HumeSlab Tech Manual
HumeSlab Tech Manual
HumeSlab Tech Manual
Steel Group 1999 First published 2001 Second Edition 2001 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of Smorgon Steel Group. Every attempt has been made to trace and acknowledge copyright but in some cases this has not been possible. The Publishers apologise for any accidental infringements and would welcome any information to redress the situation. HumeSlab is a trademark of Humes. The information and illustrations in this publication are provided as a general guide only. The publication is not intended as a substitute for professional advice which should be sought before applying any of the information to particular projects or circumstances. In the event of purchase of goods to which this publication relates, the publications does not form part of the contractual arrangements with Humes. The purchase of any goods is subject to the Humes terms and conditions of sale. Humes reserves the right to alter the design or discontinue any of its goods or services without notice. Whilst every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the information and illustrations in this publication, a policy of continual research and development necessitates changes and refinements which may not be reflected in this publication. If in doubt please contact the nearest Humes sales office.
Preamble
This Technical Manual has been prepared by Smorgon Steel Group on behalf of Humes to facilitate the design of suspended concrete slabs covering a wide range of applications using the HumeSlab flooring system. It is intended to be used as a technical guide for construction loading and it is a requirement of use that any designs prepared using this Technical Manual be examined and verified by a competent and qualified structural engineer. The manual contains comprehensive data on the properties of HumeSlab trusses and describes some of the typical details required to achieve an equivalent monolithic slab. The procedures are based on established design methods and material properties for conventional steel reinforced concrete structures. Design criteria relating to bending, shear capacity, anchoring of reinforcement, transverse reinforcement, support conditions and any general design and construction procedures shall be referred to and approved by an industry registered structural design engineer.
Contents
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 6.0 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 10.0 11.0 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 The HumeSlab System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Advantages and applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Material and product specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reinforcement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Panel concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Polystyrene void formers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Topping concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Truss Specifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5 5 5 6 6
Design principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Design for bending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Precast in-situ interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Vertical shear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Load distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Durability requirements and fire rating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Support conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Design for construction loads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Deflection during construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Final slab design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Seismic conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Structural integrity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diaphragm action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Detailing requirements for seismic loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Slab and band beam systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Manufacture and installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Manufacture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Delivery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Installation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lifting and placing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Services and edge forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Top reinforcement and in-situ concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ceiling finish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Construction practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . HumeSlab bridge decking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Design details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Load distribution - panel to panel connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bearing of bridge deck panels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Construction practice for bridge decks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 15 16 17 17 18 18 18 18 19 20 20 20 22 24 24 25 26 27
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Appendix A - Typical construction details for multi-level building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Appendix B Design Examples Estimate Design & Detailed Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Appendix C Transpan HumeSlab design software output . Appendix D Quotation checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 29 41 45 55
Further Information For further technical information regarding HumeSlab, contact our sales Engineers or technical representatives at Humes. For contact details, refer to back cover.
1.0
Introduction
The HumeSlab System (also known as TransfloorTM and by the name of the original licensors - ABE, Filigran, Kaiser-Omnia floor) has been widely used in Europe and elsewhere for over 40 years. Overseas trends indicate that this precast flooring system is a favoured method of construction for suspended concrete slabs and in some parts of Europe it accounts for 60% of all suspended work reaching production rates of 80 million square metres per year. As a precast flooring system it offers many advantages over cast in-situ floors while maintaining the full structural integrity and monolithic requirements of the slab. In Australia this type of flooring has been in use since 1982 and in February 1988 Transfloor was purchased by Smorgon Steel Group and traded as Transfloor Australia Pty Ltd until 1991. Since 1992 the manufacture of Transfloor has been licensed to a number of independent precast companies. Humes, as a licensee, markets Transfloor as HumeSlab, using the same expertise and technical know how developed by Transfloor.
Humes and Smorgon Steel Group are committed to technical support and product development of HumeSlab.
Introduction
Page 1
HumeSlab Features
Size - A HumeSlab panel is a factory made precast concrete slab of variable width up to a maximum of 2.5 metres and variable length, usually limited to about 12 metres for transport and handling purposes. Thickness - The panel thickness can be varied and will depend on reinforcement size and concrete cover. For many applications a nominal thickness of 55 mm is satisfactory. Reinforcement - The bottom reinforcement embedded in the panel can consist of a layer of fabric, the bottom chords of the trusses and additional reinforcing bars as required by the designer. Handling - The HumeSlab trusses provide strength and stiffness for handling and transport, allow panels to support construction loads with a minimum of temporary propping, contribute to the bottom steel and to the top steel and can also serve as continuous bar chairs to support the top reinforcement. Weight Saving - Polystyrene void formers, added at the precast factory, allow for construction of voided slabs with a significant reduction in self weight (typically 30%). Flexibility - In contrast with most other prefabricated systems, HumeSlab imposes few restrictions on designers because there are no standard panel sizes. The length, width, thickness, plan geometry and reinforcement steel can be varied to suit design requirements and allow considerable flexibility for both the Architect and the Engineer.
ADJUST NUMBER AND TYPE OF TRUSSES TO SUIT CONSTRUCTION LOADS. 5 TRUSSES IS THE PRACTICAL MINIMUM FOR 2500 WIDE PANEL. FOR SLABS WITHOUT VOIDS ABOUT 18 TRUSSES ARE POSSIBLE. USE MAXIMUM 8 TRUSSES IN VOIDED SLABS. DEPTH OF SITE PLACED CONCRETE ABOVE VOIDS AS REQUIRED BY DESIGN. MINIMUM 70mm WITH MINIMUM SL62 TOP FABRIC. TOP STEEL AS REQUIRED BY DESIGN. 120 MIN TRANSVERSE RIB 120 MINIMUM RIB AT INTERNAL TRUSS. FILLED WITH IN-SITU CONCRETE. 180 MINIMUM RIB AT EDGE TRUSSES
MAX. PANEL WIDTH - 2500 (TRANSPORT LIMITATION). LESSER WIDTHS AS REQUIRED TO FIT JOB DIMENSIONS, BUT MAXIMISE THE NUMBER OF FULL WIDTH PANELS TO SECURE BEST ECONOMY.
ANY LENGTH PANEL CAN BE SUPPLIED. MAXIMUM 12M FOR EASE OF TRANSPORT. LENGTH OF VOID ADJUSTED TO SATISFY END SHEAR REQUIREMENTS. PANEL CONCRETE THICKNESS 55mm MINIMUM. VARY THICKNESS TO SUIT (EG. EXTRA COVER, DIAMETER BARS ETC.)
PANEL FABRIC SL62 MINIMUM. HEAVIER IF REQUIRED BY DESIGN. ADDITIONAL BOTTOM STEEL IN THE FORM OF BARS AS REQUIRED BY DESIGN (N12, N16, N20 ETC.)
POLYSTYRENE VOID FORMERS (OF ANY CROSS-SECTION) BONDED TO PANEL AT FACTORY (VOID PERCENTAGE IS VARIABLE FROM ZERO TO ABOUT 35%)
NOTE HUMESLAB UNITS CAN BE MADE TO ANY SIZE AND ANY SHAPE WITHIN THE LIMITS SHOWN ABOVE. SEMICIRCULAR OR RECTANGULAR CUT OUTS, SKEWED ENDS AND IRREGULAR SHAPES CAN BE MANUFACTURED TO SUIT PARTICULAR JOB REQUIREMENTS.
Page 2
3.0
Page 3
Labour
2 Dogman 2 Labourers 2 Labourers 3 Scaffolders 4 Carpenters 2 Labourers 4 Steel Fixers 8 Labourers 4 Carpenters 2 Scaffolders
Hours
16 16 16 48 96 48 64 64 64 32 464
Activity
Erect and prop wall panels Grout wall panels Support frames Place HumeSlab panels Place top reinforcement Pour concrete Remove propping frames
Labour
2 Dogman 2 Labourers 2 Labourers 3 Scaffolders 2 Dogman 2 Carpenters 4 Steel Fixers 8 Labourers 2 Scaffolders
Day/s
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Hours
16 16 16 24 16 16 32 64 16 216
0.62 hrs/m2
0.29 hrs/m2
Table 1: Comparison of cycle times and labour requirements for slab over precast walls-Brookland Apartments.
Flexibility in design - HumeSlab is an engineered product made to suit individual project requirements. Penetrations, cantilevers and unusual panel shapes can be easily accommodated (refer Figure 4). Eliminates bar chairs - If concrete cover and overall slab thickness are suited to the truss type, top reinforcement can be supported directly on the HumeSlab trusses. Four easy steps to build with HumeSlabTM
Figure 4: Column penetration in HumeSlab panel
1. At the time of planning, contact Humes to discuss the use of HumeSlab for your application. 2. Supplier personnel will then assess and arrange for a preliminary design and prepare concept layout plans and a quotation. 3. Upon placement of the order a detailed layout plan is prepared based on the documentation provided. This information is returned to the builder and engineering consultant for checking and approval. 4. After approval has been obtained for dimensional accuracy and engineering integrity, the panels are produced and delivered to site at a time specified by the builder.
Figure 6: HumeSlab panels placed on steel frame structures Page 4 HumeSlab Precast Flooring System
4.3
Polystyrene void formers The expanded polystyrene (EPS) void formers are made of a light weight cellular plastic material comprising 98% air. A class SL material is used having a density of 13.5 kg/m3. All other physical properties of the EPS are in accordance with AS1366, Part 3-1992. Designers should note that the EPS is produced with a fire retardant additive that allows it to self extinguish almost immediately after the fire source is removed. The level of toxicity of EPS in a fire situation is not greater than that of timber or other commonly used building materials.
Page 5
Generic Truss Reference T80/10 T110/10 T150/10 T190/10 T110/12 T150/12 T190/12
CSR Humes Product Code TRUS8010C TRUS11010C TRUS15010 TRUS19010C TRUS11012C TRUS15012C TRUS19012C
Top Chord Diameter 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 11.9 11.9 11.9
Typical Sections:
DIAGONALS 6.0 MM HD WIRE 200 STANDARD PITCH TOP CHORD SIZES AS SHOWN ABOVE
W=105
HEIGHT (H)
SECTION
ELEVATION
Page 6
5.0
Design Principles
The structural design of HumeSlab, or any precast concrete floor system, should not only deal with the calculation of bending moment and shear force capacity of the separate units, but also with the total coherence of the floor. In the final stage, the individual components should be connected in a manner that ensures adequate overall capacity with interaction between the units and the supporting structure. Two distinct stages must be checked when designing with HumeSlab. 1. The non-composite panel during construction - stresses occurring only in the precast units resulting from lifting, transportation and the weight of the wet concrete. 2. The composite floor slab after hardening of the in-situ concrete.
5.1
Design for bending Accepted principles of Ultimate Strength Theory applies to the design of HumeSlab since the finished slab can be considered as monolithic. A prerequisite for this is that the uptake of shear forces at the interface between precast and in-situ concrete is proven. The shear capacity, at this interface, has been shown to be adequate by overseas research (Reference 1) and some early testing done at the University of Queensland (Reference 2). The system is best suited to one way action, however, two way action can be achieved by eliminating void formers to allow placement of transverse bars. The transverse bars should be placed near the upper surface of the panel ensuring that in-situ concrete flows under the bars and anchorage is achieved. Note that a reduced effective depth for the transverse reinforcement will have to be used. In a uniaxial design the precast panel will normally contain all of the bottom reinforcement required in the final design which can consist of a light fabric, truss bottom chords and additional bar reinforcement. It should be noted that the presence of voids will not usually result in design of the section as a tee beam since large amounts of steel are required to shift the neutral axis below the top of the void. Refer to Figure 10 for a general cross section of a finished slab.
360 MIN RIB OVER PANEL JOINT NEUTRAL AXIS AT ULTIMATE LOAD IS USUALLY ABOVE TOP OF VOID LAPPED FABRIC (MIN SL62)
EFFECTIVE DEPTH
20 GRADE N40 MINUMUM PANEL CONCRETE SL62 BOTTOM FABRIC 120 565 MAX TRUSS SPACING 500N FXTRA BARS AS REQUIRED CLEAR COVER TO TRANSVERSE WIRES
25
25
Design Principals
50 (MIN)
VOID
Page 7
Design Principles
5.2 Precast in-situ interface The required capacity at the interface can be calculated in accordance with AS3600 Clause 8.4. The level of surface roughness is somewhat open to interpretation but can be considered as rough with small ridges and undulations. The surface roughness achieved during the casting process is satisfactory when, at the same time, truss web members are used as shear plane reinforcement. If an intentionally roughened surface is specified, care should be taken not to disturb the grain structure of the concrete or dislodge aggregates near the surface. A vibrated level or light broom finish is all that is required.
Figure 11: Penetrations for services can be cast into panel
5.3
Vertical shear If a voided slab is used the shear forces can only be carried by the concrete in the rib sections. Voids must be terminated in regions of high shear (at supports and point loads) and will generally not be included within one slab depth from the section at which the ribs are just sufficient to resist the applied shear. The overall slab thickness is not normally controlled by shear strength requirements but, when required, the diagonal wires of the trusses may be treated as inclined stirrups (Reference 1) provided the pitch of the wires does not exceed the depth of the slab, trusses extend through the full slab depth and truss spacing does not exceed the recommended stirrup spacing given in AS3600. When the precast element is used to form a wide shallow beam (band beam/slab system on columns) and shear reinforcement is required, the ligatures should extend over the entire section depth and tie into the precast element. However, if the actual shear is less than the shear capacity and the beam depth is less than half the beam width, nominal shear ligatures can be incorporated as shown in Figure A8 in Appendix A.
5.4
Load distribution When a slab is subjected to concentrated loads, the distribution of the load across longitudinal joints should be considered. The transverse load distribution in composite precast element floors is similar to cast in situ floors. Load distribution between precast elements is provided by the shear resistance of the in-situ concrete section at the joint (Figure 10). Where trusses are not located adjacent to the joint, additional transverse bars may be placed in the site concrete over the panel joints. The inclusion of transverse ribs (Figure 2) would also contribute to the load distribution capabilities.
Figure 12: Slab and band beam system Page 8 HumeSlab Precast Flooring System
Design Principles
Panel Thickness 55mm 60mm 65mm 70mm
Table 2 Actual panel thickness and width Table 3: Standard truss thickness and typical fire rating for voided slabs
1. Table 3 is based on 20 mm cover to top and bottom reinforcement and minimum 65 mm topping concrete over polystyrene void formers. 2. The overall slab thickness is the minimum that can be used with the nominated truss type. 3. The actual panel width will depend on the panel thickness used due to the tapered edge forms. 4. Top reinforcement can be supported directly on trusses when the above slab/truss combinations are used and reinforcement is arranged as shown in Figure 10. 5.5 Durability requirements and fire rating Since HumeSlab panels are cast on rigid steel forms and are subjected to intense compaction the reinforcement cover requirements at the bottom of the slab can be reduced compared to in-situ slabs (AS3600 Table 4.10.3.4). If severe exposure conditions are specified the panel thickness is increased to allow for the increased cover requirements. Fire resistance requirements for slabs constructed with HumeSlab panels can be determined by referring to clause 5.5.1 (b) and 5.5.3 (a) of AS3600. If a voided slab is used the effective thickness of the slab is calculated as the net cross sectional area divided by the width of the cross section. Typical fire resistance periods are shown in Table 3. Higher fire ratings can be achieved with increased cover to reinforcement and decreased thickness of polystyrene voids.
Design Principals
Page 9
Design Principles
5.6 Support conditions The correct detailing of precast concrete involves the consideration of the design, manufacture and construction requirements at the start of the project. It is important to consider detailing during the early design stages so as to obtain the full benefits of any precast system. As with in-situ floors, when designing with HumeSlab, attention must be given to anchoring of steel reinforcement at the supports. Steel reinforcement end details are specified in AS3600 clause 9.1.3 and the amount of steel reinforcement to be carried into the support will depend on the end restraint condition. Connections between HumeSlab panels and supporting members present few problems since continuity can be provided by lapping the panel steel reinforcement with steel bars projecting from the supporting beams or walls. In general, it is sufficient to anchor 50% of the total positive moment steel reinforcement required at mid span. The bottom chords of the HumeSlab trusses which end at the front edge of the support do not constitute part of this requirement. Therefore the details suggested in Figure 14 can be safely used provided the field steel reinforcement is satisfactorily anchored above the support.
Lsy.t
As (AREA OF SPLICE BAR) PROVIDE COG IF REQUIRED (ALTERNATIVE) PANEL CAN EXTEND INTO SUPPORT As (AREA OF SPLICE BAR) PROVIDE COG IF REQUIRED
Page 10
Design Principles
5.7 Design for construction loads Selecting a panel specification to support construction loads should provide a panel with sufficient strength and stiffness to carry the mass of wet concrete and construction live loads without exceeding safe limits for stress and/or deflection. The loading to be considered at this stage of the design is based on the Formwork Code AS3610 and will include: Precast panel self weight Dead load of wet in situ concrete Live loads due to stacked materials Live load due to workmen and equipment Localised mounding of in-situ concrete during placing.
Prop spacing during construction will be controlled by one of the following criteria. Bending moment capacity determined by limiting the tensile stress in the panel concrete to less than the characteristic tensile strength.
Overall Slab Thk 160 180 190 200 220 230 250 270 300 320 350 400 190 200 220 230 250 270 300 320 350 400
Truss spacing (mm) 565 2.1 2.0 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.4 2.3 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.8 2.7 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.4 450 2.2 2.1 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.6 2.5 2.8 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.3 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.9 2.8 3.2 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 Solid Slab 320 2.3 2.2 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.8 2.7 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.7 2.7 2.6 3.2 3.1 3.5 3.3 3.2 3.1 2.9 200 2.5 2.4 2.7 2.7 2.6 3.1 3.0 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1 2.9 3.1 3.0 2.9 3.6 3.4 3.9 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.3 565 2.3 2.2 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.8 2.8 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.7 2.7 2.7 3.2 3.2 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.4 450 2.3 2.3 2.5 2.5 2.5 3.0 2.9 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.8 2.8 2.8 3.4 3.3 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.5 Voided Slab 320 2.3 2.4 2.7 2.6 2.6 3.1 3.1 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.1 3.0 3.0 2.9 3.6 3.5 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.6 Maximum span between temporary supports (m)
Page 11
T150/10 T190/10
T110/12
T150/12 T190/12
Design Principals
Design Principles
Bending moment capacity may also be governed by the compressive stress in the top chord of the truss. This should be limited so that buckling of the top chord does not occur. Shear capacity will be determined by the buckling strength of the truss diagonal wires. Load capacities and thus distance between temporary supports will depend on panel thickness, truss spacing and whether the slab is voided or solid. The unpropped spans given in Tables 4 and 5 have been calculated by analysing the HumeSlab panel as an uncracked section using a transformed area method to determine stresses in concrete and steel during construction. Since this is a serviceability limit state design, unfactored loads have been used. The tensile stress in the panel concrete is limited to 0.6 'c (AS3600, Clause. 6.1.1.2) and the compressive force in the truss wires is limited to AS4100 Clause. 6.1 Truss Type T80/10 T110/10 Overall Slab Thk 160 180 190 200 220 230 250 270 300 320 350 400 190 200 220 230 250 270 300 320 350 400 Truss spacing (mm) 565 2.4 2.3 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.5 2.4 2.6 1.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 3.1 3.0 2.7 2.5 2.4 2.2 1.9 450 2.5 2.4 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.9 2.8 3.1 3.0 2.8 2.8 2.3 2.9 2.8 2.7 3.3 3.2 3.3 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.3 Solid Slab 320 2.6 2.5 2.8 2.7 2.6 3.2 3.0 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.0 2.9 3.1 3.1 2.9 3.6 3.5 3.9 3.8 3.6 3.5 3.1 200 2.8 2.7 3.1 3.0 2.9 3.6 3.4 3.9 3.7 3.6 3.4 3.2 3.5 3.4 3.3 4.0 3.9 4.4 4.2 4.1 3.9 3.7 565 2.6 2.5 2.8 2.8 2.8 3.3 3.2 3.6 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.7 3.6 4.1 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.4 450 2.7 2.6 2.9 2.9 2.8 3.4 3.3 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.4 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.9 3.8 4.4 4.2 4.2 4.1 3.9 Voided Slab 320 2.8 2.7 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.6 3.5 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.6 3.4 3.4 3.3 4.1 4.0 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.1 Maximum span between temporary supports (m)
T150/10 T190/10
T110/12
T150/12 T190/12
Page 12
Design Principles
Tables 4 and 5 can be used to determine propping requirements, provided construction loads are specified as in AS3600, the HumeSlab panel has a minimum thickness of 55 mm and is reinforced with at least SL62 fabric, and the load from stacked materials does not exceed 4 KPa prior to placement of top concrete. Where special construction loads are specified and the above conditions do not apply, the determination of prop spacing is possible using the TranSpan software. This software is available from Humes or can be accessed by visiting Smorgon Steel Groups web site on http://www.smorgonsteel.com.au/reinforcing 5.8 Deflection during construction At typical propping spans of up to 2.7 m tests have shown that deflections under construction loads should not exceed 2 mm. In cases where unpropped spans exceeding 3.0 m are proposed the deflection should be checked to ensure it does not exceed the limits set in AS3600. Conventional transformed section methods can be used to predict the elastic behaviour of a HumeSlab panel but note that the load used to calculate deflections during construction should be the dead load only (wet concrete and panel).
1200
PS A TIMBER HEADER USED AS EDGE FORM BEAM BEAM TIMBER HEADER USED AS EDGE FORM OR BAND BEAM UPTURN BAND
PS
PS
PART PLAN
EXAMPLE: 200 O/ALL VOIDED SLAB WITH TRUSSES AT 500 CRS, MAX PS = 2800 MM. 400 O/ALL BEAM WITH TRUSSES AT 400 CRS, MAXIMUM PS = 2300 MM. PS = MAXIMUM PROP SPACING (REFER TABLES 3 AND 4). BAND BEAM PS PS SLAB PANEL PS BAND BEAM
TIMBER HEADER
Design Principals
BAND
SLAB
PS
Page 13
6.0
360 mm RIB OVER PANEL JOINT NEUTRAL AXIS AT ULTIMATE LOAD IS USUALLY ABOVE TOP OF VOID LAPPED FABRIC (MIN SL62)
EFFECTIVE DEPTH
25
25
120
Slab Depth
D 160 190 230 270 300 d 55 55 55 55 55
SW
KPa 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.3 4.6
Slab Depth
D 160 190 230 270 300 d 55 55 55 55 55
SW
KPa 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.3 4.6
Page 14
VOID
70
7.0
Seismic Conditions
Although Australia is classified as a low risk area, in terms of earthquake damage, the need for seismic design in building structure was highlighted by the Newcastle earthquake of 1989. Building structures are to be designed for earthquake loading depending on the earthquake design category as specified in AS1170.4. Seismic considerations for HumeSlab will follow the same design rules as for in-situ floors but will require adequate detailing to achieve seismic integrity at the connections. The main criteria to consider is: maintain structural integrity without collapse of all or a significant part of the structure; achieve ductility of both precast elements and their connections; provide structural continuity; design and detail structural elements such that they may be produced economically and erected easily.
7.1
Structural integrity It has generally been found that in-situ floor slabs, acting monolithically with supporting beams, are very capable of transmitting lateral forces unless the number of large openings is excessive. HumeSlab, acting monolithically, will adequately transmit lateral loads through diaphragm action. The strength and ductility of the overall structural system will depend on the integrity of the joint detailing and in particular, the connections between the floor (horizontal diaphragm) and the supporting structure. The majority of reported damage (Reference 3.0) caused to precast construction during earthquakes is confined to the joints and connections and can be summarised as follows:
PRECAST PANELS WITH REINFORCED TOPPING SLAB DIAGONAL COMPRESSION FORCES IN FLOOR TIE BARS IN SLAB TO CARRY SHEAR TO WALL
Seismic Conditions
Page 15
Seismic Conditions
Failure of connection between wall panel and roof system resulting in roof failure, tilting of wall panels and increased stresses in the lower level floor connections. Failure of connection between wall panel and floor system. Flexibility of thin cast in-situ topping slab that forms the horizontal diaphragm causing overstressing and cracking resulting in separation from the precast elements. The 1988 earthquake in Armenia highlighted some of the problems caused by inadequately detailed precast construction (Reference 3). A common form of construction for medium rise residential buildings was to use precast concrete panels or frames for the vertical elements and precast concrete floor planks without the addition of a topping slab. These precast systems performed poorly due mainly to the inadequate provision of viable load paths through inadequate tying of the horizontal floor planks to the vertical elements and to each other for effective diaphragm action. 7.2 Diaphragm action Horizontal loads from earthquakes are usually transmitted to the vertical cores or shear walls by the roof and floor acting as horizontal diaphragms. The floor can be analysed by the strut and tie method or by considering the floor to act as a deep horizontal beam. The central core, shear walls or other stabilising components act as supports with the lateral loads being transmitted to them as shown in Figure 19. As stated by Clough (Reference 4), In zones of high seismic intensity, or with configurations which impose large in-plane compatibility forces under lateral load, diaphragms joined by cast in place reinforced concrete usually are satisfactory. It is essential to ensure that the topping is adequately bonded to the precast elements such as in precast element floors where the topping is bonded by mechanical connectors (wire truss as in-plane reinforcement). Without this, separation can occur and the topping may buckle when subject to diagonal compression from diaphragm action.
TYPICAL SLAB REINFORCEMENT DETAILS FOR EARTHQUAKE LOADING (Refer AS3600, Appendix A)
Page 16
Seismic Conditions
7.3 Detailing requirements for seismic loads Designers should ensure that not only is there an adequate load path for forces that need to be transferred between the diaphragm and any lateral force resisting elements, such as walls or frames, but that connections are detailed such that they adequately transfer the anticipated loads. The comments in this section relate to Intermediate Moment Resisting Frames, defined in AS3600 (Reference 8) as moment resisting frames of ductile construction, complying with the additional requirements of Appendix A in AS3600. The intent of these special detailing requirements is to improve the ductility and reduce the vulnerability of concrete structures in a manner consistent with the relatively low seismic hazard in Australia. The detailing requirements shown in Figure 20 are therefore not onerous and relate to steel reinforcement continuity, anchorage and lapping. 7.4 Slab and band beam systems In high seismic regions building codes (ACI and New Zealand Standard) tend to discourage wide shallow beams by imposing limitations on the maximum beam width. Also, 75% of the longitudinal beam bars are required to be within the column width. Since the main difficulties with wide beams is placing all the required joint ties, Irvine and Hutchinson (Reference 5) recommend that the steel reinforcement ratio (Ast/bd) be restricted to 0.02 or less, so as to reduce this problem. The designer should ensure that the column has sufficient ductility to prevent a column side sway failure (soft storey collapse). The above requirements apply to high seismic regions. The University of Melbourne has conducted research to investigate the behaviour of wide band beams in low seismic regions. At this stage the current requirements of AS3600 (Reference 8) can be used, see Figure 21.
TYPICAL BEAM REINFORCEMENT DETAILS FOR EARTHQUAKE LOADING (Refer AS3600, Appendix A)
Seismic Conditions
Page 17
8.0
8.1
Figure 22: Concrete is discharged at a controlled rate by an electrically operated concrete spreader
8.2
Delivery Panels are stacked and transported by semi-trailers in approximately 150 m2 loads. Stacking bearers should be provided at approximately 1.5 m centres to minimise stresses during transport. The laying sequence should be pre-determined and communicated to the HumeSlab supplier prior to manufacture. This will enable stacks to be stored and then loaded in reverse order of placement so that the top panel on the stack is the first to be placed on site. The only exception being in the case of a load of mixed panel sizes when small panels are loaded on the top of the stack irrespective of the placing sequence. The erector should be prepared to site stack units delivered out of sequence due to loading requirements. However, such panels may be placed directly in position if their locations can be accurately fixed prior to commencement of panel placing.
8.3
Installation Where the HumeSlab panels are not designed to sustain construction loads over the clear span without intermediate supports, a simple system of frames and props with timber headers is normally erected prior to arrival of panels on site (see Figure 16). Prop spacing should be specified by the design engineer and will vary according to the type and number of trusses in the HumeSlab panels and the construction loads to be supported. Tables 4 and 5 can be used to determine the required prop spacing or alternatively contact Humes for more information.
Page 18
ALWAYS ATTACH HOOK OR SHACKLE THROUGH BOTH TOP AND DIAGONAL WIRES 60 MAX
1/4 L
1/4 L
NOTE 1. ATTACH LIFTING HOOK TO SECOND TRUSS FROM EDGE OF PANEL. 2. GENERALLY LIFT PANELS AT 1/4 POINTS. PANELS UP TO 8.0M LONG CAN BE LIFTED WITH FOUR CHAINS. 3. PANELS GREATER THAN 8.5M LONG MAY REQUIRE AN EIGHT POINT LIFT OR A LIFTING FRAME.
All bearing surfaces for HumeSlab panels should be level to ensure alignment between units and to minimise twisting of panels. Where panels are to sit on block work or precast walls, the bearing surfaces may require levelling with concrete mortar. An alternative is to provide temporary, carefully aligned props immediately adjacent to the walls.
Page 19
8.6
Top reinforcement and in-situ concrete Immediately following installation of services and edge forms, fixing of top reinforcement steel is carried out and the slab is then ready for pouring the top layer of concrete. The thickness of topping concrete above polystyrene generally should not be less that 65 mm. Additional top steel reinforcement, fabric (mesh) laps, fabric (mesh) wire diameter and other factors may require this topping thickness to be increased to ensure that steel reinforcement is fully embedded and adequate cover is provided. This aspect should be considered at the design stage (refer to section 5.0, design principles).
8.7
Ceiling finish HumeSlab panels are manufactured in rigid steel beds and the soffit finish achieved is Class 2 as described in AS3600. The joint between panels, if left unfilled, is referred to as a shadow joint, in that a light and shade effect is created between the two prefabricated units. This type of ceiling finish requires no treatment and is quite acceptable as an off-form grey concrete finish. In fact, the surface finish achieved is quite superior to that achieved with conventional forming products.
Page 20
HumeSlab PANEL
25
PANEL SOFFIT
25
PANEL SOFFIT
Page 21
Page 22
Page 23
9.0
Figure 31: Ready made bridges - HumeSlab bridge deck panel being lifted into position
9.1
Design details The design can be carried out assuming full composite action between the precast panel, in situ topping and the supporting beams. The in-situ concrete topping fills the gaps over the beams and ensures an effective connection with ligatures on precast beams or shear studs on steel beams. During construction HumeSlab trusses provide the cantilever strength and negative moment strength over the beams. The slab reinforcing steel can be designed in accordance with the Austroads Bridge Design Code and, in view of the discontinuity at panel joints, the slab could be considered as spanning one way transversely over the beams. However, research carried out by Buth et al (Reference 6), for similar precast systems, has demonstrated that using this approach is conservative and that the joints can be disregarded.
Page 24
1. longitudinal reinforcement placed directly on top of panels, and 2. splice bars, on top of panels and across joints, in addition to the normal longitudinal steel reinforcement indicated the in-situ concrete topping successfully transferred wheel loads across joints. The supplementary joint reinforcing steel did not improve the performance and in all tests with wheel loads near the panel joint, the mode of failure was punching shear (Reference 6). Even at failure loads there were no tensile cracking observed at the bottom of the in-situ topping directly over the panel joints.
IN-SITU CONCRETE
(SEE FIGURE 8)
(SECTION 5.7)
Page 25
9.3
Bearing of bridge deck panels Composite bridge deck panels must be supported on the bridge girders by a permanent bearing material providing continuous and solid support. The permanent bearing material should consist of mortar, grout, concrete or steel. Use of soft fibrous material may lead to the bridge deck acting as simple spans over girders rather than continuous spans and delamination at the ends of the precast panels may occur.
HUMESLABTM
Page 26
9.4
Construction practice for bridge decks 1. Temporary bearing materials, which are designed to remain in place, must be compressible. 2. The height of the temporary bearing strip must be adequate to allow grout or concrete to flow under the panel. 3. Deck panels should extend a minimum of 40 mm beyond the temporary bearing material. 4. Venting is required when grout or concrete is used. This can be accomplished by leaving small gaps in the bearing strips at approximately 1200 mm intervals. 5. The top concrete should first be placed in continuous strips over girders and allowed to flow under panels before being placed on the remaining deck. This procedure improves the flow of concrete under panel ends, helps eliminate air pockets and places concrete under panel ends before the temporary bearing strips are compressed due to the weight of wet concrete.
Page 27
10.0 References
1. Hartmut Koblenz, Precast Concrete Floors, Part 2 Betonwerk Fertigteil - Tecknik, (BFT), Bauverlag GmbH, Concrete Precasting Plant and Technology, issue 6/1994. 2. J. Glynn, Test of HumeSlab Precast Floor Units, Glynn Tucker and Associates, University of Queensland, Report No. 7650, 1981. 3. Sanders P.T. (et al), Seismic Behaviour of load Bearing Precast Construction in Australia, Steel Reinforcement Institute of Australia, 1995. 4. Clough D.P., Considerations in the Design of Precast Concrete for Earthquake loads, Journal of Prestressed Concrete Institute, Vol. 27, No. 2. pp 78-107. 5. Irvine H.M. and Hutchinson G.L., Australian Earthquake Engineering Manual 3rd Edition, Techbooks, 1993. 6. Buth, Eugene, Furr H.L., and Jones H.L., Evaluation of a Prestressed Panel, Cast in Place Concrete Bridge, Research Report 145-3, Texas Transportation Institute. 7. Furr H.L. and Ingram L.L., Cyclic Load Tests of Composite Prestressed-Reinforced Concrete Panels, Research Report 145-4F, Texas Transportation Institute. 8. Standards Australia, AS3600 - 2001 Concrete Structures. 9. Kluge, Ralph W. and Sawyer H.A., Interacting Pretensioned Concrete Form Panels for Bridge Decks, PCI Journal, Vol. 20, No. 3. 10. Jones H.L. and Furr H.L., Study of In Service Bridges Constructed with Prestressed Panel Sub-decks, Research Report 145-1, Texas Transportation Institute.
Page 28
11.0 Appendix A
TYPICAL SLAB SECTION T80/10 HUMESLAB TM TRUSS (All dimensions in millimetres (mm))
Figure A1: Typical, but not restricted to, reinforcement arrangements in slabs
TYPICAL SLAB SECTION T110/10 HUMESLAB TM TRUSS (All dimensions in millimetres (mm))
Figure A2: Typical, but not restricted to, reinforcement arrangements in slabs
Page 29
Appendix A
SL62
TYPICAL SLAB SECTION T150/10 HUMESLAB TRUSS (All dimensions in millimetres (mm))
Figure A3: Typical, but not restricted to, reinforcement arrangements in slabs
SL62
TYPICAL SLAB SECTION T190/10 HUMESLAB TRUSS (All dimensions in millimetres (mm))
Figure A4: Typical, but not restricted to, reinforcement arrangements in slabs
Page 30
Appendix A
DURING PRODUCTION PANELS PANELS ARE TAGGED TAGGED WITH IDENTIFICATION IDENTIFICATION NUMBERS CORRESPONDING TO THE PANEL PANEL LAYOUT LA OUT DRAWING. DRAWING. THIS ENSURES SIMPLIFIED AND CORRECT PLACEMENT OF PANELS PANELS
(All dimensions in millimetres (mm)) Figure A5: Typical panel layout diagram
HUMESLAB TM
HUMESLAB TM PANEL
Page 31
Appendix A
HUMESLAB
TM
Page 32
Appendix A
HUMESLAB
TM
(a) USE ONLY FOR NOMINAL SHEAR REINFORCEMENT (NO EXCESS SHEAR)
HUMESLAB
TM
Page 33
Appendix A
N16200 TYPICAL
N12 SPACERS
Page 34
Appendix A
HUMESLAB TM
65 mm (TYP)
HUMESLAB TM
HUMESLAB TM
Page 35
Appendix A
HUMESLAB TM
HUMESLAB TM
Page 36
Appendix A
25 mm RECESS IN
HUMESLAB TM
HUMESLAB TM
IN-SITU STEP
Page 37
Appendix A
VARIES
VARIES
(TYP)
VARIES
VARIES
VARIES
VARIES
Page 38
25
65
VARIES
Appendix A
16 mm Clear*
16 mm Clear*
MOMENT CONTINUITY CAN BE MAINTAINED. REINFORCEMENT TO BE CARRIED INTO THE SUPPORT DEPENDS ON THE END RESTRAINT CONDITION. REFER TO AS3600 (9.1.3)
16 mm (Typ)*
40 mm BEARING
16 mm (Typ)*
*16mm clear provides tolerance for location of the wall. An alternative detail is to place the panel on the wall with 40mm bearing as shown for PRECAST INTERNAL WALL.
Page 39
Appendix A
HUMESLAB TM
HUMESLAB TM
Page 40
Appendix B
Estimate Design & Detailed Design
mm kPa kPa mm
Effective span (continuous slab) Superimposed dead load Live Load Deflection limit Cover to reinforcement
From Table 7: Overall slab thickness Panel thickness Polystyrene void former thickness Slab self weight Average bottom reinforcement Average top reinforcement Average in-situ concrete mm mm mm kPa kg/m2 kg/m2 m3/m2 (from Appendix A)
B2 - EXAMPLE CALCULATION - DETAILED DESIGN mm mm mm MPa mm mm mm mm mm mm m3/m2 kPa kPa kPa kPa
Effective span (continuous slab) Overall slab thickness Cover to reinforcement In-situ concrete strength
6000 190 20 32
6000 2500 55
Polystyrene voids length Polystyrene voids width Polystyrene voids thickness Number of Polystyrene voids Polystyrene volume
Slab self weight Superimposed dead load Live load Ultimate load
1.25DL + 1.5LL
Humeslab Precast Flooring System
Page 41
Appendix B
DEFLECTION CRITERIA Short term factor Xs Long term factor X1 Deflection limit Span/depth Lef/d span/250
31.58 32.06
kNm mm MPa MPa mm2/m mm kNm kNm phi Mu M* Ast/db > 0.22(D/d)2 f'cf /fsy <0.4 gamma ku d
wl2/11
BOTTOM REINFORCEMENT BENDING Ultimate design bending moment Effective depth d Fsy fc' gamma Ast b Mu phi Mu Ast/bd 0.22(D/d)2 f'cf /fsy ku dn
26.68 158 500 32 0.822 449 1000 33.37 26.96 0.00284 0.00216 0.0636 8.25 mm
wl2/10
TOP REINFORCEMENT BENDING Ultimate design bending moment Effective depth d Fsy fc' gamma Ast b Mu
Page 42
Appendix B
Appendix B
kNm phi Mu M*
phi Mu Ast/bd 0.22 (D/d)2 f'cf/fsy ku dn mm Ast/db> 0.22(D/d)2 f'cf/fsy <0.4 gamma ku d AS3600-2001 CI 8.1.4.1 AS3600-2001 CI 8.1.3 AS3600-2001 CI 8.1.2.2 (b)
1.15 wl/2 B1B2B3bvdo(Ast fc/bv do).333 phi Vuc Vs* 1.15 wI/2 B1B2B3bvdo(Ast fc/bv do).333 phi Vuc Vv*
AS3600-2001 CI 8.2.7.1
SHEAR Ultimate Shear Force at support Vs* Vuc phi Vuc Ultimate Shear Force of void Vv* bv Vuc phi Vuc kN kN kN kN mm kN kN
AS3600-2001 CI 8.2.7.1
37.74 39.05
AS3600-2001 CI 9.3.4.1
6.12 5.52
AS3600-2001 CI 9.4.1(a)
20.04 kNm wl2/11 18.07 kNm wl2/11 97.38 5.52E+08 mm4 bD3/12 17.43 kNm 3 Ig/(D/2) M*s.1 > Mcrit so critical tensile zone Wider cracks can be tolerated 300 mm 200 mm
22.04 kNm wl2/10 19.88 kNm wl2/10 5.72E+08 mm4 bD3/12 18.05 kNm 3 Ig/(D/2) M*s.1 > Mcrit so critical tensile zone Assuming wider cracks can not be tolerated, for example with tiled floor finishes. (If carpeted floor or timber floating floor, then wider cracks could be tolerated)
AS3600-2001 CI 9.4.1(a)
Page 43
Appendix B
mm2 mm MPa MPa 3 ksAct/fs AS3600-2001 CI 9.4.1(b) ii AS3600-2001 CI 9.4.1(b) iii AS3600-2001 CI 9.4.1(b) Note 2
Ast.min Max bar spacing Max steel stress Ec n dn lcr lef.ser fscr Max steel stress lef.s.1 fscr.1 0.8fsy mm mm4 mm4 MPa MPa mm4 MPa MPa AS3600-2001 CI 9.4.4 (b) iv Es/Ec 0.5 b dn2=nAst (d-dn) 0.33 b dn3 + n Ast (d-dn)2 lcr + (lg - lcr)(Mcr/Mser)3 M y/l >fscr lcr + (lg - lcr)(Mcr/Ms.1)3 M y/l >fscr.1 AS3600-2001 CI 9.4.4 (b) v
570 300 300 28600 6.99 29.49 6.48E+07 4.44E+08 5.8 300 3.43E+08 8.3 400
PROPPING DURING CONSTRUCTION From Table 5: Truss Type Voided Slab-Truss spacings Span between props 190 thick slab mm m
320 mm truss spacings selected to reduce propping of 6 m span to a single prop mid-span of the panel reduce void width by 40 mm to 400 mm to accommodate the 8 trusses required for the 2500 wide panel
REINFORCEMENT
PANEL (BOTTOM REINFORCEMENT) Required from design Provided in Panel 8 T110/10 trusses over 2500 mm RF92 mm2/m mm2/m mm2/m mm2/m
449
Ultimate Bending
181 287
Total
468
IN-SITU SLAB (TOP REINFORCEMENT OVER SUPPORTS) Required from design 570 mm2/m Flexural Crack Control Governs Provide N12-175 628 mm2/m If wider cracks can be tolerated in the top of the slab, the reinforcement could be reduced to 480mm2 (N12-225)
Appendix B
Page 44
Appendix C
TranspanTM HumeSlabTM Design Software Output
Introduction The purpose of the following calculations is to determine the maximum simply supported double span for a HumeSlab panel given structural properties and construction loads.
The panel must comply with the stability, strength and service limit state criteria specified in AS3610-1995 Formwork for Concrete (Ref. [2]). Stability The panel must resist overturning, uplift and sliding under the action of all the appropriate load combintions: a) Overturning: In the case of a simply supported span overturning is not applicable b) Uplift: The panel must resist forces from the appropriate load combination causing uplif Uplift is commonly cause by wind loads that are beyond the scope of this analysis and the fore uplift is not considered. c) Sliding: The panel and its supports must resist forces from the appropriate load combination causing sliding. AS3610 requires that formwork resist an applied horizontal live load of 1 kN/m plus the lat pressure of concrete. Stage II during placement of concrete. 1.5QuhC + 1.5PC < 0.8GR + (fR) Strength
(1)
The Panel must resist the bending and shear action effects from all the appropriate load combinations. In the case of a simply supported panel the following load combinations are appropriate: Stage I prior to placement of concrete. 1.25G + 1.5Quv + 1.5M1 Stage II during placement of concrete. 1.25G + 1.25Gc + 1.5Quv + 1.5M2 1.25G + 1.25Gc + Qc Stage III after placement of concrete. (3) (4) (2)
Stiffness
1.25G + 1.5Gc + 1.5Quv + 1.5M3 (5) The panel stiffness must be such that the deformation under the appropriate load combination does not exceed the limits specified in Ref. [2]. In the case of a simply supported panel the following load combinations are appropriate: Stage II during placement of concrete. G + Gc Stage III after placement of concrete. G + Gc + M3 (7) (6)
Surface Finish
The surface finish of the panel soffit conforms with the physical quality of a Class 2 surface finish as specified in Ref. [2].
Page 45
Appendix C
Panel Capacity The strength and stiffness of the panel is dependent on the truss, panel size and geometry. During construction the applied loads are resisted by the action of the truss members and panel concrete. The resistance provided by any mesh or additional reinforcement bars is ignored. The following structural checks are performed:
Stability a) Sliding b) Overturning Strength a) Top Chord Tension b) Top Chord Tension c) Bottom Chord Compression d) Bottom Chord Tension e) Concrete Compression f) Diagonal Compression Service a) Deflection b) Cracking
The limit state resistance is calculated for each case. Maximum Span The maximum span is selected on the basis that the design action, calculated from the factored load combinations, does not exceed the capacity of the panel. A summary of the calculations showing the maximum span for each action is given in the table below:
Design Action Positive Bending Negative Bending Shear Cracking Deflection Max. Span (m) 3.25 3.20 14.18 3.60 3.54
Maximum Span
Stability
3.20
mm
The formwork assembly including the HumeSlab panel, falsework and connections are required to be designed to transfer the following limit state design load to anchorage or reaction points: Limit State Sliding Load, H* 1.5 kN/m
Stacked Materials The maximum span is based on the live load for stacked materials, before and after placement of concrete, being limited to a maximum of 2.0 kPa. This load must be clearly indicated in the formwork documentation and construction control put in place to ensure it is not exceeded.
Page 46
Appendix C
Assumptions 1 Vertical and horizontal action effects from environmental loads have been ignored.
The value for stacked materials during Stage I (M 1) applies also to Stage III (M3) and during Stage II the value for stacked materials (M2) is 0 kPa. The effects of form face deflection and construction tolerances can be ignored.
The deviations specified for surface undulation, in Ref[2], will be interpreted as the deflection criteria for the panel as per the following table:
Span/Defelection Ratio
2 3 4
The welds connecting the diagonal wires to the top and bottom chord of the truss are capable of transmitting the full design action effects.
Truss Type T80/10 T110/10 T150/10 T190/10 T110/12 T150/12 T190/12 Top 10 10 10 10 12.5 12.5 12.5
Wire Size (mm) Bottom 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.3 Diagonal 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.3 Height 82 111 154 191 112 155 192
Page 47
Appendix C
Panel Properties Overall Slab Thickness, d Minimum Cover to Bottom Reinforcement Concrete Density, r Concrete Strength at Loading, f cm Concrete Modulus of Elasticity, E cj Panel Width, b Panel Thickness, t p Number of Truss per Panel, n t Number of Voids, n v Void Width, b v Void Thickness, t v Class of Surface Finish Construction Loads Panel Dead Load, G Insitu Slab Dead Load, Gc Construction Live Load, Quv Concrete Mounding Load, Qc Stacked Materials, M1 Stacked Materials, M 2 Stacked Materials, M 3 Load Combinations Stage Load Combination
Stability 1.5QuhC + 1.5PC < 0.8GR + (R) Strength
mm mm
Load
Unit
Equation (1)
II I II II III II II
1.25G + 1.5Q uv +1.5M1** 1.25G + 1.25Gc + 1.5 Quv +1.5M2** 1.25G + 1.25Gc +Qc* 1.25G + 1.25Gc + 1.5 Quv +1.5M3** Stifness G + Gc G + Gc + M3**
3.5 5.5
kPa kPa
(6) (7)
(7) * Although AS3610 specifies that Qc will apply over an area of 1.6 m x 1.6 m, it has been applied over the full area of the panel. ** - The loads from stacked materials (M) may apply to one span only. Design Load Therefore the design loads are as follows:
8.9 5.5
kPa kPa
HumeSlab Precast Flooring System
Appendix C
Truss Properties HumeSlab Truss Type, T Average Truss Spacing, Ts Truss Height, Th Truss Bar Yield Strength, fsyt Top Chord Bar Diameter, dt Area, At Strut Length, Lt Effective Length, It Radius of Gyration, rt Slenderness Ratio, It /rt Diagonal Bar Diameter, dw Area, Aw Angle of Web, q Strut Length, Lw Effective Length, Iw Radius of Gyration, rw Slenderness Ratio, Iw /rw Bottom Chord Bar Diameter, db Area, Ab Strut Length, Lb Effective Length, Ib Radius of Gyration, rb Slenderness Ratio, Ib /rb Mesh Mesh Size Wire Diameter, dm Area, Am T110/10 312 111 450 10 628 200 180 3 72 6.3 499 48 149 120 1.6 76 6.3 499 200 180 1.6 114 F62 6.3 390 mm2 mm mm2 mm mm mm OK mm mm2 degrees mm mm mm OK mm mm mPa mm mm2 mm mm mm OK Ref.[1]
Transformed Section
For serviceability limit state the panel is analysed as an uncracked section using the Transformed Area method to determine the stresses in the steel and concrete. Steel Elastic Modulus, Es Concrete Elastic Modulus, Ecj Modular Ratio, n Distance from Soffit to Top Chord Transformed Top Chord Area Distance from Soffit to Bottom Chord Transformed Bottom Chord Area Panel Concrete Area Distance to the Neutral Axis, yg Second Moment of Inertia, Ig 200000 38007 5.3 140 3306 29 2625 137500 30.1 7.59E+07 mm mm2 mm mm mm mm mm4
Page 49
mPa mPa
Appendix C
Capacity Calculations Top Chord Compression
c s
where 0.9 283 96.6 17.6 -1.0 79.0 0.2 1.3 0.7 175.0 111 19.4 kN mm kNm kN Section Jcapacity, N s= A t f syt n a b c Limit State Capacity, cNs Truss Height, Th Limit State Moment Capacity, M*tc Top Chord Tension
g f y
where 0.9 254.5 111 28.2 kN mm kNm
Limit State Capacity, Ag fy Truss Height, Th Bottom Chord Compression Limit State Moment Capacity, M*tt
c s
where 0.9 224.4 153.3 12.6 -1.0 140.7 0.4 0.8 0.3 66.0 111 7.3 kN mm kNm kN
Section Capacity, N s= Abfsyt n a b c Limit State Capacity, cNs Truss Height, Th Limit State Moment Capacity, M*bc
Page 50
Appendix C
g f y
where 0.9 202.0 111 22.4 kN mm kNm
Limit State Capacity, Ag fy Truss Height, Th Panel Concrete Compression Limit State Moment Capacity, M*b
The maximum concrete compressive force is given by: 0.68 f cm t p b therefore Limit State Capacity, N*c Truss Height, Th 4675.0 111 518.9 kN mm kNm
Diagonal Compression
c s
where 0.9 224.4 101.8 17.1 -1.0 84.7 0.2 1.2 0.6 130.8 kNm kN
Page 51
Appendix C
Tensile Cracking
AS3600, Ref[4] requires the maximum flexural stress in the concrete under short term service loads to be limited to
0.5
f c
0.5
M*= therefore
f cm I g y
g
8.9
kNm
AS3600 also provides an alternative of limiting the increment in steel stress to 150 mPa. Steel Stress Area of Bottom Chord Steel, Ab Area of Mesh, Am Total Area of Steel Equivalent Axial Force, N* Truss Height, Th Limit State Service Moment Capacity, M*c 150 499 390 889 133.3 111 14.8 mPa mm2 mm2 mm2 kN mm kNm
Stability Check
Sliding
The force causing sliding must be transferred to an anchorage or reaction point on the permanent structure or foundation. Limit state horizontal live load, Quh Limit state lateral concrete pressure, P Limit State horizontal design load, H* 1.0 0.1 1.5 kN/m kN/m kN/m
Page 52
Appendix C
Span Calculations Positive Bending The positive moment capacity of the panel is given by the following:
Top Chord Compression, M*tc Bottom Chord Tension, M*bt Design Moment, M*
19.4 22.4
kNm kNm
19.4
kNm
Sb =
therefore
12M* wb
3.25
The negative moment capacity of the panel is given by the following: Top Chord Tension, M*tt Compression of Concrete Panel, M*pc Bottom Chord Compression, M*bc Negative Bending Design Moment, M* 28.2 518.9 7.3 28.2 kNm kNm kNm kNm Ignored in this calculation
Sb =
therefore
8M* wb
3.20
The shear capacity of the panel is governed by the compression of the truss diagonal The maximum span can be derived from the following equation:
Sv =
therefore
2N*sin wsb
(
14.18 m
Page 53
Appendix C
Cracking
The moment capacity of the panel is given by the following: Flexural Cracking, M* c 14.8 kNm
Sc =
therefore
12M*c ws b
3.60 m
The maximum deflection of the panel can be calculated from the following equation:
To maintain the specified class the following Span/Deflection ratio must be achieved: Span/Deflection Ratio,
500
Sd =
therefore
135Ecj Ig ws b
References
1 Smorgon Steel Group, Transfloor Technical Manual, Smorgon Steel Group, Melbourne.
Standards Association of Australia, AS3610-1995 Formwork for Concrete, Standards Association of Australia, Sydney, 1995.
Standards Association of Australia, AS4100-1998 Steel Structures, Standards Association of Australia, Sydney, 1998.
Standards Association of Australia, AS3600-1994 Concrete Structures, Standards Association of Australia, Sydney, 1994.
Page 54
(
3.54 m
HumeSlab Precast Flooring System
1. 2.
HumeSlabTM................................................................... = $ As quoted per m2 Crane Hire.................................................................... = $_____________per m2 Typically 10 panels can be placed per hour after the crane is conveniently located
3.
Propping.......................................................................= $_____________per m2 See quotation for propping centres. Labour...........................................................................= $_____________per m2 Typically 2 men are required to place the above 10 panels/hr. Topping concrete..........................................................= $_____________per m2 *See quotation for topping thickness estimate Top steel....................................................................... = $_____________per m2 See quotation for top steel mass estimate. Labour for steel and concrete placement....................= $_____________per m2 Edge Boards.................................................................= $_____________per m2 Pumps, Buckets, etc....................................................= $_____________per m2 Sealing the joint between the panel.............................= $_____________per m2 See Figure 30 for details. Total Cost per m2.........................................................= $_____________per m2 Total Area......................................................................= $_____________m2 Total Cost......................................................................= $_____________
4.
5.
6.
7. 8. 9. 10.
End of Report
Page 55
PRODUCT APPLICATIONS
HumeSlab, Holiday Inn, Darwin, NT HumeSlab, Formule 1 Hotel, Mascot, NSW
For further information please contact your nearest Humes office: HEAD OFFICE
18 Little Cribb Street, Milton. QLD 4064. Tel: (07) 3364 2800 Fax: (07) 3364 2963
SOUTH AUSTRALIA
39-43 Maxwell Road, Pooraka. SA 5095. Tel: 1300 361 601 Fax: (08) 8168 4549
NORTH QUEENSLAND
Ingham Road, Bohle. QLD 4818. Tel: 1300 361 601 Fax: (07) 4758 6001
WESTERN AUSTRALIA
36-38 Felspar Street, Welshpool. WA 6106. Tel: 1300 361 601 Fax: (08) 9351 6977
CENTRAL QUEENSLAND
MacLaughlin Street, Rockhampton. QLD 4701. Tel: 1300 361 601 Fax: (07) 4926 1837
VICTORIA
122a Dohertys Road, Laverton North. VIC 3028. Tel: 1300 361 601 Fax: (03) 9360 3887
NORTHERN TERRITORY
1606 Reichardt Road, Winnellie. NT 0821. Tel: 1300 361 601 Fax: (08) 8947 0535
TASMANIA
19-25 Churchill Park Drive, Invermay. TAS 7248. Tel: 1300 361 601 Fax: (03) 6335 6330
Visit our website: www.humes.com.au Visit our website: www.humes.com.au or email: [email protected] G40HUMB112
Copyright Humes 2003. ABN 87 099 732 297 G40HUMB123 06/03