca ayn fakat zneleri farklysa, "de, da" anlamn, olumlu cmleler iin so, olumsuz cmleler iin neither ya da nor ile verebiliriz. Bu yaplar, kendilerinden sonra devrik cmle alrlar: So + auxiliary + subject, Neither / Nor + auxiliary + subject. Kullanacamz yardmc fiil yine birinci cmledeki tense'in yardmc fiilidir.

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I like reading a lot, and so does my husband, (my husband does, too.) I went to bed quite early last night, and so did my parents. (my parents did, too.) They don't like horror films, and neither/nor do I. (I don't, either.) I haven't finished my report yet. and neither/nor has Sue./Sue hasn't, either. (Note: Neither/nor kendileri olumsuz olduu iin, arada kullanlan yardmc fiil olumludur.) Birka cmlecikten oluan kompleks cmlelerde dikkate almamz gereken yan cmlenin yardmc fiili deil, temel cmlenin yardmc fiilidir. I don't think we can afford such an expensive car and neither does my husband. I would forgive her if she apologized to us. So would I. (I would, too.) I thought the news was rather depressing. So did I. (I did, too.) I hadn't believed him when he told us that he couldn't pass the exam. Nor had I.

Eer bizim dncemiz ya da durumumuz, bir bakasnnki ile eliiyorsa o zaman so/neither/nor kullanamayz. Bu ztla geii salamak iin but kullanabiliriz. I don't like fish, but my husband does. I didn't allow him to go alone, but my father did. She isn't interested in art, but her husband is. She has got a car, but her brother hasn't. He has a lot of hobbies, but his wife doesn't. They have been abroad, but I haven't. 1 have to work for a living, but you don't. He had to show the content of his suitcase at the customs, but others didn't. They can afford a holiday abroad, but I can't. You must study hard for the exam, but I needn't. don't need to. don't have to. You needn't work for a living, but I must/have to. don't need to don't have to

Bu ztl though, although, even though gibi balalarla da vurgulayabiliriz. Although/Though/Even though I don't like fish, my husband does. My father allowed him to go alone although/though/even though I didn't. Though ikinci cmlenin sonunda da kullanlabilir. Although ve even though bu ekilde cmle sonunda kullanlmaz.

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I like watching films at the cinema, but I can't go very often. I like watching films at the cinema, I can't go very often though. I'm interested in sightseeing, but my husband isn't. I'm interested in sightseeing, my husband isn't though. Use "so, neither/nor..." or "too, either" with an auxiliary to complete the sentences below.

EXERCISE 10:

1- My mother-in-law loves looking after my children now and again and luckily. .......................... my mother. 2- Our local swimming pool isn't open over the public holiday and, unfortunately, .......................... the one in the centre of town. 3- I couldn't finish all the questions in the time they allocated for the exam, and some of my classmates ........................ . 4- We wanted to drive to the coast this weekend, but, as it's a national holiday, the highway to the west coast is heavily congested, and the highway to the south coast 5- I believe in keeping fit, and .......................... my colleague, so we go to an aerobics class after work on Tuesdays and Thursdays. 6- George won't be staying late at the party tonight, and John ........................... as they both have tests tomorrow. 7- I wanted to start the decorating today, but the wallpaper I ordered hasn't arrived, and .......................... the paint. I'm really disappointed. 8- The teacher has told me that the introduction of my essay needs improvement, and the conclusion .......................... . 9- Teachers should take some responsibility for the development of children, and .......................... parents. 10-James might be interested in the debating society, and .......................... Sophia. 11-I insist that you mustn't give up hope, and .......................... the rest of us. 12-I got very nervous on my wedding day, and .......................... my husband. 13-I wouldn't like to work in the accident and emergency department, and the other nurses on my ward .......................... . 14-I hadn't visited Bulgaria before the skiing holiday I spent there last winter, and .......................... my husband. 15-Because of the sandals I was wearing, I couldn't walk up the hill, and .......................... some of the other tourists. 16-The manager told me yesterday that the financial accountant can sign orders and the branch manager .......................... . 17- The government promised to reduce crime and unemployment, but the amount of crime hasn't been reduced, and unemployment .......................... . 18-When we visited the Millennium Dome, 1 liked the 'Body Zone' best, and .......................... my sister.

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19-I was shocked to learn that they gave him a life sentence, and .......................... a high proportion of the population. 20-I wouldn't have supported him if I hadn't believed that he would succeed, and .......................... my parents.

3-3 AUXILIARY VERBS in SHORT QUESTIONS

Biriyle sohbet ederken, karmzdakinin syledii szlerle ilgilendiimizi ifade etmek iin Trke'de "Gerekten mi?" ya da "A yle mi?" gibi szler kullanrz. Bunlar aslnda soru deildir. Sadece konumann aksn salayan szlerdir.Trke'de. sylenen cmlenin zaman ne olursa olsun "yle mi?" szn kullanabiliriz. ngilizce'de ise sylenen szn tense'ini ve cmlenin olumlu mu yoksa olumsuz mu olduunu dikkate almak zorundayz. Eer cmle olumlu ise soracamz soruda da olumlu bir yardmc fiil, olumsuz ise soruda da olumsuz bir yardmc fiil kullanmamz gerekir. - I can't go on holiday this summer. - Oh, really? Can't you? I can cook very delicious Chinese food. Can you, really? I have never been abroad. Oh, haven't you? My son never drinks milk. Oh, doesn't he? Sue is always talking too much? Oh, is she? (note: sonda kullanlan zne I, you, he, they, etc. gibi bir zamir [pronoun] olmaldr.)

Eer konumann devamnda, o konudaki kendi dncemizi ya da durumumuzu ifade etmek istersek eitli yaplar kullanabiliriz. I like horror films very much. Do you? So do I./I do, too. (yle mi? Ben de. [severim]} I like horror films very much. Do you? I don't. (yle mi? Ben sevmem.) (note: Burada "Neither/Nor do I" kullanamayz. nk onlar kullanabilmemiz iin bize sylenen cmlenin olumsuz olmas gerekir.) I don't like horror films at all. Don't you? Neither do I/Nor do I/I don't either. (yle mi? Ben de sevmem.) I don't like horror films at all. Don't you? I do. (yle mi? Ben severim.) (Burada "So do I" kullanamayz. nk onu kullanabilmemiz iin bize sylenen cmlenin olumlu olmas gerekir.)

3-4 SO and NOT REPRESENTING a THAT-CLAUSE

a) Believe, expect, suppose, think, hope gibi fiillerden sonra ve I'm afraid, It seems/appears gibi yaplardan sonra bir that-clause yerine so ya da not kullanlr. Olumlu bir anlam iin

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so, olumsuz bir anlam iin not kullanlr. So ve not'n bu kullanm cmleyi tekrar etmekten kanmak iindir. Will that party win the election? I think that party will win the election. (I think so.) so

Do you think the teacher will postpone the exam? I hope that she will postpone the exam. (I hope so.) so That-clause olumlu ise onun yerine so getirebiliriz. I expect so/I believe so/I'm afraid so/It seems so, etc. That-clause olumsuz ise onun yerine not getirebiliriz. Fakat "think" fiili ile olumsuzluu ancak fiilin kendisini olumsuz yaparak vurgulayabiliriz. Will that party win the election? I don't think that party will win the election. so (I don't think so.) Has your brother found a solution? I don't expect/suppose/believe he has found a solution. so (I don't expect so/ I don't suppose so/ I don't believe so.) Has your brother found a solution? I expect/suppose/believe he hasn't found a solution. not (I expect not/ I suppose not/ I believe not.) Will she be able to pass the exam? It doesn't seem/appear that she'll be able to pass the exam . so (It doesn't seem/ appear so.) Is she coming with us? I hope that she isn't coining with us. not (I hope not.)

Expect, suppose ve believe fiillerini iki ekilde kullanabiliriz. -

It appears/ seems yapsn da "it doesn't seem/appear so" biiminde olumsuz yapabiliriz. -

Hope ve be afraid, 'that-clause"un yerine not alr. -

- Have you been able to find tickets for the game? - I'm afraid I haven't been able to find tickets for the game . not (I'm afraid not.) b) Bu yaplan kullanarak yant verirken bize yneltilen sorunun yapsna dikkat etmeliyiz.

Olumlu anlam tayan "tag-question"a onaylayc yant vermek istersek "so", olumsuz anlam tayan soruyu onaylyorsak, "not" kullanabiliriz. They can lend us some money, can't they?

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I think so/ I hope so/ I suppose so. She won't be late for the appointment, will she? No, I don't think so/ I hope not/ I suppose not. She won't be able to come with us, will she? I'm afraid not.

- She inherited a large sum from her father, didn't she? - Yes, 1 think so. Bir soru szc ile balayan sorulara bu yaplan kullanarak yant veremeyiz. nk bu sorular, aklama ya da bilgi isleyen sorulardr. How much money did she inherit from her lather? A large sum.

Yardmc fiille balayan sorulara bu yaplar kullanarak yant verebiliriz. Bu yant, vermek istediimiz anlama gre olumlu ya da olumsuz olabilir. c) 1) Is she satisfied with her salary? I think so. (eer memnun olduunu zannediyorsak) Is she satisfied with her salary? I don't think so. (eer memnun olmadn zannediyorsak) Do we have to return our assignments tomorrow? I'm afraid so. (eer devlerimizi yarn teslim etmek zorundaysak) Will you get a raise in your salary soon? I'm afraid not. (eer yaknda zam almayacamz zannediyorsak)

"So"nun bu iki kullanm dnda (So do I, So is my husband, etc., I think so, I don't think so. etc.) iki kullanm daha vardr. Eer do fiili, daha nceki cmlede geen bir fiilin yerine kullanlyorsa, do nun nesnesi olarak so kullanlr. I haven't ironed your shirt yet, but I will do so after breakfast. So + subject + verb kalb, karmzdakinin syledii sz onayladmz anlamm verir. A: H was cold yesterday. B: So it was. (Evet, yleydi.) A: It will be hard work. B: So it will. (Evet, yle olacak.) A: I hear that you have graduated from school. Then it means you can start working immediately. B: So it does. I've started to look for a job already. (Evet, yle. aramaya baladm zaten.)

2)

EXERCISE 11:

Answer the following questions using "I think so, I hope not, etc."

1- A: Are you staying for lunch? (be afraid] B: I'm afraid not. I have too many things to do. 2- A: Have they announced the winner? (believe) B: _I believe so. I overheard Cedrick boasting about his win. 3- A: Do they stock the same dress in my size? (expect) B: ....................... . They stock most sizes. 4- A: Will I have to have any injections before I go to India? (suppose) B: ....................... . There are a lot of tropical diseases you can catch there. 5- A: Do we need to have any vaccinations before we go to Tenerife? (hope)

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B: ....................... . I hate having injections. 6- A: Shamrock's shop isn't closing down, is it? (appear) B: ....................... . They have a closing down sale on at the moment. 7- A: The UK wants to host the 2006 World Cup, doesn't it? (believe) B: ........................ but I don't know how much chance they have of actually hosting it. 8- A: Is it true that another farmer has been murdered in Zimbabwe? (be afraid) B: ....................... . It was on the news this morning. 9- A: So the situation is really out of control. (seem) B: ....................... . There has been a complete breakdown in law and order. 10- A: Jackson's Washers Ltd. placed their order with our competitors, didn't they? (appear) B: ....................... . Their secretary phoned just now and asked about our prices. 11- A: Do you think little Sonia needs some new shoes? (appear) B: ....................... . The ones she has now are quite tight. 12- A: David won't have filled out his weekly movement sheet yet, will he? (expect) B: ....................... . He never fills any forms out on lime. 13- A: Were you able to repair my television set? (be afraid) B: ....................... . You'll have to buy a new one. 14- A: Will you be meeting everyone in the hotel lounge after dinner? (suppose) B: ....................... . I'm tired, but I should take this opportunity to meet the rest of the sales team. 15- A: Are Nigel and Chris really moving to Australia? (seem) B: ....................... . An estate agent has just put a 'For Sale' sign up in the window of their flat.

3-5 QUESTION TAGS

Dz cmlenin sonuna, o cmledeki tense'in yardmc fiili getirilerek, cmle soru cmlesine dntrlr. Olumlu cmlenin sonuna olumsuz yardmc fiil; olumsuz cmlenin sonuna ise olumlu yardmc fiil getirilir. Yardmc fiilden sonra cmlenin znesi, I, you, he, etc. gibi bir zamir (pronoun) olarak yazlr. Your brother is still at university, isn't he? Yes, he is. The Johnsons have been living here for a long time, haven't they? No, they haven't. They've only been living here for two years. You don't like fish, do you? (Sen bal sevmiyorsun deil mi?) No. I don't. (Hayr, sevmiyorum.) Your son doesn't drink milk much, does he? Yes, he does.

Olumsuz cmle yapsndaki soruya yant verirken, "yes" ya da "no" ile vermek istediiniz anlama dikkat ediniz. - You didn't go to school yesterday, did you? - No, I didn't. (I didn't go to school.) - You didn't go to school yesterday, did you? - Yes, I did. (I went to school yesterday.) There is/are yapsyla kurulan cmleler iin yardmc fiilden sonra yine there kullanlr. There won't be too many people at the party, will there? No, there won't. There used to be a cinema here in the past, didn't there?

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Yes, there did.

- There is too much traffic in Istanbul, isn't there? - Yes, there is. Cmlenin znesi everyone (everybody), someone (somebody), no one (nobody), anyone (anybody) gibi belgisiz zamir ise, question-tag blmnde zne olarak they kullanlr. Everyone is here, aren't they? No one wants to be poor, do they? - Yes, they are. - Of course they don't.

I don't think anyone will argue against our proposal, will they? I don't think so.

Cmlenin znesi everything, something, nothing gibi bir zne ise, question-tag blmnde zne olarak it kullanlr. - Something must be done immediately, mustn't it? - I think you're right. - Nothing has been done yet, has it? - I'm afraid not. Cmlede no, none, neither, nothing, nobody, no one, scarcely, barely, hardly, hardly ever, seldom, never gibi olumsuz anlam tayan bir szck varsa, cmle anlamca olumsuz olduu iin, question-tag blmnde yardmc fiil olumlu olur. You hardly ever participate in such events, do you? Neither of your parents approve of your marriage, do they? No student of his can answer this question, can they? Nothing can be done in this case, can it? None of them made a complaint, did they? Sue seldom goes to the theatre, does she? She could answer hardly any questions, could she? They barely spoke to us, did they? Olumlu ya da olumsuz emir cmlelerinde, question tag blmnde will you kullanlr. Don't make any noise, will you? - Okay, we'll try not to. Try to be on time for the date, will you? - I certainly will. Let's meet in front of the cinema, shall we? - Good idea. Let's play a game of tennis in the afternoon, shall we? - Why not?

Let's ...... biiminde kurulan cmlelerde question tag shall we'dir.

EXERCISE 12: Put a question tag on the end of each sentence. 1- It appears that most of the shops are closed today, ........................? 2- You have lost some weight since I last saw you, ........................? 3- As far as I can see, neither of his parents took any interest in his development, .........................? 4- That's Steve Wright, the sports presenter. This must be the right radio frequency for the football commentary, ..........................? 5- I know you can't play backgammon, but you can play chess, ..........................? 6- I was going to invite you to the party, but you work on Saturdays. ..........................? 7- Your sister works so hard that she hardly has any time to socialise, ..........................? 8- During your stay, I expect you'd like to visit our production facilities, .........................? 9- Nothing was mentioned about the attack on the restaurant owner during the news, .........................? 10- Although it is a supermarket now, there used to be a cattle market here when we were children, ..........................?

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11- No one objects to paying a contribution, which will be minimal, towards the Christmas party, .........................? 12- Leave the document in the file on my desk, ..........................? 13- As it was the historic centre of the town, they shouldn't have closed the cattle market, .........................? 14- None of the doctors at the hospital can do their best when they are exhausted, .........................? 15- I'm sure everyone realises the importance of the director's visit, ..........................? 16- We had been looking forward to it for weeks, but, in the end, we hardly saw any of the race, .........................?

EXAMPLES

FROM YS /YDS

17- Something in the sauce is quite bitter, .........................? 18-I don't imagine they have raised enough money, ..........................? 19-I can't believe anyone will come shopping in this awful weather, ..........................? 20- Let's celebrate by going to Pizza Hut if we get a good grade on the mid-term test, ..........................?
1The manager will be in his office all afternoon. cmlesinin dolayl (indirect) biimini elde etmek iin. The secretary told me that the manager ............ in his office all afternoon. ifadesinde bo braklan yere aadakilerden hangisi getirilmelidir? A) B) C) D) E) 2will have been would have been would be ill have would have had (YS 1988) Do you want me to turn off the radio? cmlesinin dolayl (indirect) biimini elde etmek iin. I asked my sister .......... me to turn off the radio. ifadesinde bo braklan yere aadakilerden hangisi getirilmelidir? A) B) C) D) E) 3whether you wanted whether you want that she had wanted if she would have wanted if she wanted (YS 1988) Did she tell you why the meeting on Road safety was cancelled? A) Yol onarm ile ilgili grmelerin neden kesildiini sana aklad m? B) Karayolu yapmn ngren kararn hangi nedenlerle ertelendiini sana iletmi miydi? C) Yol gvenliinin salanmas iin yaplacak toplantdan sana sz etmi miydi? D) Karayolu gvenlii ile ilgili toplantnn neden iptal edildiini sana syledi mi? E) ptal edilen toplantnn, karayolu gvenliini ilgilendirdiini sana niin syledi? (YS 1988) 4- I can't understand why the lawyer hasn't sent in his report. cmlesinin dolayl (indirect) biimini elde etmek iin. The director said he ............ in his report. ifadesinde bo braklan yere aadakilerden hangisi getirilmelidir? A) couldn't have understood why the lawyer hadn't sent B) can't understand why the lawyer hasn't sent C) couldn't understand why the lawyer didn't send D) couldn't understand why the lawyer hadn't sent E) can't understand why the lawyer isn't sending (YS 1989) 5Why are you so late? What is your excuse? cmlesinin dolayl (indirect] biimini elde etmek iin, The officer wanted to know..........

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ifadesinde bo braklan yere aadakilerden hangisi getirilmelidir? A) why I am so late and what the excuse is B) why I was so late and what my excuse was C) if I was so late and had an excuse D) that I was so late but had an excuse E) how late I was and if I had an excuse (YS 1989) 6The captain asked me whether it was my first journey by ship. A) Kaptan bana bunun, gemiyle yaptm ilk seyahatim olup olmadn sordu. B) Kaplan, gemi ile yaptm ilk seyahatimin nasl olduunu sordu. C) Kaptan bana, gemi ile ilk kez ne zaman seyahat ettiimi sordu. D) Gemi ile ilk kez seyahat ettiimi kaptana ilettim. E) Gemi ile yaptm bu ilk seyahatimin nasl getiini kaptana anlattm. (YS 1989) 7- Surely the children were told near the lake. A) not to play B) to have played C) playing D) to have to play E) to have been playing (YS 1989) 8James was disappointed when they didn't win, and ............ was I. A) neither C) either E) so 9B) too D) also (YS 1989) He won't be bringing his wife with him, will he? sorusunun cevab aadakilerden hangisi olabilir? A) B) C) D) E) I don't expect so. Yes, that's right. No, he is fond of her. Yes, he would have. I suppose he was. (YS 1989) 10- The new secretary hasn't used this type of computer before, so they are showing her ....... to use it. A) how C) what B) why D) which

E) who (YS 1990) 11- "Don't throw the paper on the floor." cmlesinin dolayl (indirect) biimini elde etmek iin, The shopkeeper told the boy ..... on the floor. ifadesinde bo braklan yere aadakilerden hangisi getirilmelidir? A) B) C) D) E) that he had thrown the paper he threw the paper not to throw the paper not to have thrown the paper that he didn't throw the paper (YS 1990) 12- "Yes, I think so." ifadesi aadaki sorulardan hangisine cevap olabilir? A) Will Jane's husband be there, too? B) What made him say that? C) She won't be late, will she? D) If it isn't Mary's bicycle, whose is it? E) Why is Mark looking so worried? (YS 1990) 13- I'll be at home all day; so, you can come and see me ....... you want. A) whenever C) whoever E) wherever B) whichever D) whatever (YS 1991) 14- The teacher told us ....... the road when the lights were red. A) B) C) D) E) not to have crossed not to cross not having crossed crossing having to cross (YS 1991) 15- Jane called to say she would come but might be half an hour late. A) Jane yarm saat nce telefon etti ve ge kalacan) bildirdi. B) Jane, ge gelebileceini bildirmek iin aradnda yarm saat gecikmiti bile. C) Jane, yarm saat ge gelip gelemeyeceini sormak in telefon etti. D) Jane, geleceini, fakat yarm saat gecikebileceim sylemek iin telefon etti.

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E) Jane, yarm saat sonra sylemek iin arad.

geleceini (YS 1991)

20-

It is well known ...... . A) as mothers ought to be more patient with their children B) so you would save a great deal of money C) that the heating of most foods causes losses in the vitamin content D) if several friends will help me paint my house E) because Mark is so stubborn that it is useless to try to convince him (YS 1994)

16- Jack : Are we on the right road? Jill : .......... Jack : What do you mean? Aren't you sure? Jill : Well, I've only been along this road once before. A) I'm afraid so. B) We certainly are. C) I think so D) Yes, that's right. E) You should know. (YS 1991) 17- The professor asked me ......... A) why no objection has been shown to anybody leaving early B) if the results obtained from the study are significant C) that I can pass onto the next item on the agenda D) whether I am awarded a prize for my new discovery E) to help the newly recruited research assistant with the experiment (YS 1992) 18- Genellikle mevsim deiikliklerinin zerimizde belli etkileri olduu kabul edilir. A) Obviously, seasonal changes will have an effect on us. B) Seasonal changes generally do not agree with us. C) Certain results of the seasonal changes are quite agreeable. D) As far as we are concerned, the effects of seasonal changes are obvious. E) It is generally agreed that seasonal changes have certain effects upon us. (YS 1992)

21- ......... I meet John he complains about the neighbours. A) Whenever C) Whereas B) Whatever D) Whichever E) While (YS 1995)

22- I've brought two newspapers. You can have ......... one you like. A) whenever C) however B) whichever D) whoever E) whatever (YS 1996)

23- Most of the spectators seemed to enjoy the match, ....... . A) and neither did I C) if I do too E) as I am doing B) so I haven't D) but I didn't (YS 1996) 24- Though I had given him some good advice on how to act, he didn't listen to me, ........? A) did he C) had I E) didn't he B) had he D) hadn't I (YS 1997) 25- I didn't realize ....... it would take me to get there on foot. A) so far C) how far E) how long B) how much D) so long (YS 1997) 26- Can you tell me ......... this bicycle belongs to? A) what C) who E) which B) whose D) that (YS I997)

19- I'm afraid I can't remember ...... . A) B) C) D) E) if he would refuse to give any details unless they worked late yesterday until we got to the nearest station that I should finish it by lunch lime where Peter said he had put the files (YS 1993)

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TEST YOURSELF 2
27- She said she would apply for the scholarship after she had completed the teacher training course, .........? A) would she C) hadn't she E) did she B) didn't she D) wasn't she (YS 1998) 28- The Parents' Committee still can't decide .... the construction of a new playground really is necessary. A) despite C) in case E) so that B) so as D) whether (YS 1998) 29- I can't remember how many people wanted to be in the play, ........? A) did you B) do they C) can you D) can't I E) didn't they (YDS 1999) 30- My mother keeps complaining that she doesn't feel well; and I don't....... . A) as well C) also E) either B) neither D) too (YDS 1999) 31- This is the first time you have ever driven a car, .......? A) is this C) isn't it B) hasn't it D) have you E) aren't you (YDS 2000)

32- I suppose we can take a walk in the garden for a while after the meal, ...... . A) don't we B) won't I C) can't we D) can we E) do I (YDS 2001) 33- He hasn't written to me, and I don't think he's written to any of his other friends, ..... . A) either B) too C) as well D) neither E) also (YDS 20O1)

1-15. sorularda, verilen cmleyi uygun ekilde tamamlayan ifadeyi bulunuz. 1- When I went to collect my jacket from the dry-cleaner's, the assistant said that he ......... it but .......... able to remove the stain. A) B) C) D) E) was cleaning/won't have been had cleaned/hadn't been would have cleaned/hasn't been is cleaning/wasn't had been cleaning/isn't

D) phoned/didn't answer E) have phoned/doesn't answer 4- We asked at the lost property counter whether a pink and blue bag ........ but the assistant told us that no one ...... in anything fitting our description. A) was found/has been handed B) is being found/would have handed C) will have found/is going to hand D) had been found/had handed E) might have found/will be handing 5- Mr Haughin phoned his wife to say that she ........ to cook anything for dinner that day as they ......... to his colleague's. A) doesn't need/have been invited B) didn't need/had been invited C) won't need/are invited D) hasn't needed/were being invited E) wouldn't need/will be invited 6- I was glad to hear that the factory ..... down after all as a new owner ..... . A) won't have closed/had been finding B) shouldn't have closed/has found

2- The boy confessed that he had stolen the bread, but pleaded that his sister and he ......... at the time. A) will have starved B) are starving C) had been starving D) have starved E) will starve 3- Are you sure she was in when you ........ her but ........ the phone? A) will be phoning/won't answer B) had phoned/isn't answering C) are phoning/hasn't answered

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C) doesn't close/has been found D) wasn't closing/is found E) wouldn't be closing/had been found 7- We feared that the roads ......... too busy on a national holiday, so we ......... not to go anywhere but stay at home, A) will have been/decide B) are/could have decided C) would be/decided D) were/will decide E) had been/have decided 8- The sales manager ......... the director that some customers ......... models on special offer in the sale already. A) is informing/buy B) is informed/bought C) informed/had bought D) had informed/will be buying E) was informed/are buying 9- Because our last telephone bill was extremely high, my husband is always reminding me that I ......... until after six before I ........ my friends. A) have waited/called B) must wait/call C) waited/could call D) might wait/was calling E) wait/should call 10- I asked Nigel whether they were going somewhere for Bayram, but he said, unfortunately, his wife ......... in the accident and emergency department that week. A) has worked B) is working C) would be working D) has been working E) will have worked 11- During our training last Friday, I realised that I ......... a lot if I ......... carefully because the lecturer really seemed to know his subject. A) must learn/was listening B) have learnt/will be listening C) could learn/listened D) had been learning/would listen E) learnt/were listening

12- My mother handed me a considerable amount of money and instructed me ........ Mrs Jackson buy anything for me while I was staying with her. A) don't let C) didn't let E) wouldn't let B) not to let D) not letting

13- The painter has assured us that he ......... the decorating by the weekend as he promised. A) will have completed B) had been completing C) has completed D) completed E) would have completed 14- Mr Partridge, the customer is asking whether he ......... the suit back if it ......... his son. A) would bring/won't fit B) was bringing/hadn't fitted C) is bringing/didn't fit D) could have brought/hasn't fitted E) can bring/doesn't fit 15- The manager complained that the cleaners ......... at the time and wondered who ......... them permission to leave early. A) wouldn't be working/will give B) wouldn't work/will be given C) aren't working/are giving D) hadn't been working/had given E) weren't working/have given 16-45. sorularda, cmlede braklan boluu uygun ekilde tamamlayan kelime ya da ifadeyi bulunuz. 16- It is widely believed ......... too much television isn't healthy for children. A) which C) when E) that 17- I could have been more enthusiastic at the training scheme, you know, and so ......... you. A) should C) can E) could B) do D) had B) where D) who

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18- We weren't given any homework for tonight, ........? A) did it B) wasn't it C) were we D) did we E) hadn't it 19- A: I haven't felt very motivated at work since the new manager, who doesn't seem to be doing a very good job, started. B: .......... . A) Neither was he B) So am I C) I expect he is D) Neither have I E) But I haven't 20-I think 'Erin Brockovich' is showing at the cinema in Moda, ..........? A) isn't it C) do I E) is it 21- The shop manager told the sales assistant ........ idle and ......... something useful to do. A) B) C) D) E) don't stay/have found wasn't standing/has found didn't stand/finds not to stand/to find not standing/to be finding B) don't I D) wasn't it

24- It is such a pity that Vicki and Dave can't meet us at the restaurant for lunch because Vicki has the flu. I was looking forward to it, and ........ were you, weren't you? A) so C) either E) too 25- In the evening my husband likes to watch films, ......... . I prefer documentaries, so we have bought a second television set. A) and so am B) but ] don't C) and nor am I D) but I do E) and I don't either 26- You haven't heard from Bill since he left for India, ........? A) did he B) has he C) have you D) haven't you E) didn't you 27- Most of the members, who complained bitterly afterwards, didn't appear to agree with the committee's decision, .........? A) were there B) didn't it C) have they D) wasn't it E) did they 28- The label explains how long we should cook it for, ..,,......? A) shouldn't we B) do we C) does it D) doesn't it E) should we 29- We live right next to the park, so I can take my daughter there to play .......... the weather is fine. A) however B) whichever C) wherever D) whenever E) whomever 30- Look at the rubbish under that tree! .......... dumped that has absolutely no sense of social responsibility at all. A) However B) Whoever C) Wherever D) Whenever E) Whatever B) nor D) yet

22- A: Are we n Houston now? B: ............ . I'm tired of sitting on this bus. A: Me too, and we are. Look! The sign says Houston Central Bus Station. A) So is it B) Neither are we C) I hope so D) So we have E) Nor does it 23- A: I hope the Sims won't be bringing their children to the wedding. B: .......... because Julia's mother usually baby-sits for them on such occasions. A) B) C) D) E) I don't expect so Neither will I I'm afraid so l hope so So will they

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31- Good Luck. I hope you like Canada. Promise me that you'll write to me .......... happens. A) whenever B) however C) wherever D) whoever E) whatever 32-I like them both, Mary. You will look beautiful in ......... wedding dress you choose. A) whoever B) whichever C) however D) whatever E) whenever 33-We didn't realise .......... some of the employees had been ill on Fridays and . Mondays until we checked the company records. A) however B) how long C) how often D) where E) whether 34- It looks too cluttered ......... we arrange the furniture. It is smaller than our old living room and there just isn't enough space for everything! A) whenever B) wherever C) whatever D) however E) whichever 35- Once you have learnt ......... to centre your work and the basic stitches, embroidery is not difficult. A) how C) that E) whom 36- Of course it is nice to go to Holland in the summer, but ......... you are going is the best time to see the daffodils and tulips in bloom. A) when C) who E) which 37- Nobody has any clear ideas ..... should captain the West Indies cricket team now that the present captain has announced his retirement. A) how C) what B) who D) when B) where D) how B) whose D) whether

E) which 38- ........ happened in Yemen will put tourists from Europe off visiting the area. A) When C) What E) Where 39-I was a little annoyed, but they explained .......... they had had to cancel the appointment. A) why C) how E) whom 40- Do you know ......... agent Kate and Richard went to Turkey with because I'm thinking of booking a trip to Cappadocia myself? A) which C) where E) why 41- ........ people had been killed in the operation was kept secret. A) How many B) What C) Whenever D) Whomever E) Who 42- The immigration officer wants to know ......... you entered the country. A) which C) who E) when 43- The price of a bracelet is determined according to ..... pure gold it contains. A) how many B) how much C) however D) what E) how 44- ........ he was tortured in his own country will be taken into account when his case for asylum is heard. A) Whom B) What C) The fact that D) Where E) Which 45-I don't know for sure ......... bicycle this is, but it must be either Jane's or Jack's. B) what D) whom B) who D) when B) whose D) when B) Which D) Why

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A) what C) how

B) where D) whose

E) the fact that his son actually managed to become a doctor 50-

46-50. sorularda, yarm braklan cmleyi uygun ekilde tamamlayan ifadeyi bulunuz. E) whom 46- It is widely believed in Turkey ..... . The council don't seem to appreciate

A) although nothing has been proved about their superstitions B) whether a blue bead really protects me from the evil eye C) because bad luck can 51-60. sorularda, verilen cmleye anlamca en yakn olan seenei bulunuz. wreck a person's life D) how much the people of the town value D) as oilier cultures have a variety of good their traditional market luck symbols E) whatever the outcome of the meeting of E) that an envious look cast upon you can the farmers' had been bring bad luck 47- Our boss always wants us A) because our quotations had been taking a long time to prepare B) whether we could type some reports for him C) to clear our desks at the end of the day D) that we shouldn't receive any customer complaints E) if we could work some overtime next week 48- Did the company acknowledge ........? A) that we should be compensated for the delay B) if this is their normal level of service C) if only we could arrive before the meeting D) whether we can get a refund or not E) how much longer we are going to wait 49- All of us wondered A) whether I have been told about the scandal involving the family or not B) why the whole family had suddenly moved to Canada without saying anything C) that is because of the problems he is having at his current school D) to know if the family had overcome all the difficulties there 51-I don't like to waste my money eating at restaurants, and neither does my husband. A) I prefer eating out at restaurants whenever I can, but my husband thinks it is a waste of money. B) Both my husband and I eat out at restaurants often, although we would prefer not to. C) Both my husband and I prefer not to spend our money needlessly on food in restaurants. D) My husband prefers to eat in restaurants, while I prefer to save my money. E) We would eat at restaurants more often if my husband liked that sort of tiling. 52- My father says that you should treat people how you wish to be treated yourself, A) It's my father's belief that you ought to behave towards other people the way you want them to behave towards you. B) My father told me that you deserved to be treated how you had treated others previously. C) My father always instructs me to consider how people want to be treated and behave accordingly. D) I have always behaved towards people as I wish to be treated myself, because this is what my father taught me. E) If you had listened to my father, you would always treat others with the

A) how did they sell the land to the supermarket chain B) why aren't the opinions of the town's people being considered C) will there be free parking at the new supermarket

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consideration you expect from them for yourself. 53- Contrary to all expectations, the man was found guilty of murder for killing a burglar. A) Everyone thought the man would be found innocent of murder after killing a thief, but he was found guilty. B) Everyone knew the man was guilty of murder because he killed a man who had broken into his house. C) He was convicted of murder, which was unfair, as the man he killed was robbing his house at the time. D) It was obvious that he would be found guilty of murder because he shot a burglar and killed him. E) People expected that he would only be found guilty of burglary, but he was also convicted of murder. 54- It surprised a lot of people that they went ahead with the match in such atrocious weather. A) Even though the weather was awful, nobody thought they would cancel the match. B) Many people couldn't understand why they hadn't cancelled the match due to the dreadful weather. C) Had the match been cancelled because of the terrible weather, a lot of people would have been disappointed. D) Only a few people were interested in the match and the weather was dreadful, so they cancelled it. E) Everyone was disappointed that the match was cancelled because of bad weather.

E) The findings of the report only explained what might have caused the ship to sink. 56- As I'm interested in learning German myself, I would be interested to find out which college she is studying at. A) I asked her where she studied German because I want to learn the language as well. B) l wonder which college she is learning German at because I'm considering studying the language too. C) I wish I had known where she was studying because, if I had, I would have gone to the same college. D) I wondered why she hadn't asked me where I was studying if she was interested in learning German too. E) I'd like to know which college she works at so that I can go and find her when I go to Germany to learn the language. 57- She is so miserable these days that she dismisses whatever I suggest as boring, A) She is really unhappy, and I admit that everything I recommend these days is particularly boring, B) I am trying to cheer her up at the moment by suggesting interesting things to do, but she is still bored. C) Because she is very unhappy at the moment, she rejects anything I suggest on the grounds that it is tedious. D) She wouldn't be so unhappy if she did some of the interesting tilings I have suggested. E) She rejects me as boring, but, at least, I'm not as miserable as she is. 58- "I am horrified to hear what some parents consider suitable television viewing for children," said the teacher to the ParentTeacher Association members.

55- They'll never be able to find out exactly why the ship sank. 61-70. sorularda, verilen ngilizce cmlenin Trke dengini bulunuz. A) They are determined to discover the exact cause of the sinking of the ship. B) If only they knew the precise cause of the sinking, they would be content. C) The accuracy of the report of the ship's sinking is open to question. D) What caused the ship to sink can never be determined with any accuracy. A) The Parent-Teacher Association members were surprised at the opinion of the teacher about what constituted suitable television for children. B) I was deeply shocked at the type of programmes deemed suitable for children by the presentation at the Parent-Teacher Association meeting.

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C) The teacher expressed his shock to the Parent-Teacher Association members at what are deemed by some parents to be appropriate television programmes for children. D) The teacher addressed the members of the Parent-Teacher Association on what should be considered suitable television programmes for children. E) The Parent-Teacher Association members shocked the teacher with their ideas of which programmes on television are suitable for children to watch. 59- The principal wrote a formal letter of recommendation for the teacher. A) The teacher that applied for the post had been formally recommended by the principal. B) The principal recommended the teacher without putting it in writing. C) The teacher wrote to the principal asking for a recommendation. D) The letter the teacher gave the principal recommended him for the post. E) An official letter recommending the teacher was issued by the principal. 60- The west coast of Scotland is a beautiful place to go on holiday, but you can't depend on the weather, can you? A) The west coast of Scotland is beautiful, but the weather is always awful, isn't it? B) The west coast of Scotland is a picturesque holiday location, but the weather is unpredictable, isn't it? C) If you go on holiday to the Scottish coast, you should remember the weather there is changeable, shouldn't you? D) The holiday resorts on the picturesque west coast of Scotland don't get much sunshine, do they? E) The holiday resorts on the west coast of Scotland would be perfect if the weather was dependable, wouldn't they? 61- We checked the distance to London on a map to see how far it was. A) Londra'ya ne kadar uzakta olduumuzu anlayabilmek iin bir harita zerinde mesafeyi hesapladk. B) Londra'ya olan mesafeyi bir harita zerinde kontrol ettikten sonra ne kadar uzakta olduumuzu anladk.

C) Londra'ya ne kadar uzak olduumuzu ancak harita zerinde mesafeye baknca anladk. D) Ne kadar uzakta olduumuzu ancak bir harita zerinde Londra'ya olan mesafeyi grnce farkettik. E) Ne kadar uzaklkta olduunu anlamak iin Londra'ya olan mesafeyi bir harita zerinde kontrol ettik. 62- The fact that an outsider was appointed to the position upon the director's resignation greatly disappointed some members of the staff. A) Personelin byk hayal krklna uramas, mdrn istifasndan sonra bu greve dardan birinin atanmas yzndendi. B) Btn personel yeleri ok byk hayal krkl yaad nk mdr istifa edince yerine dardan biri atand. C) Mdrn istifasndan sonra dardan birinin bu greve atanmas, personelin baz yelerini byk hayal krklna uratt. D) Mdr istifa edince, dardan birinin bu greve getirilmesi, personel zerinde biraz hayal krkl yaratmt. E) Mdrn istifasndan sonra bu greve dardan biri atanm olsayd, personelin baz yeleri byk hayal krklna urard. 63- By looking at their present economic situations, it's possible to understand how badly both countries have been affected by the war. A) Her iki lkenin de savatan ne denli kt etkilendiklerini anlamak iin u anki ekonomik durumlarna bakmanz yeterlidir. B) u anki ekonomik durumlarna bakarak, her iki lkenin de savatan ne kadar kt etkilendiini anlamak mmkn. C) Ekonomilerinin u anki durumuna baklrsa, her iki lkenin de savatan ok kt etkilendikleri anlalyor. D) Bugnk ekonomik durumlarna baklnca, savan her ilci lkeyi de ne kadar kt etkilediini anlamak zor deil.

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E) Her iki lkenin bugnk ekonomik durumlarna bakldnda, savan kt etkisinin ne kadar ok olduu anlalabilir. 64- It doesn't matter whether the clothes you wear are fashionable or not, as long as they suit you. A) Giydiiniz giysilerin modaya uygun olmasndan ok size yakmas nemlidir. B) Giydiiniz giysilerin modaya uygunluuna deil, size yakp yakmadna nern veriniz. C) Size yaktklar srece, giydiiniz giysilerin modaya uygun olup olmamas nemli deil. D) Size yaktna inanyorsanz, giysilerinizin modaya uygun olup olmadn nemsemeyiniz. E) Asl nemsemeniz gereken, giysilerinizin modaya uygun olup olmamas deil, size yakmasdr, 65- After I'd put the baby to sleep, I asked the children in the back garden to play without making too much noise. A) Bebei uyutabilseydim, daha sonra arka bahedeki ocuklardan ok fazla grlt yapmadan oynamalarn rica ederdim. B) Bebek uyuduu iin, ocuklardan ok fazla grlt yapmadan arka bahede oynamalarn istedim. C) Bebei uyuttuktan sonra, arka bahedeki ocuklardan ok fazla grlt yapmadan oynamalarn rica ettim. D) Bebei uyutup sonra ocuklara, arka bahede ok fazla grlt yapmadan oynamalarn syledim. E) Bebein uyumasndan sonra, ocuklara arka bahede oynarken ok fazla grlt yapmamalarn syledim. 66- Since the park is not illuminated adequately, I don't find it safe to go walking there after dark, A) Park iyice aydnlatlmad srece orada yry yapmann pek gvenli olmayacan dnyorum. B) Hava karardktan sonra parkta yry yapmak bence gvenli deil nk orann aydnlatlmasn yeterli bulmuyorum.

C) Parkta yry yapmay artk gvenli bulmuyorum nk hava karard ve oras yeterince aydnlatlm deil. D) Park yeterince aydnlatlm olmad iin hava karardktan sonra orada yry yapmay pek gvenli bulmuyorum. E) Hava karardktan sonra parkta yry yapmann gvenli olmas iin orada ok yi bir aydnlatma olmas gerekir. 67- Due to the ability of their chromosomes to undergo changes similar to those of humans, yeasts are important to scientists. A) Bilim adamlarnn mayalar bu kadar ok nemsemesinin nedeni, kromozomlarnn insanlarnki gibi deiiklikler gsterebilmesidir. B) Kromozomlar insanlarnki gibi deiim gsterdii iin bilim adamlar mayalan byk bir dikkatle incelemektedir. C) Mayalarn kromozomlarnn insanlarnkine benzer deiiklikler gstermesini bilim adamlar ok nemsemitir. D) Kromozomlarnn insanlarnkine benzer deiimler gsterebilmesi nedeniyle mayalar bilim adamlar iin ok nemlidir. E) Bilim adamlarna gre, mayalarn kromozomlarnn insanlarnkine benzer deiimler gsterebilmesi, onlar ok nemli klmaktadr. 68- The members of the weasel family can survive in highly diverse ecological habitats ranging from tropical forests to the Arctic tundra. A) Sansar familyasnn yeleri, tropikal ormanlardan kutup tundrasna kadar yaylan son derece eitli ekolojik ortamlarda yaayabilmektedir. B) Tropikal ormanlardan kutup tundrasna kadar yaylan sansar familyasnn yeleri, son derece eitli ekolojik ortamlarda bulunur. C) Sansar familyasnn yeleri, son derece farkl ekolojik alanlara yaylm olup tropikal ormanlarda ve kutup tundrasnda bile yaamm srdrebilir.

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D) Son derece eitli ekolojik 71-80. sorularda, verilen Trke cmlenin ngilizce dengini bulunuz. ortamlarda yaayabilen sansar 71- Personel mdrne irketin yeni familyas trleri, tropikal ormanlardan politikasnn ne olduunu sordum ama kutup tundrasna kadar uzanan alana doyurucu bir yant alamadm. yaylmtr. E) Sansar familyas yeleri, son derece A) We have been told that there is a new deiik ekolojik ortamlarda yaayabildii personnel policy, taut nobody seems to iin tropikal ormanlardan kutup be able to give us a satisfactory tundrasna kadar yaylmtr. explanation of it when asked. 69- Like our Earth, other planets of the solar system are each enclosed in a thin layer of gas called an atmosphere. A) Dnyamz dahil, gne sisteminin dier btn gezegenlerinin evresinde atmosfer ad verilen ince bir gaz tabakas vardr. B) Dnyamz gibi, gne sisteminin dier gezegenlerinin evresinde de, atmosfer denilen ince bir gaz tabakas bulunmaktadr. C) Dnyamz gibi, gne sisteminin dier gezegenlerinin de her biri, atmosfer ad verilen ince bir gaz tabakasyla evrilidir. D) Dnyamz ve gne sistemindeki dier gezegenlerin her birini evreleyen, atmosfer denilen ince bir gaz tabakasdr. E) Atmosfer ad verilen ince bir gaz tabakas, sadece dnyamz deil, gne sistemindeki dier gezegenleri de evrelemektedir. 70- Though the climate is dry in Arizona, the river valleys and desert areas where irrigation is used are suitable for farming. A) klimi kurak olsa da. Arizona'daki nehir vadilerinde ve sulanan l alanlarda tann yaplmaktadr. B) Arizona'da iklimin kurak olmasna karn, nehir vadileri ve sulama yaplan l alanlar tarma elverilidir. C) Arizona'nn iklimi kuraktr, ancak nehir vadileri ve sulanabilen l alanlar tarm amal kullanlabilmektedir, D) Nehir vadileri ve sulama yaplan l alanlar. Arizona'da iklim kurak olduunda da tarma elverilidir. E) Arizona'nn iklimi kurak olmasna ramen sulama yaplan nehir vadileri ve l alanlar tarm amacyla kullanlmaktadr. B) Although I specifically asked the personnel manager about the company's new policy, he didn't give me a satisfactory answer. C) The personnel manager's answer to my question regarding the new company policy was totally unsatisfactory. D) I was not given a very satisfying answer regarding the company's new personnel policy when I asked our manager. E) I asked the personnel manager what the company's new policy was, but I couldn't get a satisfying answer. 72- Arka sralarda oturan izleyiciler, konumacy tam olarak duyamamaktan yakndlar. A) The complaint of the viewers sitting at the back was that they couldn't hear the speaker at all. B) Everyone except those in the back rows could hear the speaker perfectly well. C) They received some complaints from people sitting at the back about not being able to bear the speaker very well. D) Some people were sitting in the back row and had to complain because they couldn't hear the speaker well. E) The viewers sitting in the back rows complained that they couldn't hear the speaker properly. 73- Konferansa ka kiinin katlacan imdiden tahmin etmek neredeyse imkansz. A) It's impossible to calculate what the total number of guests at the conference is. B) At this early stage, it is extremely difficult to estimate the number of people who will attend the conference.

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C) We haven't received the estimates yet of how many people are expected to attend the conference. D) It's almost impossible to estimate as yet how many people will attend the conference. E) Giving an accurate estimate of the number of people to be interested in the conference is impossible. 74- Mahkumun kamasna kimlerin yardm ettiini bulmak iin polis geni apl bir soruturma balatt. A) The wide-scale investigation, which was launched by the police, helped to find those who helped the prisoner escape. B) A wide-scale investigation has been launched in order to discover exactly who was responsible for the convict's escaping. C) The police have started a wide-scale investigation in order to find out who helped the convict escape. D) The police carry out wide-scale investigations after a convict escapes to find out whether he has been assisted. E) The police carried out a wide-scale investigation in the hope of finding out who helped the convict escape. 75- Olunun niversite giri snavnda baarl olup olamayaca konusunda ok endieli grnyorsun. A) You appear to be very concerned about whether your son will be successful in the university entrance exam. B) You shouldn't concern yourself so much about whether your son will be successful in the university entrance exam. C) You seem to be very certain that your son will be successful in the university entrance exam. D) You look very anxious, but I'm sure your son will succeed in passing the university entrance exam. E) There is no point in concerning yourself about whether or not your son will pass his university entrance exam.

76- Peru ve Bolivya'nn Ant dalar blgesinde danslar, yerel gelenekleri, spanyol smrge dnemininkilerle birletirmitir. A) The dances performed tay inhabitants of the mountainous region joining Peru to Bolivia combine traditional movements with those of the Spanish colonial era. B) In the Andes mountain regions of Peru and Bolivia, dances blend indigenous traditions with those from the Spanish colonial era. C) Dances from indigenous traditions of the people living in the Peruvian and Bolivian Andes region had been influenced by the Spanish colonial era. D) The dancers from the Andes mountain regions of Peru and Bolivia blend the indigenous traditions with those introduced by the Spanish during their colonial rule. E) The dances in the Andes mountain regions of Peru and Bolivia are a curious blend of native culture and imported Spanish colonial movements. 77- Bilgisayar analizi, kan testi sonularnn doruluunu byk lde arttrmtr. A) Because computers are now used to analyse blood tests, the results are more accurate. B) The accuracy of blood test results has improved since computers were introduced to analyse the specimens. C) The results of blood tests are much more accurate today because computers are used to analyse them. D) The rate of improvement in analysing blood tests has greatly accelerated since the introduction of computer programs into the process. E) Computer analysis has greatly improved the accuracy of the results of a blood test, 78- llerdeki bitkiler, daimi kuraklkla baa kabilmek iin kktr ve bazlar yapraklarnda, hatta gvdelerinde su depolayabilmektedir. A) As a result of constant drought, small desert plants have developed the ability to store water in their leaves and even in their stems. B) The little plant life there is in deserts has adapted to constant drought by storing

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water in their leaves or even in their stems. C) Because of the constant drought in deserts, plants are normally small and some have the ability to store water in their leaves and stems. D) To cope with constant drought, plants in deserts are small and some can store water in their leaves and even in their stems. E) The small plants which grow in deserts have special features, such as the ability to hold water in their leaves or stems. 79- Bugn vizon ve samur krklerinin hemen hepsi iftliklerde yetitirilen hayvanlardan elde edilmektedir. A) Minks and sables are the most popular animals to be farmed for their fur today. B) Almost all mink and sable furs today are obtained from farm-raised animals. C) Very few mink and sable furs are obtained from wild animals today. D) A large proportion of mink and sable furs today are obtained from farm-reared animals. E) With very few exceptions, mink and sable fur items are produced from the fur of farm-raised animals.

80- Amalar ne kadar farkl olursa olsun, btn uzay aralar, uzayda temel fizik kanunlarna uygun hareket eder ve hepsi de birbirine benzer temel paralardan oluur. A) However varied they may be in purpose, all spacecraft move through space in accordance with fundamental physical laws, and all are made up of similar basic components. B) There are many different designs for spacecraft, but they all function in accordance with the same physical laws and have some common components. C) Spacecraft are designed for a variety of purposes, but they all comply to certain physical restraints in space and are constructed of similar materials. D) There are certain common components of spacecraft because the movement of them through space is governed by some basic physical laws whatever the purpose or direction of travel. E) Although all spacecraft are governed by some fundamental laws of physics, they can be constructed from a number of materials.

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TEST YOUR VOCABULARY

1- An argument broke out between some of the onion pickers on the farm, but the owner didn't want to comment on the .......... . A) incident C) tragedy B) disaster D) bargain E) opportunity 7- If a viewer misses a/an ......... of the soap opera 'Eastenders' during the week, they can catch up with the story on Sunday, when it is repeated. A) episode C) issue E) action 8- On the way to Alanya, we stopped at a small resort and, luckily, found very comfortable .......... for the night. A) accommodation B) parking C) scenery D) restoration E) hospitality 9- The children sat on the carpet in a semicircle happily watching their ........ adventure series, while their mother sat on the sofa knitting. A) detestable B) moderate C) agreeable D) favourite E) grateful 10- Kevin ....... and trained hard until he was accepted by the coach for the basketball team. After that, he played for the school in every match until the end of term. B) volume D) chapter

2- The village shop, which sold everything from eggs to tinned fish, closed down, so now we have to travel to Droitwich to buy our ......... . A) stationery B) confectionery C) groceries D) cosmetics E) stamps 3- Flooding in the town was .......... by the hard work of the army and many volunteers from the town, who built walls with sandbags. A) encourage B) accelerated C) threatened D) averted E) directed 4- Under the ......... of our agreement, we paid a fifty percent deposit and paid the remainder when the decorating was completed to our satisfaction. A) dispute B) items C) categories D) terms E) penalties 5- We bought a new music centre last weekend. It really makes use of the latest technology and it came with a twoyear ........ . A) service C) quality B) promise D) volume E) warranty

A) derived
C) featured E) envied

B) persevered D) dismissed

11- Last week, Sarah fell and ........ her ankle. She turned it quite a bit and it hurt a lot. A) stepped B) twisted C) frowned D) bandaged E) blew 12- Since the earthquake, the ......... of our apartment has dropped because the government designated the area as unsafe. A) profit C) location E) wage 13- Whenever we go to that restaurant, the children are ......... by the fish they have in a huge tank there. They watch them for ages. A) disappointed C) fascinated B) disgusted D) appealed B) value D) interest

6- I gave the flat a thorough clean today. I even took all Simon's trophies from the cabinet and ........ them, and they really sparkled afterwards. A) faded C) broke B) polished D) swept E) mopped

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E) encouraged 14-I broke my glasses yesterday and had to stick them together with adhesive tape in order to be able to continue my work. Today I am taking them to the optician's to have them .......... properly. A) ruined C) adjusted B) measured D) mended E) polished

A) remembered B) explained C) reminded D) revealed E) indicated 21- We bought our apartment for 50,000 dollars but sold it for 45,000, so, unfortunately, we made a/an ......... of 5,000 dollars. A) injury C) disadvantage E) loss B) penalty D) profit

15- Samuel .......... that he could beat anyone at arm wrestling, but nobody wanted to challenge him to a contest. A) boasted C) feared E) taught 16- The estate agent .......... that a ground floor flat would he more practical for my grandmother. A) pointed out B) predicted C) gave up D) resolved E) threatened 17- I suffered a loss of concentration during my presentation when two salesmen .......... something to each other. A) prepared B) added C) whispered D) wondered E) pretended 18- The children really enjoyed their trip to the fire station and the crew performed a demonstration which allowed the students ......... the fire engines and equipment in action. A) to conceal B) to fear C) to feel D) to observe E) to assure 19- "You stupid idiot," the other driver .......... at me when I overtook him rather dangerously. A) informed B) looked C) threw D) yelled E) suspected 20- My brother ......... me to check the pressure in the tyre before driving all the way to New Jersey. B) advised D) objected

22- One of the engines was on fire and the weather was awful, but, miraculously, the pilot managed .......... the plane safely and all the passengers were rescued. A) to drop C) to land B) to service D) to take off E) to harbour

23- The authorities ........ anyone to take alcohol into the sports stadium. A) deny C) fear E) allege 24- The doctor .......... my brother to eat less salt, sugar and starch as he has high blood pressure. A) advised B) criticised C) found out D) pointed out E) demonstrated 25- Unfortunately, our sports therapist isn't ......... at 2 p.m. Could you come around 4 p.m. instead? A) interested B) comfortable C) adaptable D) available E) occupied 26- Thank you. I'll gladly .......... your offer of a lift to work as it is awful to wait for a bus in this weather. A) reject C) accept B) request D) expect E) receive B) forbid D) stipulate

27- The ........ of his speech was quite interesting and quite promising, but the

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actual content of the body of it was disappointing. A) foreword B) entrance C) introduction D) admission E) starter 28- The conclusion of this research paper contains several deductions which will ........ heart specialists around the world. A) terminate C) reduce E) heal B) benefit D) determine

A) wondered B) remembered C) announced D) imagined E) yelled 34- The shop is closing down, and at the moment, they have a/an ........ in which everything is half price. A) exhibition B) sale C) recovery D) demonstration E) publicity 35- I've put on weight in the last few weeks and my jeans have become so ......... that I can hardly fasten them. A) close C) firm E) stingy 36- When Glen told his friends about his new job, they were all very ........ . They asked him questions about it for over an hour. A) obedient B) alarmed C) curious D) decent E) colourful 37- They hadn't been considering moving abroad, but the job in Canada was just too good a/an ......... to miss. A) opportunity C) luck E) master 38- Creative activities are very important to a child's mental ....... . A) growth C) status B) enlargement D) development E) adaptation B) occasion D) charm B) tight D) narrow

29- Liam finds the swimming pool a fascinating place, but his mother won't let him swim in the deep end because he is small. He has to stay in the ........ end, where he can stand up. A) high C) hollow B) immense D) actual E) shallow

30- We had over fifty applicants for the post of Works Engineer, but a large ........ of them were under-qualified. A) scope C) measure B) balance D) size E) proportion

31- I followed the recipe for the kebabs from a recipe book, but as my husband doesn't like spicy food, I ........ the amount of hot chili pepper I added. A) chopped B) trimmed C) squeezed D) reduced E) concentrated 32- The travel agent advised us ........ a hotel room in Edinburgh as we were going on a national holiday weekend. A) to book B) to engage C) to occupy D) to programme E) to schedule 33- The government has ........ that 5,000 extra police officers will be employed during the conference that will host world-famous businessmen.

39- He complained that he ......... to someone telling him how he should organise his workload when he was the most senior of the salesmen. A) threatened B) objected C) warned D) annoyed E) declared 40- In his speech, the headmaster emphasized that, for better learning, parents should

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provide their children with a/an ......... home environment.

A) hectic B) massive C) supportive D) messy E) ashamed

GOOD

LUCK

ANSWER KEY
Exercise 1 (pg.5) 3.how we can help him with his financial problems 4.where I should hang my coat 5.where the meeting will be held 6.whose suggestion this was 7.which universities offer courses in public relations 8.how long this has been happening 9.who shot the security guard 10.who the security guard was shot by 11.When they will move into their new house 12.how she manages on her old-age pension 13.how much he would charge for decorating the house 14.what he was hoping to achieve by behaving like that 15.when he started this course of medication 16.where they put the posters 17.how shortsighted our manager is 18.which supermarket you buy your groceries from 19.what the difference between the cheap one and the expensive one is 20.how long it took you to knit this cardigan Exercise 2 (pg.6) 2.How much is your car worth?/...how much your car is worth 3.Which software packages do you need to learn?/...which software packages you need to learn 4.Who was Diana's dress designed by?/...who Diana's dress was designed by 5.Why has Mr Casserley gone to Leicester?/...why Mr Casserley has gone to Leicester 6.What time does the match start?/...what time the match starts 7.How much extra does fitting the carpet cost?/...how much extra fitting the carpet costs 8.How much weight have I lost since I started jogging in the mornings?/...how much weight I have lost since I started jogging in the mornings 9.How did you find out my telephone number?/...how you found out my telephone number 10.Who was 'Madame Bovery' written by?/...who 'Madame Bovery' was written by 11.How much has been given to the Colombian government to help the fight against the drug dealers?/...how much has been given to the Colombian government to help the fight against the drug dealers 12.Which hospital are you having your operation at?/...which hospital you are having your operation at 13.What are the children going to do after the picnic?/...what the children are going to do after the picnic 14.Where are Joan and Eric going for their holiday?/...where Joan and Eric are going for their holiday 15.Why didn't she tell Sam about the party?/...why she didn't tell Sam about the party 16.How old are the ruins?/...how old the ruins are 17.Where can you buy telephone cards?/...where you can buy telephone cards 18.Which school are they going to send their son to?/...which school they are going to send their son to 19.Who did you meet at the head office?/...who you met at the head office 20.How was a disaster in Ethiopia averted?/...how a disaster in Ethiopia was averted Exercise 3 (pg.9) 1.whether he is enjoying his new job 2.whether I could pay you on Friday 3.whether she still works at the University of Technology 4.whether she has accepted the job yet 5.whether they agreed to our terms 6.whether we should inform the police 7.whether she works in the same department as Kate 8.whether the shop can deliver the sofa by Friday 9.whether the windows have been cleaned this week already 10.Whether they are going to repair the television under the guarantee Exercise 4 (pg.9) 1.where we are meeting before the match 2.whether he was disappointed about losing the race 3.what they were doing in the warehouse 4.who Veronica married 5.which resort in Turkey the travel agent recommended 6.whether the butler has polished the silver yet 7.How much money Richard has made with his new business 8.whether he did it on purpose 9.why the shop is closed at such an early hour 10.whether the heroin's deception will be discovered Exercise 5 (pg.21) 1.whenever 2.However 3.Whoever 4.whichever 5.Whomever (Whoever) 6.Whatever 7.wherever 8.whichever 9.whatever 10.However Exercise 6 (pg.34) l...she was fascinated and she had never seen such a well-preserved Roman ruin 2...their defence won't be strong enough for them to win tomorrow 3...he would mend my bicycle the moment he had some free time 4...he could run ten miles easily 5...the incident hasn't been reported properly by the newspapers 6...she had left Turkey two years before 7...Mum might not have roasted the chicken long enough 8...she doesn't think they'll serve us a decent breakfast at this hotel tomorrow morning 9...he had been working there for ten years and knew the best way to do the end of month balance 10...we should drink some water during exercise 11...her grandfather didn't seem to be aware of what was going on around him 12.she wanted to see the manager immediately 13...she had paid a fortune for that blouse and it had faded after just one wash 14...she expected to get a complete refund for that 15...they couldn't give her a refund, but she could exchange it with another item in the shop Exercise 7 (pg.35) 1.whether she had enjoyed the concert the night before 2.whether you are experiencing any pain 3.when the final would be played 4.whether he/she could keep it until the next day for me 5.when I had to hand the essay in by 6.who was responsible for organising the meeting 7.how many 'Pokemon' cards I had collected 8.why his wife had abandoned him 9.whether he

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had heard about the murder 10.when I had defrosted the freezer last 11.how much the entrance fee to the zoo was 12.how much longer they were going to produce cars at a loss 13.whether I could take her to the hospital the following Tuesday 14.whether the conditions on the slopes had been good that day 15.which terminal he was landing at 16.whether she had typed the proposal that he needed to take with him the following day 17.whether I was aware that many shops accepted dollars in Istanbul 18.what my husband had just said 19.which charities are helping with the relief effort 20.whether someone could tell him what was going on there Exercise 8 (pg.37) l.to eat the chocolates as they were for our guests 2.not to expect drivers to stop at pedestrian crossings in Rome 3.not to give the dog sweets 4.not to touch the furniture with her sticky fingers 5.not to look up lots of words, but to try to guess the meaning from the context 6.to let her do the washing up for her 7.to roll my sleeve up 8.to make sure we always had change in the cash register 9.to empty the contents into a cup, (to) add water and (to) stir well 10.not to jump into the pool 11.to call the doctor if she was worried about her 12.to keep my wrist loose all the time and not to get tense 13.to put all our litter in the bins 14.to tell him when the picture was straight 15.to swim in the river Exercise 9 (pg.39) 1.asked/whether I could post that letter as he wanted her to receive it by the weekend 2.instructed/not to walk about after dark because it was dangerous around the city 3.asked/what he thought the problem with the car was and whether it needed a service 4.said he couldn't understand how to insert a graph into his file and asked whether I could explain how to do it 5.said 'Erin Brockovich' sounded like a good film and asked me which cinemas it was showing at 6.informed/that this course would only cover the basic procedures of 'Microsoft Word', but more advanced training was available 7.warned/not to go out with my hair wet, or else I would catch pneumonia 8.urged/to buy that expensive perfume because she had been working very had lately and she deserved it 9.told/that he didn't have enough cash with him and asked him whether he (they) accepted credit cards 10.instructed/to tidy his room because she couldn't even see the floor Exercise 10 (pg.42) 1. so does 2.neither is 3.couldn't either 4.is too 5.so does 6.won't either 7.neither has 8.does too 9.so should 10.so might 11.neither must 12.so did 13.wouldn't either 14.neither had 15.neither could 16.can too 17.hasn't either 18.so did 19.so was 20.neither would Exercise 11 (pg.45) 3.I expect so 4.I suppose so 5.I hope not 6.It appears so 7.I believe so 8.I'm afraid so 9.It seems so 10.It doesn't appear so 11.It appears so 12.I don't expect so 13.I'm afraid not 14.I suppose so 15.It seems so Exercise 12 (pg.47) 1.doesn't it 2.haven't you 3.did they 4.mustn't it 5.can't you 6.don't you 7.does she 8.wouldn't you 9.was it 10.didn't there 11.do they 12.will you 13.should they 14.can they 15.don't they 16.did we 17.isn't it 18.have they 19.will they 20.shall we

TEST YOURSELF 1
1.E 11.B 21. C 31.E 41.D 51.A 61.D 2.C 12.B 22.C 32.A 42.E 52.B 62.C 3.B 13.D 23.E 33.A 43.C 53.C 63.A 4.D 14.E 24.D 34.B 44.B 54.E 64.B 5.D 15.E 25.C 35.C 45.B 55.A 65.E 6.A 16.C 26.B 36.E 46.A 56.D 66.B 7.E 17.A 27.A 37.D 47.D 57.E 67. C 8.C 18.B 28.C 38.B 48.D 58.A 68.E 9.A 19. A 29.E 39.C 49.C 59.B 69.A 10.D 20. D 30.A 40.D 50.B 60.C 70.E

TEST YOURSELF 2
l.B 11.C 21.D 31.E 41.A 51. C 61.E 71.E 2.C 12.B 22.C 32.B 42.E 52.A 62.C 72.E 3.D 13.A 23.A 33.C 43.B 53 .A 63.B 73.D 4.D 14.E 24.A 34.D 44.C 54.B 64.C 74.C 5.B 15.D 25.B 35.A 45.D 55.D 65.C 75.A 6.E 16.E 26.C 36.A 46.E 56.B 66.D 76.B 7.C 17.E 27.E 37.B 47.C 57.C 67.D 77.E 8.C 18.C 28.D 38.C 48.A 58.C 68.A 78.D 9.B 19.D 29.D 39.A 49.B 59.E 69.C 79.B 10.C 20.A 30.B 40.A 5O.D 60.B 70.B 80.A

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TEST YOUR VOCABULARY

1.A 11.B 21.E 31.D 2.C 12.B 22.C 32.A 3-D 13.C 23.B 33.C 4.D 14.D 24.A 34.B 5.E 15.A 25.D 35.B 6.B 16.A 26.C 36.C 7.A 17.C 27.C 37.A 8.A 18.D 28.B 38.D 9.D 19.D 29.E 39.B 10.B 20.C 30.E 40.C

ANSWER KEY to EXAMPLES FROM YS/YDS

l-C 2-E 3-D 4-D 5-B 6-A 7-A 8-E 9-A 10-A 11-C 12-A 13-A 14-B 15-D 16-C 17-E 18-E 19-E 20C 21-A 22-B 23-D 24-A 25-E 26-C 27-B 28-D 29-C 30-E 31-C 32-C 33-A

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