EXTRA PROBLEMS WITH SOLUTIONS Example 10: The ABC Co. is planning to stock a new product. The Co.

Has developed the following information: Annual usage = 5400 units Cost of the product = 365 MU/unit Ordering cost = 55 MU/order Carrying cost = 28% /year of inventory value held. a Determine the optimal number of units per order b. Find the optimal number of orders/year c. Find the annual total inventory cost Solution: a. X0 = 2CB/zp = 2*5400*55/365*0.28 = ~76 units/order b. N0 = C/X0 =5400 / 76 = ~71 orders/year c. Ke= 2CBzp = 2*5400*55*365*0.28 = 7791.46 MU/year. Example 11: Holding costs are 35 MU/unit/year. The ordering cost is 120 MU/order and sales are relatively constant at 400 month. a. What is the optimal order quantity? b. What is the annual total inventory cost? Solution: a. X0 = 2CB/E= 2*(400*12)*120/35 = 181.42 units/order b. Ke= 2CBE= 2*(400*12)*120*35 = 6349.80 MU/year

Example 12: Azim furniture company handles several lines of furniture, one of which is the popular Layback Model TT chair. The manager, Mr. Farmerson, has decided to determine by use of the EOQ model the best quantity to obtain in each order. Mr. Farmerson has determined from past invoices that he has sold about 200 chair during each of the past five years at a fairly uniform rate and he expects to continue at that rate. He has estimated that preparation of an order and other variable costs associated with each order are about 10 MU, and it costs him about 1.5 % per month (or 18% per year) to hold items in stock. His cost for the chair is 87 MU. a. How many layback chairs should be ordered each time? b. How many orders would there be? c. Determine the approximate lenght of a supply order in days? d. Calculate the minimum total inventory cost e. Show and verify that the annual holding cost is equal to the annual ordering cost (due to rounding, show these costs are approximately equal) Solution: a. X0 = 2CB/Zp = 2*200*10 /0.18*87 = 15.98 =~16 chairs/order b. N0 = C/X0 =200 /16= 12.5 orders/year c. t0 = X0/C * 365 = 16 /200 *365 = 29.2 days d. Ke= 2CBZp = 2*200*10*0.18*87 = 250.28 MU/year e. N0 *B = 12.5 * 10 = 125 MU X0/2*Zp = 15.98/2 * 0.18*87 = 125.1 MU Example 13: A. Leyla Tas has determined that the annual demand for #6 screws is 100000 screws. Leyla, estimates that it costs 10 MU every time when an order is placed. This cost includes wages, the cost of the forms used in placing the order and so on. Furthermore, she estimates that the cost of carrying are screw in inventory for a year is one-half of 0.01 MU. Assume that the demand is constant throughout the year.

a. How many #6 screws should Leyla order at a time to minimize total inventory cost? b. How many orders per year would be placed? What would the annual ordering cost be? c. What would the average inventory be? What would the annual holding cost be? Solution: a. E= 0.01/2 = 0.005 X0 = 2CB/E X0 = 2*100000*10 / 0.005 = 20000 screws/order b. N0 = C/X0 = 100000/20000= 5 orders/year Total ordering cost = N*B = 5*10 = 50 MU/year c. Average inventory = x/2 = 20000/2 = 10000 units Total holding cost = x/2*E= 10000 * 0.005 = 50 MU/year B. It takes approximately 8 working days for an order of #6 screws to arrive once the order has been placed. The demand is fairly constant, and on the average the store sells 500 screws each day. What is the ROP? Solution: ROP = Ro= use rate * lead time = c*tlt = 500 screws/day * 8 days = 4 000 screws. C. The manager believes that Leyla places too many orders for screws /year. He believes that an order should be placed only twice/year. If Leyla follows her manager`s policy, how much more would this cost every year over the ordering policy that she developed, if only two orders were placed each year, what effect would this have on the ROP? Solution: Twice a year = Ke= NB + X/2*E = 2*10 + 50000/2*0.005 = 20 + 125 = 145 5 times a year = Ke= 2CBE = 2*100000*10*0.005 = 100 MU Extra cost for managers offer = 45 MU No effect on ROP.

Example 14: Ahmet Uslu experiences an annual demand of 220 000 MU for pro quality tennis balls at the zmir Tennis Supply Company. It cost Ahmet 30 MU to place an order and his carrying cost is 18%. How many orders per year should Ahmet place for the balls? Solution:
N0 = CpZ = 2B

( 220 000 )( 0.18) 2( 30 )

= 25.69orders/year

Example 15: Aye alkan,owner of Computer Village, needs to determine an optimal ordering policy for Porto-Pro computers,annual demand for the computers is 28 000 MU and carrying cost is 23 percent. Aye has estimated order costs to be 48 MU per order. What are the optimal MU per order? Solution:
X0 = 2CpB = Z 2( 28 000 )( 48) = 3418.62 mu/order 0.23

Example 16: EMU uses 96 000 MU annually of a particular reagent in the chemistry department of the EMU estimates the ordering cost at 45 MU and thinks that the university can hold this type of inventory at an annual storage cost of 22% of the purchase price. How many months supply should the purchasing department order at on time to minimize total annual cost of inventory? Solution:
t 0 = 12 2B = 12 CpZ 2( 45) = 0.784 month' ssupply ( 96 000)( 0.22)

Example 17: The ABC co.is planning to stock new product. The ABC co.has developed the following information: Annual usage = 5400 units Cost of the product = 365 MU/unit Ordering cost = 55 MU/order Carrying cost = 28%/year of inventory value held a) Determine the optimal number of units per order? b) Find the optimal number of orders/year? c) Find the annual total inventory cost? Solution:
a) X 0 = 2CB = Zp 2( 5400 )( 55) 76 units/order 365( 0.28)

b) N o =

C 5400 = 71 orders/year X0 76

c) K e = 2CBZp = 2( 5 400 )( 55)( 365)( 0.28) = 60 706 800 = 7 791.46mu/year

Example 18: A local artisan uses supplies purchased from an overseas supplier. The owner believes the assumptions of the EOQ model are met reasonably well. Minimization of inventory cost is her objective. Relevant data, from the files of the credit firm, are annual demand (C) = 240 units, ordering cost (B) = 42 MU/order, and holding cost = 4 MU/unit/year. a) How many should she order at one time? b) How many times per year will she replenish its inventory of this material? c) What will be the total inventory costs associated with this material?

d) If she discovered that the carrying cost has been overstated, and was in reality only 1 MU/unit-year, what is the corrected value of EOQ? Solution:
C = 240 units/year B = 42 MU/order E = 4MU/unit/year

a) X o = b) N 0 =

2CB = E

2( 240)( 42) = 70.99 = 71 Units/order 4

c) K e 2CBE = 2( 240 )( 42)( 4 ) = 283.97 MU/year d) X 0 =

C 240 = = 3.38 Times/year X0 71

K e = 2CBE = 2( 240)( 42 )(1) = 142 MU/yr.

Example 19: Ground Coffee shop uses 3 kgs of a specialty tea weekly; each kg. costs 16 MU. Carrying costs are 2 MU/kg/week because space is very scarce. It costs the firm 7 MU to prepare an order. Assume the basic EOQ model with no shortages applies. Assume 52 weeks/year. a) How many kgs should Ground to order at a time? b) What is total annual inventory cost? c) How many orders should ground place annually? d) How many days will there be between orders(assume 310 operating days)? Solution:
2CB 2( 3)( 7 ) = = 4.58 kgs/order E 2 b) K e = 2CBE = 2( 3)( 7 )( 2) = 9.165 MU/week

a) X 0 =

K e = 9.165 52 = 476.59 MU/year

C 3 52 = = 34.06 Times/year X0 4.58 1 1 310 = 9.1 9 days d) t = 310 = N 34.06

c) N 0 =

Example 20: Holding costs are 35 MU/unit/year. The ordering cost is 120 MU/order, and sales are reletively constant at 400/month. a) What is the optimal order quantity? b) What is the annual total inventory cost? Solution:
X0 = 2CB = E 2( 400 12 )(120 ) = 181.42 Units/order 35

K e = 2CBE = 2( 400 12 )(120 )( 35) = 6 349.80 MU/year

Example 21: ABC, a company that sells pump housings to other manufacturers, would like to reduce its inventory cost by determining the optimal number of pump housings to obtain per order. The annual demand is 1 000 units, the ordering cost is 10 MU/order, and the average carrying cost per unit per year is 0.50 MU. Calculate EOQ .(i.e.the optimal number of units per order). Solution:
2(1 000 )(10 ) 2CB = = 40 000 = 200units E 0.50 C X 1 000 200 Ke = B + E= 10 + 0.5 = 100MU X 2 200 2 C 1000 N0 = = = 5times / yr Q 200 Q 200 T = = = 0.20 yr = 73days C 1000 X0 =

Example 22: Lemar Supermarket sells about 200 000 kilos of milk annually. The milk is purchased for 4 MU/kg. Holding costs are 1.40 MU/kg/yr. Each order costs 35 MU. If the shelf life of the milk is only 5 days, how many kilos should be ordered at a time. Solution:

C = 200 000kg/yr P = 4 MU/kg E = 1.40 MU/kg/yr B = 35 MU/order Shelf Life = 5 days EOQ = 2CB 2( 200 000 35) = = 3 162.28 kilos E 1.40 X 3 162.28 t 0 = 0 365 = 365 = 5.77 days C 200 000

With an EOQ of 3 162.28 kilos an order must be placed every 5.77 days. But the shelf life is 5 days so some milk will start to go sour. Therefore

200 000 ( 5) = 2 739.73 kilos should be ordered every 5 days. 365

Example 23: A building materials stockist obtains its cement from a single supplier. Demand for cement is reasonably constant throughout the year. Last year the company sold 2 000 tonnes of cement. It estimates the costs of placing an order at around 25 MU each time an order is placed and charges inventory holding at 20% of purchase cost. The company purchases cement at 60 MU per tonne. a) How much cement should the company order at a time? b) Instead of ordering EOQ, why not a order convenient 100 tonnes? Solution: a) EOQ for cement =
2CB = Zp 2( 25)( 2 000 ) = 91.287 tonnes 0.2( 60 )

b) Total cost of ordering plan for X 0 = 91.287 tonnes;

or we can calculate K e by
Ke = C X 2000 B + Zp = ( 25) + 91.287 ( 0.2)( 60) = 1095.454 MU X 2 91.287 2

Total cost of ordering plan for X 0 = 100 tonnes;

Ke =

2 000 100 25 + ( 0.2)( 60) = 1100 MU 100 2

Result: The extra cost of ordering 100 tonnes at a time is 1 100 MU-1095.454 MU= 4.55 MU. The production/operations manager therefore should feel confident in using the more convenient order quantity. Example 24: # 2 pencils at the EMU bookstore are sold at a fairly steady rate of 60 per week. The pencil cost the bookstore 0.02 MU each and sell for 0.15 MU each. It costs the bookstore 12 MU to initiate an order and holding costs are based on an annual interet rate of 25%. Determine the optimal number of pencils for the bookstore to purchase and the time between placement of orders. What are the holding and setup costs for this item? Solution:
C = 60 52 = 3 210 Units Zp = E

2CB 2( 3120 )(12 ) = = 3 780 Units E 0.005 X 3 870 T = = = 1.24 yr. C 3 120 X 3 870 Average Holding Cost = E = 0.005 = 9.675 MU 2 2 C 3 120 Average Ordering Cost = B = 12 = 9.675 MU X 3 870 X0 =

E = 0.25( 0.02 ) = 0.005 MU/unit/yr

Example 25: A wholesaler has a steady demand for 50 items of a given product each month. The purchase cost of each item is 6 MU and the holding cost for this item is estimated to be 20% of the stock value per annum. Every order placed by the wholesaler cost 10 MU in administration charges regardless of the number ordered? Solution: C = annual demand = 50x12 = 600 items p = price unit = 6 MU

B = order cost = 10 MU E = holding cost of one item per year = Zp= 0.20x6
X0 = 2CB = Zp 2 10 600 =100items 0.2 6

An order size of 100 is used at an order frequency of N 0 = Example 26: C = Demand/week = 400 unit. P =Purchase price = 3 MU/unit E = Holding cost = 2 MU/100 items/week B = Order cost =12 MU/order
X0 =?

C 600 = = 6times / year X 0 100

Solution:
X0 = 2CB = E 2( 400)(12 ) = 692.8 693items 2 / 100

An order size of 693 items is recommended Example 27: TT Beverage Co. is a distributor of beer, wine and soft drinks product. From a main warehouse located in Magusa, TRNC, TT supplies nearly 1000 retail stores with beverage products. The beer inventory, which constitutes about 40% of the companys total inventory, averages approximately 50 000 cases. With an average cost per case of approximately 8MU, TT estimates the value of its beer inventory to be 400 000 MU. The warehouse manager has decided to do a detailed study of inventory costs associated with Sergio Beer, the # 1 selling TT beer. The purpose of the study is to establish the how-much to order, and when to order decisions for Segio Beer that will result in the lowest possible cost. The manager found that the demand is constant and 2 000 cases/week.The cost of holding for the TT beer inventory is 25% of the value of the inventory. (Note that definding the holding cost as a % of the value of the product is convenient, because it is easily transferable to other products)

TT is paying 32 MU/order regardless of the quantity requested in the order. Suppose TT is open 5 days each week, and the manufacturer of Sergio Beer guarantees 2-day delivery on any order placed. a) Find Economic Order Quantity. b) Find reorder point. c) How frequently theorder will be placed? d) Find the cycle time? e) Calculate minimum total inventory cost. Solution: a) Find EOQ
X0 = 2CB = Zp 2( 2000 52 )( 32 ) = 1824cases 0.25 8

The use of an order quantity of 1824 cases will yield the minimum-cost inventory policy for TT beer. b) Find the reorder point
R0 = c t Lt c= 2000 = 400 5 R0 = 400units 2days = 800cases

c) How frequently the order will be placed?

d) Find the cycle time.

The cycle time is 4.6 working days. e) Calculate minimum total inventory cost.
K e = 2CBEZp = 2(104000 )( 32 )( 0.25 )( 8) K e = 13312000 3648MU 1824 Total order cost ( 57 32) 1824 Total holding cost ( 1824 2 1824) 2