Measuring Mixers

for Material Research and Quality Control

... where quality is measured.

Measuring Mixers
Principle
The measuring principle is based on making visible the resistance the sample material opposes to the rotating blades. The corresponding torque moves a dynamometer out of its zero position. In compliance with the existing standards and test specifications, a typical Plastogram (torque and stock temperature vs. time) is recorded for each sample material. This diagram shows the relationship between torque (viscosity) and temperature/time in consideration of structural changes of the material. The measured data are displayed numerically as a table and/or graphically as a diagram during the measurement on the monitor and can be printed and stored. C.W. Brabender said It is only testing, measuring, and recording as a function of time which efficiently helps to rise production quality; only this way, certain processes can be recognized which cannot be grasped with static measurements.

Application
With Brabender measuring mixers, you can simulate on a laboratory scale all processes like compounding, mixing, masticating, etc. that are relevant for production and processing of polymers and other plastic and plastifiable materials. Or use them for producing your sample material or for reactive processing. Brabender measuring mixers test the processibility of thermoplastics, thermosets, elastomers, ceramic molding materials, pigments, and many other plastic and plastifiable substances. Blade geometries Select the optimum blade geometry for your special application from a large program of different blades. These comprise Banbury, cam, and roller blades which have proven successful in industrial application for many decades, but also specially optimized blade geometries for certain measuring tasks as e.g. delta blades for thermosetting materials. Blade type Banbury (B) Delta (MB) Cam (N) Sigma (S) Roller (W)

Software
The user-optimized Windows software provides for evaluation of the measured data in compliance with the latest standards. On-line diagrams give a quick survey of the measured data and evaluation results already during the measurement. Use the advantages of the Windows environment and save time with real multitasking - run a measurement, display stored data, and write texts, all at a time. The versatile data correlation program makes it easy to directly compare the results of different tests of one or several test series. Mean values and standard deviations are calculated automatically and shown digitally and graphically. Define any measured curves as reference curves and easily check whether your sample material meets certain demands or not. The special correlation program with parameter variation shows the influence of individual parameters like temperature, mixer speed, additives, etc. on the behaviour of your sample material. Available for type 50 and 350 15, 30 and 50 50 and 350 50 and 350 15, 30, 50 and 350 Plasticizer absorption of PVC dry blends Liquid absorption of powders Semi-automatic universal evaluation Mixer tests with temperature and speed programming Degree of property breakdown and other.

Features
Brabender measuring mixers stand out for many favorable processing features: Easy handling and cleaning through bipartite (with liquid heating/cooling) or tripartite (with electric heating) mixer bowl Precise and constant heating / cooling of the mixers with electric heating through three separate, independent heating zones Operating temperatures of up to 500C with electric heating Easy cleaning and manifold applications through quickly detachable and par tially interchangeable mixer blades Large program of additional equipment like e.g. loading chutes, blade extractors, sealing covers for tests under inert gas or for gas flow measurements, auto-matic precision dosing pumps for adding liquids, etc.

Applicational examples caoutchouc, elastomers thermosets caoutchouc, elastomers flour, PVC dry blends thermoplastics

Fusion behavior of PVC Heat and shear stability of polymers Flow and cure behavior of crosslinking polymers acc. to DIN 53 764 Automatic evaluation of the black incorporation time (BIT) with selectable zero point Flow and cure behavior of elastomers
TORQUE/VISCOSITY

TORQUE/VISCOSITY

STOCK TEMPERATURE MIXER SET TEMPERATURE TIME

FUSION TIME
2

STABILITY TIME
1

/3

/3 LENGTH OF BARREL

Comparison of a Plastogram to the processing behavior of the material in an extruder

SOLID ZONE TRANSITION ZONE MELT ZONE

Mixer type 30 / 50 & type 30 EHT / 50 EHT

The series type 30 / type 50 and type 30 EHT / 50 EHT measuring mixers can be equipped with different blades. Within a series, the free mixer volume varies depending on the blades mounted. Due to liquid temperature conditioning, these measuring heads stand out for particularly precise and uniform heating/cooling. Mixers with the extension EHT (electric, high temperature) distinguish by their electric temperature conditioning in three control zones with compressed air cooling. As compared to liquid heated mixers, this extends the operating range to a maximum temperature of 500 C. These measuring heads are perfectly suited for materials like PAEK and PEEK with melting temperatures of more than 300 C. This makes these mixer types particularly interesting for research and development applications with steadily changing test materials. The EHT version is available for the series 30 and 50 mixers. The rotor speed ratio of 2 : 3 (driven to non driven) results in a high torque resolution which allows a better differentiation, especially when testing low viscosity polymers.

Plastograph EC plus with measuring mixer type 50 EHT

Mixer W 30 / W 30 EHT
Application Volume of mixer bowl approx. [cm3] Sample weight* [g] Heating/cooling Torque max. [Nm] Speed ratio driven : idle blade Operating temperature max. [C] Dimensions WxHxD [mm] Net weight approx. [kg] thermoplastics 30 25 - 40 liquid, el. heating /air 200 2:3 250 / 500 700x200x430 / 500x200x430 13 / 17 Application

Mixer W 50 / W 50 EHT
thermoplastics 55 40 - 70 liquid, el. heating /air 200 2:3 250 / 500 700x200x450 / 500x200x450 18 / 17

Volume of mixer bowl approx. [cm3] Sample weight* [g] Heating/cooling Torque max. [Nm] Speed ratio driven : idle blade Operating temperature max. [C] Dimensions WxHxD [mm] Net weight approx. [kg]

*depending on the specific weight and bulk density of the sample material

*depending on the specific weight and bulk density of the sample material

... where quality is measured.

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Measuring Mixers

Mixer type W 50 / W 50 EHT

W 30 / W 30 EHT
ASTM D 3795 Thermal flow and cure properties of thermosetting plastics

W 50 / W 50 EHT
ASTM D 2538 Fusion test of PVC resins

The W 50 and W 50 EHT with its roller blades is the allrounder among the mixers. It is used for all thermoplastics. The special shape of the rotors, developed by

Brabender more than 50 years ago, as well as the tight clearance between rotors and mixing chamber guarantee an intensive, high shear mixing.

N 50
ASTM D 3185 General evaluation method for SBR + Oil ASTM D 3186 General evaluation method for SBR + Carbon Black ASTM D 3187 General evaluation method for NBR ASTM D 3188 General evaluation method for IIR ASTM D 3189 General evaluation method for Solution BR ASTM D 3190 General evaluation method for CR ASTM D 3191 General evaluation method for Carbon Black in SBR ASTM D 3192 General evaluation method for Carbon Black in NR ASTM D 3403 General evaluation method for IR ASTM D 3484 General evaluation method for Oil extended Solution BR ASTM D 3848 General evaluation method for NBR + Carbon Black ASTM D 3568 General evaluation method for EPDM + Oil

Mixer N 50 / N 50 EHT & B 50 / B 50 EHT

The Brabender N 50 / N 50 EHT mixer with its cam blades and the B 50 / B 50 EHT with its banbury blades are the standard mixers for testing natural and synthetic elastomers with regard to flow and cure behavior, mastication, compounding with additives such as carbon black, silicic acid, etc., breakdown index, and black incorporation time BIT. Furthermore, the flow behavior of electrode masses and ceramic molding materials can be determined as a function of temperature and shear, and absorption tests can be run on materials like iron oxide powder, carbon black, pigments, and similar materials with particle sizes in the m range.

MB 30
DIN 53 764 Flow and cure behavior of thermosets

Mixer type MB 30
The mixer has delta-shaped rotors and is used for thermosetting materials. It was developed and designed by Brabender together with a group of renowned producers and complies with the German standard DIN 53 764. It is made of a special, hardened steel to prevent abrasion. For an accurate temperature control, the MB 30 mixer is heated with liquid.

B 50 / B 50 EHT
Application Volume of mixer bowl approx. [cm3] Sample weight* [g] Heating/cooling Torque max. [Nm] Speed ratio driven : idle blade Operating temperature max. [C] Dimensions WxHxD [mm] Net weight approx. [kg] caoutchouc 70 40 - 70 liquid, el. heating /air 200 1 : 1,11 200 / 500 700x200x450 / 500x200x450 18 / 17 Application

N 50 / N 50 EHT
caoutchouc 80 40 - 80 liquid, el. heating /air 200 2:3 250 / 500 700x200x450 / 500x200x450 18 / 17

Volume of mixer bowl approx. [cm3] Sample weight* [g] Heating/cooling Torque max. [Nm] Speed ratio driven : idle blade Operating temperature max. [C] Dimensions WxHxD [mm] Net weight approx. [kg]

*depending on the specific weight and bulk density of the sample material

*depending on the specific weight and bulk density of the sample material

Mixer type 350 / 350 E

Mixer heads of the 350 series are available with liquid heating/cooling and with electric heating and air cooling. Due to the large mixer volumes of 370 to 440 cm3, these mixer heads are frequently used for producing sample compounds for subsequent tests. The material can easily be taken out and rolled out to sheets or pressed to plates.
Plasti-Corder Lab-Station with measuring mixer type 350 E

Control and document the entire compounding process from your computer. Or implement and profit from an optional step-control of each individual mixing step. Of course, these mixers can also be applied for material testing (e.g. of rubber compounds).

Step-controlled Measuring Mixer

The series 50 and 350 measuring mixers can be equipped with a tepcontrol which offers special advantages for recipe development. Define a sequencer control with up to 20 mixing steps from your computer keyboard. The individual mixing steps can be switched as a function of registered units like Time / Stock / Temperature energy input in AND/OR functions. Additionally, several optional sensors e.g. for measuring the electric conductivity of the sample material can be connected. This makes step-controlled mixers the optimum tools for the production of elastomer compounds.

MB 30
Application Volume of mixer bowl approx. [cm3] Sample weight* [g] Heating/cooling Torque max. [Nm] Speed ratio driven : idle blade Operating temperature max. [C] Dimensions WxHxD [mm] Net weight approx. [kg] thermosets 25 20 - 40 liquid 200 3:2 200 700x200x430 13 Application

W/N/B/S 350 W/N/B/S 350 E

various 370 - 440 250 - 500 liquid, el. heating /air 400 / 150 (S) 3 : 2 / 1 : 1,11 (B) 250 / 300 550x260x400 / 650x260x400 44 / 46 Volume of mixer bowl approx. [cm3] Sample weight* [g] Heating/cooling Torque max. [Nm] Speed ratio driven : idle blade Operating temperature max. [C] Dimensions WxHxD [mm] Net weight approx. [kg]

*depending on the specific weight and bulk density of the sample material

*depending on the specific weight and bulk density of the sample material

... where quality is measured.

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Measuring Mixers

Special Mixer type 350 S

The special mixer type 350 S is mainly used in the rubber and caoutchouc industry for mixing and compounding tasks or for material testing. The large free mixer volume of 370 to 440 cm3 has proven favorable for proportioning of the recipe components. Taking out of the mixing good is facilitated by the horizontal division of the middle

part of this mixer. Just tilt the upper and lower halves open for removing the material and use it for subsequent tests. Extensive software packages are available for material tests like e.g. the determination of the black incorporation time (BIT).

Planetary Mixer P 600

Planetary Mixer P 600

DIN 54 800 DIN 54 802 Preparation of PVC pastes Determination of the plasticizer absorption of vinyl chloride (VC) polymer compounds DIN EN/ISO 4612 Preparation of a paste from PVC paste resins

The Brabender planetary mixer P 600 is used for testing the properties of powders like e.g. the liquid absorption and the plasticizer absorption rate of PVC powders in compliance with international standards or the pourability of PVC dry blends, further for preparing PVC pastes for tests in

compliance with DIN 54 800 and for testing PVC pastes in compliance with ISO 4612. A special rotor runs in a planetary motion in the mixer bowl. A revolving scraper prevents the sample material from sticking to the mixer wall.

Mixer P 600
Application Volume of mixer bowl approx. [cm3] Sample weight* [g] Heating/cooling Torque max. [Nm] Speed ratio driven : idle blade Operating temperature max. [C] Dimensions WxHxD [mm] Net weight approx. [kg] powders 2500 variable acc. to DIN/ISO liquid 5 150 300x420x550 11 various

W/N/B/S 350 S

370 - 440 250 - 500 liquid 400 / 150 (S) 3 : 2 / 1 : 1,11 (B) 250 450x410x200 90

*depending on the specific weight and bulk density of the sample material

Examples for mixer applications and evaluations: WINMix software WINMix for Windows 95, 98 and NT
Thermoplastics: PVC, PE, PP...
Use this evaluation method for testing the fusion behavior of thermoplastic polymers. Measure material-specific Plastograms which also permit to draw conclusions as to the history of the material. The WINMix software analyzes the curve and determines, among
Fusion behavior

others, the extreme values in the torque curve (as a measure for viscosity), fusion time, gelation speed, and the mechanical energy input. These material characteristics are valuable data for incoming and final inspection or for the configuration of production processes.

Thermoplastics: PVC, PE, PP...

During processing of thermoplastic polymers, stability against thermomechanical-oxidative stress plays an important role. It determines, among others, the maximum residence time within the production machine. Therefore, conditioning of polymers with stabilizers
Heat and shear stability

is of decisive importance for the production process. Use this evalution method within a test series for determining (among others) beginning of decomposition fusion time decomposition time and optimize your material reliably and reproducibly.

PVC, flour, silicic acid ...

For this test method, the powdery material is premixed one minute in a planetary mixer, sigma, or cam mixer. After this premixing time, the software starts a dosing pump which feeds the liquid at a constant and selectable dosing rate into the mixer. The diagram shows the torque increase up to the absorption maximum and, if further liquid
Liquid absorption

is added, the torque decrease by saturation. From the dosing rate, sample weight, and the dosing time, the liquid absorption is determined for each point of the diagram. Like with all other evaluation methods, the mechanical energy input is calculated as well.

PVC dry blends, Plastigels ...

The plasticizer absorption of e.g. PVC dry blends can be characterized on the basis of the torque maximum, dry point, and the plasticizer input up to the dry point. These values are calculated automatically during the analysis of the diagram and can be used for
Plasticizer absorption

material control and development of plastisols and plastigels. Apart from that, the final torque is a measure for the material viscosity - an important characteristic for optimizing the actuating variables of a production line.

... where quality is measured.

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Measuring Mixers

Thermosets: EP, MUF, PF...

The most important values of this evaluation are the torque minimum, which describes the melt viscosity, the melting time, curing time, and reaction time. With this test, you can monitor the development and production of thermosetting materials, measure
Flow and cure behavior in compliance with DIN 53 764

and record the properties and influence of different additives and fillers onto existing recipes, check uniformity of production, classify thermosetting molding materials with regard to their flow and cure behavior for different production methods.

Elastomers: NBR, SBR, IR...

The diagram shows the loading peak, the flow behavior of the blend in the torque minimum, and the increase of the curve up to the torque maximum which is due to vulcanization. Profit from the possibilities of the correlation program - determine the first derivative of the torque curve,
Flow and cure behavior of elastomers

evaluate the curing speed in each point of the rising curve, and plot the results as a separate curve. The mechanical energy input is calculated by integration of the area below the torque curve. The application range of this test method corresponds to that of the thermoset evaluation.

Carbon black: HAF, GPF, XCF...

The mechanical properties of elastomer compounds are decisively determined by the activity of incorporated fillers, e.g. carbon black. For determining the time up to full incorporation and activation of the carbon black particles within the caoutchouc matrix, the black incorporation time (BIT) is determined. On the basis of the black incorporation time, the operating parameters of a compounder can be optimized and a constant high product quality be ensured. The program automatically determines the BIT during evaluation of the measured data. Apart from that, other parameters like the mechanical energy input are calculated.

Black Incorporation Time (BIT)

Ceramics, polymers...
Call this evaluation program and define up to 20 evaluation points of the Plastogram that make sense to you for calculation torque minima and maxima, torque changes due to additive addition, or any other significant points in the diagram.
Universal evaluation

values as well as the mechanical energy input from the beginning of the test and from the previous evaluation point up to this point. The universal evaluation is the basic tool for evaluating a Plastogram and belongs to the standard equipment of each Lab-Station.

The evaluation of these points will give you the torque and temperature

MIXCor32 for Windows 95, 98 and NT

Polymers with: Carbon black, C-fibers ...
Brabender measuring mixers can be equipped with optional sensors. One example is the application of a conductivity sensor for monitoring the compounding process and determining the conductivity as a material characteristic with electrically conductive polymers. Running these measurements with different concentrations of the conductive
Conductivity measurement

additive allows to plot conductivity as a function of the additive concentration (percolation curve). This correlation enables the determination of the critical concentration which first creates a continuous current flow through the additive particles. This evaluation is done in addition to the usual Plastogram evaluation.

Polymers: Reactive processes, foaming agents...

Another example for optional sensors is the application of a gas flow detector in a gas-tight measuring mixer. This detector permits to investigate e.g. the effect of physical and chemical foaming agents in various concentrations and at different mechanical and
Measurement of gas flow

thermal stresses. In case of reactive processes with gas development running during the mixing process, you can record a gas flow curve which enables statements about material conversion and reaction kinetics.

Ceramics, polymers...
All Plastograms can be additionally evaluated e.g. for the calculation of iso-thermal torque curves. By means of physical temperature shift functions, the nonisothermal torque curve measured is converted into an isothermal curve at a selectable reference temperature. Represent and evaluate all structural changes without considering the influence of dissipation heat and increase the precision of your results especially in case of reactive processes.

Determination of isothermal torque curves

Ceramics, polymers...
One example for the application of isothermal torque curves is the determination of the degree of property breakdown (DPB). The DPB curve mirrors the structural build-up and degradation processes during the mixing process which result from thermomechanical stress and/or the effect of reactive components. This evaluation is a valuable tool in particular for material development which completes the usual Plastogram evaluation. Use this program e.g. for precisely determining the beginning of vulcanization with rubber compounds or the beginning of a decomposition process.

Determination of the degree of property breakdown

... where quality is measured.

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Measuring Mixers

Correlation program MIXCor32

The WINMix software saves all test data in MS Access databases. This enables editing of stored data with commercial Office programs and easy importing of the data into your own reports. Frequently, however, expressive results can only be obtained by comparing the individual tests of a test series with each other. For this purpose, the correlation program MIXCor32 was created. Profit from the power of graphics and get a quick survey over a test series by correlating all tests within a single diagram. Zoom interesting areas of the diagram and switch over between different views with a single keystroke. Set a linear or logarithmic scaling according to your needs. With a simple keystroke, you get statistical calculations like
Measurement of gas flow

With such reference curves, you have the ideal tool on hand for incoming and final inspections as well as for quality control parallel to production. Furthermore, the correlation enables a statistical comparison of the evaluation points. For each evaluation point, you get a separate table of the measuring values recorded within the test series. These tables also include the mean values and standard deviations for each measuring value. Depending on the selected evaluation method, this statistical correlation may comprise up to 20 different evaluation tables. A summary table allows you to get a quick survey of the results. Here, all measuring values are represented together with the mean values and standard deviations within a single table. Of course, you can get a graphical representation of this statistical evaluation of your test data. A simple keystroke represents the percentages of deviation from the mean value as bars and enables quick assessment of a test series. A snap shot function is standard for all graphics in the MIXCor32 software. With this function, you can easily import your diagrams from the Windows clipboard into other applications.

Conductivity measurement

Mean values Standard deviation Minimum and maximum values of all measuring values which can be plotted in clear color diagrams. Get even more information from these statistical calculations by creating a reference curve. In a first step, this reference curve is represented by the mean value curve and the envelope curve of the stored tests. In a second step, you can edit this reference curve according to your specific needs. By comparing this reference curve with a measured Plastogram, you can easily recognize whether your sample material meets certain criteria or not.

Determination of isothermal torque curves

Brabender GmbH & Co. KG Kulturstr. 51-55 47055 Duisburg Germany Tel.: +49 203 7788-0 Fax: +49 203 7788-102 E-Mail: [email protected] www.brabender.com
Brabender agencies all over the world 2010 Brabender GmbH & Co. KG All trademarks are registered. Subject to change of design and technical modication without notice.

25061-E / Brabender C / Messkneter / 09 / 2010