SUBMITED BY BISWAJIT BEHERA 0811019048

INTRODUCTION

A boiler is a closed vessel in which water or other fluid is heated. The heated or vaporized fluid exits the boiler for use in various processes or heating applications. Instrumentation and controls in a boiler plant encompass an enormous range of equipment from simple industrial plant to the complex in the large utility station. The boiler control system is the means by which the balance of energy & mass into and out of the boiler are achieved. Inputs are fuel, combustion air, atomizing air or steam &feed water. Of these, fuel is the major energy input. Combustion air is the major mass input. Outputs are steam, flue gas, blow down, radiation & soot blowing.

Boilers can be classified into the following configurations:

Pot boiler or Haycock boiler:

A primitive "kettle" where a fire heats a partially-filled water container from below. 18th century Haycock boilers generally produced and stored large volumes of very lowpressure steam, often hardly above that of the atmosphere. These could burn wood or most often, coal. Efficiency was very low.

 Fire-tube boiler: Here, water partially fills a boiler barrel with a small volume left above to accommodate the steam (steam space). This is the type of boiler used in nearly all steam locomotives. The heat source is inside a furnace or firebox that has to be kept permanently surrounded by the water in order to maintain the temperature of the heating surface just below boiling point.

Diagram of a fire-tube boiler

 Water tube boiler:

In this type, the water tubes are arranged inside a furnace in a number of possible configurations: often the water tubes connect large drums, the lower ones containing water and the upper ones, steam and water; in other cases, such as a monotube boiler, water is circulated by a pump through a succession of coils.

Diagram of a water-tube boiler

GENERAL BLCOK DIAGRAM OF BOILER DRUM

BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION

The block diagram of boiler control is shown in above figure the output from the boiler i.e, the steam outputs and the level of water is given to transmitters. The output of transmitter is given to the controller which act as level indicator controller and flow indicator controller. If there is any error corresponding to desired set point, the signal from controller is given to the converter which will open or close the valve and the water will be drained out or filled according to required steam. The major loops in boiler control are 1) Combustion control 2) Feed water control

COMBUSTION CONTROL
A combustion control system is broken down into

(a) fuel control and (b) combustion air control subsystems. The interrelationship between these two subsystems necessitate the use of fuel air ration controls. The primary boiler fuels are coal, oil and gas. The control of gas and oil fuels requires simplest controls- i.e a control valve in the fuel line. The steam drum pressure is an indication of balance between the inflow and outflow of heat. Therefore by controlling the steam supply one can establish balance between the demand for steam (process load) and supply of water.

HARDWARES USED IN COMBUSTION CONTROL

ON/OFF controls:
Are still used in many industries but are generally used in small water tube boilers. When the pressure drops to a present value, fuel & air are automatically fed into the boiler at predetermined rate until pressure has risen to its upper limit.

Positioning systems:
Respond to changes in header pressure by simultaneously positioning the forced draft damper and fuel valve to a predetermined alignment. This is not used in liquid , gaseous fuel fired boilers.

 Metering control system:

In this system control is regulated in accordance with the measured fuel and air flows. This maintains combustion efficiency over a wide load ranges & over long period of time.
Both metering & positioning control systems use steam

header pressure as their primary measured variable & as a basis for firing rate demand. A master pressure controller responds to changes on header pressure & positions the dampers to control air flow and fuel valve to regulate fuel supply.

FEEDWATER CONTROL
Feedwater control is the regulation of water to the boiler

drum. It provide a mass accounting system for steam leading and feedwater entering the boiler. Proper boiler operation requires that the level of water in the steam drum should be maintained within certain band. A decrease in this level may uncover boiler tubes, allowing them to become overheated. An increase in the level of water may interfere with the internal operation of internal devices in the boiler drum. It is important to made that the water level in the boiler drum must be above 50% all the time.

 As system for feedwater control must be designed to

maintain the mass balance over expected boiler load changes so that the level in the steam drum remains within the required limits for safe and efficient operation.
Control system complexity is based on number of

measured variables used to initiate control action and include single element ,two element,3 element and advanced control schemes to improve accuracy of final control action.

SINGLE ELEMENT CONTROL SYSTEMS

For small boilers having relatively high storage volumes

and slow changing loads ,single element control system is used. It controls feed water flow based on drum level. Response is very slow because a change in feedwater flow takes a long time to show up the level change. As a result the steam drum causes water to increase and decrease in volume, resulting in false measurements.

TWO ELEMENT CONTROL SYSTEMS

The two element system overcome these inadequacies

by using steam flow changes as a feed forward signal. This control is used in intermediate boilers as well as large boilers. Here the flow and level transmitters are summed by a computing relay and will be the set point for feedwater. Here the response is faster.

THREE ELEMENT CONTROL

Boilers that experiences wide and rapid load changes

require three element control. Three element control is similar to two element system except that the water flow loop is closed rather than open. The level and steam flow signals are summed and used as an index or set point to the feedwater flow. The feedwater flow measurement provides corrective action for variation in feedwater pressure.

THREE ELEMENT BOILER CONTROL

FIVE ELEMENT CONTROL

Additional elements can be added to a feedwater

control system to improve response accuracy. A five element feedwater control system is essentially a three element configuration in which the steam flow measurement is temperature compensated and drum level measurement is pressure compensated.

FIVE ELEMENT BOILER CONTROL

FLOWMETER
The flow meter is designed to measure flow rate of a fluid. Measurement is based on Faradays law of induction,

according to which a voltage is induced in an electrically conductive body which passes through a magnetic field. . The following expression is applicable to the voltage.

U=K*B*V*D
Where:

U = induced voltage K = an instrument constant B = magnetic field strength V = mean velocity D = pipe diameter

RELATION BETWEEN FEEDWATER FLOW AND STEM FLOW

In feedwater control the flow rate of feedwater is proportional to

the change in displacement of the valve stem i.e. Change in flow rate = k(change in stem displacement) k = constant If Q = flow rate S = stem displacement Qmax = maximum flow rate Smax = maximum stem displacement Then,

Q/Qmax = S/Smax
Percentage change in the flow rate = percentage change in the

stem displacement

Combustion efficiency
It can be determined if proper information is available on

fuel analysis, fuel gas analysis, combustion air temperature and stack temperature. The loss of heat in the fuel gas, on a percentage basis is subtracted from 100% to provide the percentage combustion efficiency. Combustion efficiency = (100% %age of heat loss in fuel gas)

Combustion efficiency manometer

Boiler efficiency
It simply defined as the amount of energy in the stem or

hot water leaving the boiler minus the energy in the feedwater divided by the amount of energy in the fuel used.

Boiler efficiency = (Eout Efw)/Efuel

Eout : amount of energy in the stem or hot water Efw : amount of energy in feedwater Efuel : amount of energy in fuel Boiler efficiency must always be less than combustion efficiency. Typical boiler efficiency is 75% to 85%.

ADVANTAGES
Multiple element feedwater control can help:

i. Faster response of systems. ii. More accurate control. iii. Maximum system stability. Metering control system maintains combustion efficiency over wide load changes and over long period of time.

DISADVANTAGES
Boilers require quick responding controls.

Level of the water in the boiler must be kept above 50% of

height.

CONCLUSIONS
The various goals of boiler control includes: 1. To minimize excess air 2. To minimize blow down 3. To minimize steam pressure 4. To measure efficiency

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Instrumentation Controls Journal www.control.com www.ask.com www.wikipedia.com