BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual: November 4, 2005

BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual
November 4, 2005
Copyright c 2004, 2005 Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. (ISC) Copyright c 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003 Internet Software Consortium.
Chapter 1
Introduction
The Internet Domain Name System (DNS) consists of the syntax to specify the names of entities in the Internet in a hierarchical manner, the rules used for delegating authority over names, and the system implementation that actually maps names to Internet addresses. DNS data is maintained in a group of distributed hierarchical databases.
1.1
Scope of Document
The Berkeley Internet Name Domain (BIND) implements an domain name server for a number of operating systems. This document provides basic information about the installation and care of the Internet Software Consortium (ISC) BIND version 9 software package for system administrators. This version of the manual corresponds to BIND version 9.3.
1.2
Organization of This Document
In this document, Section 1 introduces the basic DNS and BIND concepts. Section 2 describes resource requirements for running BIND in various environments. Information in Section 3 is task-oriented in its presentation and is organized functionally, to aid in the process of installing the BIND 9 software. The task-oriented section is followed by Section 4, which contains more advanced concepts that the system administrator may need for implementing certain options. Section 5 describes the BIND 9 lightweight resolver. The contents of Section 6 are organized as in a reference manual to aid in the ongoing maintenance of the software. Section 7addresses security considerations, and Section 8 contains troubleshooting help. The main body of the document is followed by several Appendices which contain useful reference information, such as a Bibliography and historic information related to BIND and the Domain Name System.
1.3
Conventions Used in This Document
In this document, we use the following general typographic conventions: To describe: a pathname, lename, URL, hostname, mailing list name, or new term or concept literal user input program output We use the style: Fixed width Fixed Width Bold Fixed Width
1.4. THE DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM (DNS)
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
The following conventions are used in descriptions of the BIND conguration le: To describe: keywords variables Optional input We use the style: Fixed Width Fixed Width [Text is enclosed in square brackets]
1.4
The Domain Name System (DNS)
The purpose of this document is to explain the installation and upkeep of the BIND software package, and we begin by reviewing the fundamentals of the Domain Name System (DNS) as they relate to BIND.
1.4.1
DNS Fundamentals
The Domain Name System (DNS) is the hierarchical, distributed database. It stores information for mapping Internet host names to IP addresses and vice versa, mail routing information, and other data used by Internet applications. Clients look up information in the DNS by calling a resolver library, which sends queries to one or more name servers and interprets the responses. The BIND 9 software distribution contains a name server, named, and two resolver libraries, liblwres and libbind.
1.4.2
Domains and Domain Names
The data stored in the DNS is identied by domain names that are organized as a tree according to organizational or administrative boundaries. Each node of the tree, called a domain, is given a label. The domain name of the node is the concatenation of all the labels on the path from the node to the root node. This is represented in written form as a string of labels listed from right to left and separated by dots. A label need only be unique within its parent domain. For example, a domain name for a host at the company Example, Inc. could be mail.example.com, where com is the top level domain to which ourhost.example.com belongs, example is a subdomain of com, and ourhost is the name of the host. For administrative purposes, the name space is partitioned into areas called zones, each starting at a node and extending down to the leaf nodes or to nodes where other zones start. The data for each zone is stored in a name server, which answers queries about the zone using the DNS protocol. The data associated with each domain name is stored in the form of resource records (RRs). Some of the supported resource record types are described in Section 6.3.1. For more detailed information about the design of the DNS and the DNS protocol, please refer to the standards documents listed in Section A.3.1.
1.4.3
Zones
To properly operate a name server, it is important to understand the difference between a zone and a domain. As we stated previously, a zone is a point of delegation in the DNS tree. A zone consists of those contiguous parts of the domain tree for which a name server has complete information and over which it has authority. It contains all domain names from a certain point downward in the domain tree except those which are delegated to other zones. A delegation point is marked by one or more NS records in the parent zone, which should be matched by equivalent NS records at the root of the delegated zone. 4
For instance, consider the example.com domain which includes names such as host.aaa.example. com and host.bbb.example.com even though the example.com zone includes only delegations for the aaa.example.com and bbb.example.com zones. A zone can map exactly to a single domain, but could also include only part of a domain, the rest of which could be delegated to other name servers. Every name in the DNS tree is a domain, even if it is terminal, that is, has no subdomains. Every subdomain is a domain and every domain except the root is also a subdomain. The terminology is not intuitive and we suggest that you read RFCs 1033, 1034 and 1035 to gain a complete understanding of this difcult and subtle topic. Though BIND is called a domain name server, it deals primarily in terms of zones. The master and slave declarations in the named.conf le specify zones, not domains. When you ask some other site if it is willing to be a slave server for your domain, you are actually asking for slave service for some collection of zones.
1.4.4
Authoritative Name Servers
Each zone is served by at least one authoritative name server, which contains the complete data for the zone. To make the DNS tolerant of server and network failures, most zones have two or more authoritative servers. Responses from authoritative servers have the authoritative answer (AA) bit set in the response packets. This makes them easy to identify when debugging DNS congurations using tools like dig (Section 3.3.1.1).
1.4.4.1
The Primary Master
The authoritative server where the master copy of the zone data is maintained is called the primary master server, or simply the primary. It loads the zone contents from some local le edited by humans or perhaps generated mechanically from some other local le which is edited by humans. This le is called the zone le or master le.
1.4.4.2
Slave Servers
The other authoritative servers, the slave servers (also known as secondary servers) load the zone contents from another server using a replication process known as a zone transfer. Typically the data are transferred directly from the primary master, but it is also possible to transfer it from another slave. In other words, a slave server may itself act as a master to a subordinate slave server.
1.4.4.3
Stealth Servers
Usually all of the zones authoritative servers are listed in NS records in the parent zone. These NS records constitute a delegation of the zone from the parent. The authoritative servers are also listed in the zone le itself, at the top level or apex of the zone. You can list servers in the zones top-level NS records that are not in the parents NS delegation, but you cannot list servers in the parents delegation that are not present at the zones top level. A stealth server is a server that is authoritative for a zone but is not listed in that zones NS records. Stealth servers can be used for keeping a local copy of a zone to speed up access to the zones records or to make sure that the zone is available even if all the ofcial servers for the zone are inaccessible. A conguration where the primary master server itself is a stealth server is often referred to as a hidden primary conguration. One use for this conguration is when the primary master is behind a rewall and therefore unable to communicate directly with the outside world. 5
1.4.5
Caching Name Servers
The resolver libraries provided by most operating systems are stub resolvers, meaning that they are not capable of performing the full DNS resolution process by themselves by talking directly to the authoritative servers. Instead, they rely on a local name server to perform the resolution on their behalf. Such a server is called a recursive name server; it performs recursive lookups for local clients. To improve performance, recursive servers cache the results of the lookups they perform. Since the processes of recursion and caching are intimately connected, the terms recursive server and caching server are often used synonymously. The length of time for which a record may be retained in in the cache of a caching name server is controlled by the Time To Live (TTL) eld associated with each resource record. 1.4.5.1 Forwarding
Even a caching name server does not necessarily perform the complete recursive lookup itself. Instead, it can forward some or all of the queries that it cannot satisfy from its cache to another caching name server, commonly referred to as a forwarder. There may be one or more forwarders, and they are queried in turn until the list is exhausted or an answer is found. Forwarders are typically used when you do not wish all the servers at a given site to interact directly with the rest of the Internet servers. A typical scenario would involve a number of internal DNS servers and an Internet rewall. Servers unable to pass packets through the rewall would forward to the server that can do it, and that server would query the Internet DNS servers on the internal servers behalf. An added benet of using the forwarding feature is that the central machine develops a much more complete cache of information that all the clients can take advantage of.
1.4.6
Name Servers in Multiple Roles
The BIND name server can simultaneously act as a master for some zones, a slave for other zones, and as a caching (recursive) server for a set of local clients. However, since the functions of authoritative name service and caching/recursive name service are logically separate, it is often advantageous to run them on separate server machines. A server that only provides authoritative name service (an authoritative-only server) can run with recursion disabled, improving reliability and security. A server that is not authoritative for any zones and only provides recursive service to local clients (a caching-only server) does not need to be reachable from the Internet at large and can be placed inside a rewall.
Chapter 2
BIND Resource Requirements

2.1 Hardware requirements
DNS hardware requirements have traditionally been quite modest. For many installations, servers that have been pensioned off from active duty have performed admirably as DNS servers. The DNSSEC and IPv6 features of BIND 9 may prove to be quite CPU intensive however, so organizations that make heavy use of these features may wish to consider larger systems for these applications. BIND 9 is fully multithreaded, allowing full utilization of multiprocessor systems for installations that need it.
2.2
CPU Requirements
CPU requirements for BIND 9 range from i486-class machines for serving of static zones without caching, to enterprise-class machines if you intend to process many dynamic updates and DNSSEC signed zones, serving many thousands of queries per second.
2.3
Memory Requirements
The memory of the server has to be large enough to t the cache and zones loaded off disk. The maxcache-size option can be used to limit the amount of memory used by the cache, at the expense of reducing cache hit rates and causing more DNS trafc. It is still good practice to have enough memory to load all zone and cache data into memory unfortunately, the best way to determine this for a given installation is to watch the name server in operation. After a few weeks the server process should reach a relatively stable size where entries are expiring from the cache as fast as they are being inserted.
2.4
Name Server Intensive Environment Issues
For name server intensive environments, there are two alternative congurations that may be used. The rst is where clients and any second-level internal name servers query a main name server, which has enough memory to build a large cache. This approach minimizes the bandwidth used by external name lookups. The second alternative is to set up second-level internal name servers to make queries independently. In this conguration, none of the individual machines needs to have as much memory or CPU power as in the rst alternative, but this has the disadvantage of making many more external queries, as none of the name servers share their cached data. 7
2.5. SUPPORTED OPERATING SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 2. BIND RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS
2.5
Supported Operating Systems
ISC BIND 9 compiles and runs on a large number of Unix-like operating system and on Windows NT / 2000. For an up-to-date list of supported systems, see the README le in the top level directory of the BIND 9 source distribution.
Chapter 3
Name Server Conguration

In this section we provide some suggested congurations along with guidelines for their use. We also address the topic of reasonable option setting.
3.1
3.1.1
Sample Congurations
A Caching-only Name Server
The following sample conguration is appropriate for a caching-only name server for use by clients internal to a corporation. All queries from outside clients are refused using the allow-query option. Alternatively, the same effect could be achieved using suitable rewall rules. // Two corporate subnets we wish to allow queries from. acl corpnets { 192.168.4.0/24; 192.168.7.0/24; }; options { directory "/etc/namedb"; // Working directory allow-query { corpnets; }; }; // Provide a reverse mapping for the loopback address 127.0.0.1 zone "0.0.127.in-addr.arpa" { type master; file "localhost.rev"; notify no; };
3.1.2
An Authoritative-only Name Server
This sample conguration is for an authoritative-only server that is the master server for example. com and a slave for the subdomain eng.example.com. options { directory "/etc/namedb"; allow-query { any; }; recursion no; };
// Working directory // This is the default // Do not provide recursive service
// Provide a reverse mapping for the loopback address 127.0.0.1 zone "0.0.127.in-addr.arpa" { 9
3.3. NAME SERVER OPERATIONS
CHAPTER 3. NAME SERVER CONFIGURATION
type master; file "localhost.rev"; notify no; }; // We are the master server for example.com zone "example.com" { type master; file "example.com.db"; // IP addresses of slave servers allowed to transfer example.com allow-transfer { 192.168.4.14; 192.168.5.53; }; }; // We are a slave server for eng.example.com zone "eng.example.com" { type slave; file "eng.example.com.bk"; // IP address of eng.example.com master server masters { 192.168.4.12; }; };
3.2
Load Balancing
A primitive form of load balancing can be achieved in the DNS by using multiple A records for one name. For example, if you have three WWW servers with network addresses of 10.0.0.1, 10.0.0.2 and 10.0.0.3, a set of records such as the following means that clients will connect to each machine one third of the time: Name www TTL 600 600 600 CLASS IN IN IN TYPE A A A Resource Record (RR) Data 10.0.0.1 10.0.0.2 10.0.0.3
When a resolver queries for these records, BIND will rotate them and respond to the query with the records in a different order. In the example above, clients will randomly receive records in the order 1, 2, 3; 2, 3, 1; and 3, 1, 2. Most clients will use the rst record returned and discard the rest. For more detail on ordering responses, check the rrset-order substatement in the options statement, see RRset Ordering. This substatement is not supported in BIND 9, and only the ordering scheme described above is available.
3.3
3.3.1
Name Server Operations

Tools for Use With the Name Server Daemon
There are several indispensable diagnostic, administrative and monitoring tools available to the system administrator for controlling and debugging the name server daemon. We describe several in this section 10
3.3.1.1
Diagnostic Tools
The dig, host, and nslookup programs are all command line tools for manually querying name servers. They differ in style and output format. dig The domain information groper (dig) is the most versatile and complete of these lookup tools. It has two modes: simple interactive mode for a single query, and batch mode which executes a query for each in a list of several query lines. All query options are accessible from the command line. Usage dig [@server ] domain [query-type] [query-class] [+query-option] [-dig-option] [%comment] The usual simple use of dig will take the form dig @server domain query-type query-class For more information and a list of available commands and options, see the dig man page. host The host utility emphasizes simplicity and ease of use. By default, it converts between host names and Internet addresses, but its functionality can be extended with the use of options. Usage host [-aCdlrTwv] [-c class] [-N ndots] [-t type] [-W timeout] [-R retries] hostname [server ] For more information and a list of available commands and options, see the host man page. nslookup nslookup has two modes: interactive and non-interactive. Interactive mode allows the user to query name servers for information about various hosts and domains or to print a list of hosts in a domain. Non-interactive mode is used to print just the name and requested information for a host or domain. Usage nslookup [-option...] [host-to-find | - [server]]
Interactive mode is entered when no arguments are given (the default name server will be used) or when the rst argument is a hyphen (-) and the second argument is the host name or Internet address of a name server. Non-interactive mode is used when the name or Internet address of the host to be looked up is given as the rst argument. The optional second argument species the host name or address of a name server. Due to its arcane user interface and frequently inconsistent behavior, we do not recommend the use of nslookup. Use dig instead.
3.3.1.2
Administrative Tools
Administrative tools play an integral part in the management of a server. named-checkconf The named-checkconf program checks the syntax of a named.conf le. Usage named-checkconf [-jvz] [-t directory ] [filename] named-checkzone The named-checkzone program checks a master le for syntax and consistency. Usage 11
named-checkzone [-djqvD] [-c class] [-o output] [-t directory ] [-w directory ] [-k (ignore|warn|fail)] [-n (ignore|warn|fail)] zone [filename] rndc The remote name daemon control (rndc) program allows the system administrator to control the operation of a name server. If you run rndc without any options it will display a usage message as follows: Usage rndc [-c config ] [-s server ] [-p port] [-y key ] command [command...] command is one of the following: reload Reload conguration le and zones. reload zone [class [view]] Reload the given zone. refresh zone [class [view]] Schedule zone maintenance for the given zone. retransfer zone [class [view]] Retransfer the given zone from the master. freeze [zone [class [view]]] Suspend updates to a dynamic zone. If no zone is specied then all zones are suspended. This allows manual edits to be made to a zone normally updated by dynamic update. It also causes changes in the journal le to be synced into the master and the journal le to be removed. All dynamic update attempts will be refused while the zone is frozen. thaw [zone [class [view]]] Enable updates to a frozen dynamic zone. If no zone is specied then all frozen zones are enabled. This causes the server to reload the zone from disk, and re-enables dynamic updates after the load has completed. After a zone is thawed, dynamic updates will no longer be refused. notify zone [class [view]] Resend NOTIFY messages for the zone reconfig Reload the conguration le and load new zones, but do not reload existing zone les even if they have changed. This is faster than a full reload when there is a large number of zones because it avoids the need to examine the modication times of the zones les. stats Write server statistics to the statistics le. querylog Toggle query logging. Query logging can also be enabled by explicitly directing the queries category to a channel in the logging section of named.conf. dumpdb [-all|-cache|-zone] [view ...] Dump the servers caches (default) and / or zones to the dump le for the specied views. If no view is specied all views are dumped. stop [-p] Stop the server, making sure any recent changes made through dynamic update or IXFR are rst saved to the master les of the updated zones. If -p is specied nameds process id is returned. halt [-p] Stop the server immediately. Recent changes made through dynamic update or IXFR are not saved to the master les, but will be rolled forward from the journal les when the server is restarted. If -p is specied nameds process id is returned. 12
trace Increment the servers debugging level by one. trace level Sets the servers debugging level to an explicit value. notrace Sets the servers debugging level to 0. flush Flushes the servers cache. flushname name Flushes the given name from the servers cache. status Display status of the server. Note the number of zones includes the internal bind/CH zone and the default ./IN hint zone if there is not a explicit root zone congured. recursing Dump the list of queries named is currently recursing on. In BIND 9.2, rndc supports all the commands of the BIND 8 ndc utility except ndc start and ndc restart, which were also not supported in ndcs channel mode. A conguration le is required, since all communication with the server is authenticated with digital signatures that rely on a shared secret, and there is no way to provide that secret other than with a conguration le. The default location for the rndc conguration le is /etc/rndc.conf, but an alternate location can be specied with the -c option. If the conguration le is not found, rndc will also look in /etc/rndc.key (or whatever sysconfdir was dened when the BIND build was congured). The rndc.key le is generated by running rndc-confgen -a as described in Section 6.2.4. The format of the conguration le is similar to that of named.conf, but limited to only four statements, the options, key, server and include statements. These statements are what associate the secret keys to the servers with which they are meant to be shared. The order of statements is not signicant. The options statement has three clauses: default-server, default-key, and default-port. defaultserver takes a host name or address argument and represents the server that will be contacted if no -s option is provided on the command line. default-key takes the name of a key as its argument, as dened by a key statement. default-port species the port to which rndc should connect if no port is given on the command line or in a server statement. The key statement denes an key to be used by rndc when authenticating with named. Its syntax is identical to the key statement in named.conf. The keyword key is followed by a key name, which must be a valid domain name, though it need not actually be hierarchical; thus, a string like rndc key is a valid name. The key statement has two clauses: algorithm and secret. While the conguration parser will accept any string as the argument to algorithm, currently only the string hmac-md5 has any meaning. The secret is a base-64 encoded string. The server statement associates a key dened using the key statement with a server. The keyword server is followed by a host name or address. The server statement has two clauses: key and port. The key clause species the name of the key to be used when communicating with this server, and the port clause can be used to specify the port rndc should connect to on the server. A sample minimal conguration le is as follows: key rndc_key { algorithm "hmac-md5"; secret "c3Ryb25nIGVub3VnaCBmb3IgYSBtYW4gYnV0IG1hZGUgZm9yIGEgd29tYW4K"; }; options { default-server 127.0.0.1; 13
default-key };
rndc_key;
This le, if installed as /etc/rndc.conf, would allow the command: $rndc reload to connect to 127.0.0.1 port 953 and cause the name server to reload, if a name server on the local machine were running with following controls statements: controls { inet 127.0.0.1 allow { localhost; } keys { rndc_key; }; }; and it had an identical key statement for rndc key. Running the rndc-confgen program will conveniently create a rndc.conf le for you, and also display the corresponding controls statement that you need to add to named.conf. Alternatively, you can run rndc-confgen -a to set up a rndc.key le and not modify named.conf at all.
3.3.2
Signals
Certain UNIX signals cause the name server to take specic actions, as described in the following table. These signals can be sent using the kill command. SIGHUP SIGTERM SIGINT Causes the server to read named.conf and reload the database. Causes the server to clean up and exit. Causes the server to clean up and exit.
14
Chapter 4
Advanced DNS Features

4.1 Notify
DNS NOTIFY is a mechanism that allows master servers to notify their slave servers of changes to a zones data. In response to a NOTIFY from a master server, the slave will check to see that its version of the zone is the current version and, if not, initiate a zone transfer. DNS For more information about NOTIFY, see the description of the notify option in Section 6.2.16.1 and the description of the zone option also-notify in Section 6.2.16.7. The NOTIFY protocol is specied in RFC 1996.
4.2
Dynamic Update
Dynamic Update is a method for adding, replacing or deleting records in a master server by sending it a special form of DNS messages. The format and meaning of these messages is specied in RFC 2136. Dynamic update is enabled on a zone-by-zone basis, by including an allow-update or update-policy clause in the zone statement. Updating of secure zones (zones using DNSSEC) follows RFC 3007: RRSIG and NSEC records affected by updates are automatically regenerated by the server using an online zone key. Update authorization is based on transaction signatures and an explicit server policy.
4.2.1
The journal le
All changes made to a zone using dynamic update are stored in the zones journal le. This le is automatically created by the server when the rst dynamic update takes place. The name of the journal le is formed by appending the extension .jnl to the name of the corresponding zone le. The journal le is in a binary format and should not be edited manually. The server will also occasionally write (dump) the complete contents of the updated zone to its zone le. This is not done immediately after each dynamic update, because that would be too slow when a large zone is updated frequently. Instead, the dump is delayed by up to 15 minutes, allowing additional updates to take place. When a server is restarted after a shutdown or crash, it will replay the journal le to incorporate into the zone any updates that took place after the last zone dump. Changes that result from incoming incremental zone transfers are also journalled in a similar way. The zone les of dynamic zones cannot normally be edited by hand because they are not guaranteed to contain the most recent dynamic changes - those are only in the journal le. The only way to ensure that the zone le of a dynamic zone is up to date is to run rndc stop. 15
4.3. INCREMENTAL ZONE TRANSFERS (IXFR)
CHAPTER 4. ADVANCED DNS FEATURES
If you have to make changes to a dynamic zone manually, the following procedure will work: Disable dynamic updates to the zone using rndc freeze zone. This will also remove the zones .jnl le and update the master le. Edit the zone le. Run rndc unfreeze zone to reload the changed zone and re-enable dynamic updates.
4.3
Incremental Zone Transfers (IXFR)
The incremental zone transfer (IXFR) protocol is a way for slave servers to transfer only changed data, instead of having to transfer the entire zone. The IXFR protocol is specied in RFC 1995. See [Proposed Standards]. When acting as a master, BIND 9 supports IXFR for those zones where the necessary change history information is available. These include master zones maintained by dynamic update and slave zones whose data was obtained by IXFR. For manually maintained master zones, and for slave zones obtained by performing a full zone transfer (AXFR), IXFR is supported only if the option ixfr-from-differences is set to yes. When acting as a slave, BIND 9 will attempt to use IXFR unless it is explicitly disabled. For more information about disabling IXFR, see the description of the request-ixfr clause of the server statement.
4.4
Split DNS
Setting up different views, or visibility, of the DNS space to internal and external resolvers is usually referred to as a Split DNS setup. There are several reasons an organization would want to set up its DNS this way. One common reason for setting up a DNS system this way is to hide internal DNS information from external clients on the Internet. There is some debate as to whether or not this is actually useful. Internal DNS information leaks out in many ways (via email headers, for example) and most savvy attackers can nd the information they need using other means. Another common reason for setting up a Split DNS system is to allow internal networks that are behind lters or in RFC 1918 space (reserved IP space, as documented in RFC 1918) to resolve DNS on the Internet. Split DNS can also be used to allow mail from outside back in to the internal network. Here is an example of a split DNS setup: Lets say a company named Example, Inc. (example.com) has several corporate sites that have an internal network with reserved Internet Protocol (IP) space and an external demilitarized zone (DMZ), or outside section of a network, that is available to the public. Example, Inc. wants its internal clients to be able to resolve external hostnames and to exchange mail with people on the outside. The company also wants its internal resolvers to have access to certain internal-only zones that are not available at all outside of the internal network. In order to accomplish this, the company will set up two sets of name servers. One set will be on the inside network (in the reserved IP space) and the other set will be on bastion hosts, which are proxy hosts that can talk to both sides of its network, in the DMZ. The internal servers will be congured to forward all queries, except queries for site1.internal, site2.internal, site1.example.com, and site2.example.com, to the servers in the DMZ. These internal servers will have complete sets of information for site1.example.com, site2.example. com,site1.internal, and site2.internal. To protect the site1.internal and site2.internal domains, the internal name servers must be congured to disallow all queries to these domains from any external hosts, including the bastion hosts. The external servers, which are on the bastion hosts, will be congured to serve the public version of the site1 and site2.example.com zones. This could include things such as the host records for public servers (www.example.com and ftp.example.com), and mail exchange (MX) records (a.mx. example.com and b.mx.example.com). 16
4.4. SPLIT DNS
In addition, the public site1 and site2.example.com zones should have special MX records that contain wildcard (*) records pointing to the bastion hosts. This is needed because external mail servers do not have any other way of looking up how to deliver mail to those internal hosts. With the wildcard records, the mail will be delivered to the bastion host, which can then forward it on to internal hosts. Heres an example of a wildcard MX record: * IN MX 10 external1.example.com.
Now that they accept mail on behalf of anything in the internal network, the bastion hosts will need to know how to deliver mail to internal hosts. In order for this to work properly, the resolvers on the bastion hosts will need to be congured to point to the internal name servers for DNS resolution. Queries for internal hostnames will be answered by the internal servers, and queries for external hostnames will be forwarded back out to the DNS servers on the bastion hosts. In order for all this to work properly, internal clients will need to be congured to query only the internal name servers for DNS queries. This could also be enforced via selective ltering on the network. If everything has been set properly, Example, Inc.s internal clients will now be able to: Look up any hostnames in the site1 and site2.example.com zones. Look up any hostnames in the site1.internal and site2.internal domains. Look up any hostnames on the Internet. Exchange mail with internal AND external people. Hosts on the Internet will be able to: Look up any hostnames in the site1 and site2.example.com zones. Exchange mail with anyone in the site1 and site2.example.com zones. Here is an example conguration for the setup we just described above. Note that this is only conguration information; for information on how to congure your zone les, see Section 3.1 Internal DNS server cong:
acl internals { 172.16.72.0/24; 192.168.1.0/24; }; acl externals { bastion-ips-go-here; }; options { ... ... forward only; forwarders { bastion-ips-go-here; }; allow-transfer { none; }; allow-query { internals; externals; }; allow-recursion { internals; }; ... ... }; zone "site1.example.com" { type master; file "m/site1.example.com"; forwarders { }; allow-query { internals; externals; }; allow-transfer { internals; }; 17
// forward to external servers
// sample allow-transfer (no one) // restrict query access // restrict recursion
// sample master zone
// do normal iterative // resolution (do not forward)
4.4. SPLIT DNS
}; zone "site2.example.com" { type slave; file "s/site2.example.com"; masters { 172.16.72.3; }; forwarders { }; allow-query { internals; externals; }; allow-transfer { internals; }; }; zone "site1.internal" { type master; file "m/site1.internal"; forwarders { }; allow-query { internals; }; allow-transfer { internals; } }; zone "site2.internal" { type slave; file "s/site2.internal"; masters { 172.16.72.3; }; forwarders { }; allow-query { internals }; allow-transfer { internals; } }; External (bastion host) DNS server cong: acl internals { 172.16.72.0/24; 192.168.1.0/24; }; acl externals { bastion-ips-go-here; }; options { ... ... allow-transfer { none; }; allow-query { internals; externals; }; allow-recursion { internals; externals; }; ... ... }; zone "site1.example.com" { type master; file "m/site1.foo.com"; allow-query { any; }; allow-transfer { internals; externals; }; }; zone "site2.example.com" { type slave; file "s/site2.foo.com"; masters { another_bastion_host_maybe; }; allow-query { any; }; allow-transfer { internals; externals; } }; 18 // sample slave zone
// sample allow-transfer (no one) // restrict query access // restrict recursion
// sample slave zone
4.5. TSIG
In the resolv.conf (or equivalent) on the bastion host(s): search ... nameserver 172.16.72.2 nameserver 172.16.72.3 nameserver 172.16.72.4
4.5
TSIG
This is a short guide to setting up Transaction SIGnatures (TSIG) based transaction security in BIND. It describes changes to the conguration le as well as what changes are required for different features, including the process of creating transaction keys and using transaction signatures with BIND. BIND primarily supports TSIG for server to server communication. This includes zone transfer, notify, and recursive query messages. Resolvers based on newer versions of BIND 8 have limited support for TSIG. TSIG might be most useful for dynamic update. A primary server for a dynamic zone should use access control to control updates, but IP-based access control is insufcient. The cryptographic access control provided by TSIG is far superior. The nsupdate program supports TSIG via the -k and -y command line options.
4.5.1
Generate Shared Keys for Each Pair of Hosts
A shared secret is generated to be shared between host1 and host2. An arbitrary key name is chosen: host1-host2.. The key name must be the same on both hosts.
4.5.1.1
Automatic Generation
The following command will generate a 128 bit (16 byte) HMAC-MD5 key as described above. Longer keys are better, but shorter keys are easier to read. Note that the maximum key length is 512 bits; keys longer than that will be digested with MD5 to produce a 128 bit key. dnssec-keygen -a hmac-md5 -b 128 -n HOST host1-host2. The key is in the le Khost1-host2.+157+00000.private. Nothing directly uses this le, but the base-64 encoded string following Key: can be extracted from the le and used as a shared secret: Key: La/E5CjG9O+os1jq0a2jdA== The string La/E5CjG9O+os1jq0a2jdA== can be used as the shared secret.
4.5.1.2
Manual Generation
The shared secret is simply a random sequence of bits, encoded in base-64. Most ASCII strings are valid base-64 strings (assuming the length is a multiple of 4 and only valid characters are used), so the shared secret can be manually generated. Also, a known string can be run through mmencode or a similar program to generate base-64 encoded data. 19
4.5. TSIG
4.5.2
Copying the Shared Secret to Both Machines
This is beyond the scope of DNS. A secure transport mechanism should be used. This could be secure FTP, ssh, telephone, etc.
4.5.3
Informing the Servers of the Keys Existence
Imagine host1 and host 2 are both servers. The following is added to each servers named.conf le: key host1-host2. { algorithm hmac-md5; secret "La/E5CjG9O+os1jq0a2jdA=="; }; The algorithm, hmac-md5, is the only one supported by BIND. The secret is the one generated above. Since this is a secret, it is recommended that either named.conf be non-world readable, or the key directive be added to a non-world readable le that is included by named.conf. At this point, the key is recognized. This means that if the server receives a message signed by this key, it can verify the signature. If the signature is successfully veried, the response is signed by the same key.
4.5.4
Instructing the Server to Use the Key
Since keys are shared between two hosts only, the server must be told when keys are to be used. The following is added to the named.conf le for host1, if the IP address of host2 is 10.1.2.3: server 10.1.2.3 { keys { host1-host2. ;}; }; Multiple keys may be present, but only the rst is used. This directive does not contain any secrets, so it may be in a world-readable le. If host1 sends a message that is a request to that address, the message will be signed with the specied key. host1 will expect any responses to signed messages to be signed with the same key. A similar statement must be present in host2s conguration le (with host1s address) for host2 to sign request messages to host1.
4.5.5
TSIG Key Based Access Control
BIND allows IP addresses and ranges to be specied in ACL denitions and allow-{ query | transfer | update } directives. This has been extended to allow TSIG keys also. The above key would be denoted key host1-host2. An example of an allow-update directive would be: allow-update { key host1-host2. ;}; This allows dynamic updates to succeed only if the request was signed by a key named host1-host2.. You may want to read about the more powerful update-policy statement in Section 6.2.24.4. 20
4.6. TKEY
4.5.6
Errors
The processing of TSIG signed messages can result in several errors. If a signed message is sent to a non-TSIG aware server, a FORMERR will be returned, since the server will not understand the record. This is a result of misconguration, since the server must be explicitly congured to send a TSIG signed message to a specic server. If a TSIG aware server receives a message signed by an unknown key, the response will be unsigned with the TSIG extended error code set to BADKEY. If a TSIG aware server receives a message with a signature that does not validate, the response will be unsigned with the TSIG extended error code set to BADSIG. If a TSIG aware server receives a message with a time outside of the allowed range, the response will be signed with the TSIG extended error code set to BADTIME, and the time values will be adjusted so that the response can be successfully veried. In any of these cases, the messages rcode is set to NOTAUTH.
4.6
TKEY
TKEY is a mechanism for automatically generating a shared secret between two hosts. There are several modes of TKEY that specify how the key is generated or assigned. BIND 9 implements only one of these modes, the Dife-Hellman key exchange. Both hosts are required to have a Dife-Hellman KEY record (although this record is not required to be present in a zone). The TKEY process must use signed messages, signed either by TSIG or SIG(0). The result of TKEY is a shared secret that can be used to sign messages with TSIG. TKEY can also be used to delete shared secrets that it had previously generated. The TKEY process is initiated by a client or server by sending a signed TKEY query (including any appropriate KEYs) to a TKEY-aware server. The server response, if it indicates success, will contain a TKEY record and any appropriate keys. After this exchange, both participants have enough information to determine the shared secret; the exact process depends on the TKEY mode. When using the DifeHellman TKEY mode, Dife-Hellman keys are exchanged, and the shared secret is derived by both participants.
4.7
SIG(0)
BIND 9 partially supports DNSSEC SIG(0) transaction signatures as specied in RFC 2535 and RFC2931. SIG(0) uses public/private keys to authenticate messages. Access control is performed in the same manner as TSIG keys; privileges can be granted or denied based on the key name. When a SIG(0) signed message is received, it will only be veried if the key is known and trusted by the server; the server will not attempt to locate and/or validate the key. SIG(0) signing of multiple-message TCP streams is not supported. The only tool shipped with BIND 9 that generates SIG(0) signed messages is nsupdate.
4.8
DNSSEC
Cryptographic authentication of DNS information is possible through the DNS Security (DNSSEC-bis) extensions, dened in RFC <TBA>. This section describes the creation and use of DNSSEC signed zones. In order to set up a DNSSEC secure zone, there are a series of steps which must be followed. BIND 9 ships with several tools that are used in this process, which are explained in more detail below. In all cases, the -h option prints a full list of parameters. Note that the DNSSEC tools require the keyset les to be in the working directory or the directory specied by the -h option, and that the tools shipped with BIND 9.2.x and earlier are not compatible with the current ones. 21
4.8. DNSSEC
There must also be communication with the administrators of the parent and/or child zone to transmit keys. A zones security status must be indicated by the parent zone for a DNSSEC capable resolver to trust its data. This is done through the presense or absence of a DS record at the delegation point. For other servers to trust data in this zone, they must either be statically congured with this zones zone key or the zone key of another zone above this one in the DNS tree.
4.8.1
Generating Keys
The dnssec-keygen program is used to generate keys. A secure zone must contain one or more zone keys. The zone keys will sign all other records in the zone, as well as the zone keys of any secure delegated zones. Zone keys must have the same name as the zone, a name type of ZONE, and must be usable for authentication. It is recommended that zone keys use a cryptographic algorithm designated as mandatory to implement by the IETF; currently the only one is RSASHA1. The following command will generate a 768 bit RSASHA1 key for the child.example zone: dnssec-keygen -a RSASHA1 -b 768 -n ZONE child.example. Two output les will be produced: Kchild.example.+005+12345.key and Kchild.example.+ 005+12345.private (where 12345 is an example of a key tag). The key le names contain the key name (child.example.), algorithm (3 is DSA, 1 is RSAMD5, 5 is RSASHA1, etc.), and the key tag (12345 in this case). The private key (in the .private le) is used to generate signatures, and the public key (in the .key le) is used for signature verication. To generate another key with the same properties (but with a different key tag), repeat the above command. The public keys should be inserted into the zone le by including the .key les using $INCLUDE statements.
4.8.2
Signing the Zone
The dnssec-signzone program is used to sign a zone. Any keyset les corresponding to secure subzones should be present. The zone signer will generate NSEC and RRSIG records for the zone, as well as DS for the child zones if -d is specied. If -d is not specied then DS RRsets for the secure child zones need to be added manually. The following command signs the zone, assuming it is in a le called zone.child.example. By default, all zone keys which have an available private key are used to generate signatures. dnssec-signzone -o child.example zone.child.example One output le is produced: zone.child.example.signed. This le should be referenced by named. conf as the input le for the zone. dnssec-signzone will also produce a keyset and dsset les and optionally a dlvset le. These are used to provide the parent zone administators with the DNSKEYs (or their corresponding DS records) that are the secure entry point to the zone.
4.8.3
Conguring Servers
Unlike BIND 8, BIND 9 does not verify signatures on load, so zone keys for authoritative zones do not need to be specied in the conguration le. The public key for any security root must be present in the conguration les trusted-keys statement, as described later in this document. 22
4.9. IPV6 SUPPORT IN BIND 9
4.9
IPv6 Support in BIND 9
BIND 9 fully supports all currently dened forms of IPv6 name to address and address to name lookups. It will also use IPv6 addresses to make queries when running on an IPv6 capable system. For forward lookups, BIND 9 supports only AAAA records. The use of A6 records is deprecated by RFC 3363, and the support for forward lookups in BIND 9 is removed accordingly. However, authoritative BIND 9 name servers still load zone les containing A6 records correctly, answer queries for A6 records, and accept zone transfer for a zone containing A6 records. For IPv6 reverse lookups, BIND 9 supports the traditional nibble format used in the ip6.arpa domain, as well as the older, deprecated ip6.int domain. BIND 9 formerly supported the binary label (also known as bitstring) format. The support of binary labels, however, is now completely removed according to the changes in RFC 3363. Any applications in BIND 9 do not understand the format any more, and will return an error if given. In particular, an authoritative BIND 9 name server rejects to load a zone le containing binary labels. For an overview of the format and structure of IPv6 addresses, see Section A.2.1.
4.9.1
Address Lookups Using AAAA Records
The AAAA record is a parallel to the IPv4 A record. It species the entire address in a single record. For example, $ORIGIN example.com. host 3600
IN
AAAA
2001:db8::1
It is recommended that IPv4-in-IPv6 mapped addresses not be used. If a host has an IPv4 address, use an A record, not a AAAA, with ::ffff:192.168.42.1 as the address.
4.9.2
Address to Name Lookups Using Nibble Format
When looking up an address in nibble format, the address components are simply reversed, just as in IPv4, and ip6.arpa. is appended to the resulting name. For example, the following would provide reverse name lookup for a host with address 2001:db8::1. $ORIGIN 0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.8.b.d.0.1.0.0.2.ip6.arpa. 1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0 14400 IN PTR
host.example.com.
23
Chapter 5
The BIND 9 Lightweight Resolver

5.1 The Lightweight Resolver Library
Traditionally applications have been linked with a stub resolver library that sends recursive DNS queries to a local caching name server. IPv6 once introduced new complexity into the resolution process, such as following A6 chains and DNAME records, and simultaneous lookup of IPv4 and IPv6 addresses. Though most of the complexity was then removed, these are hard or impossible to implement in a traditional stub resolver. Instead, BIND 9 provides resolution services to local clients using a combination of a lightweight resolver library and a resolver daemon process running on the local host. These communicate using a simple UDP-based protocol, the lightweight resolver protocol that is distinct from and simpler than the full DNS protocol.
5.2
Running a Resolver Daemon
To use the lightweight resolver interface, the system must run the resolver daemon lwresd or a local name server congured with a lwres statement. By default, applications using the lightweight resolver library will make UDP requests to the IPv4 loopback address (127.0.0.1) on port 921. The address can be overridden by lwserver lines in /etc/resolv. conf. The daemon currently only looks in the DNS, but in the future it may use other sources such as /etc/ hosts, NIS, etc. The lwresd daemon is essentially a caching-only name server that responds to requests using the lightweight resolver protocol rather than the DNS protocol. Because it needs to run on each host, it is designed to require no or minimal conguration. Unless congured otherwise, it uses the name servers listed on nameserver lines in /etc/resolv.conf as forwarders, but is also capable of doing the resolution autonomously if none are specied. The lwresd daemon may also be congured with a named.conf style conguration le, in /etc/ lwresd.conf by default. A name server may also be congured to act as a lightweight resolver daemon using the lwres statement in named.conf.
25
Chapter 6
BIND 9 Conguration Reference

BIND 9 conguration is broadly similar to BIND 8; however, there are a few new areas of conguration, such as views. BIND 8 conguration les should work with few alterations in BIND 9, although more complex congurations should be reviewed to check if they can be more efciently implemented using the new features found in BIND 9. BIND 4 conguration les can be converted to the new format using the shell script contrib/namedbootconf/named-bootconf.sh.
6.1
Conguration File Elements
Following is a list of elements used throughout the BIND conguration le documentation: acl name address match list domain name dotted decimal ip4 addr ip6 addr The name of an address match list as dened by the acl statement. A list of one or more ip addr, ip prefix, key id, or acl name elements, see Section 6.1.1. A quoted string which will be used as a DNS name, for example my.test.domain. One to four integers valued 0 through 255 separated by dots (.), such as 123, 45.67 or 89.123.45.67. An IPv4 address with exactly four elements in dotted decimal notation. An IPv6 address, such as 2001:db8::1234. IPv6 scoped addresses that have ambiguity on their scope zones must be disambiguated by an appropriate zone ID with the percent character (%) as delimiter. It is strongly recommended to use string zone names rather than numeric identiers, in order to be robust against system conguration changes. However, since there is no standard mapping for such names and identier values, currently only interface names as link identiers are supported, assuming one-to-one mapping between interfaces and links. For example, a link-local address fe80::1 on the link attached to the interface ne0 can be specied as fe80::1%ne0. Note that on most systems link-local addresses always have the ambiguity, and need to be disambiguated. An ip4 addr or ip6 addr. An IP port number. number is limited to 0 through 65535, with values below 1024 typically restricted to use by processes running as root. In some cases an asterisk (*) character can be used as a placeholder to select a random high-numbered port.
ip addr ip port
27
6.1. CONFIGURATION FILE ELEMENTS
CHAPTER 6. BIND 9 CONFIGURATION REFERENCE
ip prefix
key id key list number
path name size spec
yes or no dialup option
An IP network specied as an ip addr, followed by a slash (/) and then the number of bits in the netmask. Trailing zeros in a ip addr may omitted. For example, 127/8 is the network 127.0.0.0 with netmask 255.0.0.0 and 1.2.3.0/28 is network 1.2.3.0 with netmask 255.255.255.240. A domain name representing the name of a shared key, to be used for transaction security. A list of one or more key ids, separated by semicolons and ending with a semicolon. A non-negative 32 bit integer (i.e., a number between 0 and 4294967295, inclusive). Its acceptable value might further be limited by the context in which it is used. A quoted string which will be used as a pathname, such as zones/master/my.test.domain. A number, the word unlimited, or the word default. An unlimited size spec requests unlimited use, or the maximum available amount. A default size spec uses the limit that was in force when the server was started. A number can optionally be followed by a scaling factor: K or k for kilobytes, M or m for megabytes, and G or g for gigabytes, which scale by 1024, 1024*1024, and 1024*1024*1024 respectively. The value must be representable as a 64-bit unsigned integer (0 to 18446744073709551615, inclusive). Using unlimited is the best way to safely set a really large number. Either yes or no. The words true and false are also accepted, as are the numbers 1 and 0. One of yes, no, notify, notify-passive, refresh or passive. When used in a zone, notify-passive, refresh, and passive are restricted to slave and stub zones.
6.1.1
6.1.1.1
Address Match Lists

Syntax
address_match_list = address_match_list_element ; address_match_list_element; ... address_match_list_element = ! (ip_address /length | key key_id | acl_name | { address_match_list } )
6.1.1.2
Denition and Usage
Address match lists are primarily used to determine access control for various server operations. They are also used in the listen-on and sortlist statements. The elements which constitute an address match list can be any of the following: an IP address (IPv4 or IPv6) an IP prex (in / notation) a key ID, as dened by the key statement the name of an address match list dened with the acl statement a nested address match list enclosed in braces 28
6.1. CONFIGURATION FILE ELEMENTS
Elements can be negated with a leading exclamation mark (!), and the match list names any, none, localhost, and localnets are predened. More information on those names can be found in the description of the acl statement. The addition of the key clause made the name of this syntactic element something of a misnomer, since security keys can be used to validate access without regard to a host or network address. Nonetheless, the term address match list is still used throughout the documentation. When a given IP address or prex is compared to an address match list, the list is traversed in order until an element matches. The interpretation of a match depends on whether the list is being used for access control, dening listen-on ports, or in a sortlist, and whether the element was negated. When used as an access control list, a non-negated match allows access and a negated match denies access. If there is no match, access is denied. The clauses allow-notify, allow-query, allow-transfer, allow-update, allow-update-forwarding, and blackhole all use address match lists this. Similarly, the listen-on option will cause the server to not accept queries on any of the machines addresses which do not match the list. Because of the rst-match aspect of the algorithm, an element that denes a subset of another element in the list should come before the broader element, regardless of whether either is negated. For example, in 1.2.3/24; ! 1.2.3.13; the 1.2.3.13 element is completely useless because the algorithm will match any lookup for 1.2.3.13 to the 1.2.3/24 element. Using ! 1.2.3.13; 1.2.3/24 xes that problem by having 1.2.3.13 blocked by the negation but all other 1.2.3.* hosts fall through.
6.1.2
Comment Syntax
The BIND 9 comment syntax allows for comments to appear anywhere that white space may appear in a BIND conguration le. To appeal to programmers of all kinds, they can be written in the C, C++, or shell/perl style.
6.1.2.1
Syntax
/* This is a BIND comment as in C */ // This is a BIND comment as in C++ # This is a BIND comment as in common UNIX shells and perl
6.1.2.2
Denition and Usage
Comments may appear anywhere that whitespace may appear in a BIND conguration le. C-style comments start with the two characters /* (slash, star) and end with */ (star, slash). Because they are completely delimited with these characters, they can be used to comment only a portion of a line or to span multiple lines. C-style comments cannot be nested. For example, the following is not valid because the entire comment ends with the rst */: /* This This /* This This is is is is the start of a comment. still part of the comment. an incorrect attempt at nesting a comment. */ no longer in any comment. */
C++-style comments start with the two characters // (slash, slash) and continue to the end of the physical line. They cannot be continued across multiple physical lines; to have one logical comment span multiple lines, each line must use the // pair. For example: 29
6.2. CONFIGURATION FILE GRAMMAR
// This is the start of a comment. The next line // is a new comment, even though it is logically // part of the previous comment. Shell-style (or perl-style, if you prefer) comments start with the character # (number sign) and continue to the end of the physical line, as in C++ comments. For example: # This is the start of a comment. The next line # is a new comment, even though it is logically # part of the previous comment.
WARNING
You cannot use the semicolon (;) character to start a comment such as you would in a zone le. The semicolon indicates the end of a conguration statement.
6.2
Conguration File Grammar
A BIND 9 conguration consists of statements and comments. Statements end with a semicolon. Statements and comments are the only elements that can appear without enclosing braces. Many statements contain a block of sub-statements, which are also terminated with a semicolon. The following statements are supported: acl controls include key logging lwres masters options server trusted-keys view zone denes a named IP address matching list, for access control and other uses. declares control channels to be used by the rndc utility. includes a le. species key information for use in authentication and authorization using TSIG. species what the server logs, and where the log messages are sent. congures named to also act as a light weight resolver daemon (lwresd). denes a named masters list for inclusion in stub and slave zone masters clauses. controls global server conguration options and sets defaults for other statements. sets certain conguration options on a per-server basis. denes trusted DNSSEC keys. denes a view. denes a zone.
The logging and options statements may only occur once per conguration. 30
6.2.1
acl Statement Grammar
acl acl-name { address_match_list };
6.2.2
acl Statement Denition and Usage
The acl statement assigns a symbolic name to an address match list. It gets its name from a primary use of address match lists: Access Control Lists (ACLs). Note that an address match lists name must be dened with acl before it can be used elsewhere; no forward references are allowed. The following ACLs are built-in: any none localhost localnets Matches all hosts. Matches no hosts. Matches the IPv4 and IPv6 addresses of all network interfaces on the system. Matches any host on an IPv4 or IPv6 network for which the system has an interface. Some systems do not provide a way to determine the prex lengths of local IPv6 addresses. In such a case, localnets only matches the local IPv6 addresses, just like localhost.
6.2.3
controls Statement Grammar

allow { address_match_list }
controls { inet ( ip_addr | * ) port ip_port keys { key_list }; inet ...; };
6.2.4
controls Statement Denition and Usage
The controls statement declares control channels to be used by system administrators to control the operation of the name server. These control channels are used by the rndc utility to send commands to and retrieve non-DNS results from a name server. An inet control channel is a TCP socket listening at the specied ip port on the specied ip addr, which can be an IPv4 or IPv6 address. An ip addr of * is interpreted as the IPv4 wildcard address; connections will be accepted on any of the systems IPv4 addresses. To listen on the IPv6 wildcard address, use an ip addr of ::. If you will only use rndc on the local host, using the loopback address (127.0.0.1 or ::1) is recommended for maximum security. If no port is specied, port 953 is used. * cannot be used for ip port. The ability to issue commands over the control channel is restricted by the allow and keys clauses. Connections to the control channel are permitted based on the address match list. This is for simple IP address based ltering only; any key id elements of the address match list are ignored. The primary authorization mechanism of the command channel is the key list, which contains a list of key ids. Each key id in the key list is authorized to execute commands over the control channel. See 31
[Remote Name Daemon Control application] in Section 3.3.1.2) for information about conguring keys in rndc. If no controls statement is present, named will set up a default control channel listening on the loopback address 127.0.0.1 and its IPv6 counterpart ::1. In this case, and also when the controls statement is present but does not have a keys clause, named will attempt to load the command channel key from the le rndc.key in /etc (or whatever sysconfdir was specied as when BIND was built). To create a rndc.key le, run rndc-confgen -a. The rndc.key feature was created to ease the transition of systems from BIND 8, which did not have digital signatures on its command channel messages and thus did not have a keys clause. It makes it possible to use an existing BIND 8 conguration le in BIND 9 unchanged, and still have rndc work the same way ndc worked in BIND 8, simply by executing the command rndc-confgen -a after BIND 9 is installed. Since the rndc.key feature is only intended to allow the backward-compatible usage of BIND 8 conguration les, this feature does not have a high degree of congurability. You cannot easily change the key name or the size of the secret, so you should make a rndc.conf with your own key if you wish to change those things. The rndc.key le also has its permissions set such that only the owner of the le (the user that named is running as) can access it. If you desire greater exibility in allowing other users to access rndc commands then you need to create an rndc.conf and make it group readable by a group that contains the users who should have access. The UNIX control channel type of BIND 8 is not supported in BIND 9, and is not expected to be added in future releases. If it is present in the controls statement from a BIND 8 conguration le, it is ignored and a warning is logged. To disable the command channel, use an empty controls statement: controls { };.
6.2.5
include Statement Grammar
include filename;
6.2.6
include Statement Denition and Usage
The include statement inserts the specied le at the point where the include statement is encountered. The include statement facilitates the administration of conguration les by permitting the reading or writing of some things but not others. For example, the statement could include private keys that are readable only by the name server.
6.2.7
key Statement Grammar
key key_id { algorithm string; secret string; };
6.2.8
key Statement Denition and Usage
The key statement denes a shared secret key for use with TSIG (see Section 4.5) or the command channel (see Section 6.2.4). The key statement can occur at the top level of the conguration le or inside a view statement. Keys dened in top-level key statements can be used in all views. Keys intended for use in a controls statement (see Section 6.2.4) must be dened at the top level. 32
The key id, also known as the key name, is a domain name uniquely identifying the key. It can be used in a server statement to cause requests sent to that server to be signed with this key, or in address match lists to verify that incoming requests have been signed with a key matching this name, algorithm, and secret. The algorithm id is a string that species a security/authentication algorithm. The only algorithm currently supported with TSIG authentication is hmac-md5. The secret string is the secret to be used by the algorithm, and is treated as a base-64 encoded string.
6.2.9
logging Statement Grammar
logging { [ channel channel_name { ( file path name [ versions ( number | {\verb unlimited} ) ] [ size size spec ] | syslog syslog_facility | stderr | null ); [ severity (critical | error | warning | notice | info | debug [ level ] | dynamic ); ] [ print-category yes or no; ] [ print-severity yes or no; ] [ print-time yes or no; ] }; ] [ category category_name { channel_name ; [ channel_name ; ... ] }; ] ... };
6.2.10
logging Statement Denition and Usage
The logging statement congures a wide variety of logging options for the name server. Its channel phrase associates output methods, format options and severity levels with a name that can then be used with the category phrase to select how various classes of messages are logged. Only one logging statement is used to dene as many channels and categories as are wanted. If there is no logging statement, the logging conguration will be: logging { category default { default_syslog; default_debug; }; category unmatched { null; }; }; In BIND 9, the logging conguration is only established when the entire conguration le has been parsed. In BIND 8, it was established as soon as the logging statement was parsed. When the server is starting up, all logging messages regarding syntax errors in the conguration le go to the default channels, or to standard error if the -g option was specied. 6.2.10.1 The channel Phrase
All log output goes to one or more channels; you can make as many of them as you want. Every channel denition must include a destination clause that says whether messages selected for the channel go to a le, to a particular syslog facility, to the standard error stream, or are discarded. It can 33
optionally also limit the message severity level that will be accepted by the channel (the default is info), and whether to include a named-generated time stamp, the category name and/or severity level (the default is not to include any). The null destination clause causes all messages sent to the channel to be discarded; in that case, other options for the channel are meaningless. The le destination clause directs the channel to a disk le. It can include limitations both on how large the le is allowed to become, and how many versions of the le will be saved each time the le is opened. If you use the versions log le option, then named will retain that many backup versions of the le by renaming them when opening. For example, if you choose to keep 3 old versions of the le lamers.log then just before it is opened lamers.log.1 is renamed to lamers.log.2, lamers.log.0 is renamed to lamers.log.1, and lamers.log is renamed to lamers.log.0. You can say versions unlimited to not limit the number of versions. If a size option is associated with the log le, then renaming is only done when the le being opened exceeds the indicated size. No backup versions are kept by default; any existing log le is simply appended. The size option for les is used to limit log growth. If the le ever exceeds the size, then named will stop writing to the le unless it has a versions option associated with it. If backup versions are kept, the les are rolled as described above and a new one begun. If there is no versions option, no more data will be written to the log until some out-of-band mechanism removes or truncates the log to less than the maximum size. The default behavior is not to limit the size of the le. Example usage of the size and versions options: channel an_example_channel { file "example.log" versions 3 size 20m; print-time yes; print-category yes; }; The syslog destination clause directs the channel to the system log. Its argument is a syslog facility as described in the syslog man page. Known facilities are kern, user, mail, daemon, auth, syslog, lpr, news, uucp, cron, authpriv, ftp, local0, local1, local2, local3, local4, local5, local6 and local7, however not all facilities are supported on all operating systems. How syslog will handle messages sent to this facility is described in the syslog.conf man page. If you have a system which uses a very old version of syslog that only uses two arguments to the openlog() function, then this clause is silently ignored. The severity clause works like syslogs priorities, except that they can also be used if you are writing straight to a le rather than using syslog. Messages which are not at least of the severity level given will not be selected for the channel; messages of higher severity levels will be accepted. If you are using syslog, then the syslog.conf priorities will also determine what eventually passes through. For example, dening a channel facility and severity as daemon and debug but only logging daemon.warning via syslog.conf will cause messages of severity info and notice to be dropped. If the situation were reversed, with named writing messages of only warning or higher, then syslogd would print all messages it received from the channel. The stderr destination clause directs the channel to the servers standard error stream. This is intended for use when the server is running as a foreground process, for example when debugging a conguration. The server can supply extensive debugging information when it is in debugging mode. If the servers global debug level is greater than zero, then debugging mode will be active. The global debug level is set either by starting the named server with the -d ag followed by a positive integer, or by running rndc trace. The global debug level can be set to zero, and debugging mode turned off, by running ndc notrace. All debugging messages in the server have a debug level, and higher debug levels give more detailed output. Channels that specify a specic debug severity, for example: channel specific_debug_level { file "foo"; severity debug 3; 34
};
will get debugging output of level 3 or less any time the server is in debugging mode, regardless of the global debugging level. Channels with dynamic severity use the servers global debug level to determine what messages to print. If print-time has been turned on, then the date and time will be logged. print-time may be specied for a syslog channel, but is usually pointless since syslog also prints the date and time. If print-category is requested, then the category of the message will be logged as well. Finally, if print-severity is on, then the severity level of the message will be logged. The print- options may be used in any combination, and will always be printed in the following order: time, category, severity. Here is an example where all three print- options are on: 28-Feb-2000 15:05:32.863 general: notice: running
There are four predened channels that are used for nameds default logging as follows. How they are used is described in Section 6.2.10.2. channel default_syslog { syslog daemon; severity info; }; channel default_debug { file "named.run";
// // // //
send to syslogs daemon facility only send priority info and higher
severity dynamic; }; channel default_stderr { stderr; severity info; }; channel null { null; };
// // // // // // // //
write to named.run in the working directory Note: stderr is used instead of "named.run" if the server is started with the -f option. log at the servers current debug level
// writes to stderr // only send priority info // and higher
// toss anything sent to // this channel
The default debug channel has the special property that it only produces output when the servers debug level is nonzero. It normally writes to a le named.run in the servers working directory. For security reasons, when the -u command line option is used, the named.run le is created only after named has changed to the new UID, and any debug output generated while named is starting up and still running as root is discarded. If you need to capture this output, you must run the server with the -g option and redirect standard error to a le. Once a channel is dened, it cannot be redened. Thus you cannot alter the built-in channels directly, but you can modify the default logging by pointing categories at channels you have dened. 35
6.2.10.2
The category Phrase
There are many categories, so you can send the logs you want to see wherever you want, without seeing logs you dont want. If you dont specify a list of channels for a category, then log messages in that category will be sent to the default category instead. If you dont specify a default category, the following default default is used: category default { default_syslog; default_debug; }; As an example, lets say you want to log security events to a le, but you also want keep the default logging behavior. Youd specify the following: channel my_security_channel { file "my_security_file"; severity info; }; category security { my_security_channel; default_syslog; default_debug; }; To discard all messages in a category, specify the null channel: category xfer-out { null; }; category notify { null; }; Following are the available categories and brief descriptions of the types of log information they contain. More categories may be added in future BIND releases. default The default category denes the logging options for those categories where no specic conguration has been dened. The catch-all. Many things still arent classied into categories, and they all end up here. Messages relating to the databases used internally by the name server to store zone and cache data. Approval and denial of requests. Conguration le parsing and processing. DNS resolution, such as the recursive lookups performed on behalf of clients by a caching name server. Zone transfers the server is receiving. Zone transfers the server is sending. The NOTIFY protocol. Processing of client requests. Messages that named was unable to determine the class of or for which there was no matching view. A one line summary is also logged to the client category. This category is best sent to a le or stderr, by default it is sent to the null channel. Network operations. Dynamic updates. Approval and denial of update requests.
general database security cong resolver xfer-in xfer-out notify client unmatched
network update update-security
36
queries
dispatch dnssec lame-servers
delegation-only
Specify where queries should be logged to. At startup, specing the category queries will also enable query logging unless querylog option has been specied. The query log entry reports the clients IP address and port number. The query name, class and type. It also reports whether the Recursion Desired ag was set (+ if set, - if not set), EDNS was in use (E) or if the query was signed (S). client 127.0.0.1#62536: query: www.example.com IN AAAA +SE client ::1#62537: query: www.example.net IN AAAA -SE Dispatching of incoming packets to the server modules where they are to be processed. DNSSEC and TSIG protocol processing. Lame servers. These are miscongurations in remote servers, discovered by BIND 9 when trying to query those servers during resolution. Delegation only. Logs queries that have have been forced to NXDOMAIN as the result of a delegationonly zone or a delegation-only in a hint or stub zone declaration.
6.2.11
lwres Statement Grammar
This is the grammar of the lwres statement in the named.conf le: lwres { listen-on { ip_addr port ip_port ; ip_addr port ip_port ; ... view view_name; search { domain_name ; domain_name ; ... }; ndots number; }; };
6.2.12
lwres Statement Denition and Usage
The lwres statement congures the name server to also act as a lightweight resolver server, see Section 5.2. There may be be multiple lwres statements conguring lightweight resolver servers with different properties. The listen-on statement species a list of addresses (and ports) that this instance of a lightweight resolver daemon should accept requests on. If no port is specied, port 921 is used. If this statement is omitted, requests will be accepted on 127.0.0.1, port 921. The view statement binds this instance of a lightweight resolver daemon to a view in the DNS namespace, so that the response will be constructed in the same manner as a normal DNS query matching this view. If this statement is omitted, the default view is used, and if there is no default view, an error is triggered. The search statement is equivalent to the search statement in /etc/resolv.conf. It provides a list of domains which are appended to relative names in queries. The ndots statement is equivalent to the ndots statement in /etc/resolv.conf. It indicates the minimum number of dots in a relative domain name that should result in an exact match lookup before search path elements are appended. 37
6.2.13
masters Statement Grammar
masters name port ip_port { ( masters_list | ip_addr port ip_port key key ) ; ... } ;
6.2.14
masters Statement Denition and Usage
masters lists allow for a common set of masters to be easily used by multiple stub and slave zones.
6.2.15
options Statement Grammar
This is the grammar of the options statement in the named.conf le: options { version version_string; hostname hostname_string; server-id server_id_string; directory path_name; key-directory path_name; named-xfer path_name; tkey-domain domainname; tkey-dhkey key_name key_tag; dump-file path_name; memstatistics-file path_name; pid-file path_name; statistics-file path_name; zone-statistics yes_or_no; auth-nxdomain yes_or_no; deallocate-on-exit yes_or_no; dialup dialup_option; fake-iquery yes_or_no; fetch-glue yes_or_no; flush-zones-on-shutdown yes_or_no; has-old-clients yes_or_no; host-statistics yes_or_no; host-statistics-max number; minimal-responses yes_or_no; multiple-cnames yes_or_no; notify yes_or_no | explicit; recursion yes_or_no; rfc2308-type1 yes_or_no; use-id-pool yes_or_no; maintain-ixfr-base yes_or_no; dnssec-enable yes_or_no; dnssec-lookaside domain trust-anchor domain; dnssec-must-be-secure domain yes_or_no; forward ( only | first ); forwarders { ip_addr port ip_port ; ... }; dual-stack-servers port ip_port { ( domain_name port ip_port | ip_addr port ip_port ) check-names ( master | slave | response )( warn | fail | ignore ); allow-notify { address_match_list }; allow-query { address_match_list }; allow-transfer { address_match_list }; allow-recursion { address_match_list }; allow-update-forwarding { address_match_list }; allow-v6-synthesis { address_match_list }; 38
blackhole { address_match_list }; avoid-v4-udp-ports { port_list }; avoid-v6-udp-ports { port_list }; listen-on port ip_port { address_match_list }; listen-on-v6 port ip_port { address_match_list }; query-source address ( ip_addr | * ) port ( ip_port | * ) ; query-source-v6 address ( ip_addr | * ) port ( ip_port | * ) ; max-transfer-time-in number; max-transfer-time-out number; max-transfer-idle-in number; max-transfer-idle-out number; tcp-clients number; recursive-clients number; serial-query-rate number; serial-queries number; tcp-listen-queue number; transfer-format ( one-answer | many-answers ); transfers-in number; transfers-out number; transfers-per-ns number; transfer-source (ip4_addr | *) port ip_port ; transfer-source-v6 (ip6_addr | *) port ip_port ; alt-transfer-source (ip4_addr | *) port ip_port ; alt-transfer-source-v6 (ip6_addr | *) port ip_port ; use-alt-transfer-source yes_or_no; notify-source (ip4_addr | *) port ip_port ; notify-source-v6 (ip6_addr | *) port ip_port ; also-notify { ip_addr port ip_port ; ip_addr port ip_port ; ... }; max-ixfr-log-size number; max-journal-size size_spec; coresize size_spec ; datasize size_spec ; files size_spec ; stacksize size_spec ; cleaning-interval number; heartbeat-interval number; interface-interval number; statistics-interval number; topology { address_match_list }; sortlist { address_match_list }; rrset-order { order_spec ; order_spec ; ... }; lame-ttl number; max-ncache-ttl number; max-cache-ttl number; sig-validity-interval number ; min-roots number; use-ixfr yes_or_no ; provide-ixfr yes_or_no; request-ixfr yes_or_no; treat-cr-as-space yes_or_no ; min-refresh-time number ; max-refresh-time number ; min-retry-time number ; max-retry-time number ; port ip_port; additional-from-auth yes_or_no ; additional-from-cache yes_or_no ; random-device path_name ; max-cache-size size_spec ; 39
match-mapped-addresses yes_or_no; preferred-glue ( A | AAAA | NONE ); edns-udp-size number; root-delegation-only exclude { namelist } ; querylog yes_or_no ; disable-algorithms domain { algorithm; algorithm; };
};
6.2.16
options Statement Denition and Usage
The options statement sets up global options to be used by BIND. This statement may appear only once in a conguration le. If there is no options statement, an options block with each option set to its default will be used. directory The working directory of the server. Any non-absolute pathnames in the conguration le will be taken as relative to this directory. The default location for most server output les (e.g. named.run) is this directory. If a directory is not specied, the working directory defaults to . , the directory from which the server was started. The directory specied should be an absolute path. key-directory When performing dynamic update of secure zones, the directory where the public and private key les should be found, if different than the current working directory. The directory specied must be an absolute path. named-xfer This option is obsolete. It was used in BIND 8 to specify the pathname to the named-xfer program. In BIND 9, no separate named-xfer program is needed; its functionality is built into the name server. tkey-domain The domain appended to the names of all shared keys generated with TKEY. When a client requests a TKEY exchange, it may or may not specify the desired name for the key. If present, the name of the shared key will be client specified part + tkey-domain. Otherwise, the name of the shared key will be random hex digits + tkey-domain. In most cases, the domainname should be the servers domain name. tkey-dhkey The Dife-Hellman key used by the server to generate shared keys with clients using the Dife-Hellman mode of TKEY. The server must be able to load the public and private keys from les in the working directory. In most cases, the keyname should be the servers host name. dump-le The pathname of the le the server dumps the database to when instructed to do so with rndc dumpdb. If not specied, the default is named dump.db. memstatistics-le The pathname of the le the server writes memory usage statistics to on exit. If not specied, the default is named.memstats. pid-le The pathname of the le the server writes its process ID in. If not specied, the default is / var/run/named.pid. The pid-le is used by programs that want to send signals to the running name server. Specifying pid-le none disables the use of a PID le no le will be written and any existing one will be removed. Note that none is a keyword, not a le name, and therefore is not enclosed in double quotes. statistics-le The pathname of the le the server appends statistics to when instructed to do so using rndc stats. If not specied, the default is named.stats in the servers current directory. The 40
format of the le is described in Section 6.2.16.17 port The UDP/TCP port number the server uses for receiving and sending DNS protocol trafc. The default is 53. This option is mainly intended for server testing; a server using a port other than 53 will not be able to communicate with the global DNS. random-device The source of entropy to be used by the server. Entropy is primarily needed for DNSSEC operations, such as TKEY transactions and dynamic update of signed zones. This options species the device (or le) from which to read entropy. If this is a le, operations requiring entropy will fail when the le has been exhausted. If not specied, the default value is /dev/random (or equivalent) when present, and none otherwise. The random-device option takes effect during the initial conguration load at server startup time and is ignored on subsequent reloads. preferred-glue If specied the listed type (A or AAAA) will be emitted before other glue in the additional section of a query response. The default is not to preference any type (NONE). root-delegation-only Turn on enforcement of delegation-only in TLDs and root zones with an optional exclude list. Note some TLDs are NOT delegation only (e.g. DE, LV, US and MUSEUM). options { root-delegation-only exclude { "de"; "lv"; "us"; "museum"; }; };
disable-algorithms Disable the specied DNSSEC algorithms at and below the specied name. Multiple disable-algorithms statements are allowed. Only the most specic will be applied. dnssec-lookaside When set dnssec-lookaside provides the validator with an alternate method to validate DNSKEY records at the top of a zone. When a DNSKEY is at or below a domain specied by the deepest dnssec-lookaside, and the normal dnssec validation has left the key untrusted, the trust-anchor will be append to the key name and a DLV record will be looked up to see if it can validate the key. If the DLV record validates a DNSKEY (similarly to the way a DS record does) the DNSKEY RRset is deemed to be trusted. dnssec-must-be-secure Specify heirarchies which must / may not be secure (signed and validated). If yes then named will only accept answers if they are secure. If no then normal dnssec validation applies allowing for insecure answers to be accepted. The specied domain must be under a trusted-key or dnssec-lookaside must be active.
6.2.16.1
Boolean Options
auth-nxdomain If yes, then the AA bit is always set on NXDOMAIN responses, even if the server is not actually authoritative. The default is no; this is a change from BIND 8. If you are using very old DNS software, you may need to set it to yes. deallocate-on-exit This option was used in BIND 8 to enable checking for memory leaks on exit. BIND 9 ignores the option and always performs the checks. dialup If yes, then the server treats all zones as if they are doing zone transfers across a dial on demand dialup link, which can be brought up by trafc originating from this server. This has different 41
effects according to zone type and concentrates the zone maintenance so that it all happens in a short interval, once every heartbeat-interval and hopefully during the one call. It also suppresses some of the normal zone maintenance trafc. The default is no. The dialup option may also be specied in the view and zone statements, in which case it overrides the global dialup option. If the zone is a master zone then the server will send out a NOTIFY request to all the slaves (default). This should trigger the zone serial number check in the slave (providing it supports NOTIFY) allowing the slave to verify the zone while the connection is active. The set of servers to which NOTIFY is sent can be controlled by notify and also-notify. If the zone is a slave or stub zone, then the server will suppress the regular zone up to date (refresh) queries and only perform them when the heartbeat-interval expires in addition to sending NOTIFY requests. Finer control can be achieved by using notify which only sends NOTIFY messages, notifypassive which sends NOTIFY messages and suppresses the normal refresh queries, refresh which suppresses normal refresh processing and sends refresh queries when the heartbeat-interval expires, and passive which just disables normal refresh processing. dialup mode no (default) yes notify refresh passive notify-passive normal refresh yes no yes no no no heart-beat refresh no yes no yes no no heart-beat notify no yes yes no no yes
Note that normal NOTIFY processing is not affected by dialup. fake-iquery In BIND 8, this option enabled simulating the obsolete DNS query type IQUERY. BIND 9 never does IQUERY simulation. fetch-glue This option is obsolete. In BIND 8, fetch-glue yes caused the server to attempt to fetch glue resource records it didnt have when constructing the additional data section of a response. This is now considered a bad idea and BIND 9 never does it. ush-zones-on-shutdown When the nameserver exits due receiving SIGTERM, ush / do not ush any pending zone writes. The default is ush-zones-on-shutdown no. has-old-clients This option was incorrectly implemented in BIND 8, and is ignored by BIND 9. To achieve the intended effect of has-old-clients yes, specify the two separate options auth-nxdomain yes and rfc2308-type1 no instead. host-statistics In BIND 8, this enables keeping of statistics for every host that the name server interacts with. Not implemented in BIND 9. maintain-ixfr-base This option is obsolete. It was used in BIND 8 to determine whether a transaction log was kept for Incremental Zone Transfer. BIND 9 maintains a transaction log whenever possible. If you need to disable outgoing incremental zone transfers, use provide-ixfr no. minimal-responses If yes, then when generating responses the server will only add records to the authority and additional data sections when they are required (e.g. delegations, negative responses). This may improve the performance of the server. The default is no. 42
multiple-cnames This option was used in BIND 8 to allow a domain name to have multiple CNAME records in violation of the DNS standards. BIND 9.2 always strictly enforces the CNAME rules both in master les and dynamic updates. notify If yes (the default), DNS NOTIFY messages are sent when a zone the server is authoritative for changes, see Section 4.1. The messages are sent to the servers listed in the zones NS records (except the master server identied in the SOA MNAME eld), and to any servers listed in the also-notify option. If explicit, noties are sent only to servers explicitly listed using also-notify. If no, no noties are sent. The notify option may also be specied in the zone statement, in which case it overrides the options notify statement. It would only be necessary to turn off this option if it caused slaves to crash. recursion If yes, and a DNS query requests recursion, then the server will attempt to do all the work required to answer the query. If recursion is off and the server does not already know the answer, it will return a referral response. The default is yes. Note that setting recursion no does not prevent clients from getting data from the servers cache; it only prevents new data from being cached as an effect of client queries. Caching may still occur as an effect the servers internal operation, such as NOTIFY address lookups. See also fetch-glue above. rfc2308-type1 Setting this to yes will cause the server to send NS records along with the SOA record for negative answers. The default is no.
N OTE
Not yet implemented in BIND 9.
use-id-pool This option is obsolete. BIND 9 always allocates query IDs from a pool. zone-statistics If yes, the server will collect statistical data on all zones (unless specically turned off on a per-zone basis by specifying zone-statistics no in the zone statement). These statistics may be accessed using rndc stats, which will dump them to the le listed in the statistics-le. See also Section 6.2.16.17. use-ixfr This option is obsolete. If you need to disable IXFR to a particular server or servers see the information on the provide-ixfr option in Section 6.2.18. See also Section 4.3. provide-ixfr See the description of provide-ixfr in Section 6.2.18 request-ixfr See the description of request-ixfr in Section 6.2.18 treat-cr-as-space This option was used in BIND 8 to make the server treat carriage return (\r) characters the same way as a space or tab character, to facilitate loading of zone les on a UNIX system that were generated on an NT or DOS machine. In BIND 9, both UNIX \n and NT/DOS \r\n newlines are always accepted, and the option is ignored.
43
additional-from-auth, additional-from-cache These options control the behavior of an authoritative server when answering queries which have additional data, or when following CNAME and DNAME chains. When both of these options are set to yes (the default) and a query is being answered from authoritative data (a zone congured into the server), the additional data section of the reply will be lled in using data from other authoritative zones and from the cache. In some situations this is undesirable, such as when there is concern over the correctness of the cache, or in servers where slave zones may be added and modied by untrusted third parties. Also, avoiding the search for this additional data will speed up server operations at the possible expense of additional queries to resolve what would otherwise be provided in the additional section. For example, if a query asks for an MX record for host foo.example.com, and the record found is MX 10 mail.example.net, normally the address records (A and AAAA) for mail.example. net will be provided as well, if known, even though they are not in the example.com zone. Setting these options to no disables this behavior and makes the server only search for additional data in the zone it answers from. These options are intended for use in authoritative-only servers, or in authoritative-only views. Attempts to set them to no without also specifying recursion no will cause the server to ignore the options and log a warning message. Specifying additional-from-cache no actually disables the use of the cache not only for additional data lookups but also when looking up the answer. This is usually the desired behavior in an authoritative-only server where the correctness of the cached data is an issue. When a name server is non-recursively queried for a name that is not below the apex of any served zone, it normally answers with an upwards referral to the root servers or the servers of some other known parent of the query name. Since the data in an upwards referral comes from the cache, the server will not be able to provide upwards referrals when additional-from-cache no has been specied. Instead, it will respond to such queries with REFUSED. This should not cause any problems since upwards referrals are not required for the resolution process. match-mapped-addresses If yes, then an IPv4-mapped IPv6 address will match any address match list entries that match the corresponding IPv4 address. Enabling this option is sometimes useful on IPv6-enabled Linux systems, to work around a kernel quirk that causes IPv4 TCP connections such as zone transfers to be accepted on an IPv6 socket using mapped addresses, causing address match lists designed for IPv4 to fail to match. The use of this option for any other purpose is discouraged. ixfr-from-differences When yes and the server loads a new version of a master zone from its zone le or receives a new version of a slave le by a non-incremental zone transfer, it will compare the new version to the previous one and calculate a set of differences. The differences are then logged in the zones journal le such that the changes can be transmitted to downstream slaves as an incremental zone transfer. By allowing incremental zone transfers to be used for non-dynamic zones, this option saves bandwidth at the expense of increased CPU and memory consumption at the master. In particular, if the new version of a zone is completely different from the previous one, the set of differences will be of a size comparable to the combined size of the old and new zone version, and the server will need to temporarily allocate memory to hold this complete difference set. multi-master This should be set when you have multiple masters for a zone and the addresses refer to different machines. If yes named will not log when the serial number on the master is less than what named currently has. The default is no. dnssec-enable Enable DNSSEC support in named. Unless set to yes named behaves as if it does not support DNSSEC. The default is no.
44
querylog Specify whether query logging should be started when named start. If querylog is not specied then the query logging is determined by the presence of the logging category queries. check-names This option is used to restrict the character set and syntax of certain domain names in master les and/or DNS responses received from the network. The default varies according to usage area. For master zones the default is fail. For slave zones the default is warn. For answer received from the network (response) the default is ignore. The rules for legal hostnames / mail domains are derived from RFC 952 and RFC 821 as modied by RFC 1123. check-names applies to the owner names of A, AAA and MX records. It also applies to the domain names in the RDATA of NS, SOA and MX records. It also applies to the RDATA of PTR records where the owner name indicated that it is a reverse lookup of a hostname (the owner name ends in IN-ADDR.ARPA, IP6.ARPA, IP6.INT).
6.2.16.2
Forwarding
The forwarding facility can be used to create a large site-wide cache on a few servers, reducing trafc over links to external name servers. It can also be used to allow queries by servers that do not have direct access to the Internet, but wish to look up exterior names anyway. Forwarding occurs only on those queries for which the server is not authoritative and does not have the answer in its cache. forward This option is only meaningful if the forwarders list is not empty. A value of first, the default, causes the server to query the forwarders rst, and if that doesnt answer the question the server will then look for the answer itself. If only is specied, the server will only query the forwarders. forwarders Species the IP addresses to be used for forwarding. The default is the empty list (no forwarding). Forwarding can also be congured on a per-domain basis, allowing for the global forwarding options to be overridden in a variety of ways. You can set particular domains to use different forwarders, or have a different forward only/rst behavior, or not forward at all, see Section 6.2.23.
6.2.16.3
Dual-stack Servers
Dual-stack servers are used as servers of last resort to work around problems in reachability due the lack of support for either IPv4 or IPv6 on the host machine. dual-stack-servers Species host names / addresses of machines with access to both IPv4 and IPv6 transports. If a hostname is used the server must be able to resolve the name using only the transport it has. If the machine is dual stacked then the dual-stack-servers have no effect unless access to a transport has been disabled on the command line (e.g. named -4).
6.2.16.4
Access Control
Access to the server can be restricted based on the IP address of the requesting system. See Section 6.1.1 for details on how to specify IP address lists. allow-notify Species which hosts are allowed to notify this server, a slave, of zone changes in addition to the zone masters. allow-notify may also be specied in the zone statement, in which case it overrides the options allow-notify statement. It is only meaningful for a slave zone. If not specied, the default is to process notify messages only from a zones master. 45
allow-query Species which hosts are allowed to ask ordinary DNS questions. allow-query may also be specied in the zone statement, in which case it overrides the options allow-query statement. If not specied, the default is to allow queries from all hosts. allow-recursion Species which hosts are allowed to make recursive queries through this server. If not specied, the default is to allow recursive queries from all hosts. Note that disallowing recursive queries for a host does not prevent the host from retrieving data that is already in the servers cache. allow-update-forwarding Species which hosts are allowed to submit Dynamic DNS updates to slave zones to be forwarded to the master. The default is { none; }, which means that no update forwarding will be performed. To enable update forwarding, specify allow-update-forwarding { any; };. Specifying values other than { none; } or { any; } is usually counterproductive, since the responsibility for update access control should rest with the master server, not the slaves. Note that enabling the update forwarding feature on a slave server may expose master servers relying on insecure IP address based access control to attacks; see Section 7.3 for more details. allow-v6-synthesis This option was introduced for the smooth transition from AAAA to A6 and from nibble labels to binary labels. However, since both A6 and binary labels were then deprecated, this option was also deprecated. It is now ignored with some warning messages. allow-transfer Species which hosts are allowed to receive zone transfers from the server. allowtransfer may also be specied in the zone statement, in which case it overrides the options allowtransfer statement. If not specied, the default is to allow transfers to all hosts. blackhole Species a list of addresses that the server will not accept queries from or use to resolve a query. Queries from these addresses will not be responded to. The default is none.
6.2.16.5
Interfaces
The interfaces and ports that the server will answer queries from may be specied using the listen-on option. listen-on takes an optional port, and an address match list. The server will listen on all interfaces allowed by the address match list. If a port is not specied, port 53 will be used. Multiple listen-on statements are allowed. For example, listen-on { 5.6.7.8; }; listen-on port 1234 { !1.2.3.4; 1.2/16; }; will enable the name server on port 53 for the IP address 5.6.7.8, and on port 1234 of an address on the machine in net 1.2 that is not 1.2.3.4. If no listen-on is specied, the server will listen on port 53 on all interfaces. The listen-on-v6 option is used to specify the interfaces and the ports on which the server will listen for incoming queries sent using IPv6. When { any; } is specied as the address match list for the listen-on-v6 option, the server does not bind a separate socket to each IPv6 interface address as it does for IPv4 if the operating system has enough API support for IPv6 (specically if it conforms to RFC 3493 and RFC 3542). Instead, it listens on the IPv6 wildcard 46
address. If the system only has incomplete API support for IPv6, however, the behavior is the same as that for IPv4. A list of particular IPv6 addresses can also be specied, in which case the server listens on a separate socket for each specied address, regardless of whether the desired API is supported by the system. Multiple listen-on-v6 options can be used. For example, listen-on-v6 { any; }; listen-on-v6 port 1234 { !2001:db8::/32; any; }; will enable the name server on port 53 for any IPv6 addresses (with a single wildcard socket), and on port 1234 of IPv6 addresses that is not in the prex 2001:db8::/32 (with separate sockets for each matched address.) To make the server not listen on any IPv6 address, use listen-on-v6 { none; }; If no listen-on-v6 option is specied, the server will not listen on any IPv6 address. 6.2.16.6 Query Address
If the server doesnt know the answer to a question, it will query other name servers. query-source species the address and port used for such queries. For queries sent over IPv6, there is a separate query-source-v6 option. If address is * or is omitted, a wildcard IP address (INADDR ANY) will be used. If port is * or is omitted, a random unprivileged port will be used, avoid-v4-udp-ports and avoidv6-udp-ports can be used to prevent named from selecting certain ports. The defaults are query-source address * port *; query-source-v6 address * port *;
N OTE
The address specied in the query-source option is used for both UDP and TCP queries, but the port applies only to UDP queries. TCP queries always use a random unprivileged port.
N OTE
See also transfer-source and notify-source.
6.2.16.7
Zone Transfers
BIND has mechanisms in place to facilitate zone transfers and set limits on the amount of load that transfers place on the system. The following options apply to zone transfers. also-notify Denes a global list of IP addresses of name servers that are also sent NOTIFY messages whenever a fresh copy of the zone is loaded, in addition to the servers listed in the zones NS records. This helps to ensure that copies of the zones will quickly converge on stealth servers. If 47
an also-notify list is given in a zone statement, it will override the options also-notify statement. When a zone notify statement is set to no, the IP addresses in the global also-notify list will not be sent NOTIFY messages for that zone. The default is the empty list (no global notication list). max-transfer-time-in Inbound zone transfers running longer than this many minutes will be terminated. The default is 120 minutes (2 hours). The maximum value is 28 days (40320 minutes). max-transfer-idle-in Inbound zone transfers making no progress in this many minutes will be terminated. The default is 60 minutes (1 hour). The maximum value is 28 days (40320 minutes). max-transfer-time-out Outbound zone transfers running longer than this many minutes will be terminated. The default is 120 minutes (2 hours). The maximum value is 28 days (40320 minutes). max-transfer-idle-out Outbound zone transfers making no progress in this many minutes will be terminated. The default is 60 minutes (1 hour). The maximum value is 28 days (40320 minutes). serial-query-rate Slave servers will periodically query master servers to nd out if zone serial numbers have changed. Each such query uses a minute amount of the slave servers network bandwidth. To limit the amount of bandwidth used, BIND 9 limits the rate at which queries are sent. The value of the serial-query-rate option, an integer, is the maximum number of queries sent per second. The default is 20. serial-queries In BIND 8, the serial-queries option set the maximum number of concurrent serial number queries allowed to be outstanding at any given time. BIND 9 does not limit the number of outstanding serial queries and ignores the serial-queries option. Instead, it limits the rate at which the queries are sent as dened using the serial-query-rate option. transfer-format Zone transfers can be sent using two different formats, one-answer and many-answers. The transfer-format option is used on the master server to determine which format it sends. oneanswer uses one DNS message per resource record transferred. many-answers packs as many resource records as possible into a message. many-answers is more efcient, but is only supported by relatively new slave servers, such as BIND 9, BIND 8.x and patched versions of BIND 4.9.5. The default is many-answers. transfer-format may be overridden on a per-server basis by using the server statement. transfers-in The maximum number of inbound zone transfers that can be running concurrently. The default value is 10. Increasing transfers-in may speed up the convergence of slave zones, but it also may increase the load on the local system. transfers-out The maximum number of outbound zone transfers that can be running concurrently. Zone transfer requests in excess of the limit will be refused. The default value is 10. transfers-per-ns The maximum number of inbound zone transfers that can be concurrently transferring from a given remote name server. The default value is 2. Increasing transfers-per-ns may speed up the convergence of slave zones, but it also may increase the load on the remote name server. transfers-per-ns may be overridden on a per-server basis by using the transfers phrase of the server statement. transfer-source transfer-source determines which local address will be bound to IPv4 TCP connections used to fetch zones transferred inbound by the server. It also determines the source IPv4 address, and optionally the UDP port, used for the refresh queries and forwarded dynamic updates. If not set, it defaults to a system controlled value which will usually be the address of the interface closest to the remote end. This address must appear in the remote ends allow-transfer option for 48
the zone being transferred, if one is specied. This statement sets the transfer-source for all zones, but can be overridden on a per-view or per-zone basis by including a transfer-source statement within the view or zone block in the conguration le. transfer-source-v6 The same as transfer-source, except zone transfers are performed using IPv6. alt-transfer-source An alternate transfer source if the one listed in transfer-source fails and use-alttransfer-source is set.
N OTE
If you do not wish the alternate transfer source to be used you should set use-alt-transfer-source appropriately and you should not depend upon getting a answer back to the rst refresh query.
alt-transfer-source-v6 An alternate transfer source if the one listed in transfer-source-v6 fails and usealt-transfer-source is set. use-alt-transfer-source Use the alternate transfer sources or not. If views are specied this defaults to no otherwise it defaults to yes (for BIND 8 compatibility). notify-source notify-source determines which local source address, and optionally UDP port, will be used to send NOTIFY messages. This address must appear in the slave servers masters zone clause or in an allow-notify clause. This statement sets the notify-source for all zones, but can be overridden on a per-zone / per-view basis by including a notify-source statement within the zone or view block in the conguration le. notify-source-v6 Like notify-source, but applies to notify messages sent to IPv6 addresses.
6.2.16.8
Bad UDP Port Lists
avoid-v4-udp-ports and avoid-v6-udp-ports specify a list of IPv4 and IPv6 UDP ports that will not be used as system assigned source ports for UDP sockets. These lists prevent named from choosing as its random source port a port that is blocked by your rewall. If a query went out with such a source port, the answer would not get by the rewall and the name server would have to query again.
6.2.16.9
Operating System Resource Limits
The servers usage of many system resources can be limited. Scaled values are allowed when specifying resource limits. For example, 1G can be used instead of 1073741824 to specify a limit of one gigabyte. unlimited requests unlimited use, or the maximum available amount. default uses the limit that was in force when the server was started. See the description of size spec in Section 6.1. The following options set operating system resource limits for the name server process. Some operating systems dont support some or any of the limits. On such systems, a warning will be issued if the unsupported limit is used. coresize The maximum size of a core dump. The default is default.
49
datasize The maximum amount of data memory the server may use. The default is default. This is a hard limit on server memory usage. If the server attempts to allocate memory in excess of this limit, the allocation will fail, which may in turn leave the server unable to perform DNS service. Therefore, this option is rarely useful as a way of limiting the amount of memory used by the server, but it can be used to raise an operating system data size limit that is too small by default. If you wish to limit the amount of memory used by the server, use the max-cache-size and recursiveclients options instead. les The maximum number of les the server may have open concurrently. The default is unlimited. stacksize The maximum amount of stack memory the server may use. The default is default.
6.2.16.10
Server Resource Limits
The following options set limits on the servers resource consumption that are enforced internally by the server rather than the operating system. max-ixfr-log-size This option is obsolete; it is accepted and ignored for BIND 8 compatibility. The option max-journal-size performs a similar function in BIND 8. max-journal-size Sets a maximum size for each journal le (Section 4.2.1). When the journal le approaches the specied size, some of the oldest transactions in the journal will be automatically removed. The default is unlimited. host-statistics-max In BIND 8, species the maximum number of host statistic entries to be kept. Not implemented in BIND 9. recursive-clients The maximum number of simultaneous recursive lookups the server will perform on behalf of clients. The default is 1000. Because each recursing client uses a fair bit of memory, on the order of 20 kilobytes, the value of the recursive-clients option may have to be decreased on hosts with limited memory. tcp-clients The maximum number of simultaneous client TCP connections that the server will accept. The default is 100. max-cache-size The maximum amount of memory to use for the servers cache, in bytes. When the amount of data in the cache reaches this limit, the server will cause records to expire prematurely so that the limit is not exceeded. In a server with multiple views, the limit applies separately to the cache of each view. The default is unlimited, meaning that records are purged from the cache only when their TTLs expire. tcp-listen-queue The listen queue depth. The default and minimum is 3. If the kernel supports the accept lter dataready this also controls how many TCP connections that will be queued in kernel space waiting for some data before being passed to accept. Values less than 3 will be silently raised.
6.2.16.11
Periodic Task Intervals
cleaning-interval The server will remove expired resource records from the cache every cleaninginterval minutes. The default is 60 minutes. The maximum value is 28 days (40320 minutes). If set to 0, no periodic cleaning will occur. 50
heartbeat-interval The server will perform zone maintenance tasks for all zones marked as dialup whenever this interval expires. The default is 60 minutes. Reasonable values are up to 1 day (1440 minutes). The maximum value is 28 days (40320 minutes). If set to 0, no zone maintenance for these zones will occur. interface-interval The server will scan the network interface list every interface-interval minutes. The default is 60 minutes. The maximum value is 28 days (40320 minutes). If set to 0, interface scanning will only occur when the conguration le is loaded. After the scan, the server will begin listening for queries on any newly discovered interfaces (provided they are allowed by the listen-on conguration), and will stop listening on interfaces that have gone away. statistics-interval Name server statistics will be logged every statistics-interval minutes. The default is 60. The maximum value is 28 days (40320 minutes). If set to 0, no statistics will be logged.
N OTE
Not yet implemented in BIND9.
6.2.16.12 Topology All other things being equal, when the server chooses a name server to query from a list of name servers, it prefers the one that is topologically closest to itself. The topology statement takes an address match list and interprets it in a special way. Each top-level list element is assigned a distance. Non-negated elements get a distance based on their position in the list, where the closer the match is to the start of the list, the shorter the distance is between it and the server. A negated match will be assigned the maximum distance from the server. If there is no match, the address will get a distance which is further than any non-negated list element, and closer than any negated element. For example, topology { 10/8; !1.2.3/24; { 1.2/16; 3/8; }; }; will prefer servers on network 10 the most, followed by hosts on network 1.2.0.0 (netmask 255.255.0.0) and network 3, with the exception of hosts on network 1.2.3 (netmask 255.255.255.0), which is preferred least of all. The default topology is topology { localhost; localnets; };
N OTE
The topology option is not implemented in BIND 9.
51
6.2.16.13
The sortlist Statement
The response to a DNS query may consist of multiple resource records (RRs) forming a resource records set (RRset). The name server will normally return the RRs within the RRset in an indeterminate order (but see the rrset-order statement in Section 6.2.16.14). The client resolver code should rearrange the RRs as appropriate, that is, using any addresses on the local net in preference to other addresses. However, not all resolvers can do this or are correctly congured. When a client is using a local server the sorting can be performed in the server, based on the clients address. This only requires conguring the name servers, not all the clients. The sortlist statement (see below) takes an address match list and interprets it even more specically than the topology statement does (Section 6.2.16.12). Each top level statement in the sortlist must itself be an explicit address match list with one or two elements. The rst element (which may be an IP address, an IP prex, an ACL name or a nested address match list) of each top level list is checked against the source address of the query until a match is found. Once the source address of the query has been matched, if the top level statement contains only one element, the actual primitive element that matched the source address is used to select the address in the response to move to the beginning of the response. If the statement is a list of two elements, then the second element is treated the same as the address match list in a topology statement. Each top level element is assigned a distance and the address in the response with the minimum distance is moved to the beginning of the response. In the following example, any queries received from any of the addresses of the host itself will get responses preferring addresses on any of the locally connected networks. Next most preferred are addresses on the 192.168.1/24 network, and after that either the 192.168.2/24 or 192.168.3/24 network with no preference shown between these two networks. Queries received from a host on the 192.168.1/24 network will prefer other addresses on that network to the 192.168.2/24 and 192.168.3/24 networks. Queries received from a host on the 192.168.4/24 or the 192.168.5/24 network will only prefer other addresses on their directly connected networks. sortlist { { localhost; { localnets; 192.168.1/24; { 192.168.2/24; 192.168.3/24; { 192.168.1/24; { 192.168.1/24; { 192.168.2/24; 192.168.3/24; { 192.168.2/24; { 192.168.2/24; { 192.168.1/24; 192.168.3/24; { 192.168.3/24; { 192.168.3/24; { 192.168.1/24; 192.168.2/24; { { 192.168.4/24; 192.168.5/24; }; }; }; // IF the local host // THEN first fit on the // following nets }; }; }; // IF on class C 192.168.1 // THEN use .1, or .2 or .3 }; }; }; // IF on class C 192.168.2 // THEN use .2, or .1 or .3 }; }; }; // IF on class C 192.168.3 // THEN use .3, or .1 or .2 }; }; }; // if .4 or .5, prefer that net
The following example will give reasonable behavior for the local host and hosts on directly connected networks. It is similar to the behavior of the address sort in BIND 4.9.x. Responses sent to queries from the local host will favor any of the directly connected networks. Responses sent to queries from any other hosts on a directly connected network will prefer addresses on that same network. Responses to other queries will not be sorted. sortlist { { localhost; localnets; }; { localnets; }; };
52
6.2.16.14
RRset Ordering
When multiple records are returned in an answer it may be useful to congure the order of the records placed into the response. The rrset-order statement permits conguration of the ordering of the records in a multiple record response. See also the sortlist statement, Section 6.2.16.13. An order spec is dened as follows: class class_name type type_name order ordering name "domain_name"
If no class is specied, the default is ANY. If no type is specied, the default is ANY. If no name is specied, the default is *. The legal values for ordering are: xed random cyclic Records are returned in the order they are dened in the zone le. Records are returned in some random order. Records are returned in a round-robin order.
For example: rrset-order { class IN type A name "host.example.com" order random; order cyclic; }; will cause any responses for type A records in class IN that have host.example.com as a sufx, to always be returned in random order. All other records are returned in cyclic order. If multiple rrset-order statements appear, they are not combined the last one applies.
N OTE
The rrset-order statement is not yet fully implemented in BIND 9. BIND 9 currently does not support xed ordering.
6.2.16.15
Tuning
lame-ttl Sets the number of seconds to cache a lame server indication. 0 disables caching. (This is NOT recommended.) Default is 600 (10 minutes). Maximum value is 1800 (30 minutes). max-ncache-ttl To reduce network trafc and increase performance the server stores negative answers. max-ncache-ttl is used to set a maximum retention time for these answers in the server in seconds. The default max-ncache-ttl is 10800 seconds (3 hours). max-ncache-ttl cannot exceed 7 days and will be silently truncated to 7 days if set to a greater value. max-cache-ttl max-cache-ttl sets the maximum time for which the server will cache ordinary (positive) answers. The default is one week (7 days). 53
min-roots The minimum number of root servers that is required for a request for the root servers to be accepted. Default is 2.
N OTE
Not implemented in BIND9.
sig-validity-interval Species the number of days into the future when DNSSEC signatures automatically generated as a result of dynamic updates (Section 4.2) will expire. The default is 30 days. The maximum value is 10 years (3660 days). The signature inception time is unconditionally set to one hour before the current time to allow for a limited amount of clock skew. min-refresh-time, max-refresh-time, min-retry-time, max-retry-time These options control the servers behavior on refreshing a zone (querying for SOA changes) or retrying failed transfers. Usually the SOA values for the zone are used, but these values are set by the master, giving slave server administrators little control over their contents. These options allow the administrator to set a minimum and maximum refresh and retry time either per-zone, per-view, or globally. These options are valid for slave and stub zones, and clamp the SOA refresh and retry times to the specied values. edns-udp-size edns-udp-size sets the advertised EDNS UDP buffer size. Valid values are 512 to 4096 (values outside this range will be silently adjusted). The default value is 4096. The usual reason for setting edns-udp-size to a non default value it to get UDP answers to pass through broken rewalls that block fragmented packets and/or block UDP packets that are greater than 512 bytes. 6.2.16.16 Built-in server information zones
The server provides some helpful diagnostic information through a number of built-in zones under the pseudo-top-level-domain bind in the CHAOS class. These zones are part of a built-in view (see Section 6.2.21) of class CHAOS which is separate from the default view of class IN; therefore, any global server options such as allow-query do not apply the these zones. If you feel the need to disable these zones, use the options below, or hide the built-in CHAOS view by dening an explicit view of class CHAOS that matches all clients. version The version the server should report via a query of the name version.bind with type TXT, class CHAOS. The default is the real version number of this server. Specifying version none disables processing of the queries. hostname The hostname the server should report via a query of the name hostname.bind with type TXT, class CHAOS. This defaults to the hostname of the machine hosting the name server as found by gethostname(). The primary purpose of such queries is to identify which of a group of anycast servers is actually answering your queries. Specifying hostname none; disables processing of the queries. server-id The ID of the server should report via a query of the name ID.SERVER with type TXT, class CHAOS. The primary purpose of such queries is to identify which of a group of anycast servers is actually answering your queries. Specifying server-id none; disables processing of the queries. Specifying server-id hostname; will cause named to use the hostname as found by gethostname(). The default server-id is none. 54
6.2.16.17
The Statistics File
The statistics le generated by BIND 9 is similar, but not identical, to that generated by BIND 8. The statistics dump begins with the line +++ Statistics Dump +++ (973798949), where the number in parentheses is a standard Unix-style timestamp, measured as seconds since January 1, 1970. Following that line are a series of lines containing a counter type, the value of the counter, optionally a zone name, and optionally a view name. The lines without view and zone listed are global statistics for the entire server. Lines with a zone and view name for the given view and zone (the view name is omitted for the default view). The statistics dump ends with the line Statistics Dump (973798949), where the number is identical to the number in the beginning line. The following statistics counters are maintained: success The number of successful queries made to the server or zone. A successful query is dened as query which returns a NOERROR response with at least one answer RR. The number of queries which resulted in referral responses. The number of queries which resulted in NOERROR responses with no data. The number of queries which resulted in NXDOMAIN responses. The number of queries which resulted in a failure response other than those above. The number of queries which caused the server to perform recursion in order to nd the nal answer.
referral nxrrset nxdomain failure recursion
Each query received by the server will cause exactly one of success, referral, nxrrset, nxdomain, or failure to be incremented, and may additionally cause the recursion counter to be incremented.
6.2.17
server Statement Grammar
server ip_addr { bogus yes_or_no ; provide-ixfr yes_or_no ; request-ixfr yes_or_no ; edns yes_or_no ; transfers number ; transfer-format ( one-answer | many-answers ) ; ] keys { string ; string ; ... } ; transfer-source (ip4_addr | *) port ip_port ; transfer-source-v6 (ip6_addr | *) port ip_port ; };
6.2.18
server Statement Denition and Usage
The server statement denes characteristics to be associated with a remote name server. The server statement can occur at the top level of the conguration le or inside a view statement. If a view statement contains one or more server statements, only those apply to the view and any top-level ones are ignored. If a view contains no server statements, any top-level server statements are used as defaults. 55
If you discover that a remote server is giving out bad data, marking it as bogus will prevent further queries to it. The default value of bogus is no. The provide-ixfr clause determines whether the local server, acting as master, will respond with an incremental zone transfer when the given remote server, a slave, requests it. If set to yes, incremental transfer will be provided whenever possible. If set to no, all transfers to the remote server will be nonincremental. If not set, the value of the provide-ixfr option in the view or global options block is used as a default. The request-ixfr clause determines whether the local server, acting as a slave, will request incremental zone transfers from the given remote server, a master. If not set, the value of the request-ixfr option in the view or global options block is used as a default. IXFR requests to servers that do not support IXFR will automatically fall back to AXFR. Therefore, there is no need to manually list which servers support IXFR and which ones do not; the global default of yes should always work. The purpose of the provide-ixfr and request-ixfr clauses is to make it possible to disable the use of IXFR even when both master and slave claim to support it, for example if one of the servers is buggy and crashes or corrupts data when IXFR is used. The edns clause determines whether the local server will attempt to use EDNS when communicating with the remote server. The default is yes. The server supports two zone transfer methods. The rst, one-answer, uses one DNS message per resource record transferred. many-answers packs as many resource records as possible into a message. many-answers is more efcient, but is only known to be understood by BIND 9, BIND 8.x, and patched versions of BIND 4.9.5. You can specify which method to use for a server with the transfer-format option. If transfer-format is not specied, the transfer-format specied by the options statement will be used. transfers is used to limit the number of concurrent inbound zone transfers from the specied server. If no transfers clause is specied, the limit is set according to the transfers-per-ns option. The keys clause identies a key id dened by the key statement, to be used for transaction security (TSIG, Section 4.5) when talking to the remote server. When a request is sent to the remote server, a request signature will be generated using the key specied here and appended to the message. A request originating from the remote server is not required to be signed by this key. Although the grammar of the keys clause allows for multiple keys, only a single key per server is currently supported. The transfer-source and transfer-source-v6 clauses specify the IPv4 and IPv6 source address to be used for zone transfer with the remote server, respectively. For an IPv4 remote server, only transfer-source can be specied. Similarly, for an IPv6 remote server, only transfer-source-v6 can be specied. Form more details, see the description of transfer-source and transfer-source-v6 in Section 6.2.16.7.
6.2.19
trusted-keys Statement Grammar
trusted-keys { string number number number string ; string number number number string ; ... };
6.2.20
trusted-keys Statement Denition and Usage
The trusted-keys statement denes DNSSEC security roots. DNSSEC is described in Section 4.8. A security root is dened when the public key for a non-authoritative zone is known, but cannot be securely obtained through DNS, either because it is the DNS root zone or because its parent zone is unsigned. Once a key has been congured as a trusted key, it is treated as if it had been validated and proven secure. The resolver attempts DNSSEC validation on all DNS data in subdomains of a security root. 56
The trusted-keys statement can contain multiple key entries, each consisting of the keys domain name, ags, protocol, algorithm, and the base-64 representation of the key data.
6.2.21
view Statement Grammar
view view_name class { match-clients { address_match_list } ; match-destinations { address_match_list } ; match-recursive-only yes_or_no ; view_option; ... zone_statement; ... };
6.2.22
view Statement Denition and Usage
The view statement is a powerful new feature of BIND 9 that lets a name server answer a DNS query differently depending on who is asking. It is particularly useful for implementing split DNS setups without having to run multiple servers. Each view statement denes a view of the DNS namespace that will be seen by a subset of clients. A client matches a view if its source IP address matches the address match list of the views matchclients clause and its destination IP address matches the address match list of the views matchdestinations clause. If not specied, both match-clients and match-destinations default to matching all addresses. In addition to checking IP addresses match-clients and match-destinations can also take keys which provide an mechanism for the client to select the view. A view can also be specied as match-recursive-only, which means that only recursive requests from matching clients will match that view. The order of the view statements is signicant a client request will be resolved in the context of the rst view that it matches. Zones dened within a view statement will be only be accessible to clients that match the view. By dening a zone of the same name in multiple views, different zone data can be given to different clients, for example, internal and external clients in a split DNS setup. Many of the options given in the options statement can also be used within a view statement, and then apply only when resolving queries with that view. When no view-specic value is given, the value in the options statement is used as a default. Also, zone options can have default values specied in the view statement; these view-specic defaults take precedence over those in the options statement. Views are class specic. If no class is given, class IN is assumed. Note that all non-IN views must contain a hint zone, since only the IN class has compiled-in default hints. If there are no view statements in the cong le, a default view that matches any client is automatically created in class IN. Any zone statements specied on the top level of the conguration le are considered to be part of this default view, and the options statement will apply to the default view. If any explicit view statements are present, all zone statements must occur inside view statements. Here is an example of a typical split DNS setup implemented using view statements. view "internal" { // This should match our internal networks. match-clients { 10.0.0.0/8; }; // Provide recursive service to internal clients only. recursion yes; // Provide a complete view of the example.com zone // including addresses of internal hosts. zone "example.com" { 57
type master; file "example-internal.db"; }; }; view "external" { // Match all clients not matched by the previous view. match-clients { any; }; // Refuse recursive service to external clients. recursion no; // Provide a restricted view of the example.com zone // containing only publicly accessible hosts. zone "example.com" { type master; file "example-external.db"; }; };
6.2.23
zone Statement Grammar
zone zone_name class { type ( master | slave | hint | stub | forward | delegation-only ) ; allow-notify { address_match_list } ; allow-query { address_match_list } ; allow-transfer { address_match_list } ; allow-update { address_match_list } ; update-policy { update_policy_rule ... } ; allow-update-forwarding { address_match_list } ; also-notify { ip_addr port ip_port ; ip_addr port ip_port ; ... }; check-names (warn|fail|ignore) ; dialup dialup_option ; delegation-only yes_or_no ; file string ; forward (only|first) ; forwarders { ip_addr port ip_port ; ... }; ixfr-base string ; ixfr-tmp-file string ; maintain-ixfr-base yes_or_no ; masters port ip_port { ( masters_list | ip_addr port ip_port key key ) ; ... } ; max-ixfr-log-size number ; max-transfer-idle-in number ; max-transfer-idle-out number ; max-transfer-time-in number ; max-transfer-time-out number ; notify yes_or_no | explicit ; pubkey number number number string ; transfer-source (ip4_addr | *) port ip_port ; transfer-source-v6 (ip6_addr | *) port ip_port ; alt-transfer-source (ip4_addr | *) port ip_port ; alt-transfer-source-v6 (ip6_addr | *) port ip_port ; use-alt-transfer-source yes_or_no; notify-source (ip4_addr | *) port ip_port ; notify-source-v6 (ip6_addr | *) port ip_port ; zone-statistics yes_or_no ; sig-validity-interval number ; 58
database string ; min-refresh-time number ; max-refresh-time number ; min-retry-time number ; max-retry-time number ; multi-master yes_or_no ; key-directory path_name; };
6.2.24
6.2.24.1
zone Statement Denition and Usage

Zone Types master slave The server has a master copy of the data for the zone and will be able to provide authoritative answers for it. A slave zone is a replica of a master zone. The masters list species one or more IP addresses of master servers that the slave contacts to update its copy of the zone. Masters list elements can also be names of other masters lists. By default, transfers are made from port 53 on the servers; this can be changed for all servers by specifying a port number before the list of IP addresses, or on a per-server basis after the IP address. Authentication to the master can also be done with per-server TSIG keys. If a le is specied, then the replica will be written to this le whenever the zone is changed, and reloaded from this le on a server restart. Use of a le is recommended, since it often speeds server start-up and eliminates a needless waste of bandwidth. Note that for large numbers (in the tens or hundreds of thousands) of zones per server, it is best to use a two level naming scheme for zone le names. For example, a slave server for the zone example. com might place the zone contents into a le called ex/example. com where ex/ is just the rst two letters of the zone name. (Most operating systems behave very slowly if you put 100 000 les into a single directory.) A stub zone is similar to a slave zone, except that it replicates only the NS records of a master zone instead of the entire zone. Stub zones are not a standard part of the DNS; they are a feature specic to the BIND implementation. Stub zones can be used to eliminate the need for glue NS record in a parent zone at the expense of maintaining a stub zone entry and a set of name server addresses in named.conf. This usage is not recommended for new congurations, and BIND 9 supports it only in a limited way. In BIND 4/8, zone transfers of a parent zone included the NS records from stub children of that zone. This meant that, in some cases, users could get away with conguring child stubs only in the master server for the parent zone. BIND 9 never mixes together zone data from different zones in this way. Therefore, if a BIND 9 master serving a parent zone has child stub zones congured, all the slave servers for the parent zone also need to have the same child stub zones congured. Stub zones can also be used as a way of forcing the resolution of a given domain to use a particular set of authoritative servers. For example, the caching name servers on a private network using RFC1981 addressing may be congured with stub zones for 10.in-addr. arpa to use a set of internal name servers as the authoritative servers for that domain.
stub
59
A forward zone is a way to congure forwarding on a per-domain basis. A zone statement of type forward can contain a forward and/or forwarders statement, which will apply to queries within the domain given by the zone name. If no forwarders statement is present or an empty list for forwarders is given, then no forwarding will be done for the domain, canceling the effects of any forwarders in the options statement. Thus if you want to use this type of zone to change the behavior of the global forward option (that is, forward rst to, then forward only, or vice versa, but want to use the same servers as set globally) you need to re-specify the global forwarders. hint The initial set of root name servers is specied using a hint zone. When the server starts up, it uses the root hints to nd a root name server and get the most recent list of root name servers. If no hint zone is specied for class IN, the server uses a compiled-in default set of root servers hints. Classes other than IN have no built-in defaults hints. delegation-only This is used to enforce the delegation only status of infrastructure zones (e.g. COM, NET, ORG). Any answer that is received without a explicit or implicit delegation in the authority section will be treated as NXDOMAIN. This does not apply to the zone apex. This SHOULD NOT be applied to leaf zones. delegation-only has no effect on answers received from forwarders. forward
6.2.24.2
Class
The zones name may optionally be followed by a class. If a class is not specied, class IN (for Internet), is assumed. This is correct for the vast majority of cases. The hesiod class is named for an information service from MITs Project Athena. It is used to share information about various systems databases, such as users, groups, printers and so on. The keyword HS is a synonym for hesiod. Another MIT development is CHAOSnet, a LAN protocol created in the mid-1970s. Zone data for it can be specied with the CHAOS class.
6.2.24.3
Zone Options
allow-notify See the description of allow-notify in Section 6.2.16.4 allow-query See the description of allow-query in Section 6.2.16.4 allow-transfer See the description of allow-transfer in Section 6.2.16.4. allow-update Species which hosts are allowed to submit Dynamic DNS updates for master zones. The default is to deny updates from all hosts. Note that allowing updates based on the requestors IP address is insecure; see Section 7.3 for details. update-policy Species a Simple Secure Update policy. See Section 6.2.24.4. allow-update-forwarding See the description of allow-update-forwarding in Section 6.2.16.4. 60
also-notify Only meaningful if notify is active for this zone. The set of machines that will receive a DNS NOTIFY message for this zone is made up of all the listed name servers (other than the primary master) for the zone plus any IP addresses specied with also-notify. A port may be specied with each also-notify address to send the notify messages to a port other than the default of 53. also-notify is not meaningful for stub zones. The default is the empty list. check-names This option is used to restrict the character set and syntax of certain domain names in master les and/or DNS responses received from the network. The default varies according to zone type. For master zones the default is fail. For slave zones the default is warn. database Specify the type of database to be used for storing the zone data. The string following the database keyword is interpreted as a list of whitespace-delimited words. The rst word identies the database type, and any subsequent words are passed as arguments to the database to be interpreted in a way specic to the database type. The default is "rbt", BIND 9s native in-memory red-black-tree database. This database does not take arguments. Other values are possible if additional database drivers have been linked into the server. Some sample drivers are included with the distribution but none are linked in by default. dialup See the description of dialup in Section 6.2.16.1. delegation-only The ag only applies to hint and stub zones. If set to yes then the zone will also be treated as if it is also a delegation-only type zone. forward Only meaningful if the zone has a forwarders list. The only value causes the lookup to fail after trying the forwarders and getting no answer, while rst would allow a normal lookup to be tried. forwarders Used to override the list of global forwarders. If it is not specied in a zone of type forward, no forwarding is done for the zone; the global options are not used. ixfr-base Was used in BIND 8 to specify the name of the transaction log (journal) le for dynamic update and IXFR. BIND 9 ignores the option and constructs the name of the journal le by appending . jnl to the name of the zone le. ixfr-tmp-le Was an undocumented option in BIND 8. Ignored in BIND 9. max-transfer-time-in See the description of max-transfer-time-in in Section 6.2.16.7. max-transfer-idle-in See the description of max-transfer-idle-in in Section 6.2.16.7. max-transfer-time-out See the description of max-transfer-time-out in Section 6.2.16.7. max-transfer-idle-out See the description of max-transfer-idle-out in Section 6.2.16.7. notify See the description of notify in Section 6.2.16.1. pubkey In BIND 8, this option was intended for specifying a public zone key for verication of signatures in DNSSEC signed zones when they are loaded from disk. BIND 9 does not verify signatures 61
on load and ignores the option. zone-statistics If yes, the server will keep statistical information for this zone, which can be dumped to the statistics-le dened in the server options. sig-validity-interval See the description of sig-validity-interval in Section 6.2.16.15. transfer-source See the description of transfer-source in Section 6.2.16.7 transfer-source-v6 See the description of transfer-source-v6 in Section 6.2.16.7 alt-transfer-source See the description of alt-transfer-source in Section 6.2.16.7 alt-transfer-source-v6 See the description of alt-transfer-source-v6 in Section 6.2.16.7 use-alt-transfer-source See the description of use-alt-transfer-source in Section 6.2.16.7 notify-source See the description of notify-source in Section 6.2.16.7 notify-source-v6 See the description of notify-source-v6 in Section 6.2.16.7. min-refresh-time, max-refresh-time, min-retry-time, max-retry-time See the description in Section 6.2.16.15. ixfr-from-differences See the description of ixfr-from-differences in Section 6.2.16.1. key-directory See the description of key-directory in Section 6.2.16 multi-master See the description of multi-master in Section 6.2.16.1.
6.2.24.4
Dynamic Update Policies
BIND 9 supports two alternative methods of granting clients the right to perform dynamic updates to a zone, congured by the allow-update and update-policy option, respectively. The allow-update clause works the same way as in previous versions of BIND. It grants given clients the permission to update any record of any name in the zone. The update-policy clause is new in BIND 9 and allows more ne-grained control over what updates are allowed. A set of rules is specied, where each rule either grants or denies permissions for one or more names to be updated by one or more identities. If the dynamic update request message is signed (that is, it includes either a TSIG or SIG(0) record), the identity of the signer can be determined. Rules are specied in the update-policy zone option, and are only meaningful for master zones. When the update-policy statement is present, it is a conguration error for the allow-update statement to be present. The update-policy statement only examines the signer of a message; the source address is not relevant. This is how a rule denition looks: ( grant | deny ) identity nametype name types
62
6.3. ZONE FILE
Each rule grants or denies privileges. Once a message has successfully matched a rule, the operation is immediately granted or denied and no further rules are examined. A rule is matched when the signer matches the identity eld, the name matches the name eld in accordance with the nametype eld, and the type matches the types specied in the type eld. The identity eld species a name or a wildcard name. Normally, this is the name of the TSIG or SIG(0) key used to sign the update request. When a TKEY exchange has been used to create a shared secret, the identity of the shared secret is the same as the identity of the key used to authenticate the TKEY exchange. When the identity eld species a wildcard name, it is subject to DNS wildcard expansion, so the rule will apply to multiple identities. The identity eld must contain a fully qualied domain name. The nametype eld has 4 values: name, subdomain, wildcard, and self. name subdomain wildcard Exact-match semantics. This rule matches when the name being updated is identical to the contents of the name eld. This rule matches when the name being updated is a subdomain of, or identical to, the contents of the name eld. The name eld is subject to DNS wildcard expansion, and this rule matches when the name being updated name is a valid expansion of the wildcard. This rule matches when the name being updated matches the contents of the identity eld. The name eld is ignored, but should be the same as the identity eld. The self nametype is most useful when allowing using one key per name to update, where the key has the same name as the name to be updated. The identity would be specied as * in this case.
self
In all cases, the name eld must specify a fully qualied domain name. If no types are explicitly specied, this rule matches all types except SIG, NS, SOA, and NXT. Types may be specied by name, including ANY (ANY matches all types except NXT, which can never be updated). Note that when an attempt is made to delete all records associated with a name, the rules are checked for each existing record type.
6.3
6.3.1
Zone File
Types of Resource Records and When to Use Them
This section, largely borrowed from RFC 1034, describes the concept of a Resource Record (RR) and explains when each is used. Since the publication of RFC 1034, several new RRs have been identied and implemented in the DNS. These are also included. 6.3.1.1 Resource Records
A domain name identies a node. Each node has a set of resource information, which may be empty. The set of resource information associated with a particular name is composed of separate RRs. The order of RRs in a set is not signicant and need not be preserved by name servers, resolvers, or other parts of the DNS. However, sorting of multiple RRs is permitted for optimization purposes, for example, to specify that a particular nearby server be tried rst. See Section 6.2.16.13 and Section 6.2.16.14. The components of a Resource Record are:
63
6.3. ZONE FILE
owner name type TTL
class RDATA
the domain name where the RR is found. an encoded 16 bit value that species the type of the resource record. the time to live of the RR. This eld is a 32 bit integer in units of seconds, and is primarily used by resolvers when they cache RRs. The TTL describes how long a RR can be cached before it should be discarded. an encoded 16 bit value that identies a protocol family or instance of a protocol. the resource data. The format of the data is type (and sometimes class) specic.
The following are types of valid RRs: A AAAA A6 a host address. In the IN class, this is a 32-bit IP address. Described in RFC 1035. IPv6 address. Described in RFC 1886. IPv6 address. This can be a partial address (a sufx) and an indirection to the name where the rest of the address (the prex) can be found. Experimental. Described in RFC 2874. location of AFS database servers. Experimental. Described in RFC 1183. address prex list. Experimental. Described in RFC 3123. holds a digital certicate. Described in RFC 2538. identies the canonical name of an alias. Described in RFC 1035. Replaces the domain name specied with another name to be looked up, effectively aliasing an entire subtree of the domain name space rather than a single record as in the case of the CNAME RR. Described in RFC 2672. Species the global position. Superseded by LOC. identies the CPU and OS used by a host. Described in RFC 1035. representation of ISDN addresses. Experimental. Described in RFC 1183. stores a public key associated with a DNS name. Described in RFC 2535. identies a key exchanger for this DNS name. Described in RFC 2230. for storing GPS info. Described in RFC 1876. Experimental. identies a mail exchange for the domain. a 16 bit preference value (lower is better) followed by the host name of the mail exchange. Described in RFC 974, RFC 1035. name authority pointer. Described in RFC 2915. a network service access point. Described in RFC 1706. the authoritative name server for the domain. Described in RFC 1035. used in DNSSEC to securely indicate that RRs with an owner name in a certain name interval do not exist in a zone and indicate what RR types are present for an existing name. Described in RFC 2535. a pointer to another part of the domain name space. Described in RFC 1035. provides mappings between RFC 822 and X.400 addresses. Described in RFC 2163. information on persons responsible for the domain. Experimental. Described in RFC 1183. 64
AFSDB APL CERT CNAME DNAME
GPOS HINFO ISDN KEY KX LOC MX
NAPTR NSAP NS NXT
PTR PX RP
6.3. ZONE FILE
RT
SIG SOA SRV TXT WKS X25
route-through binding for hosts that do not have their own direct wide area network addresses. Experimental. Described in RFC 1183. (signature) contains data authenticated in the secure DNS. Described in RFC 2535. identies the start of a zone of authority. Described in RFC 1035. information about well known network services (replaces WKS). Described in RFC 2782. text records. Described in RFC 1035. information about which well known network services, such as SMTP, that a domain supports. Historical. representation of X.25 network addresses. Experimental. Described in RFC 1183.
The following classes of resource records are currently valid in the DNS: IN CH The Internet. CHAOSnet, a LAN protocol created at MIT in the mid1970s. Rarely used for its historical purpose, but reused for BINDs built-in server information zones, e.g., version. bind. Hesiod, an information service developed by MITs Project Athena. It is used to share information about various systems databases, such as users, groups, printers and so on.
HS
The owner name is often implicit, rather than forming an integral part of the RR. For example, many name servers internally form tree or hash structures for the name space, and chain RRs off nodes. The remaining RR parts are the xed header (type, class, TTL) which is consistent for all RRs, and a variable part (RDATA) that ts the needs of the resource being described. The meaning of the TTL eld is a time limit on how long an RR can be kept in a cache. This limit does not apply to authoritative data in zones; it is also timed out, but by the refreshing policies for the zone. The TTL is assigned by the administrator for the zone where the data originates. While short TTLs can be used to minimize caching, and a zero TTL prohibits caching, the realities of Internet performance suggest that these times should be on the order of days for the typical host. If a change can be anticipated, the TTL can be reduced prior to the change to minimize inconsistency during the change, and then increased back to its former value following the change. The data in the RDATA section of RRs is carried as a combination of binary strings and domain names. The domain names are frequently used as pointers to other data in the DNS. 6.3.1.2 Textual expression of RRs
RRs are represented in binary form in the packets of the DNS protocol, and are usually represented in highly encoded form when stored in a name server or resolver. In the examples provided in RFC 1034, a style similar to that used in master les was employed in order to show the contents of RRs. In this format, most RRs are shown on a single line, although continuation lines are possible using parentheses. The start of the line gives the owner of the RR. If a line begins with a blank, then the owner is assumed to be the same as that of the previous RR. Blank lines are often included for readability. Following the owner, we list the TTL, type, and class of the RR. Class and type use the mnemonics dened above, and TTL is an integer before the type eld. In order to avoid ambiguity in parsing, type and class mnemonics are disjoint, TTLs are integers, and the type mnemonic is always last. The IN class and TTL values are often omitted from examples in the interests of clarity. 65
6.3. ZONE FILE
The resource data or RDATA section of the RR are given using knowledge of the typical representation for the data. For example, we might show the RRs carried in a message as: ISI.EDU. VENERA.ISI.EDU VAXA.ISI.EDU MX MX A A A A 10 VENERA.ISI.EDU. 10 VAXA.ISI.EDU 128.9.0.32 10.1.0.52 10.2.0.27 128.9.0.33
The MX RRs have an RDATA section which consists of a 16 bit number followed by a domain name. The address RRs use a standard IP address format to contain a 32 bit internet address. This example shows six RRs, with two RRs at each of three domain names. Similarly we might see: XX.LCS.MIT.EDU. IN CH A A 10.0.0.44 MIT.EDU. 2420
This example shows two addresses for XX.LCS.MIT.EDU, each of a different class.
6.3.2
Discussion of MX Records
As described above, domain servers store information as a series of resource records, each of which contains a particular piece of information about a given domain name (which is usually, but not always, a host). The simplest way to think of a RR is as a typed pair of data, a domain name matched with a relevant datum, and stored with some additional type information to help systems determine when the RR is relevant. MX records are used to control delivery of email. The data specied in the record is a priority and a domain name. The priority controls the order in which email delivery is attempted, with the lowest number rst. If two priorities are the same, a server is chosen randomly. If no servers at a given priority are responding, the mail transport agent will fall back to the next largest priority. Priority numbers do not have any absolute meaning they are relevant only respective to other MX records for that domain name. The domain name given is the machine to which the mail will be delivered. It must have an associated A record CNAME is not sufcient. For a given domain, if there is both a CNAME record and an MX record, the MX record is in error, and will be ignored. Instead, the mail will be delivered to the server specied in the MX record pointed to by the CNAME. example.com. IN IN IN IN IN MX MX MX A A 10 10 20 10.0.0.1 10.0.0.2 mail.example.com. mail2.example.com. mail.backup.org.
mail.example.com. mail2.example.com.
For example: Mail delivery will be attempted to mail.example.com and mail2.example.com (in any order), and if neither of those succeed, delivery to mail.backup.org will be attempted. 66
6.3. ZONE FILE
6.3.3
Setting TTLs
The time to live of the RR eld is a 32 bit integer represented in units of seconds, and is primarily used by resolvers when they cache RRs. The TTL describes how long a RR can be cached before it should be discarded. The following three types of TTL are currently used in a zone le. SOA The last eld in the SOA is the negative caching TTL. This controls how long other servers will cache no-such-domain (NXDOMAIN) responses from you. The maximum time for negative caching is 3 hours (3h). The $TTL directive at the top of the zone le (before the SOA) gives a default TTL for every RR without a specic TTL set. Each RR can have a TTL as the second eld in the RR, which will control how long other servers can cache the it.
$TTL RR TTLs
All of these TTLs default to units of seconds, though units can be explicitly specied, for example, 1h30m.
6.3.4
Inverse Mapping in IPv4
Reverse name resolution (that is, translation from IP address to name) is achieved by means of the in-addr.arpa domain and PTR records. Entries in the in-addr.arpa domain are made in least-to-most signicant order, read left to right. This is the opposite order to the way IP addresses are usually written. Thus, a machine with an IP address of 10.1.2.3 would have a corresponding in-addr.arpa name of 3.2.1.10.in-addr.arpa. This name should have a PTR resource record whose data eld is the name of the machine or, optionally, multiple PTR records if the machine has more than one name. For example, in the [example.com] domain: $ORIGIN 3 2.1.10.in-addr.arpa IN PTR foo.example.com.
N OTE
The $ORIGIN lines in the examples are for providing context to the examples only-they do not necessarily appear in the actual usage. They are only used here to indicate that the example is relative to the listed origin.
6.3.5
Other Zone File Directives
The Master File Format was initially dened in RFC 1035 and has subsequently been extended. While the Master File Format itself is class independent all records in a Master File must be of the same class. Master File Directives include $ORIGIN, $INCLUDE, and $TTL.
6.3.5.1
The $ORIGIN Directive
Syntax: $ORIGINdomain-name [comment] 67
6.3. ZONE FILE
$ORIGIN sets the domain name that will be appended to any unqualied records. When a zone is rst read in there is an implicit $ORIGIN <zone-name>. The current $ORIGIN is appended to the domain specied in the $ORIGIN argument if it is not absolute. $ORIGIN example.com. WWW CNAME MAIN-SERVER is equivalent to WWW.EXAMPLE.COM. CNAME MAIN-SERVER.EXAMPLE.COM.
6.3.5.2
The $INCLUDE Directive
Syntax: $INCLUDE filename [origin] [comment] Read and process the le filename as if it were included into the le at this point. If origin is specied the le is processed with $ORIGIN set to that value, otherwise the current $ORIGIN is used. The origin and the current domain name revert to the values they had prior to the $INCLUDE once the le has been read.
N OTE
RFC 1035 species that the current origin should be restored after an $INCLUDE, but it is silent on whether the current domain name should also be restored. BIND 9 restores both of them. This could be construed as a deviation from RFC 1035, a feature, or both.
6.3.5.3
The $TTL Directive
Syntax: $TTL default-ttl [comment] Set the default Time To Live (TTL) for subsequent records with undened TTLs. Valid TTLs are of the range 0-2147483647 seconds. $TTL is dened in RFC 2308.
6.3.6
BIND Master File Extension: the $GENERATE Directive
Syntax: $GENERATE range lhs [ttl] [class] type rhs [comment] $GENERATE is used to create a series of resource records that only differ from each other by an iterator. $GENERATE can be used to easily generate the sets of records required to support sub /24 reverse delegations described in RFC 2317: Classless IN-ADDR.ARPA delegation. $ORIGIN 0.0.192.IN-ADDR.ARPA. $GENERATE 1-2 0 NS SERVER$.EXAMPLE. $GENERATE 1-127 $ CNAME $.0 is equivalent to 0.0.0.192.IN-ADDR.ARPA NS SERVER1.EXAMPLE. 0.0.0.192.IN-ADDR.ARPA. NS SERVER2.EXAMPLE. 1.0.0.192.IN-ADDR.ARPA. CNAME 1.0.0.0.192.IN-ADDR.ARPA. 2.0.0.192.IN-ADDR.ARPA. CNAME 2.0.0.0.192.IN-ADDR.ARPA. ... 127.0.0.192.IN-ADDR.ARPA. CNAME 127.0.0.0.192.IN-ADDR.ARPA.
68
6.3. ZONE FILE
range
lhs
ttl
class
type rhs
This can be one of two forms: start-stop or start-stop/step. If the rst form is used then step is set to 1. All of start, stop and step must be positive. lhs describes the owner name of the resource records to be created. Any single $ symbols within the lhs side are replaced by the iterator value. To get a $ in the output you need to escape the $ using a backslash \, e.g. \$. The $ may optionally be followed by modiers which change the offset from the iterator, eld width and base. Modiers are introduced by a { immediately following the $ as ${offset[,width[,base]]}. e.g. ${-20,3,d} which subtracts 20 from the current value, prints the result as a decimal in a zero padded eld of with 3. Available output forms are decimal (d), octal (o) and hexadecimal (x or X for uppercase). The default modier is ${0,0,d}. If the lhs is not absolute, the current $ORIGIN is appended to the name. For compatibility with earlier versions $$ is still recognized a indicating a literal $ in the output. ttl species the ttl of the generated records. If not specied this will be inherited using the normal ttl inheritance rules. class and ttl can be entered in either order. class species the class of the generated records. This must match the zone class if it is specied. class and ttl can be entered in either order. At present the only supported types are PTR, CNAME, DNAME, A, AAAA and NS. rhs is a domain name. It is processed similarly to lhs.
The $GENERATE directive is a BIND extension and not part of the standard zone le format. BIND 8 does not support the optional TTL and CLASS elds.
69
Chapter 7
BIND 9 Security Considerations

7.1 Access Control Lists
Access Control Lists (ACLs), are address match lists that you can set up and nickname for future use in allow-notify, allow-query, allow-recursion, blackhole, allow-transfer, etc. Using ACLs allows you to have ner control over who can access your name server, without cluttering up your cong les with huge lists of IP addresses. It is a good idea to use ACLs, and to control access to your server. Limiting access to your server by outside parties can help prevent spoong and DoS attacks against your server. Here is an example of how to properly apply ACLs:
// Set up an ACL named "bogusnets" that will block RFC1918 space, // which is commonly used in spoofing attacks. acl bogusnets { 0.0.0.0/8; 1.0.0.0/8; 2.0.0.0/8; 192.0.2.0/24; 224.0.0.0/3; 10.0.0.0/8 // Set up an ACL called our-nets. Replace this with the real IP numbers. acl our-nets { x.x.x.x/24; x.x.x.x/21; }; options { ... ... allow-query { our-nets; }; allow-recursion { our-nets; }; ... blackhole { bogusnets; }; ... }; zone "example.com" { type master; file "m/example.com"; allow-query { any; }; };
This allows recursive queries of the server from the outside unless recursion has been previously disabled. For more information on how to use ACLs to protect your server, see the AUSCERT advisory at <ftp: //ftp.auscert.org.au/pub/auscert/advisory/AL-1999.004.dns dos> 71
7.2. CHROOT AND SETUID (FOR UNIX SERVERS) CHAPTER 7. BIND 9 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
7.2
chroot and setuid (for UNIX servers)
On UNIX servers, it is possible to run BIND in a chrooted environment (chroot()) by specifying the -t option. This can help improve system security by placing BIND in a sandbox, which will limit the damage done if a server is compromised. Another useful feature in the UNIX version of BIND is the ability to run the daemon as an unprivileged user ( -u user ). We suggest running as an unprivileged user when using the chroot feature. Here is an example command line to load BIND in a chroot() sandbox, /var/named, and to run named setuid to user 202: /usr/local/bin/named -u 202 -t /var/named
7.2.1
The chroot Environment
In order for a chroot() environment to work properly in a particular directory (for example, /var/ named), you will need to set up an environment that includes everything BIND needs to run. From BINDs point of view, /var/named is the root of the lesystem. You will need to adjust the values of options like like directory and pid-le to account for this. Unlike with earlier versions of BIND, you will typically not need to compile named statically nor install shared libraries under the new root. However, depending on your operating system, you may need to set up things like /dev/zero, /dev/random, /dev/log, and/or /etc/localtime.
7.2.2
Using the setuid Function
Prior to running the named daemon, use the touch utility (to change le access and modication times) or the chown utility (to set the user id and/or group id) on les to which you want BIND to write. Note that if the named daemon is running as an unprivileged user, it will not be able to bind to new restricted ports if the server is reloaded.
7.3
Dynamic Update Security
Access to the dynamic update facility should be strictly limited. In earlier versions of BIND the only way to do this was based on the IP address of the host requesting the update, by listing an IP address or network prex in the allow-update zone option. This method is insecure since the source address of the update UDP packet is easily forged. Also note that if the IP addresses allowed by the allow-update option include the address of a slave server which performs forwarding of dynamic updates, the master can be trivially attacked by sending the update to the slave, which will forward it to the master with its own source IP address causing the master to approve it without question. For these reasons, we strongly recommend that updates be cryptographically authenticated by means of transaction signatures (TSIG). That is, the allow-update option should list only TSIG key names, not IP addresses or network prexes. Alternatively, the new update-policy option can be used. Some sites choose to keep all dynamically updated DNS data in a subdomain and delegate that subdomain to a separate zone. This way, the top-level zone containing critical data such as the IP addresses of public web and mail servers need not allow dynamic update at all.
72
Chapter 8
Troubleshooting
8.1
8.1.1
Common Problems
Its not working; how can I gure out whats wrong?
The best solution to solving installation and conguration issues is to take preventative measures by setting up logging les beforehand. The log les provide a source of hints and information that can be used to gure out what went wrong and how to x the problem.
8.2
Incrementing and Changing the Serial Number
Zone serial numbers are just numbers-they arent date related. A lot of people set them to a number that represents a date, usually of the form YYYYMMDDRR. A number of people have been testing these numbers for Y2K compliance and have set the number to the year 2000 to see if it will work. They then try to restore the old serial number. This will cause problems because serial numbers are used to indicate that a zone has been updated. If the serial number on the slave server is lower than the serial number on the master, the slave server will attempt to update its copy of the zone. Setting the serial number to a lower number on the master server than the slave server means that the slave will not perform updates to its copy of the zone. The solution to this is to add 2147483647 (231-1) to the number, reload the zone and make sure all slaves have updated to the new zone serial number, then reset the number to what you want it to be, and reload the zone again.
8.3
Where Can I Get Help?
The Internet Software Consortium (ISC) offers a wide range of support and service agreements for BIND and DHCP servers. Four levels of premium support are available and each level includes support for all ISC programs, signicant discounts on products and training, and a recognized priority on bug xes and non-funded feature requests. In addition, ISC offers a standard support agreement package which includes services ranging from bug x announcements to remote support. It also includes training in BIND and DHCP. To discuss arrangements for support, contact [email protected] <mailto:[email protected]> or visit the ISC web page at <http://www.isc.org/services/support/> to read more.
73
Appendix A
Appendices
A.1
A.1.1
Acknowledgments
A Brief History of the DNS and BIND
Although the ofcial beginning of the Domain Name System occurred in 1984 with the publication of RFC 920, the core of the new system was described in 1983 in RFCs 882 and 883. From 1984 to 1987, the ARPAnet (the precursor to todays Internet) became a testbed of experimentation for developing the new naming/addressing scheme in an rapidly expanding, operational network environment. New RFCs were written and published in 1987 that modied the original documents to incorporate improvements based on the working model. RFC 1034, Domain Names-Concepts and Facilities, and RFC 1035, Domain Names-Implementation and Specication were published and became the standards upon which all DNS implementations are built. The rst working domain name server, called Jeeves, was written in 1983-84 by Paul Mockapetris for operation on DEC Tops-20 machines located at the University of Southern Californias Information Sciences Institute (USC-ISI) and SRI Internationals Network Information Center (SRI-NIC). A DNS server for Unix machines, the Berkeley Internet Name Domain (BIND) package, was written soon after by a group of graduate students at the University of California at Berkeley under a grant from the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Administration (DARPA). Versions of BIND through 4.8.3 were maintained by the Computer Systems Research Group (CSRG) at UC Berkeley. Douglas Terry, Mark Painter, David Riggle and Songnian Zhou made up the initial BIND project team. After that, additional work on the software package was done by Ralph Campbell. Kevin Dunlap, a Digital Equipment Corporation employee on loan to the CSRG, worked on BIND for 2 years, from 1985 to 1987. Many other people also contributed to BIND development during that time: Doug Kingston, Craig Partridge, Smoot CarlMitchell, Mike Muuss, Jim Bloom and Mike Schwartz. BIND maintenance was subsequently handled by Mike Karels and O. Kure. BIND versions 4.9 and 4.9.1 were released by Digital Equipment Corporation (now Compaq Computer Corporation). Paul Vixie, then a DEC employee, became BINDs primary caretaker. Paul was assisted by Phil Almquist, Robert Elz, Alan Barrett, Paul Albitz, Bryan Beecher, Andrew Partan, Andy Cherenson, Tom Limoncelli, Berthold Paffrath, Fuat Baran, Anant Kumar, Art Harkin, Win Treese, Don Lewis, Christophe Wolfhugel, and others. BIND Version 4.9.2 was sponsored by Vixie Enterprises. Paul Vixie became BINDs principal architect/programmer. BIND versions from 4.9.3 onward have been developed and maintained by the Internet Software Consortium with support being provided by ISCs sponsors. As co-architects/programmers, Bob Halley and Paul Vixie released the rst production-ready version of BIND version 8 in May 1997. BIND development work is made possible today by the sponsorship of several corporations, and by the tireless work efforts of numerous individuals. 75
A.3. BIBLIOGRAPHY (AND SUGGESTED READING)
APPENDIX A. APPENDICES
A.2
A.2.1
General DNS Reference Information

IPv6 addresses (AAAA)
IPv6 addresses are 128-bit identiers for interfaces and sets of interfaces which were introduced in the DNS to facilitate scalable Internet routing. There are three types of addresses: Unicast, an identier for a single interface; Anycast, an identier for a set of interfaces; and Multicast, an identier for a set of interfaces. Here we describe the global Unicast address scheme. For more information, see RFC 2374. The aggregatable global Unicast address format is as follows: 3 FP 13 8 24 TLA ID RES NLA ID < Public Topology > 16 SLA ID <-Site Topology-> < Interface Identier > 64 bits Interface ID
Where FP TLA ID RES NLA ID SLA ID INTERFACE ID = = = = = = Format Prex (001) Top-Level Aggregation Identier Reserved for future use Next-Level Aggregation Identier Site-Level Aggregation Identier Interface Identier
The Public Topology is provided by the upstream provider or ISP, and (roughly) corresponds to the IPv4 network section of the address range. The Site Topology is where you can subnet this space, much the same as subnetting an IPv4 /16 network into /24 subnets. The Interface Identier is the address of an individual interface on a given network. (With IPv6, addresses belong to interfaces rather than machines.) The subnetting capability of IPv6 is much more exible than that of IPv4: subnetting can now be carried out on bit boundaries, in much the same way as Classless InterDomain Routing (CIDR). The Interface Identier must be unique on that network. On ethernet networks, one way to ensure this is to set the address to the rst three bytes of the hardware address, FFFE, then the last three bytes of the hardware address. The lowest signicant bit of the rst byte should then be complemented. Addresses are written as 32-bit blocks separated with a colon, and leading zeros of a block may be omitted, for example: 2001:db8:201:9:a00:20ff:fe81:2b32 IPv6 address specications are likely to contain long strings of zeros, so the architects have included a shorthand for specifying them. The double colon (::) indicates the longest possible string of zeros that can t, and can be used only once in an address.
A.3
A.3.1
Bibliography (and Suggested Reading)

Request for Comments (RFCs)
Specication documents for the Internet protocol suite, including the DNS, are published as part of the Request for Comments (RFCs) series of technical notes. The standards themselves are dened by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). RFCs can be obtained online via FTP at ftp://www.isi.edu/in-notes/RFCxxx.txt <ftp://www.isi.edu/ 76
in-notes/> (where xxx is the number of the RFC). RFCs are also available via the Web at <http: //www.ietf.org/rfc/>.
References
Standards
[RFC1034] [RFC1035] [RFC974] Domain Names Concepts and Facilities, P.V. Mockapetris, November 1987. Domain Names Implementation and Specication, P. V. Mockapetris, November 1987. Mail Routing and the Domain System, C. Partridge, January 1986.
Proposed Standards
[RFC1995] [RFC1996] [RFC2136] [RFC2181] [RFC2308] [RFC2845] Incremental Zone Transfer in DNS, M. Ohta, August 1996. A Mechanism for Prompt Notication of Zone Changes, P. Vixie, August 1996. Dynamic Updates in the Domain Name System, P. Vixie, S. Thomson, Y. Rekhter, and J. Bound, April 1997. Clarications to the DNS Specication, R., R. Bush Elz, July 1997. Negative Caching of DNS Queries, M. Andrews, March 1998. Secret Key Transaction Authentication for DNS (TSIG), P. Vixie, O. Gudmundsson, D. Eastlake, 3rd, and B. Wellington, May 2000.
Proposed Standards Still Under Development

[RFC1886] [RFC2065] [RFC2137] DNS Extensions to support IP version 6, S. Thomson and C. Huitema, December 1995. Domain Name System Security Extensions, D. Eastlake, 3rd and C. Kaufman, January 1997. Secure Domain Name System Dynamic Update, D. Eastlake, 3rd, April 1997.
Other Important RFCs About DNS Implementation

[RFC1535] [RFC1536] [RFC1982] A Security Problem and Proposed Correction With Widely Deployed DNS Software., E. Gavron, October 1993. Common DNS Implementation Errors and Suggested Fixes, A. Kumar, J. Postel, C. Neuman, P. Danzig, and S. Miller, October 1993. Serial Number Arithmetic, R. Elz and R. Bush, August 1996.
Resource Record Types

[RFC1183] [RFC1706] [RFC1876] New DNS RR Denitions, C.F. Everhart, L. A. Mamakos, R. Ullmann, and P. Mockapetris, October 1990. DNS NSAP Resource Records, B. Manning and R. Colella, October 1994. A Means for Expressing Location Information in the Domain Name System, C. Davis, P. Vixie, T., and I. Dickinson, January 1996. 77
[RFC2052] [RFC2163] [RFC2168] [RFC2230]
A DNS RR for Specifying the Location of Services., A. Gulbrandsen and P. Vixie, October 1996. Using the Internet DNS to Distribute MIXER Conformant Global Address Mapping, A. Allocchio, January 1998. Resolution of Uniform Resource Identiers using the Domain Name System, R. Daniel and M. Mealling, June 1997. Key Exchange Delegation Record for the DNS, R. Atkinson, October 1997.
DNS and the Internet

[RFC1101] [RFC1123] [RFC1591] [RFC2317] DNS Encoding of Network Names and Other Types, P. V. Mockapetris, April 1989. Requirements for Internet Hosts - Application and Support, Braden, October 1989. Domain Name System Structure and Delegation, J. Postel, March 1994. Classless IN-ADDR.ARPA Delegation, H. Eidnes, G. de Groot, and P. Vixie, March 1998.
DNS Operations
[RFC1537] [RFC1912] [RFC2010] [RFC2219] Common DNS Data File Conguration Errors, P. Beertema, October 1993. Common DNS Operational and Conguration Errors, D. Barr, February 1996. Operational Criteria for Root Name Servers., B. Manning and P. Vixie, October 1996. Use of DNS Aliases for Network Services., M. Hamilton and R. Wright, October 1997.
Other DNS-related RFCs

[RFC1464] [RFC1713] [RFC1794] [RFC2240] [RFC2345] [RFC2352] Using the Domain Name System To Store Arbitrary String Attributes, R. Rosenbaum, May 1993. Tools for DNS Debugging, A. Romao, November 1994. DNS Support for Load Balancing, T. Brisco, April 1995. A Legal Basis for Domain Name Allocation, O. Vaughan, November 1997. Domain Names and Company Name Retrieval, J. Klensin, T. Wolf, and G. Oglesby, May 1998. A Convention For Using Legal Names as Domain Names, O. Vaughan, May 1998.
Obsolete and Unimplemented Experimental RRs

[RFC1712] DNS Encoding of Geographical Location, C. Farrell, M. Schulze, S. Pleitner, and D. Baldoni, November 1994.
A.3.2
Internet Drafts
Internet Drafts (IDs) are rough-draft working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force. They are, in essence, RFCs in the preliminary stages of development. Implementors are cautioned not to regard IDs as archival, and they should not be quoted or cited in any formal documents unless accompanied by the disclaimer that they are works in progress. IDs have a lifespan of six months after which they are deleted unless updated by their authors. 78
A.3.3
Other Documents About BIND
References
[1] DNS and BIND, Paul Albitz and Cricket Liu, Copyright c 1998 Sebastopol, CA: OReilly and Associates.
79

BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual: November 4, 2005

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual: November 4, 2005

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual: November 4, 2005

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual

Organization of This Document

Conventions Used in This Document

1.4. THE DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM (DNS)

The Domain Name System (DNS)

Domains and Domain Names

1.4. THE DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM (DNS)

Authoritative Name Servers

The Primary Master

1.4. THE DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM (DNS)

Caching Name Servers

Name Servers in Multiple Roles

BIND Resource Requirements

Name Server Intensive Environment Issues

2.5. SUPPORTED OPERATING SYSTEMS

CHAPTER 2. BIND RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS

Supported Operating Systems

Name Server Conguration

An Authoritative-only Name Server

// Working directory // This is the default // Do not provide recursive service

3.3. NAME SERVER OPERATIONS

CHAPTER 3. NAME SERVER CONFIGURATION

Name Server Operations

CHAPTER 3. NAME SERVER CONFIGURATION

3.3. NAME SERVER OPERATIONS

3.3. NAME SERVER OPERATIONS

CHAPTER 3. NAME SERVER CONFIGURATION

CHAPTER 3. NAME SERVER CONFIGURATION

3.3. NAME SERVER OPERATIONS

3.3. NAME SERVER OPERATIONS

CHAPTER 3. NAME SERVER CONFIGURATION

Advanced DNS Features

4.3. INCREMENTAL ZONE TRANSFERS (IXFR)

CHAPTER 4. ADVANCED DNS FEATURES

Incremental Zone Transfers (IXFR)

CHAPTER 4. ADVANCED DNS FEATURES

4.4. SPLIT DNS

// forward to external servers

// sample allow-transfer (no one) // restrict query access // restrict recursion

// sample master zone

// do normal iterative // resolution (do not forward)

4.4. SPLIT DNS

CHAPTER 4. ADVANCED DNS FEATURES

// sample allow-transfer (no one) // restrict query access // restrict recursion

// sample slave zone

CHAPTER 4. ADVANCED DNS FEATURES

Generate Shared Keys for Each Pair of Hosts

CHAPTER 4. ADVANCED DNS FEATURES

Copying the Shared Secret to Both Machines

Informing the Servers of the Keys Existence

Instructing the Server to Use the Key

TSIG Key Based Access Control

CHAPTER 4. ADVANCED DNS FEATURES

CHAPTER 4. ADVANCED DNS FEATURES

Signing the Zone

CHAPTER 4. ADVANCED DNS FEATURES

4.9. IPV6 SUPPORT IN BIND 9

IPv6 Support in BIND 9

Address Lookups Using AAAA Records