Mysticism: A Study in Nature and Development of Spiritual Consciousness

Mysticism: A Study in Nature and
Development of Spiritual Consciousness

by
Evelyn Underhill
About Mysticism: A Study in Nature and Development of Spiritual
Consciousness by Evelyn Underhill
Mysticism: A Study in Nature and Development of Spiritual
Consciousness
Title:
http://www.ccel.org/ccel/underhill/mysticism.html URL:
Underhill, Evelyn Author(s):
Grand Rapids, MI: Christian Classics Ethereal Library Publisher:
First published in 1911, Mysticism remains the classic in its field and
was lauded by The Princeton Theological Review as 'brilliantly written
Description:
[and] illuminated with numerous well-chosen extracts . . . used with
exquisite skill.' Mysticism makes an in-depth and comprehensive
exploration of its subject. Part One examines The Mystic Fact,
explaining the relation of mysticism to vitalism, to psychology, to
theology, to symbolism, and to magic. Part Two, The Mystic Way,
explores the awakening, purification, and illumination of the self;
discusses voices and visions; and delves into manifestations from
ecstasy and rapture to the dark night of the soul.
Public Domain Rights:
2003-05-15 Date Created:
All; Mysticism; Classic; Proofed CCEL Subjects:
BV5081 .U55 LC Call no:
Practical theology LC Subjects:
Practical religion. The Christian life
Mysticism
Table of Contents
p. ii About This Book. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 1 Title Page. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 2 Preface to the Twelfth Edition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 5 Preface to the First Edition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 8 Part One: The Mystic Fact. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 8 I. The Point of Departure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 23 II. Mysticism and Vitalism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 36 III. Mysticism and Psychology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 53 IV. The Characteristics of Mysticism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 72 V. Mysticism and Theology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 93 VI. Mysticism and Symbolism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 110 VII. Mysticism and Magic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 122 Part Two: The Mystic Way. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 122 I. Introductory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 127 II. The Awakening of the Self. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 143 III. The Purification of the Self. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 168 IV. The Illumination of the Self. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 192 V. Voices and Visions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 215 VI. Introversion. Part I: Recollection and Qui. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 236 VII. Introversion. Part II: Contemplation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 258 VIII. Ecstasy and Rapture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 274 IX. The Dark Night of the Soul. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 297 X. The Unitive Life. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 320 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 325 Appendix: Historical Sketch of Mysticism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 342 Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 369 Bibliographical Note. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 372 I ndex. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 398 Indexes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 398 Index of Scripture References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 398 Latin Words and Phrases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 400 French Words and Phrases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 400 Index of Pages of the Print Edition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
iii
Evelyn Underhill Mysticism: A Study in Nature and Development of Spiritual
Consciousness
iv
Evelyn Underhill Mysticism: A Study in Nature and Development of Spiritual
Consciousness
MYSTICISM:
A STUDY IN NATURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF SPIRITUAL
CONSCIOUSNESS
by
EVELYN UNDERHILL
Evelyn Underhill Mysticism
PREFACE TO THE TWELFTH EDITION
Since this book first appeared, nineteen years ago, the study of mysticismnot only in England,
but also in France, Germany and Italyhas been almost completely transformed. From being
regarded, whether critically or favourably, as a byway of religion, it is now more and more generally
accepted by theologians, philosophers and psychologists, as representing in its intensive form the
essential religious experience of man. The labours of a generation of religious
psychologistsfollowing, and to some extent superseding the pioneer work of William Jameshave
already done much to disentangle its substance from the psycho-physical accidents which often
accompany mystical apprehension. Whilst we are less eager than our predecessors to dismiss all
accounts of abnormal experience as the fruit of superstition or disease, no responsible student now
identifies the mystic and the ecstatic; or looks upon visionary and other extraordinary phenomena
as either guaranteeing or discrediting the witness of the mystical saints. Even the remorseless
explorations and destructive criticisms of the psycho-analytic school are now seen to have effected
a useful work; throwing into relief the genuine spiritual activities of the psyche, while explaining
in a naturalistic sense some of their less fortunate psycho-physical accompaniments. The philosophic
and theological landscape also, with its increasing emphasis on Transcendence, its new friendliness
to the concept of the Supernatural, is becoming ever more favourable to the metaphysical claims
of the mystics. On one hand the prompt welcome given to the work of Rudolf Otto and Karl Barth,
on the other the renewed interest in Thomist philosophy, seem to indicate a growing recognition
xiv
of the distinctness and independence of the Spiritual Order. and a revival of the creaturely sense,
strongly contrasting with the temper of late nineteenth-century thought.
Were I, then, now planning this book for the first time, its arguments would be differently
stated. More emphasis would be given (a) to the concrete, richly living yet unchanging character
of the Reality over against the mystic, as the first term, cause and incentive of his experience; (b)
to that paradox of utter contrast yet profound relation between the Creator and the creature, God
and the soul, which makes possible his development; (c) to the predominant part played in that
development by the free and prevenient action of the Supernaturalin theological language, by
graceas against all merely evolutionary or emergent theories of spiritual transcendence. I feel
more and more that no psychological or evolutionary treatment of mans spiritual history can be
adequate which ignores the element of given-ness in all genuine mystical knowledge. Though
the mystic Life means organic growth, its first term must be sought in ontology; in the Vision of
the Principle, as St. Gregory the Great taught long ago. For the real sanction of that life does not
inhere in the fugitive experiences or even the transformed personality of the subject; but in the
metaphysical Object which that subject apprehends.
Again, it now seems to me that a critical realism, which found room for the duality of our
full human experiencethe Eternal and the Successive, supernatural and natural realitywould
provide a better philosophic background to the experience of the mystics than the vitalism which
appeared, twenty years ago, to offer so promising a way of escape from scientific determinism.
Determinismmore and more abandoned by its old friends the physicistsis no longer the chief
enemy to such a spiritual interpretation of life as is required by the experience of the mystics. It is
rather a naturalistic monism, a shallow doctrine of immanence unbalanced by any adequate sense
2
of transcendence, which now threatens to re-model theology in a sense which leaves no room for
the noblest and purest reaches of the spiritual life.
Yet in spite of the adjustments required by such a shifting at the philosophic outlook, and
xv
by nearly twenty years of further study and meditation, the final positions which seem to me to be
required by the existence of mysticism remain substantially unchanged. Twenty years ago, I was
already convinced that the facts of mans spiritual experience pointed to a limited dualism; a diagram
which found place for his contrasting apprehension of Absolute and Contingent, Being and
Becoming, Simultaneous and Successive. Further, that these facts involved the existence in him
too of a certain doubleness, a higher and lower, natural and transcendental selfsomething
equivalent to that Funklein spark, or apex of the soul on which the mystics have always insisted
as the instrument of their special experience. Both these opinions were then unpopular. The second,
in particular, has been severely criticized by Professor Pratt and other authorities on the psychology
of religion. Yet the constructive work which has since been done on the metaphysical implications
of mystical experience has tended more and more to establish their necessity, at least as a basis of
analysis; and they can now claim the most distinguished support.
The recovery of the concept of the Supernaturala word which no respectable theologian
of the last generation cared to useis closely linked with the great name of Friedrich von Hgel.
His persistent opposition to all merely monistic, pantheist and immanental philosophies of religion,
and his insistence on the need of a two-step diagram of the Reality accessible to man, though
little heeded in his life-time, are now bearing fruit. This re-instatement of the Transcendent, the
Wholly Other, as the religious fact, is perhaps the most fundamental of the philosophic changes
which have directly affected the study of mysticism. It thus obtains a metaphysical background
which harmonizes with its greatest declarations, and supports its claim to empirical knowledge of
the Truth on which all religion rests. Closely connected with the transcendence of its Object, are
the twin doctrines emphasized in all Von Hgels work. First, that while mysticism is an essential
element in full human religion, it can never be the whole content of such religion. It requires to be
embodied in some degree in history, dogma and institutions if it is to reach the sense-conditioned
xvi
human mind. Secondly, that the antithesis between the religions of authority and of spirit, the
Church and the mystic, is false. Each requires the other. The exclusive mystic, who condemns
all outward forms and rejects the support of the religious complex, is an abnormality. He inevitably
tends towards pantheism, and seldom exhibits in its richness the Unitive Life. It is the inclusive
mystic, whose freedom and originality are fed but not hampered by the spiritual tradition within
which he appears, who accepts the incarnational status of the human spirit, and can find the inward
in the outward as well as the inward in the inward, who shows us in their fullness and beauty the
life-giving possibilities of the soul transfigured in God.
Second in importance among the changes which have come over the study of mysticism, I
should reckon the work done during the last decade upon the psychology of prayer and
contemplation. I cannot comment here upon the highly technical discussions between experts as
to the place where the line is to be drawn between natural and supernatural, active and
infused operations of the soul in communion with God; or the exact distinction between ordinary
and extraordinary contemplation. But the fact that these discussions have taken place is itself
significant; and requires from religious psychology the acknowledgement of a genuine two-foldness
in human naturethe difference in kind between Animus the surface-self and Anima the
transcendental self, in touch with supernatural realities. Here, the most important work has been
3
done in France; and especially by the Abb Bremond, whose Prire et Posie and Introduction
a la Philosophie de la Prirebased on a vast acquaintance with mystical literaturemark, I
believe, the beginning of a new understanding of the character of contemplation. The Thomist
philosophy of Maritain, and the psychological researches of Marchal, tend to support this developing
view of the mystical experience, even in its elementary forms, as an activity of the transcendental
self; genuinely supernatural, yet not necessarily involving any abnormal manifestations, and linked
by the ascending degrees of prayer with the subjects ordinary religious life. This disentangling
of the substance of mysticism from the psycho-physical accidents of trance, ecstasy, vision and
xvii
other abnormal phenomena which often accompany it, and its vindication as something which
gives the self a genuine knowledge of transcendental Realitywith its accompanying demonstration
of the soberness and sanity of the greatest contemplative saintsis the last of the beneficent changes
which have transformed our study of the mystics. In this country it is identified with the work of
two Benedictine scholars; Abbot Chapman of Downside and Dom Cuthbert Butler, whose Western
Mysticism is a masterly exhibition of the religious and psychological normality of the Christian
contemplative life, as developed by its noblest representatives.
Since this book was written, our knowledge of the mystics has been much extended by the
appearance of critical texts of many writings which had only been known to us in garbled versions;
or in translations made with an eye to edification rather than accuracy. Thus the publication of the
authentic revelations of Angela of Folignoone of the most interesting discoveries of recent
yearshas disclosed the unsuspected splendour of her mystical experience. The critical texts of
St. Teresa and St. John of the Cross which are now available amend previous versions in many
important respects. We have reliable editions of Tauler and Ruysbroeck; of The Cloud of
Unknowing, and of Walter Hiltons works. The renewed interest in seventeenth-century mysticism,
due in part to the Abb Bremonds great work, has resulted in the publication of many of its
documents. So too the literary, social and historical links between the mystics, the influence of
environment, the great part played by forgotten spiritual movements and inarticulate saints, are
beginning to be better understood. Advantage has been taken of these facts in preparing the present
edition. All quotations from the mystics have been revised by comparison with the best available
texts. The increased size of the historical appendix and bibliography is some indication of the mass
of fresh material which is now at the disposal of students; material which must be examined with
truth-loving patience, with sympathy, and above all with humility, by those who desire to make
valid additions to our knowledge of the conditions under which the human spirit has communion
with God.
Easter 1930 E. U.
xix
4
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION
This book falls naturally into two parts; each of which is really complete in itself, though they
are in a sense complementary to one another. Whilst the second and longest part contains a somewhat
detailed study of the nature and development of mans spiritual or mystical consciousness, the first
is intended rather to provide an introduction to the general subject of mysticism. Exhibiting it by
turns from the point of view of metaphysics, psychology, and symbolism, it is an attempt to gather
between the covers of one volume information at present scattered amongst many monographs and
text-books written in divers tongues, and to give the student in a compact form at least the elementary
facts in regard to each of those subjects which are most closely connected with the study of the
mystics.
Those mystics, properly speaking, can only be studied in their works: works which are for
the most part left unread by those who now talk much about mysticism. Certainly the general reader
has this excuse, that the masterpieces of mystical literature, full of strange beauties though they be,
offer considerable difficulties to those who come to them unprepared. In the first seven chapters
of this book I have tried to remove a few of these difficulties; to provide the necessary preparation;
and to exhibit the relation in which mysticism stands to other forms of life. If, then, the readers of
this section are enabled by it to come to the encounter of mystical literature with a greater power
of sympathetic comprehension than they previously possessed, it will have served the purpose for
which it has been composed.
It is probable that almost every such reader, according to the angle from which he approaches
the subject, will here find a good deal which seems to him superfluous. But different types of mind
will find this unnecessary elaboration in different places. The psychologist, approaching from the
scientific standpoint, eager for morbid phenomena, has little use for disquisitions on symbolism,
religious or other. The symbolist, approaching from the artistic standpoint, seldom admires the
proceedings of psychology. I believe, however, that none who wish to obtain an idea of mysticism
xx
in its wholeness, as a form of life, can afford to neglect any of the aspects on which these pages
venture to touch. The metaphysician and the psychologist are unwise if they do not consider the
light thrown upon the ideas of the mystics by their attitude towards orthodox theology. The theologian
is still more unwise if he refuse to hear the evidence of psychology. For the benefit of those whose
interest in mysticism is chiefly literary, and who may care to be provided with a clue to the symbolic
and allegorical element in the writings of the contemplatives, a short section on those symbols of
which they most often make use has been added. Finally, the persistence amongst us of the false
opinion which confuses mysticism with occult philosophy and psychic phenomena, has made it
necessary to deal with the vital distinction which exists between it and every form of magic.
Specialists in any of these great departments of knowledge will probably be disgusted by
the elementary and superficial manner in which their specific sciences are here treated. But this
book does not venture to address itself to specialists. From those who are already fully conversant
with the matters touched upon, it asks the indulgence which really kindhearted adults are always
ready to extend towards the efforts of youth. Philosophers are earnestly advised to pass over the
first two chapters, and theologians to practise the same charity in respect of the section dealing
with their science.
5
The giving of merely historical information is no part of the present plan: except in so far
as chronology has a bearing upon the most fascinating of all histories, the history of the spirit of
man. Many books upon mysticism have been based on the historical method: amongst them two
such very different works as Vaughans supercilious and unworthy Hours with the Mystics and
Dr. Inges scholarly Bampton lectures. It is a method which seems to be open to some objection:
since mysticism avowedly deals with the individual not as he stands in relation to the civilization
of his time, but as he stands in relation to truths that are timeless. All mystics, said Saint-Martin,
speak the same language and come from the same country. As against that fact, the place which
they happen to occupy in the kingdom of this world matters little. Nevertheless, those who are
unfamiliar with the history of mysticism properly so called, and to whom the names of the great
contemplatives convey no accurate suggestion of period or nationality, may be glad to have a short
statement of their order in time and distribution in space. Also, some knowledge of the genealogy
of mysticism is desirable if we are to distinguish the original contributions of each individual from
xxi
the mass of speculation and statement which he inherits from the past. Those entirely unacquainted
with these matters may find it helpful to glance at the Appendix before proceeding to the body of
the work; since few things are more disagreeable than the constant encounter of persons to whom
we have not been introduced.
The second part of the book, for which the first seven chapters are intended to provide a
preparation, is avowedly psychological. It is an attempt to set out and justify a definite theory of
the nature of mans mystical consciousness: the necessary stages of organic growth through which
the typical mystic passes, the state of equilibrium towards which he tends. Each of these stagesand
also the characteristically mystical and still largely mysterious experiences of visions and voices,
contemplation and ecstasythough viewed from the standpoint of psychology, is illustrated from
the lives of the mystics; and where possible in their own words. In planning these chapters I have
been considerably helped by M. Delacroixs brilliant Etudes sur le Mysticisme, though unable
to accept his conclusions: and here gladly take the opportunity of acknowledging my debt to him
and also to Baron von Hgels classic Mystical Element of Religion. This book, which only came
into my hands when my own was planned and partly written, has since been a constant source of
stimulus and encouragement.
Finally, it is perhaps well to say something as to the exact sense in which the term
mysticism is here understood. One of the most abused words in the English language, it has been
used in different and often mutually exclusive senses by religion, poetry, and philosophy: has been
claimed as an excuse for every kind of occultism, for dilute transcendentalism, vapid symbolism,
religious or aesthetic sentimentality, and bad metaphysics. On the other hand, it has been freely
employed as a term of contempt by those who have criticized these things. It is much to be hoped
that it may be restored sooner or later to its old meaning, as the science or art of the spiritual life.
Meanwhile, those who use the term Mysticism are bound in self-defence to explain what
they mean by it. Broadly speaking, I understand it to be the expression of the innate tendency of
the human spirit towards complete harmony with the transcendental order; whatever be the
theological formula under which that order is understood. This tendency, in great mystics, gradually
captures the whole field of consciousness; it dominates their life and, in the experience called
mystic union, attains its end. Whether that end be called the God of Christianity, the World-soul
of Pantheism, the Absolute of Philosophy, the desire to attain it and the movement towards itso
6
xxii
long as this is a genuine life process and not an intellectual speculationis the proper subject of
mysticism. I believe this movement to represent the true line of development of the highest form
of human consciousness.
It is a pleasant duty to offer my heartiest thanks to the many kind friends and fellow students,
of all shades of opinion, who have given me their help and encouragement. Amongst those to whom
my heaviest debt of gratitude is due are Mr. W. Scott Palmer, for much valuable, generous, and
painstaking assistance, particularly in respect of the chapter upon Vitalism: and Miss Margaret
Robinson, who in addition to many other kind offices, has made all the translations from Meister
Eckhart and Mechthild of Magdeburg here given.
Sections of the MS. have been kindly read by the Rev. Dr. Inge, by Miss May Sinclair, and
by Miss Eleanor Gregory; from all of whom I have received much helpful and expert advice. To
Mr. Arthur Symons my thanks and those of my readers are specially due; since it is owing to his
generous permission that I am able to make full use of his beautiful translations of the poems of
St. John of the Cross. Others who have given me much help in various directions, and to whom
most grateful acknowledgments are here offered, are Miss Constance Jones, Miss Ethel Barker,
Mr. J. A. Herbert of the British Museumwho first brought to my notice the newly discovered
Mirror of Simple Soulsthe Rev. Dr. Arbuthnot Nairn, Mr. A. E. Waite, and Mr. H. Stuart
Moore, F.S.A. The substance of two chaptersthose upon The Characteristics of Mysticism and
Mysticism and Magichas already appeared in the pages of The Quest and The Fortnightly
Review. These sections are here reprinted by kind permission of their respective editors.
Feast of St. John of the Cross E. U.
1910
1
7
What the world, which truly knows nothing, calls mysticism is the science of ultimates,
. . . the science of self-evident Reality, which cannot be reasoned about, because it is the object
of pure reason or perception. The Babe sucking its mothers breast, and the Lover returning, after
twenty years separation, to his home and food in the same bosom, are the types and princes of
Mystics.
COVENTRY PATMORE,
The Rod, the Root, and the Flower
3
T he most highly developed branches of the human family have in common one peculiar
characteristic. They tend to producesporadically it is true, and often in the teeth of adverse external
circumstancesa curious and definite type of personality; a type which refuses to be satisfied with
that which other men call experience, and is inclined, in the words of its enemies, to deny the
world in order that it may find reality. We meet these persons in the east and the west; in the
ancient, mediaeval, and modern worlds. Their one passion appears to be the prosecution of a certain
spiritual and intangible quest: the finding of a way out or a way back to some desirable state
in which alone they can satisfy their craving for absolute truth. This quest, for them, has constituted
the whole meaning of life. They have made for it without effort sacrifices which have appeared
enormous to other men: and it is an indirect testimony to its objective actuality, that whatever the
place or period in which they have arisen, their aims, doctrines and methods have been substantially
the same. Their experience, therefore, forms a body of evidence, curiously self-consistent and often
mutually explanatory, which must be taken into account before we can add up the sum of the
energies and potentialities of the human spirit, or reasonably speculate on its relations to the unknown
world which lies outside the boundaries of sense.
All men, at one time or another, have fallen in love with the veiled Isis whom they call
Truth. With most, this has been a passing passion: they have early seen its hopelessness and turned
to more practical things. But others remain all their lives the devout lovers of reality: though the
4
manner of their love, the vision which they make to themselves of the beloved object varies
enormously. Some see Truth as Dante saw Beatrice: an adorable yet intangible figure, found in this
world yet revealing the next. To others she seems rather an evil but an irresistible enchantress:
enticing, demanding payment and betraying her lover at the last. Some have seen her in a test tube,
and some in a poets dream: some before the altar, others in the slime. The extreme pragmatists
have even sought her in the kitchen; declaring that she may best be recognized by her utility. Last
stage of all, the philosophic sceptic has comforted an unsuccessful courtship by assuring himself
that his mistress is not really there.
Under whatsoever symbols they have objectified their quest, none of these seekers have
ever been able to assure the world that they have found, seen face to face, the Reality behind the
veil. But if we may trust the reports of the mysticsand they are reports given with a strange accent
of certainty and good faiththey have succeeded where all these others have failed, in establishing
immediate communication between the spirit of man, entangled as they declare amongst material
things, and that only Reality, that immaterial and final Being, which some philosophers call the
Absolute, and most theologians call God. This, they sayand here many who are not mystics agree
with themis the hidden Truth which is the object of mans craving; the only satisfying goal of
his quest. Hence, they should claim from us the same attention that we give to other explorers of
countries in which we are not competent to adventure ourselves; for the mystics are the pioneers
of the spiritual world, and we have no right to deny validity to their discoveries, merely because
8
we lack the opportunity or the courage necessary to those who would prosecute such explorations
for themselves.
It is the object of this book to attempt a description, and alsothough this is needless for
those who read that description in good faitha justification of these experiences and the conclusions
which have been drawn from them. So remote, however, are these matters from our ordinary habits
of thought, that their investigation entails, in those who would attempt to understand them, a definite
preparation: a purging of the intellect. As with those who came of old to the Mysteries, purification
is here the gate of knowledge. We must come to this encounter with minds cleared of prejudice
and convention, must deliberately break with our inveterate habit of taking the visible world for
granted; our lazy assumption that somehow science is real and metaphysics is not. We must pull
down our own card housesdescend, as the mystics say, into our nothingnessand examine
5
for ourselves the foundations of all possible human experience, before we are in a position to
criticize the buildings of the visionaries, the poets, and the saints. We must not begin to talk of the
unreal world of these dreamers until we have discoveredif we cana real world with which it
may be compared.
Such a criticism of reality is of course the business of philosophy. I need hardly say that
this book is not written by a philosopher, nor is it addressed to students of that imperial science.
Nevertheless, amateurs though we be, we cannot reach our starting-point without trespassing to
some extent on philosophic ground. That ground covers the whole area of first principles: and it is
to first principles that we must go, if we would understand the true significance of the mystic type.
Let us then begin at the beginning: and remind ourselves of a few of the trite and primary
facts which all practical persons agree to ignore. That beginning, for human thought, is of course
the I, the Ego, the self-conscious subject which is writing this book, or the other self-conscious
subject which is reading it; and which declares, in the teeth of all arguments, I AM.
1
Here is a point
as to which we all feel quite sure. No metaphysician has yet shaken the ordinary individuals belief
in his own existence. The uncertainties only begin for most of us when we ask what else is .
To this I, this conscious self imprisoned in the body like an oyster in his shell,
2
come, as
we know, a constant stream of messages and experiences. Chief amongst these are the stimulation
of the tactile nerves whose result we call touch, the vibrations taken up by the optic nerve which
we call light, and those taken up by the ear and perceived as sound.
What do these experiences mean? The first answer of the unsophisticated Self is, that they
indicate the nature of the external world: it is to the evidence of her senses that she turns, when
she is asked what the world is like. From the messages received through those senses, which pour
in on her whether she will or no, battering upon her gateways at every instant and from every side,
she constructs that sense-world which is the real and solid world of normal men. As the
impressions come inor rather those interpretations of the original impressions which her nervous
system suppliesshe pounces on them, much as players in the spelling game pounce on the separate
1
Even this I AM, which has seemed safe ground to most metaphysicians, is of course combated by certain schools of
philosophy. The word Sum , said Eckhart long ago, can be spoken by no creature but by God only: for it becomes the creature
to testify of itself Non Sum . In a less mystical strain Lotze, and after him Bradley and other modern writers, have devoted much
destructive criticism to the concept of the Ego as the starting-point of philosophy: looking upon it as a large, and logically
unwarrantable, assumption.
2
Plato, Phaedrus, 250.
9
6
letters dealt out to them. She sorts, accepts, rejects, combines: and then triumphantly produces
from them a concept which is, she says, the external world. With an enviable and amazing
simplicity she attributes her own sensations to the unknown universe. The stars, she says, are bright;
the grass is green. For her, as for the philosopher Hume, reality consists in impressions and ideas.
It is immediately apparent, however, that this sense-world, this seemingly real external
universethough it may be useful and valid in other respectscannot be the external world, but
only the Selfs projected picture of it.
3
It is a work of art, not a scientific fact; and, whilst it may
well possess the profound significance proper to great works of art, is dangerous if treated as a
subject of analysis. Very slight investigation shows that it is a picture whose relation to reality is
at best symbolic and approximate, and which would have no meaning for selves whose senses, or
channels of communication, happened to be arranged upon a different plan. The evidence of the
senses, then, cannot be accepted as evidence of the nature of ultimate reality: useful servants, they
are dangerous guides. Nor can their testimony disconcert those seekers whose reports they appear
to contradict.
The conscious self sits, so to speak, at the receiving end of a telegraph wire. On any other
theory than that of mysticism, it is her one channel of communication with the hypothetical external
world. The receiving instrument registers certain messages. She does not know, andso long as
she remains dependent on that instrumentnever can know, the object, the reality at the other end
of the wire, by which those messages are sent; neither can the messages truly disclose the nature
of that object. But she is justified on the whole in accepting them as evidence that something exists
beyond herself and her receiving instrument. It is obvious that the structural peculiarities of the
telegraphic instrument will have exerted a modifying effect upon the message. That which is
conveyed as dash and dot, colour and shape, may have been received in a very different form.
Therefore this message, though it may in a partial sense be relevant to the supposed reality at the
other end, can never be adequate to it. There will be fine vibrations which it fails to take up, others
7
which it confuses together. Hence a portion of the message is always lost; or, in other language,
there are aspects of the world which we can never know.
The sphere of our possible intellectual knowledge is thus strictly conditioned by the limits
of our own personality. On this basis, not the ends of the earth, but the external termini of our own
sensory nerves, are the termini of our explorations: and to know oneself is really to know ones
universe. We are locked up with our receiving instruments: we cannot get up and walk away in the
hope of seeing whither the lines lead. Eckharts words are still final for us: the soul can only
approach created things by the voluntary reception of images. Did some mischievous Demiurge
choose to tickle our sensory apparatus in a new way, we should receive by this act a new universe.
William James once suggested as a useful exercise for young idealists, a consideration of
the changes which would be worked in our ordinary world if the various branches of our receiving
instruments exchanged duties; if, for instance, we heard all colours and saw all sounds. Such a
remark throws a sudden light on the strange and apparently insane statement of the visionary
3
Thus Eckhart, Every time that the powers of the soul come into contact with created things, they receive the create images
and likenesses from the created thing and absorb them. In this way arises the souls knowledge of created things. Created things
cannot come nearer to the soul than this, and the soul can only approach created things by the voluntary reception of images.
And it is through the presence of the image that the soul approaches the created world: for the image is a Thing, which the soul
creates with her own powers. Does the soul want to know the nature of a stonehorsea man? She forms an image.-Meister
Eckhart, Pred. i. (Mystische Schriften, p. 15).
10
Saint-Martin, I heard flowers that sounded, and saw notes that shone; and on the reports of other
mystics concerning a rare moment of consciousness in which the senses are fused into a single and
ineffable act of perception, and colour and sound are known as aspects of one thing.
4
Since music is but an interpretation of certain vibrations undertaken by the ear, and colour
an interpretation of other vibrations performed by the eye, this is less mad than it sounds and may
yet be brought within the radius of physical science. Did such an alteration of our senses take place
the world would still send us the same messagesthat strange unknown world from which, on this
hypothesis, we are hermetically sealedbut we should interpret them differently. Beauty would
still be ours, though speaking another tongue. The birds song would then strike our retina as a
pageant of colour: we should see the magical tones of the wind, hear as a great fugue the repeated
and harmonized greens of the forest, the cadences of stormy skies. Did we realize how slight an
adjustment of our organs is needed to initiate us into such a world, we should perhaps be less
contemptuous of those mystics who tell us that they apprehended the Absolute as heavenly music
or Uncreated Light: less fanatical in our determination to make the solid world of common
8
sense the only standard of reality. This world of common sense is a conceptual world. It may
represent an external universe: it certainly does represent the activity of the human mind. Within
that mind it is built up: and there most of us are content at ease for aye to dwell, like the soul in
the Palace of Art.
A direct encounter with absolute truth, then, appears to be impossible for normal non-mystical
consciousness. We cannot know the reality, or even prove the existence, of the simplest object:
though this is a limitation which few people realize acutely and most would deny. But there persists
in the race a type of personality which does realize this limitation: and cannot be content with the
sham realities that furnish the universe of normal men. It is necessary, as it seems, to the comfort
of persons of this type to form for themselves some image of the Something or Nothing which is
at the end of their telegraph lines: some conception of being, some theory of knowledge. They
are tormented by the Unknowable, ache for first principles, demand some background to the shadow
show of things. In so far as man possesses this temperament, he hungers for reality, and must satisfy
that hunger as best he can: staving off starvation, though he many not be filled.
It is doubtful whether any two selves have offered themselves exactly the same image of
the truth outside their gates: for a living metaphysic, like a living religion, is at bottom a strictly
personal affaira matter, as William James reminded us, of vision rather than of argument.
5
Nevertheless such a living metaphysic mayand if sound generally doesescape the stigma of
subjectivism by outwardly attaching itself to a traditional School; as personal religion may and
should outwardly attach itself to a traditional church. Let us then consider shortly the results arrived
at by these traditional schoolsthe great classic theories concerning the nature of reality. In them
we see crystallized the best that the human intellect, left to itself, has been able to achieve.
I. The most obvious and generally accepted explanation of the world is of course that of
Naturalism, or naive Realism: the point of view of the plain man. Naturalism states simply that we
see the real world, though we may not see it very well. What seems to normal healthy people to be
there, is approximately there. It congratulates itself on resting in the concrete; it accepts material
4
Thus Edward Carpenter says of his own experience of the mystical consciousness, The perception seems to be one in
which all the senses unite into one sense (quoted in Buckes Cosmic Consciousness, p. 198).
5
A Pluralistic Universe, p. 10.
11
things as real. In other words, our corrected and correlated sense impressions, raised to their highest
point of efficiency, form for it the only valid material of knowledge: knowledge itself being the
classified results of exact observation.
Such an attitude as this may be a counsel of prudence, in view of our ignorance of all that
9
lies beyond: but it can never satisfy our hunger for reality. It says in effect, The room in which
we find ourselves is fairly comfortable. Draw the curtains, for the night is dark: and let us devote
ourselves to describing the furniture. Unfortunately, however, even the furniture refuses to
accommodate itself to the naturalistic view of things. Once we begin to examine it attentively, we
find that it abounds in hints of wonder and mystery: declares aloud that even chairs and tables are
not what they seem.
We have seen that the most elementary criticism, applied to any ordinary object of perception,
tends to invalidate the simple and comfortable creed of common sense; that not merely faith but
gross credulity, is needed by the mind which would accept the apparent as the real. I say, for
instance, that I see a house. I can only mean by this that the part of my receiving instrument
which undertakes the duty called vision is affected in a certain way, and arouses in my mind the
idea house. The idea house is now treated by me as a real house, and my further observations
will be an unfolding, enriching, and defining of this image. But what the external reality is which
evoked the image that I call house, I do not know and never can know. It is as mysterious, as far
beyond my apprehension, as the constitution of the angelic choirs. Consciousness shrinks in terror
from contact with the mighty verb to be. I may of course call in one sense to corroborate, as
we trustfully say, the evidence of the other; may approach the house, and touch it. Then the nerves
of my hand will be affected by a sensation which I translate as hardness and solidity; the eye by a
peculiar and wholly incomprehensible sensation called redness; and from these purely personal
changes my mind constructs and externalizes an idea which it calls red bricks. Science herself,
however, if she be asked to verify the reality of these perceptions, at once declares that though the
material world be real, the ideas of solidity and colour are but hallucination. They belong to the
human animal, not to the physical universe: pertain to accident not substance, as scholastic
philosophy would say.
The red brick, says Science, is a mere convention. In reality that bit, like all other bits
of the universe, consists, so far as I know at present, of innumerable atoms whirling and dancing
one about the other. It is no more solid than a snowstorm. Were you to eat of Alice-in-Wonderlands
mushroom and shrink to the dimensions of the infra-world, each atom with its electrons might seem
to you a solar system and the red brick itself a universe. Moreover, these atoms themselves elude
me as I try to grasp them. They are only manifestations of something else. Could I track matter to
its lair, I might conceivably discover that it has no extension, and become an idealist in spite of
10
myself. As for redness, as you call it, that is a question of the relation between your optic nerve
and the light waves which it is unable to absorb. This evening, when the sun slopes, your brick will
probably be purple, a very little deviation from normal vision on your part would make it green.
Even the sense that the object of perception is outside yourself may be fancy; since you as easily
attribute this external quality to images seen in dreams, and to waking hallucinations, as you do to
those objects which, as you absurdly say, are really there.
Further, there is no trustworthy standard by which we can separate the real from the
unreal aspects of phenomena. Such standards as exist are conventional: and correspond to
convenience, not to truth. It is no argument to say that most men see the world in much the same
12
way, and that this way is the true standard of reality: though for practical purposes we have agreed
that sanity consists in sharing the hallucinations of our neighbours. Those who are honest with
themselves know that this sharing is at best incomplete. By the voluntary adoption of a new
conception of the universe, the fitting of a new alphabet to the old Morse codea proceeding which
we call the acquirement of knowledgewe can and do change to a marked extent our way of seeing
things: building up new worlds from old sense impressions, and transmuting objects more easily
and thoroughly than any magician. Eyes and ears, said Heracleitus, are bad witnesses to those
who have barbarian souls: and even those whose souls are civilized tend to see and hear all things
through a temperament. In one and the same sky the poet may discover the habitation of angels,
whilst the sailor sees only a promise of dirty weather ahead. Hence, artist and surgeon, Christian
and rationalist, pessimist and optimist, do actually and truly live in different and mutually exclusive
worlds, not only of thought but also of perception. Only the happy circumstance that our ordinary
speech is conventional, not realistic, permits us to conceal from one another the unique and lonely
world in which each lives. Now and then an artist is born, terribly articulate, foolishly truthful, who
insists on Speaking as he saw. Then other men, lapped warmly in their artificial universe, agree
that he is mad: or, at the very best, an extraordinarily imaginative fellow.
Moreover, even this unique world of the individual is not permanent. Each of us, as we
grow and change, works incessantly and involuntarily at the re-making of our sensual universe.
We behold at any specific moment not that which is, but that which we are, and personality
undergoes many readjustments in the course of its passage from birth through maturity to death.
11
The mind which seeks the Real, then, in this shifting and subjective natural world is of necessity
thrown back on itself: on images and concepts which owe more to the seer than to the seen.
But Reality must be real for all, once they have found it: must exist in itself upon a plane of being
unconditioned by the perceiving mind. Only thus can it satisfy that minds most vital instinct, most
sacred passionits instinct for the Absolute, its passion for truth.
You are not asked, as a result of these antique and elementary propositions, to wipe clean
the slate of normal human experience, and cast in your lot with intellectual nihilism. You are only
asked to acknowledge that it is but a slate, and that the white scratches upon it which the ordinary
man calls facts, and the Scientific Realist calls knowledge, are at best relative and conventionalized
symbols of that aspect of the unknowable reality at which they hint. This being so, whilst we must
all draw a picture of some kind on our slate and act in relation therewith, we cannot deny the
validitythough we may deny the usefulnessof the pictures which others produce, however
abnormal and impossible they may seem; since these are sketching an aspect of reality which has
not come within our sensual field, and so does not and cannot form part of our world. Yet as the
theologian claims that the doctrine of the Trinity veils and reveals not Three but One, so the varied
aspects under which the universe appears to the perceiving consciousness hint at a final reality, or
in Kantian language, a Transcendental Object, which shall be, not any one, yet all of its
manifestations; transcending yet including the innumerable fragmentary worlds of individual
conception. We begin, then, to ask what can be the nature of this One; and whence comes the
persistent instinct whichreceiving no encouragement from sense experienceapprehends and
desires this unknown unity, this all-inclusive Absolute, as the only possible satisfaction of its thirst
for truth.
2. The second great conception of Being Idealism has arrived by a process of elimination
at a tentative answer to this question. It whisks us far from the material universe, with its interesting
13
array of things, its machinery, its law, into the pure, if thin, air of a metaphysical world. Whilst
the naturalists world is constructed from an observation of the evidence offered by the senses, the
Idealists world is constructed from an observation of the processes of thought. There are but two
things, he says in effect, about which we are sure: the existence of a thinking subject, a conscious
Self, and of an object, an Idea, with which that subject deals. We know, that is to say, both Mind
12
and Thought. What we call the universe is really a collection of such thoughts; and these, we agree,
have been more or less distorted by the subject, the individual thinker, in the process of assimilation.
Obviously, we do not think all that there is to be thought, conceive all that there is to be conceived;
neither do we necessarily combine in right order and proportion those ideas which we are capable
of grasping. Reality, says Objective Idealism, is the complete, undistorted Object, the big thought,
of which we pick up these fragmentary hints: the world of phenomena which we treat as real being
merely its shadow show or manifestation in space and time.
According to the form of Objective Idealism here chosen from amongst many as typicalfor
almost every Idealist has his own scheme of metaphysical salvation
6
we live in a universe which
is, in popular language, the Idea, or Dream of its Creator. We, as Tweedledum explained to Alice
in the most philosophic of all fairy tales, are just part of the dream. All life, all phenomena, are
the endless modifications and expressions of the one transcendent Object, the mighty and dynamic
Thought of one Absolute Thinker, in which we are bathed. This Object, or certain aspects of itand
the place of each individual consciousness within the Cosmic Thought, or, as we say, our position
in life, largely determines which these aspects shall beis interpreted by the senses and conceived
by the mind, under limitations which we are accustomed to call matter, space and time. But we
have no reason to suppose that matter, space, and time are necessarily parts of reality; of the ultimate
Idea. Probability points rather to their being the pencil and paper with which we sketch it. As our
vision, our idea of things, tends to approximate more and more to that of the Eternal Idea, so we
get nearer and nearer to reality: for the idealists reality is simply the Idea, or Thought of God. This,
he says, is the supreme unity at which all the illusory appearances that make up the widely differing
worlds of common sense, of science, of metaphysics, and of art dimly hint. This is the sense in
which it can truly be said that only the supernatural possesses reality; for that world of appearance
which we call natural is certainly largely made up of preconception and illusion, of the hints offered
by the eternal real world of Idea outside our gates, and the quaint concepts which we at our receiving
instrument manufacture from them.
There is this to be said for the argument of Idealism: that in the last resort, the destinies of
13
mankind are invariably guided, not by the concrete facts of the sense world, but by concepts
which are acknowledged by every one to exist only on the mental plane. In the great moments of
existence, when he rises to spiritual freedom, these are the things which every man feels to be real.
It is by these and for these that he is found willing to live, work suffer, and die. Love, patriotism,
religion, altruism, fame, all belong to the transcendental world. Hence, they partake more of the
nature of reality than any fact could do; and man, dimly recognizing this, has ever bowed to them
as to immortal centres of energy. Religions as a rule are steeped in idealism: Christianity in particular
is a trumpet call to an idealistic conception of life, Buddhism is little less. Over and over again,
their Scriptures tell us that only materialists will be damned.
6
There are four main groups of such schemes: (1) Subjective; (2) Objective; (3) Transcendental (Kantian); (4) Absolute
(Hegelian). To this last belongs by descent the Immanental Idealism of Croce and Gentile.
14
In Idealism we have perhaps the most sublime theory of Being which has ever been
constructed by the human intellect: a theory so sublime, in fact, that it can hardly have been produced
by the exercise of pure reason alone, but must be looked upon as a manifestation of that natural
mysticism, that instinct for the Absolute, which is latent in man. But, when we ask the idealist how
we are to attain communion with the reality which he describes to us as certainly there, his system
suddenly breaks down; and discloses itself as a diagram of the heavens, not a ladder to the stars.
This failure of Idealism to find in practice the reality of which it thinks so much is due, in the
opinion of the mystics, to a cause which finds epigrammatic expression in the celebrated phrase
by which St. Jerome marked the distinction between religion and philosophy. Plato located the
soul of man in the head; Christ located it in the heart. That is to say, Idealism, though just in its
premises, and often daring and honest in their application, is stultified by the exclusive intellectualism
of its own methods: by its fatal trust in the squirrel-work of the industrious brain instead of the
piercing vision of the desirous heart. It interests man, but does not involve him in its processes:
does not catch him up to the new and more real life which it describes. Hence the thing that matters,
the living thing, has somehow escaped it; and its observations bear the same relation to reality as
the art of the anatomist does to the mystery of birth.
3. But there is yet another Theory of Being to be considered: that which may be loosely
defined as Philosophic Scepticism. This is the attitude of those who refuse to accept either the
realistic or the idealistic answer to the eternal question: and, confronted in their turn with the riddle
of reality, reply that there is no riddle to solve. We of course assume for the ordinary purposes of
life that for every sequence a: b: present in our consciousness there exists a mental or material A:
14
B: in the external universe, and that the first is a strictly relevant, though probably wholly inadequate,
expression of the second. The bundle of visual and auditory sensations, for instance, whose sum
total I am accustomed to call Mrs. Smith, corresponds with something that exists in the actual as
well as in my phenomenal world. Behind my Mrs. Smith, behind the very different Mrs. Smith
which the X rays would exhibit, there is, contends the Objective Idealist, a transcendental, or in
the Platonic sense an ideal Mrs. Smith, at whose qualities I cannot even guess; but whose existence
is quite independent of my apprehension of it. But though we do and must act on this hypothesis,
it remains only a hypothesis; and it is one which philosophic scepticism will not let pass.
The external world, say the sceptical schools, isso far as I know ita concept present in
my mind. If my mind ceased to exist, so far as I know the concept which I call the world would
cease to exist too. The one thing which for me indubitably is, isthe selfs experience, its whole
consciousness. Outside this circle of consciousness I have no authority to indulge in guesses as to
what may or may not Be. Hence, for me, the Absolute is a meaningless diagram, a superfluous
complication of thought: since the mind, wholly cut off from contact with external reality, has no
reason to suppose that such a reality exists except in its own ideas. Every effort made by philosophy
to go forth in search of it is merely the metaphysical squirrel running round the conceptual cage.
In the completion and perfect unfolding of the set of ideas with which our consciousness is furnished,
lies the only reality which we can ever hope to know. Far better to stay here and make ourselves
at home: only this, for us, truly is.
This purely subjective conception of Being has found representatives in every school of
thought: even including by a curious paradox, that of mystical philosophyits one effective
antagonist. Thus Delacroix, after an exhaustive and even sympathetic analysis of St. Teresas
progress towards union with the Absolute, ends upon the assumption that the God with whom she
15
was united was the content of her own subconscious mind.
7
Such a mysticism is that of a kitten
running after its own tail: a different path indeed from that which the great seekers for reality have
pursued. The reductio ad absurdum of this doctrine is found in the so-called philosophy of New
Thought, which begs its disciples to try quietly to realize that the Infinite is really You.
8
By its
utter denial not merely of a knowable, but of a logically conceivable Transcendent, it drives us in
the end to the conclusion of extreme pragmatism; that Truth, for us, is not an immutable reality,
15
but merely that idea which happens to work out as true and useful in any given experience. There
is no reality behind appearance; therefore all faiths, all figments with which we people that
nothingness are equally true, provided they be comfortable and good to live by.
Logically carried out, this conception of Being would permit each man to regard other men
as non-existent except within his own consciousness: the only place where a strict scepticism will
allow that anything exists. Even the mind which conceives consciousness exists for us only in our
own conception of it; we no more know what we are than we know what we shall be. Man is left
a conscious Something in the midst, so far as he knows, of Nothing: with no resources save the
exploring of his own consciousness.
Philosophic scepticism is particularly interesting to our present inquiry, because it shows
us the position in which pure reason, if left to itself, is bound to end. It is utterly logical; and
though we may feel it to be absurd, we can never prove it to be so. Those who are temperamentally
inclined to credulity may become naturalists, and persuade themselves to believe in the reality of
the sense world. Those with a certain instinct for the Absolute may adopt the more reasonable faith
of idealism. But the true intellectualist, who concedes nothing to instinct or emotion, is obliged in
the end to adopt some form of sceptical philosophy. The horrors of nihilism, in fact, can only be
escaped by the exercise of faith, by a trust in mans innate but strictly irrational instinct for that
Real above all reason, beyond all thought towards which at its best moments his spirit tends. If
the metaphysician be true to his own postulates, he must acknowledge in the end that we are all
forced to live, to think, and at last to die, in an unknown and unknowable world: fed arbitrarily and
diligently, yet how we know not, by ideas and suggestions whose truth we cannot test but whose
pressure we cannot resist. It is not by sight but by faithfaith in a supposed external order which
we can never prove to exist, and in the approximate truthfulness and constancy of the vague messages
which we receive from itthat ordinary men must live and move. We must put our trust in laws
of nature which have been devised by the human mind as a convenient epitome of its own
observations of phenomena, must, for the purposes of daily life, accept these phenomena at their
face value: an act of faith beside which the grossest superstitions of the Neapolitan peasant are
hardly noticeable.
The intellectual quest of Reality, then, leads us down one of three blind alleys: (1) To an
acceptance of the symbolic world of appearance as the real; (2) to the elaboration of a theory also
16
of necessity symbolicwhich, beautiful in itself, cannot help us to attain the Absolute which it
describes; (3) to a hopeless but strictly logical skepticism.
In answer to the Why? Why? of the bewildered and eternal child in us, philosophy, though
always ready to postulate the unknown if she can, is bound to reply only, Nescio! Nescio! In
spite of all her busy map-making, she cannot reach the goal which she points out to us, cannot
7
Delacroix, tudes sur le Mysticisme, p. 62.
8
E. Towne, Just how to Wake the Solar Plexus, p. 25.
16
explain the curious conditions under which we imagine that we know; cannot even divide with a
sure hand the subject and object of thought. Science, whose business is with phenomena and our
knowledge of them, though she too is an idealist at heart, has been accustomed to explain that all
our ideas and instincts, the pictured world that we take so seriously, the oddly limited and illusory
nature of our experience, appear to minister to one great end: the preservation of life, and consequent
fulfilment of that highly mystical hypothesis, the Cosmic Idea. Each perception, she assures us,
serves a useful purpose in this evolutionary scheme: a scheme, by the way, which has been
inventedwe know not whyby the human mind, and imposed upon an obedient universe.
By vision, hearing, smell, and touch, says Science, we find our way about, are warned of
danger, obtain our food. The male perceives beauty in the female in order that the species may be
propagated. It is true that this primitive instinct has given birth to higher and purer emotions; but
these too fulfil a social purpose and are not so useless as they seem. Man must eat to live, therefore
many foods give us agreeable sensations. If he overeats, he dies; therefore indigestion is an
unpleasant pain. Certain facts of which too keen a perception would act detrimentally to the life-force
are, for most men, impossible of realization: i.e. , the uncertainty of life, the decay of the body, the
vanity of all things under the sun. When we are in good health, we all feel very real, solid, and
permanent; and this is of all our illusions the most ridiculous, and also the most obviously useful
from the point of view of the efficiency and preservation of the race.
But when we look closer, we see that this brisk generalization does not cover all the
groundnot even that little tract of ground of which our senses make us free; indeed, that it is more
remarkable for its omissions than for its inclusions. Rcjac has well said that from the moment
in which man is no longer content to devise things useful for his existence under the exclusive
action of the will-to-live, the principle of (physical) evolution has been violated.
9
Nothing can be
more certain than that man is not so content. He has been called by utilitarian philosophers a
17
tool-making animalthe highest praise they knew how to bestow. More surely he is a vision-making
animal;
10
a creature of perverse and unpractical ideals, dominated by dreams no less than by
appetitesdreams which can only be justified upon the theory that he moves towards some other
goal than that of physical perfection or intellectual supremacy, is controlled by some higher and
more vital reality than that of the determinists. We are driven to the conclusion that if the theory
of evolution is to include or explain the facts of artistic and spiritual experienceand it cannot be
accepted by any serious thinker if these great tracts of consciousness remain outside its rangeit
must be rebuilt on a mental rather than a physical basis.
Even the most ordinary human life includes in its range fundamental experiencesviolent
and unforgettable sensationsforced on us as it were against our will, for which science finds it
hard to account. These experiences and sensations, and the hours of exalted emotion which they
bring with themoften recognized by us as the greatest, most significant hours of our livesfulfil
no office in relation to her pet functions of nutrition and reproduction. It is true that they are
far-reaching in their effects on character; but they do little or nothing to assist that character in its
struggle for physical life. To the unprejudiced eye many of them seem hopelessly out of place in
9
Fondements de la Connaissance Mystique, p. 15.
10
Or, as Aristotle, and after him St. Thomas Aquinas, suggest, a contemplative animal, since this act alone in man is proper
to him, and is in no way shared by any other being in this world (Summa Contra Gentiles, 1. iii, cap. xxxvii., Rickabys
translation).
17
a universe constructed on strictly physico-chemical lineslook almost as though nature, left to
herself, tended to contradict her own beautifully logical laws. Their presence, more, the large place
which they fill in the human world of appearance, is a puzzling circumstance for deterministic
philosophers; who can only escape from the dilemma here presented to them by calling these things
illusions, and dignifying their own more manageable illusions with the title of facts.
Amongst the more intractable of these groups of perceptions and experiences are those
which we connect with religion, with pain and with beauty. All three, for those selves which are
capable of receiving their messages, possess a mysterious authority far in excess of those feelings,
arguments, or appearances which they may happen to contradict. All three, were the universe of
the naturalists true, would be absurd; all three have ever been treated with the reverence due to vital
matters by the best minds of the race.
A. I need not point out the hopelessly irrational character of all great religions: which rest,
18
one and all, on a primary assumption that can never be intellectually demonstrated, much less
provedthe assumption that the supra-sensible is somehow important and real, and is intimately
connected with the life of man. This fact has been incessantly dwelt upon by their critics, and has
provoked many a misplaced exercise of ingenuity on the part of their intelligent friends. Yet
religionemphasizing and pushing to extremes that general dependence on faith which we saw to
be an inevitable condition of our livesis one of the most universal and ineradicable functions of
man, and this although it constantly acts detrimentally to the interests of his merely physical
existence, opposes the exclusive action of the will-to-live, except in so far as that will aspires to
eternal life. Strictly utilitarian, almost logical in the savage, religion becomes more and more
transcendental with the upward progress of the race. It begins as black magic; it ends as Pure Love.
Why did the Cosmic Idea elaborate this religious instinct, if the construction put upon its intentions
by the determinists be true?
B. Consider again the whole group of phenomena which are known as the problem of
suffering: the mental anguish and physical pain which appear to be the inevitable result of the
steady operation of natural law and its voluntary assistants, the cruelty, greed, and injustice of
man. Here, it is true, the naturalist seems at first sight to make a little headway, and can point to
some amongst the cruder forms of suffering which are clearly useful to the race: punishing us for
past follies, spurring to new efforts, warning against future infringements of law. But he forgets
the many others which refuse to be resumed under this simple formula: forgets to explain how it
is that the Cosmic Idea involves the long torments of the incurable, the tortures of the innocent, the
deep anguish of the bereaved, the existence of so many gratuitously agonizing forms of death. He
forgets, too, the strange fact that mans capacity for suffering tends to increase in depth and subtlety
with the increase of culture and civilization; ignores the still more mysterious, perhaps most
significant circumstance that the highest types have accepted it eagerly and willingly, have found
in Pain the grave but kindly teacher of immortal secrets, the conferrer of liberty, even the initiator
into amazing joys.
Those who explain suffering as the result of natures immense fecunditya by-product
of that overcrowding and stress through which the fittest tend to surviveforget that even were
this demonstration valid and complete it would leave the real problem untouched. The question is
not, whence come those conditions which provoke in the self the experiences called sorrow, anxiety,
pain: but, why do these conditions hurt the self? The pain is mental; a little chloroform, and though
18
19
the conditions continue unabated the suffering is gone. Why does full consciousness always include
the mysterious capacity for misery as well as for happinessa capacity which seems at first sight
to invalidate any conception of the Absolute as Beautiful and Good? Why does evolution, as we
ascend the ladder of life, foster instead of diminishing the capacity for useless mental anguish, for
long, dull torment, bitter grief? Why, when so much lies outside our limited powers of perception,
when so many of our own most vital functions are unperceived by consciousness, does suffering
of some sort form an integral part of the experience of man? For utilitarian purposes acute discomfort
would be quite enough; the Cosmic Idea, as the determinists explain it, did not really need an
apparatus which felt all the throes of cancer, the horrors of neurasthenia, the pangs of birth. Still
less did it need the torments of impotent sympathy for other peoples irremediable pain the dreadful
power of feeling the worlds woe. We are hopelessly over-sensitized for the part science calls us
to play.
Pain, however we may look at it, indicates a profound disharmony between the sense-world
and the human self. If it is to be vanquished, either the disharmony must be resolved by a deliberate
and careful adjustment of the self to the world of sense, or, that self must turn from the sense-world
to some other with which it is in tune.
11
Pessimist and optimist here join hands. But whilst the
pessimist, resting in appearance, only sees nature red in tooth and claw offering him little hope
of escape, the optimist thinks that pain and anguishwhich may in their lower forms be lifes harsh
guides on the path of physical evolutionin their higher and apparently useless developments
are her leaders and teachers in the upper school of Supra-sensible Reality. He believes that they
press the self towards another world, still natural for him, though supernatural for his antagonist,
in which it will be more at home. Watching life, he sees in Pain the complement of Love: and is
inclined to call these the wings on which mans spirit can best take flight towards the Absolute.
Hence he can say with A Kempis, Gloriari in tribulatione non est grave amanti,
12
and needs not
to speak of morbid folly when he sees the Christian saints run eagerly and merrily to the Cross.
13
20
He calls suffering the gymnastic of eternity, the terrible initiative caress of God;
recognizing in it a quality for which the disagreeable rearrangement of nerve molecules cannot
account. Sometimes, in the excess of his optimism, he puts to the test of practice this theory with
all its implications. Refusing to be deluded by the pleasures of the sense world, he accepts instead
of avoiding pain, and becomes an ascetic; a puzzling type for the convinced naturalist, who, falling
back upon contemptthat favourite resource of the frustrated reasoncan only regard him as
diseased.
Pain, then, which plunges like a sword through creation, leaving on the one side cringing
and degraded animals and on the other side heroes and saints, is one of those facts of universal
experience which are peculiarly intractable from the point of view of a merely materialistic
philosophy.
11
All the healing arts, from Aesculapius and Galen to Metchnikoff and Mrs. Eddy, have virtually accepted and worked upon
these two principles.
12
De Imitatione Christi. I. ii. cap. vi.
13
Such as these, I say, as if enamoured by My honour and famished for the food of souls, run to the table of the Most holy
Cross, willing to suffer pain. . . . To these, My most dear sons, trouble is a pleasure, and pleasure and every consolation that the
world would offer them are a toil (St. Catherine ofSiena, Dialogo, cap. xxviii.). Here and throughout I have used Thorolds
translation.
19
C. From this same point of view the existence of music and poetry, the qualities of beauty
and of rhythm, the evoked sensations of awe, reverence, and rapture, are almost as difficult to
account for. The question why an apparent corrugation of the Earths surface, called for convenience
sake an Alp, coated with congealed water, and perceived by us as a snowy peak, should produce
in certain natures acute sensations of ecstasy and adoration, why the skylarks song should catch
us up to heaven, and wonder and mystery speak to us alike in the little speedwells darling blue
and in the cadence of the wind, is a problem that seems to be merely absurd, until it is seen to be
insoluble. Here Madam How and Lady Why alike are silent. With all our busy seeking, we have
not found the sorting house where loveliness is extracted from the flux of things. We know not
why great poetry should move us to unspeakable emotion, or a stream of notes, arranged in a
peculiar sequence, catch us up to heightened levels of vitality: nor can we guess how a passionate
admiration for that which we call best in art or letters can possibly contribute to the physical
evolution of the race. In spite of many lengthy disquisitions on Esthetics, Beautys secret is still
her own. A shadowy companion, half seen, half guessed at, she keeps step with the upward march
of life: and we receive her message and respond to it, not because we understand it but because we
must .
Here it is that we approach that attitude of the self, that point of view, which is loosely and
generally called mystical. Here, instead of those broad blind alleys which philosophy showed us,
a certain type of mind has always discerned three strait and narrow ways going out towards the
Absolute. In religion, in pain, and in beautyand not only in these, but in many other apparently
useless peculiarities of the empirical world and of the perceiving consciousnessthese persons
21
insist that they recognize at least the fringe of the real. Down these three paths, as well as by many
another secret way, they claim that news comes to the self concerning levels of reality which in
their wholeness are inaccessible to the senses: worlds wondrous and immortal, whose existence is
not conditioned by the given world which those senses report. Beauty, said Hegel, who, though
he was no mystic, had a touch of that mystical intuition which no philosopher can afford to be
without, is merely the Spiritual making itself known sensuously.
14
In the good, the beautiful, the
true, says Rudolph Eucken, we see Reality revealing its personal character. They are parts of a
coherent and substantial spiritual world.
15
Here, some of the veils of that substantial world are
stripped off: Reality peeps through and is recognized, dimly or acutely, by the imprisoned self.
Rcjac only develops this idea when he says,
16
If the mind penetrates deeply into the
facts of aesthetics, it will find more and more, that these facts are based upon an ideal identity
between the mind itself and things. At a certain point the harmony becomes so complete, and the
finality so close that it gives us actual emotion. The Beautiful then becomes the sublime; brief
apparition, by which the soul is caught up into the true mystic state, and touches the Absolute. It
is scarcely possible to persist in this Esthetic perception without feeling lifted up by it above things
and above ourselves, in an ontological vision which closely resembles the Absolute of the Mystics.
It was of this underlying realitythis truth of thingsthat St. Augustine cried in a moment of lucid
vision, Oh, Beauty so old and so new, too late have I loved thee!
17
It is in this sense also that
14
Philosophy of Religion, vol. ii. p. 8.
15
Der Sinn und Wert des Lebens, p. 148.
16
17
Aug. Conf., bk. x. cap. xxvii.
20
beauty is truth, truth beauty: and as regards the knowledge of ultimate things which is possible
to ordinary men, it may well be that
That is all
Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know.
Of Beauty, says Plato in an immortal passage, I repeat again that we saw her there shining
in company with the celestial forms; and coming to earth we find her here too, shining in clearness
through the clearest aperture of sense. For sight is the most piercing of our bodily senses: though
not by that is wisdom seen; her loveliness would have been transporting if there had been a visible
image of her, and the other ideas, if they had visible counterparts, would be equally lovely. But
22
this is the privilege of Beauty, that being the loveliest she is also the most palpable to sight. Now
he who is not newly initiated, or who has been corrupted, does not easily rise out of this world to
the sight of true beauty in the other. . . . But he whose initiation is recent, and who has been the
spectator of many glories in the other world, is amazed when he sees anyone having a godlike face
or form, which is the expression of Divine Beauty; and at first a shudder runs through him, and
again the old awe steals over him. . . .
18
Most men in the course of their lives have known such Platonic hours of initiation, when
the sense of beauty has risen from a pleasant feeling to a passion, and an element of strangeness
and terror has been mingled with their joy. In those hours the world has seemed charged with a
new vitality; with a splendour which does not belong to it but is poured through it, as light through
a coloured window, grace through a sacrament, from that Perfect Beauty which shines in company
with the celestial forms beyond the pale of appearance. In such moods of heightened consciousness
each blade of grass seems fierce with meaning, and becomes a well of wondrous light: a little
emerald set in the City of God. The seeing self is indeed an initiate thrust suddenly into the sanctuary
of the mysteries: and feels the old awe and amazement with which man encounters the Real. In
such experiences, a new factor of the eternal calculus appears to be thrust in on us, a factor which
no honest seeker for truth can afford to neglect; since, if it be dangerous to say that any two systems
of knowledge are mutually exclusive, it is still more dangerous to give uncritical priority to any
one system. We are bound, then, to examine this path to reality as closely and seriously as we
should investigate the most neatly finished safety-ladder of solid ash which offered a salita alle
stelle.
Why, after all, take as our standard a material world whose existence is affirmed by nothing
more trustworthy than the sense-impressions of normal men; those imperfect and easily cheated
channels of communication? The mystics, those adventurers of whom we spoke upon the first page
of this book, have always declared, implicitly or explicitly, their distrust in these channels of
communication. They have never been deceived by phenomena, nor by the careful logic of the
industrious intellect. One after another, with extraordinary unanimity, they have rejected that appeal
18
Phaedrus, 250 (Jowetts translation). The reference in the phrase he whose initiation is recent is to the rite of admission
into the Orphic Mysteries. It is believed by some authorities that the neophyte may have been cast into an hypnotic sleep by his
initiator, and whilst in this condition a vision of the glories of the other world suggested to him. The main phenomena of
conversion would thus be artificially produced: but the point of attack being the mind rather than the heart, the results, as
would appear from the context, were usually transient.
21
23
to the unreal world of appearance which is the standard of sensible men: affirming that there is
another way, another secret, by which the conscious self may reach the actuality which it seeks.
More complete in their grasp of experience than the votaries of intellect or of sense, they accept as
central for life those spiritual messages which are mediated by religion, by beauty, and by pain.
More reasonable than the rationalists, they find in that very hunger for reality which is the mother
of all metaphysics, an implicit proof that such reality exists; that there is something else, some final
satisfaction, beyond the ceaseless stream of sensation which besieges consciousness. In that thou
hast sought me, thou hast already found me, says the voice of Absolute Truth in their ears. This
is the first doctrine of mysticism. Its next is that only in so far as the self is real can it hope to know
Reality: like to like: Cot ad cot loquitur. Upon the propositions implicit in these two laws the whole
claim and practice of the mystic life depends.
Finite as we are, they sayand here they speak not for themselves, but for the racelost
though we seem to be in the woods or in the wide airs wilderness, in this world of time and of
chance, we have still, like the strayed animals or like the migrating birds, our homing instinct. . . .
We seek. That is a fact. We seek a city still out of sight. In the contrast with this goal, we live. But
if this be so, then already we possess something of Being even in our finite seeking. For the readiness
to seek is already something of an attainment, even if a poor one.
19
Further, in this seeking we are not wholly dependent on that homing instinct. For some,
who have climbed to the hill-tops, that city is not really out of sight. The mystics see it and report
to us concerning it. Science and metaphysics may do their best and their worst: but these pathfinders
of the spirit never falter in their statements concerning that independent spiritual world which is
the only goal of pilgrim man. They say that messages come to him from that spiritual world, that
complete reality which we call Absolute: that we are not, after all, hermetically sealed from it. To
all who will receive it, news comes of a world of Absolute Life, Absolute Beauty, Absolute Truth,
beyond the bourne of time and place: news that most of us translateand inevitably distort in the
processinto the language of religion, of beauty, of love, or of pain.
Of all those forms of life and thought with which humanity has fed its craving for truth,
mysticism alone postulates, and in the persons of its great initiates proves, not only the existence
of the Absolute, but also this link: this possibility first of knowing, finally of attaining it. It denies
24
that possible knowledge is to be limited (a) to sense impressions, (b) to any process of intellection,
(c) to the unfolding of the content of normal consciousness. Such diagrams of experience, it says,
are hopelessly incomplete. The mystics find the basis of their method not in logic but in life: in the
existence of a discoverable real, a spark of true being, within the seeking subject, which can, in
that ineffable experience which they call the act of union, fuse itself with and thus apprehend the
reality of the sought Object. In theological language, their theory of knowledge is that the spirit of
man, itself essentially divine, is capable of immediate communion with God, the One Reality.
20
In mysticism that love of truth which we saw as the beginning of all philosophy leaves the
merely intellectual sphere, and takes on the assured aspect of a personal passion. Where the
philosopher guesses and argues, the mystic lives and looks; and speaks, consequently, the
19
Royce, The World and the Individual, vol. i. p. 181.
20
The idea of Divine Union as mans true end is of course of great antiquity. Its first definite appearance in the religious
consciousness of Europe seems to coincide with the establishment of the Orphic Mysteries in Greece and Southern Italy in the
sixth century B.C. See Rohde: Psyche, cap. 10, and Adam, The Religious Teachers of Greece, p. 92.
22
disconcerting language of first-hand experience, not the neat dialectic of the schools. Hence whilst
the Absolute of the metaphysicians remains a diagramimpersonal and unattainablethe Absolute
of the mystics is lovable, attainable, alive.
Oh, taste and see! they cry, in accents of astounding certainty and joy. Ours is an
experimental science. We can but communicate our system, never its result. We come to you not
as thinkers, but as doers. Leave your deep and absurd trust in the senses, with their language of dot
and dash, which may possibly report fact but can never communicate personality. If philosophy
has taught you anything, she has surely taught you the length of her tether, and the impossibility
of attaining to the doubtless admirable grazing land which lies beyond it. One after another, idealists
have arisen who, straining frantically at the rope, have announced to the world their approaching
liberty; only to be flung back at last into the little circle of sensation. But here we are, a small family,
it is true, yet one that refuses to die out, assuring you that we have slipped the knot and are free of
those grazing grounds. This is evidence which you are bound to bring into account before you can
add up the sum total of possible knowledge; for you will find it impossible to prove that the world
as seen by the mystics, unimaginable, formless, dark with excess of bright, is less real than that
which is expounded by the youngest and most promising demonstrator of a physicochemical
universe. We will be quite candid with you. Examine us as much as you like: our machinery, our
veracity, our results. We cannot promise that you shall see what we have seen, for here each man
25
must adventure for himself; but we defy you to stigmatize our experiences as impossible or invalid.
Is your world of experience so well and logically founded that you dare make of it a standard?
Philosophy tells you that it is founded on nothing better than the reports of your sensory apparatus
and the traditional concepts of the race. Certainly it is imperfect, probably it is illusion in any event,
it never touches the foundation of things. Whereas what the world, which truly knows nothing,
calls mysticism is the science of ultimates, . . . the science of self-evident Reality, which cannot
be reasoned about, because it is the object of pure reason or perception.
21
26
W e glanced, at the beginning of this inquiry, at the universes which result from the various forms
of credulity practised by the materialist, the idealist, and the sceptic. We saw the mystic denying
by word and act the validity of the foundations on which those universes are built: substituting his
living experience for their conceptual schemes. But there is another way of seeing reality or, more
correctly, one aspect of reality. This scheme of things possesses the merit of accepting and
harmonizing many different forms of experience; even those supreme experiences and intuitions
peculiar to the mystics. The first distinct contribution of the twentieth century to mans quest of
the Real, it entered the philosophic arena from several different directions; penetrating and modifying
current conceptions not only of philosophy but of religion, science, art and practical life. It was
applied by Driesch
22
and other biologists in the sphere of organic life. Bergson,
23
starting from
21
Coventry Patmore, The Rod, the Root, and the Flower, Aurea Dicta, cxxviii.
22
The Science and Philosophy of Organism, Gifford Lectures. 1907-8.
23
Les Donnes Immdiates de la Conscience (1889), Matire et Mmoire (1896), LEvolution Cratrice (1907).
23
psychology, developed its intellectual and metaphysical implications; whilst Rudolph Eucken
24
27
constructed from, or beside it, a philosophy of the Spirit, of mans relations to the Real.
In all these we find the same principle; the principle of a free spontaneous and creative life
as the essence of Reality. Not law but aliveness, incalculable and indomitable, is their subject-matter:
not human logic, but actual living experience is their criterion of truth. Vitalists, whether the sphere
of their explorations be biology, psychology or ethics, see the whole Cosmos, the physical and
spiritual worlds, as instinct with initiative and spontaneity: as above all things free. For them, nature,
though conditioned by the matter with which she works, is stronger than her chains. Pushing out
from within, ever seeking expression, she buds and breaks forth into original creation.
25
The iron
laws of the determinists are merely her observed habits, not her fetters: and man, seeing nature
in the terms of cause and effect, has been the dupe of his own limitations and prejudices.
Bergson, Nietzsche, Eucken, differing in their opinion as to lifes meaning, are alike in this
vision: in the stress which they lay on the supreme importance and value of lifea great Cosmic
life transcending and including our own. This is materialism inside out: for here what we call the
universe is presented as an expression of life, not life as an expression or by-product of the universe.
The strange passionate philosophy of Nietzsche is really built upon an intense belief in this supernal
nature and value of Life, Action and Strength: and spoilt by the one-sided individualism which
prevented him from holding a just balance between the great and significant life of the Ego and the
greater and more significant life of the All.
Obviously, the merit of vitalistic philosophy lies in its ability to satisfy so many different
thinkers, starting from such diverse points in our common experience. On the phenomenal side it
can accept and transfigure the statements of physical science. In its metaphysical aspect it leaves
place for those ontological speculations which seem to take their rise in psychology. It is friendly
to those who demand an important place for moral and spiritual activity in the universe.
Finallythough here we must be content with deduction rather than declarationit leaves in the
hands of the mystics that power of attaining to Absolute Reality which they have always claimed:
shows them as the true possessors of freedom, the torch-bearers of the race.
Did it acknowledge its ancestors with that reverence which is their due, Vitalism would
28
identify itself with the mystic philosopher, Heracleitus; who, in the fifth century B.C., introduced
its central idea to the European world
26
: for his Logos or Energizing Fire is but another symbol
for that free and living Spirit of Becoming, that indwelling creative power, which Vitalism
acknowledges as the very soul or immanent reality of things. It is in essence both a Hellenic and a
Christian system of thought. In its view of the proper function of the intellect it has some unexpected
affinities with Aristotle, and after him with St. Thomas Aquinas; regarding it as a departmental
affair, not the organ of ultimate knowledge. Its theory of knowledge is close to that of the mystics:
or would be, if those gazers on reality had interested themselves in any psychological theory of
their own experiences.
24
Der Kampf um einen geistigen Lebensinhalt (1896), Der Sinn und Wert den Lebens (1908), &c. See Bibliography.
25
The researches of Driesch ( op. cit .) and of de Pries (The Mutation Theory, 1910) have done much to establish the truth
of this contention upon the scientific plane. Now particularly Drieschs account of the spontaneous responsive changes in the
embryo sea-urchin, and de Vries extraordinary description of the escaped stock of evening primrose, varying now this way,
now that, as if swayed by a restless internal tide.
26
The debt to Heracleitus is acknowledged by Schiller. See Studies in Humanism, pp. 39, 40.
24
A philosophy which can harmonize such diverse elements as these, and make its influence
felt in so many fields of thought, may be useful in our present attempt towards an understanding
of mysticism: for it illustrates certain aspects of perceived reality which other systems ignore. It
has the further recommendation of involving not a mere diagram of metaphysical possibilities, but
a genuine theory of knowledge. Its scope includes psychology as well as philosophy: the
consideration, not only of the nature of Reality but also of the selfs power of knowing itthe
machinery of contact between the mind and the flux of things. Thus it has an inclusive quality
lacking in the tidy ring-fenced systems of other schools of thought. It has no edges, and if it be true
to itself should have no negations. It is a vision, not a map.
The primary difference between Vitalism and the classic philosophic schools is this. Its
focal point is not Being but Becoming.
27
Translated into Platonic language, not the changeless
One, the Absolute, transcending all succession, but rather His energizing Thoughtthe Son, the
Creative Logosis the supreme reality which it proposes as accessible to human consciousness.
All things, said Heracleitus, are in a state of flux. Everything happens through strife.
Reality is a condition of unrest.
28
Such is also the opinion of Bergson and Alexander; who,
agreeing in this with the conclusions of physical science, look upon the Real as dynamic rather
29
than static, as becoming rather than being perfect, and invite us to see in Timethe precession or
flux of thingsthe very stuff of reality
From the fixed lull of Heaven she saw
Time like a pulse shake fierce
Through all the worlds
29
said Rossetti of the Blessed Damozel. So Bergson, while ignoring if he does not deny the
existence of the fixed lull, the still Eternity, the point of rest, finds everywhere the pulse of Time,
the vast unending storm of life and love. Reality, says Bergson, is pure creative Life; a definition
which excludes those ideas of perfection and finality involved in the idealists concept of Pure
Being as the Absolute and Unchanging One.
30
This life, as he sees it, is fed from within rather than
upheld from without. It evolves by means of its own inherent and spontaneous creative power. The
biologists Nature so careful of the type; the theologians Creator transcending His universe, and
holding all things in the hollow of His hand: these are gone, and in their place we have a universe
teeming with free individuals, each self-creative, each evolving eternally, yet towards no term.
Here, then, the deep instinct of the human mind that there must be a unity, an orderly plan
in the universe, that the strung-along beads of experience do really form a rosary, though it be one
which we cannot repeat, is deliberately thwarted. Creation, Activity, Movement; this, says Vitalism,
rather than any merely apparent law and order, any wholeness, is the essential quality of the Realms
the Real: and life is an eternal Becoming, a ceaseless changefulness. At its highest it may be
27
See, for the substance of this and the following pages, the works of Henri Bergson already mentioned. I am here also much
indebted to the personal help of my friend William Scott Palmer, whose interpretations have done much towards familiarizing
English readers with Bergsons philosophy; and to Prof. Willdon Carrs paper on Bergsons Theory of Knowledge, read before
the Aristotelian Society, December 1908.
28
Heracleitus, Fragments, 46, 84.
29
First edition, canto x.
30
E.g. St. Augustines That alone is truly real whichabides unchanged (Conf., bk. vii. cap. 10), and among modern thinkers
F. von Hgel: An absolute Abidingness, pure Simultaneity, Eternity, in God . . . stand out, in mans deepest consciousness,
with even painful contrast, against all mere Succession, all sheer flux and change. (Eternal Life, p. 365.)
25
conceived as the universe flowering into deity,
31
As the Hermetic philosophers found in the
principle of analogy, Quod inferius sicut quod superius,
32
the Key of Creation, so we are invited
to see in that uninterrupted change which is the condition of our normal consciousness, a true image,
a microcosm of the living universe as a part of which that consciousness has been evolved.
If we accept this theory, we must then impute to life in its fullnessthe huge, many levelled,
many coloured life, the innumerable worlds which escape the rhythm of our senses; not merely
that patch of physical life which those senses perceivea divinity, a greatness of destiny far beyond
30
that with which it is credited by those who hold to a physico-chemical theory of the universe. We
must perceive in it, as some mystics have done, the beating of the Heart of God; and agree with
Heracleitus that there is but one wisdom, to understand the knowledge by which all things are
steered through the All.
33
Union with realityapprehension of itwill upon this hypothesis be
union with life at its most intense point: in its most dynamic aspect. It will be a deliberate harmony
set up with the Logos which that same philosopher described as mans most constant companion.
Ergo, says the mystic, union with a Personal and Conscious spiritual existence, immanent in the
worldone form, one half of the union which I have always sought, since this is clearly life in its
highest manifestation. Beauty, Goodness, Splendour, Love, all those shining words which exhilarate
the soul, are but the names of aspects or qualities picked out by human intuition as characteristic
of this intense and eternal Life in which is the life of men.
How, then, may we knew this Life, this creative and original soul of things, in which we
are bathed; in which, as in a river, swept along? Not, says Bergson bluntly, by any intellectual
means. The mind which thinks it knows Reality because it has made a diagram of Reality, is merely
the dupe of its own categories. The intellect is a specialized aspect of the self, a form of
consciousness: but specialized for very different purposes than those of metaphysical speculation.
Life has evolved it in the interests of life; has made it capable of dealing with solids, with concrete
things. With these it is at home. Outside of them it becomes dazed, uncertain of itself; for it is no
longer doing its natural work, which is to help life, not to know it. In the interests of experience,
and in order to grasp perceptions, the intellect breaks up experience, which is in reality a continuous
stream, an incessant process of change and response with no separate parts, into purely conventional
moments, periods, or psychic states. It picks out from the flow of reality those bits which
are significant for human life; which interest it, catch its attention. From these it makes up a
mechanical world in which it dwells, and which seems quite real until it is subjected to criticism.
It does, says Bergson, the work of a cinematograph: takes snapshots of something which is always
moving, and by means of these successive static representationsnone of which are real, because
Life, the object photographed, never was at restit recreates a picture of life, of motion. This rather
jerky representation of divine harmony, from which innumerable moments are left out, is useful
31
for practical purposes: but it is not reality, because it is not alive.
34
This real world, then, is the result of your selective activity, and the nature of your selection
is largely outside your control. Your cinematograph machine goes at a certain pace, takes its
snapshots at certain intervals. Anything which goes too quickly for these intervals, it either fails to
31
S. Alexander, Space, Time and Deity, vol. ii, p. 410.
32
See below, Pt. I. Cap. VII.
33
Heracleitus, op. cit .
34
On the complete and undivided nature of our experience in its wholeness, and the sad work our analytic brains make of it
when they come to pull it to pieces, Bradley has some valuable contributory remarks in ho Oxford Lectures on Poetry, p. 15.
26
catch, or merges with preceding and succeeding movements to form a picture with which it can
deal. Thus we treat, for instance, the storm of vibrations which we convert into sound and light.
Slacken or accelerate its clock-time, change its rhythmic activity, and at once you take a different
series of snapshots, and have as a result a different picture of the world. Thanks to the time at which
the normal human machine is set, it registers for us what we call, in our simple way, the natural
world. A slight accession of humility or common sense might teach us that a better title would be
our natural world.
Let human consciousness change or transcend its rhythm, and any other aspect of any other
world may be ours as a result. Hence the mystics claim that in their ecstasies they change the
conditions of consciousness, and apprehend a deeper reality which is unrelated to human speech,
cannot be dismissed as unreasonable. Do not then confuse that surface-consciousness which man
has trained to be an organ of utility and nothing moreand which therefore can only deal adequately
with the given world of sensewith that mysterious something in you, that ground of personality,
inarticulate but inextinguishable, by which you are aware that a greater truth exists. This truth,
whose neighbourhood you feel, and for which you long, is Life. You are in it all the while, like a
fish in the sea, like a bird in the air, as St. Mechthild of Hackborn said many centuries ago.
35
Give yourself, then, to this divine and infinite life, this mysterious Cosmic activity in which
you are immersed, of which you are born. Trust it. Let it surge in on you. Cast off, as the mystics
are always begging you to do, the fetters of the senses, the remora of desire; and making your
interests identical with those of the All, rise to freedom, to that spontaneous, creative life which,
inherent in every individual self, is our share of the life of the Universe. You are yourself vital a
free centre of energydid you but know it. You can move to higher levels, to greater reality, truer
self-fulfilment, if you will. Though you be, as Plato said, like an oyster in your shell, you can open
that shell to the living waters without, draw from the Immortal Vitality. Thus onlyby contact
with the realshall you know reality. Cot ad cot loquitur.
The Indian mystics declare substantially the same truth when they say that the illusion of
32
finitude is only to be escaped by relapsing into the substantial and universal life, abolishing
individuality. So too, by a deliberate self-abandonment to that which Plato calls the saving madness
of ecstasy, did the initiates of Dionysus draw near to God. So their Christian cousins assert that
self-surrender is the only way: that they must die to live, must lose to find: that knowing implies
being: that the method and secret which they have always practiced consists merely in a meek and
loving unionthe synthesis of passion and self-sacrificewith that divine and unseparated life,
that larger consciousness in which the soul is grounded, and which they hold to be an aspect of the
life of God. In their hours of contemplation, they deliberately empty themselves of the false images
of the intellect, neglect the cinematograph of sense. Then only are they capable of transcending the
merely intellectual levels of consciousness, and perceiving that Reality which hath no image.
Pilgrimage to the place of the wise, said Jalalu ddin, is to find escape from the flame
of separation. It is the mystics secret in a nutshell. When I stand empty in Gods will and empty
of Gods will and of all His works and of God Himself, cries Eckhart with his usual violence of
language, then am I above all creatures and am neither God nor creature, but I am what I was and
evermore shall be.
36
He attains, that is to say, by this escape from a narrow selfhood, not to identity
35
Liber Specialis Gratiae, I. ii. cap. xxvi.
36
Meister Eckhart, Pred. lxxxvii.
27
with Godthat were only conceivable upon a basis of pantheismbut to an identity with his own
substantial life, and through it with the life of a real and living universe; in symbolic language, with
the thought of the Divine Mind whereby union with that Mind in the essence or ground of the
soul becomes possible. The first great message of Vitalistic philosophy is then seen to beCease
to identify your intellect and your self: a primary lesson which none who purpose the study of
mysticism may neglect. Become at least aware of, if you cannot know, the larger, truer self: that
root and depth of spirit, as St. Franois de Sales calls it, from which intellect and feeling grow as
fingers from the palm of the handthat free creative self which constitutes your true life, as
distinguished from the scrap of consciousness which is its servant.
How then, asks the small consciously-seeking personality of the normal man, am I to become
aware of this, my larger self, and of the free, eternal, spiritual life which it lives?
Here philosophy, emerging from the water-tight compartment in which metaphysics have
lived too long retired, calls in psychology; and tells us that in intuition, in a bold reliance on contact
between the totality of the self and the external worldperhaps too in those strange states of lucidity
33
which accompany great emotion and defy analysislies the normal mans best chance of attaining,
as it were, a swift and sidelong knowledge of this real. Smothered in daily life by the fretful activities
of our surface-mind, reality emerges in our great moments; and, seeing ourselves in its radiance,
we know, for good or evil, what we are. We are not pure intellects . . . around our conceptional
and logical thought there remains a vague, nebulous Somewhat, the substance at whose expense
the luminous nucleus we call the intellect is formed.
37
In this aura, this diffused sensitiveness, we
are asked to find mans medium of communication with the Universal Life.
Such fragmentary, dim and unverifiable perceptions of the Real, however, such excursions
into the Absolute, cannot be looked upon as a satisfaction of mans hunger for Truth. He does not
want to peep, but to live. Hence he cannot be satisfied with anything less than a total and permanent
adjustment of his being to the greater life of reality. This alone can resolve the disharmonies between
the self and the world, and give meaning and value to human life.
38
The possibility of this
adjustmentof union between mans life and that independent spiritual life which is the stuff
of realityis the theme alike of mysticism and of Euckens spiritual vitalism or Activistic
Philosophy.
39
Reality, says Eucken, is an independent spiritual world, unconditioned by the apparent
world of sense. To know it and to live in it is mans true destiny. His point of contact with it is
personality: the inward fount of his being: his heart, not his head. Man is real, and in the deepest
sense alive, in virtue of this free personal life-principle within him; but he is bound and blinded by
the ties set up between his surface-intelligence and the sense-world. The struggle for reality must
be a struggle on mans part to transcend the sense-world, escape its bondage. He must renounce it,
and be re-born to a higher level of consciousness; shifting his centre of interest from the natural
to the spiritual plane. According to the thoroughness with which he does this, will be the amount
37
Willdon Carr, op. cit .
38
It seems as if man could never escape from himself, and yet, when shut in to the monotony of his own sphere, he is
overwhelmed with a sense of emptiness. The only remedy here is radically to alter the conception of man himself, to distinguish
within him the narrower and the larger life, the life that is straitened and finite and can never transcend itself, and an infinite life
through which he enjoys communion with the immensity and the truth of the universe. Can man rise to this spiritual level? On
the possibility of his doing so rests all our hope of supplying any meaning or value to life (Der Sinn und Wert des Lebens,
p. 81).
39
The essentials of Euckens teaching will be found conveniently summarized in Der Sinn und Wert des Lebens.
28
of real life he enjoys. The initial break with the world, the refusal to spend ones life communing
34
with ones own cinematograph picture, is essential if the freedom of the infinite is to be attained.
We are amphibious creatures: our life moves upon two levels at oncethe natural and the spiritual.
The key to the puzzle of man lies in the fact that he is the meeting point of various stages of
Reality.
40
All his difficulties and triumphs are grounded in this. The whole question for him is,
which world shall be central for himthe real, vital, all-embracing life we call spirit, or the lower
life of sense? Shall Existence, the superficial obvious thing, or Substance, the underlying verity,
be his home? Shall he remain the slave of the senses with their habits and customs, or rise to a plane
of consciousness, of heroic endeavour, in whichparticipating in the life of spirithe knows
reality because he is real?
The mystics, one and all, have answered this question in the same sense, and proved in their
own experience that the premises of Activism are true. This application of the vitalistic idea to
the transcendental world, does in fact fit the observed facts of mysticism far more closely even than
it fits the observed facts of mans ordinary mental life.
(1) The primary break with the sense-world. (2) The new birth and development of the
spiritual consciousness on high levelsin Euckens eyes an essential factor in the attainment of
reality. (3) That ever closer and deeper dependence on and appropriation of the fullness of the
Divine Life; a conscious participation, and active union with the infinite and eternal. These three
imperatives, as we shall see later, form an exact description of the psychological process through
which the mystics pass. If then this transcendence is the highest destiny of the race, mysticism
becomes the crown of mans ascent towards Reality; the orderly completion of the universal plan.
The mystics show us this independent spiritual life, this fruition of the Absolute, enjoyed
with a fullness to which others cannot attain. They are the heroic examples of the life of spirit; as
the great artists, the great discoverers, are the heroic examples of the life of beauty and the life of
truth. Directly participating, like all artists, in the Divine Life, they are usually persons of great
vitality: but this vitality expresses itself in unusual forms, hard of understanding for ordinary men.
When we see a picture or a poem, hear a musical composition, we accept it as an expression of life,
an earnest of the power which brought it forth. But the deep contemplations of the great mystic,
his visionary reconstructions of reality, and the fragments of them which he is able to report, do
not seem to usas they arethe equivalents, or more often the superiors of the artistic and scientific
35
achievements of other great men.
Mysticism, then, offers us the history, as old as civilization, of a race of adventurers who
have carried to its term the process of a deliberate and active return to the divine fount of things.
They have surrendered themselves to the life-movement of the universe, hence have lived with an
intenser life than other men can ever know; have transcended the sense-world in order to live on
high levels the spiritual life. Therefore they witness to all that our latent spiritual consciousness,
which shows itself in the hunger for the Absolute, can be made to mean to us if we develop it;
and have in this respect a unique importance for the race. It is the mystics, too, who have perfected
that method of intuition, that knowledge by union, the existence of which philosophy has been
driven to acknowledge. But where the metaphysician obtains at best a sidelong glance at that Being
unchanging yet elusive, whom he has so often defined but never discovered, the artist a brief and
40
Der Sinn und Wert den Lebens, p. 121.
29
dazzling vision of the Beauty which is Truth, they gaze with confidence into the very eyes of the
Beloved.
The mystics, again, are, by their very constitution, acutely conscious of the free and active
World of Becoming, the Divine Immanence and its travail. It is in them and they are in it: or, as
they put it in their blunt theological way, the Spirit of God is within you. But they are not satisfied
with this statement and this knowledge; and here it is that they part company with vitalism. It is,
they think, but half a truth. To know Reality in this way, to know it in its dynamic aspect, enter
into the great life of the All: this is indeed, in the last resort, to know it supremely from the point
of view of manto liberate from selfhood the human consciousnessbut it is not to know it from
the point of view of God. There are planes of being beyond this; countries dark to the intellect,
deeps into which only the very greatest contemplatives have looked. These, coming forth, have
declared with Ruysbroeck that God according to the Persons is Eternal Work, but according to
the Essence and Its perpetual stillness He is Eternal Rest.
41
The full spiritual consciousness of the true mystic is developed not in one, but in two
apparently opposite but really complementary directions:
. . . io vidi
Ambo le corte del ciel manifeste.
42
On the one hand he is intensely aware of, and knows himself to be at one with that active
World of Becoming, that immanent Life, from which his own life takes its rise. Hence, though he
36
has broken for ever with the bondage of the senses, he perceives in every manifestation of life a
sacramental meaning; a loveliness, a wonder, a heightened significance, which is hidden from other
men. He may, with St. Francis, call the Sun and the Moon, Water and Fire, his brothers and his
sisters: or receive, with Blake, the message of the trees. Because of his cultivation of disinterested
love, because his outlook is not conditioned by the exclusive action of the will-to-live, he has
attained the power of communion with the living reality of the universe; and in this respect can
truly say that he finds God in all and all in God. Thus, the skilled spiritual vision of Lady Julian,
transcending the limitations of human perception, entering into harmony with a larger world whose
rhythms cannot be received by common men, saw the all-enfolding Divine Life, the mesh of reality.
For as the body is clad in the cloth, she said, and the flesh in the skin and the bones in the flesh
and the heart in the whole, so are we, soul and body, clad in the Goodness of God and enclosed.
Yea, and more homely: for all these may waste and wear away, but the Goodness of God is ever
whole.
43
Many mystical poets and pantheistic mystics never pass beyond this degree of lucidity.
On the other hand, the full mystic consciousness also attains to what is, I think, its really
characteristic quality. It develops the power of apprehending the Absolute, Pure Being, the utterly
Transcendent: or, as its possessor would say, can experience passive union with God. This
all-round expansion of consciousness, with its dual power of knowing by communion the temporal
and eternal, immanent and transcendent aspects of realitythe life of the All, vivid, flowing and
changing, and the changeless, conditionless life of the Oneis the peculiar mark, the ultimo sigillo
of the great mystic, and must never be forgotten in studying his life and work.
41
De Septem Gradibus Amoral cap. xiv.
42
Par. xxx. 95.
43
Revelations of Divine Love. cap. vi.
30
As the ordinary man is the meeting-place between two stages of realitythe sense-world
and the world of spiritual lifeso the mystic, standing head and shoulders above ordinary men, is
again the meeting-place between two orders. Or, if you like it better, he is able to perceive and react
to reality under two modes. On the one hand he knows, and rests in, the eternal world of Pure Being,
the Sea Pacific of the Godhead, indubitably present to him in his ecstasies, attained by him in
the union of love. On the other, he knowsand works inthat stormy sea, the vital World of
Becoming which is the expression of Its will. Illuminated men, says Ruysbroeck, are caught
up, above the reason, into naked vision. There the Divine Unity dwells and calls them. Hence their
37
bare vision, cleansed and free, penetrates the activity of all created things, and pursues it to search
it out even to its height.
44
Though philosophy has striven since thought beganand striven in vainto resolve the
paradox of Being and Becoming, of Eternity and Time, she has failed strangely enough to perceive
that a certain type of personality has substituted experience for her guesses at truth; and achieved
its solution, not by the dubious processes of thought, but by direct perception. To the great mystic
the problem of the Absolute presents itself in terms of life, not in terms of dialectic. He solves it
in terms of life: by a change or growth of consciousness whichthanks to his peculiar
geniusenables him to apprehend that two-fold Vision of Reality which eludes the perceptive
powers of other men. It is extraordinary that this fact of experience a central fact for the
understanding of the contemplative typehas received so little attention from writers upon
mysticism. As we proceed with our inquiry, its importance, its far-reaching implications in the
domains of psychology, of theology, of action, will become more and more evident. It provides
the reason why the mystics could never accept the diagram of the Vitalists or Evolutionists as a
complete statement of the nature of Reality. Whatever be the limits of your knowledge, we
knowthey would saythat the world has another aspect than this: the aspect which is present
to the Mind of God. Tranquillity according to His essence, activity according to His nature:
perfect stillness, perfect fecundity,
45
says Ruysbroeck again, this is the two-fold character of the
Absolute. That which to us is action, to Him, they declare, is rest, His very peace and stillness
coming from the brimming fullness of His infinite life.
46
That which to us is Many, to that
Transcendent Knower is One. Our World of Becoming rests on the bosom of that Pure Being which
has ever been the final Object of mans quest: the river in which we cannot bathe twice is the
stormy flood of life flowing toward that divine sea. How glorious, says the Voice of the Eternal
to St. Catherine of Siena, is that soul which has indeed been able to pass from the stormy ocean
to Me, the Sea Pacific, and in that Sea, which is Myself, to fill the pitcher of her heart.
47
The evolution of the mystic consciousness, then, brings its possessors to this transcendent
point of view: their secret is this unity in diversity, this stillness in strife. Here they are in harmony
38
with Heracleitus rather than with his modern interpreters. That most mystical of philosophers
discerned a hidden unity beneath the battle, transcending all created opposites, and taught his
disciples that Having hearkened not unto me but unto the Logos, it is wise to confess that all things
are one.
48
This is the secret at which the idealists and concept of Pure Being has tried, so timidly,
44
Ruysbroeck, Samuel, cap. viii.
45
Ibid., De Vera Contemplatione, cap. xii.
46
Von Hgel, The Mystical Element of Religion, vol. ii. p. 132.
47
St. Catherine of Siena, Dialogo, cap. lxxxix.
48
Heracleitus, op. cit .
31
to hint: and which the Vitalists more intimate, more actual concept of Becoming has tried, so
unnecessarily, to destroy. We shall see the glorious raiment in which the Christian mystics deck it
when we come to consider their theological map of the quest.
If it be objectedand this objection has been made by advocates of each school of
thoughtthat the existence of the idealists and mystics Absolute is utterly inconsistent with
the deeply alive, striving life which the Vitalists identify with reality, I reply that both concepts at
bottom are but symbols of realities which the human mind can never reach: and that the idea of
stillness, unity and peace is and has ever been humanitys best translation of its intuition of the
achieved Perfection of God. In the midst of silence a hidden word was spoken to me. Where is
this Silence, and where is the place in which this word is spoken? It is in the purest that the soul
can produce, in her noblest part, in the Ground, even the Being of the Soul.
49
So Eckhart: and
here he does but subscribe to a universal tradition. The mystics have always insisted that Be still,
be still, and know is the condition of mans purest and most direct apprehensions of reality: that
he experiences in quiet the truest and deepest activity: and Christianity when she formulated her
philosophy made haste to adopt and express this paradox.
Quid es ergo, Deus meus? said St. Augustine, and gave an answer in which the vision
of the mystic, the genius of the philosopher, combined to hint something at least of the paradox of
intimacy and majesty in that all-embracing, all-transcending One. Summe, optime, potentissime,
omnipotentissime, misericordissime et justissime, secretissime et presentissime, pulcherrime et
fortissime; stabilis et incomprehensibilis; immutabilis, mutans omnia. Numquam novus, nunquam
vetus. . . . Semper agens, semper quietus: colligens et non egens: portans et implens et protegens;
creans et nutriens et perficiens: quaerens cum nihil desit tibi. . . . Quid dicimus, Deus meus, vita
39
mea, dulcedo mea sancta? Aut quid dicit aliquis, cum de te dicit?
50
It has been said that Whatever we may do, our hunger for the Absolute will never cease.
This hungerthat innate craving for, and intuition of, a final Unity, an unchanging goodwill go
on, however heartily we may feed on those fashionable systems which offer us a dynamic or
empirical universe. If, now, we admit in all living creaturesas Vitalists must doan instinct of
self-preservation, a free directive force which may be trusted and which makes for life: is it just to
deny such an instinct to the human soul? The entelechy of the Vitalists, the hidden steersman,
drives the phenomenal world on and up. What about that other sure instinct embedded in the race,
breaking out again and again, which drives the spirit on and up; spurs it eternally towards an end
which it feels to be definite yet cannot define? Shall we distrust this instinct for the Absolute, as
living and ineradicable as any other of our powers, merely because philosophy finds it difficult to
accommodate and to describe?
We must, says Plato in the Timaeus, make a distinction of the two great forms of
being, and ask, What is that which Is and has no Becoming, and what is that which is always
49
Meister Eckhart, Pred. i.
50
Aug. Conf., bk. i. cap. iv. What art Thou, then, my God? . . . Highest, best, most potent [ i.e. , dynamic], most omnipotent
[ i.e, transcendent], most merciful and most just, most deeply hid and yet most near. Fairest, yet strongest: steadfast, yet unseizable;
unchangeable yet changing all things: never new, yet never old. . . . Ever busy, yet ever at rest; gathering yet needing not: bearing,
filling, guarding: creating, nourishing and perfecting; seeking though Thou hast no wants. . . . What can I say, my God, my life,
my holy joy? or what can any say who speaks of Thee? Compare the strikingly similar Sufi definition of the Nature of God, as
given in Palmers Oriental Mysticism, pp. 22,23. First and last, End and Limit of all things, incomparable and unchangeable,
always near yet always far, &c. This probably owes something to Platonic influence.
32
becoming and never Is?
51
Without necessarily subscribing to the Platonic answer to this question,
we may surely acknowledge that the question itself is sound and worth asking; that it expresses a
perennial demand of human nature; and that the analogy of mans other instincts and cravings
assures us that these his fundamental demands always indicate the existence of a supply.
52
The
great defect of Vitalism, considered as a system, is that it only answers half the question; the half
which Absolute Idealism disdained to answer at all.
We have seen that the mystical experience, the fullest all-round experience in regard to the
transcendental world which humanity has attained, declares that there are two aspects, two planes
of discoverable Reality. We have seen also that hints of these two planesoften clear statements
40
concerning themabound in mystical literature of the personal first-hand type.
53
Pure Being, says
Boutroux in the course of his exposition of Boehme,
54
has two characteristic manifestations. It
shows itself to us as Power, by means of strife, of the struggle and opposition of its own qualities.
But it shows itself to us as Reality, in harmonizing and reconciling within itself these discordant
opposites.
Its manifestation as Power, then, is for us in the dynamic World of Becoming, amidst the
thud and surge of that life which is compounded of paradox, of good and evil, joy and sorrow, life
and death. Here, Boehme declares that the Absolute God is voluntarily self-revealing. But each
revelation has as its condition the appearance of its opposite: light can only be recognized at the
price of knowing darkness, life needs death, love needs wrath. Hence if Pure Beingthe Good,
Beautiful and Trueis to reveal itself, it must do so by evoking and opposing its contrary: as in
the Hegelian dialectic no idea is complete without its negative. Such a revelation by strife, however,
is rightly felt by man to be incomplete. Absolute Reality, the Player whose sublime music is
expressed at the cost of this everlasting friction between bow and lyre, is present, it is true, in His
music. But He is best known in that light behind, that unity where all these opposites are lifted
up into harmony, into a higher synthesis; and the melody is perceived, not as a difficult progress
of sound, but as a whole.
We have, then, ( a ) The achieved Reality which the Greeks, and every one after them,
meant by that seemingly chill abstraction which they called Pure Being: that Absolute One,
unconditioned and undiscoverable, in Whom all is resumed. In the undifferentiated Godhead of
Eckhart, the Transcendent Father of orthodox Christian theology, we see the minds attempt to
conceive that wholly other Reality, unchanging yet changer of all. It is the great contribution of
the mystics to humanitys knowledge of the real that they find in this Absolute, in defiance of the
metaphysicians, a personal object of love, the goal of their quest, a Living One who lives first and
lives perfectly, and Who, touching me, the inferior, derivative life, can cause me to live by Him
and for His sake
55
.
( b ) But, contradicting the nihilism of Eastern contemplatives, they see also a reality in the
dynamic side of things: in the seething pot of appearance. They are aware of an eternal Becoming,
51
Timaeus, 27.
52
A natural craving, said Aquinas, cannot be in vain. Philosophy is creeping back to this mediaeval point of view.
Compare Summa Contra Gentiles, I. ii. cap. lxxix.
53
Compare Dantes vision in Par. xxx., where he sees Reality first as the streaming River of Light, the flux of things; and
then, when his sight has been purged, as achieved Perfection, the Sempiternal Rose.
54
E. Boutroux, Le Philosophe Allemand, Jacob Boehme. p. 18.
55
F. von Hgel: Eternal Life, p. 385.
33
a striving, free, evolving life; not merely as a shadow-show, but as an implicit of their Cosmos felt
also in the travail of their own soulsGods manifestation or showing, in which He is immanent,
41
in which His Spirit truly works and strives. It is in this plane of reality that all individual life is
immersed: this is the stream which set out from the Heart of God and turns again home.
The mystic knows his task to be the attainment of Being, Eternal Life, union with the One,
the return to the Fathers heart: for the parable of the Prodigal Son is to him the history of the
universe. This union is to be attained, first by cooperation in that Life which bears him up, in which
he is immersed. He must become conscious of this great life of the All, merge himself in it, if he
would find his way back whence he came. Vae soli . Hence there are really two distinct acts of
divine union, two distinct kinds of illumination involved in the Mystic Way: the dual character
of the spiritual consciousness brings a dual responsibility in its train. First, there is the union with
Life, with the World of Becoming: and parallel with it, the illumination by which the mystic gazes
upon a more veritable world. Secondly, there is the union with Being, with the One: and that final,
ineffable illumination of pure love which is called the knowledge of God. It is through the
development of the third factor, the free, creative spirit, the scrap of Absolute Life which is the
ground of his soul, that the mystic can (a) conceive and (b) accomplish these transcendent acts.
Only Being can know Being: we behold that which we are, and are that which we behold. But
there is a spark in mans soul, say the mystics, which is realwhich in fact isand by its cultivation
we may know reality. Thus, says Von Hgel a real succession, real efforts, and the continuous
sense of limitation and inadequacy are the very means in and through which man apprehends
increasingly (if only he thus loves and wills) the contrasting yet sustaining Simultaneity, Spontaneity,
Infinity, and pure action of the Eternal Life of God.
56
Over and over againas Being and Becoming, as Eternity and Time, as Transcendence
and Immanence, Reality and Appearance, the One and the Manythese two dominant ideas,
demands, imperious instincts of mans self will reappear; the warp and woof of his completed
universe. On the one hand is his intuition of a remote, unchanging Somewhat calling him: on the
other there is his longing for and as clear intuition of an intimate, adorable Somewhat, companioning
him. Mans true Real, his only adequate God, must be great enough to embrace this sublime paradox,
to take up these apparent negations into a higher synthesis. Neither the utter transcendence of
extreme Absolutism, nor the utter immanence of the Vitalists will do. Both these, taken alone, are
declared by the mystics to be incomplete. They conceive that Absolute Being who is the goal of
42
their quest as manifesting Himself in a World of Becoming: working in it, at one with it yet though
semper agens, also semper quietus .The Divine spirit which they know to be immanent in the
heart and in the universe comes forth from and returns to the Transcendent One; and this division
of persons in unity of substance completes the Eternal Circle, from Goodness, through Goodness,
to Goodness.
Absolute Being and Becoming, the All and the One, are found to be alike inadequate to
their definition of this discovered Real; the triple star of Goodness, Truth, and Beauty. Speaking
always from experiencethe most complete experience achieved by manthey assure us of an
Absolute which overpasses and includes the Absolute of philosophy, far transcends that Cosmic
life which it fills and sustains, and is best defined in terms of Transcendent Personality; which
because of its unspeakable richness and of the poverty of human speech, they have sometimes been
56
Op. Cit ., p. 387.
34
driven to define only by negations. At once static and dynamic, above life and in it, all love yet
all law, eternal in essence though working in time, this vision resolves the contraries which tease
those who study it from without, and swallows up whilst it kindles to life all the partial interpretations
of metaphysics and of science.
Here then stands the mystic. By the help of two types of philosophy, eked out by the
resources of symbolic expression and suggestion, he has contrived to tell us something of his vision
and his claim. Confronted by that visionthat sublime intuition of eternitywe may surely ask,
indeed are bound to ask, What is the machinery by which this self, akin to the imprisoned and
sense-fed self of our daily experience, has contrived to slip its fetters and rise to those levels of
spiritual perception on which alone such vision can be possible to man? How has it brought within
the field of consciousness those deep intuitions which fringe upon Absolute Life; how developed
powers by which it is enabled to arrive at this amazing, this superhuman concept of the nature of
Reality? Psychology will do something, perhaps, to help us to an answer to this question; and it
is her evidence which we must examine next. But for the fullest and most satisfying answer we
must go to the mystics; and they reply to our questions, when we ask them, in the direct and
uncompromising terms of action, not in the refined and elusive periods of speculative thought.
Come with us, they say to the bewildered and entangled self, craving for finality and
peace, and we will show you a way out that shall not only be an issue from your prison, but also
a pathway to your Home. True, you are immersed, fold upon fold, in the World of Becoming;
worse, you are besieged on all sides by the persistent illusions of sense. But you too are a child of
43
the Absolute. You bear within you the earnest of your inheritance. At the apex of your spirit there
is a little door, so high up that only by hard climbing can you reach it. There the Object of your
craving stands and knocks; thence came those persistent messagesfaint echoes from the Truth
eternally hammering at your gateswhich disturbed the comfortable life of sense. Come up then
by this pathway, to those higher levels of reality to which, in virtue of the eternal spark in you, you
belong. Leave your ignoble ease, your clever prattle, your absurd attempts to solve the apparent
contradictions of a Whole too great for your useful little mind to grasp. Trust your deep instincts:
use your latent powers. Appropriate that divine, creative life which is the very substance of your
being. Remake yourself in its interest, if you would know its beauty and its truth. You can only
behold that which you are. Only the Real can know Reality.
NOTE TO THE TWELFTH EDITION
THE changed philosophic outlook since this chapter was first written, eighteen years ago,
has now given to it a somewhat old-fashioned air. The ideas of Bergson and Eucken no longer
occupy the intellectual foreground. Were I now writing it for the first time, my examples would be
chosen from other philosophers, and especially from those who are bringing back into modern
thought the critical realism of the scholastics. But the position which is here defendedthat a
limited dualism, a Two-step philosophy, is the only type of metaphysic adequate to the facts of
mystical experience remains in my own mind as true as before. Now that mysticism enjoys the
patronage of many pious monists and philosophic naturalists, this view seems more than ever in
need of strong and definite statement.
35
44
W e come now to consider the mental apparatus which is at the disposal of the self: to ask what it
can tell us of the method by which she may escape from the prison of the sense-world, transcend
its rhythm, and attain knowledge ofor conscious contact witha supra-sensible Reality. We
have seen the normal self shut within that prison, and making, by the help of science and of
philosophy, a survey of the premises and furniture: testing the thickness of the walls and speculating
on the possibility of trustworthy news from without penetrating to her cell. Shut with her in that
cell, two forces, the desire to know more and the desire to love more, are ceaselessly at work. Where
the first of these cravings predominates, we call the result a philosophical or a scientific temperament;
where it is overpowered by the ardour of unsatisfied love, the selfs reaction upon things becomes
poetic, artistic, and characteristicallythough not always explicitlyreligious.
We have seen further that a certain number of persons declare that they have escaped from
the prison. Have they done so, it can only be in order to satisfy these two hungry desires, for these,
and these only, make that a prison which might otherwise be a comfortable hotel; and since, in
varying degrees, these desires are in all of us, active or latent, it is clearly worth while to discover,
45
if we can, the weak point in the walls, and method of achieving this one possible way of escape.
Before we try to define in psychological language the way in which the mystic slips the
fetters of sense, sets out upon his journey towards home, it seems well to examine the machinery
which is at the disposal of the normal, conscious self: the creature, or part of a creature, which we
recognize as ourselves. The older psychologists were accustomed to say that the messages from
the outer world awaken in that self three main forms of activity. (1) They arouse movements of
attraction or repulsion, of desire or distaste; which vary in intensity from the semi-conscious cravings
of the hungry infant to the passions of the lover, artist, or fanatic. (2) They stimulate a sort of
digestive process, in which she combines and cogitates upon the material presented to her; finally
absorbing a certain number of the resulting concepts and making them part of herself or of her
world, (3) The movements of desire, or the action of reason, or both in varying combinations,
awaken in her a determination by which percept and concept issue in action; bodily, mental, or
spiritual. Hence, the main aspects of the self were classified as Emotion, Intellect, and Will: and
the individual temperament was regarded as emotional, intellectual, or volitional, according to
whether feeling, thought, or will assumed the reins.
Modern psychologists have moved away from this diagrammatic conception, and incline
more and more to dwell upon the unity of the psychethat hypothetical self which none have ever
seenand on some aspect of its energetic desire, its libido, or hormic drive as the ruling factor
of its life. These conceptions are useful to the student of mysticism, though they cannot be accepted
uncritically or regarded as complete.
Now the unsatisfied psyche in her emotional aspect wants, as we have said, to love more;
her curious intellect wants to know more. The awakened human creature suspects that both appetites
are being kept on a low diet; that there really is more to love, and more to know, somewhere in the
mysterious world without, and further that its powers of affection and understanding are worthy of
some greater and more durable objective than that provided by the illusions of sense. Urged therefore
by the cravings of feeling or of thought, consciousness is always trying to run out to the encounter
of the Absolute, and always being forced to return. The neat philosophical system, the diagrams
of science, the sunset-touch, are tried in turn. Art and life, the accidents of our humanity, may
foster an emotional outlook; till the moment in which the neglected intellect arises and pronounces
such an outlook to have no validity. Metaphysics and science seem to offer to the intellect an open
36
window towards truth; till the heart looks out and declares this landscape to be a chill desert in
46
which she can find no nourishment. These diverse aspects of things must be either fused or
transcended if the whole self is to be satisfied; for the reality which she seeks has got to meet both
claims and pay in full.
When Dionysius the Areopagite divided those angels who stand nearest God into the Seraphs
who are aflame with perfect love, and the Cherubs who are filled with perfect knowledge, he only
gave expression to the two most intense aspirations of the human soul, and described under an
image the two-fold condition of that Beatific Vision which is her goal.
57
There is a sense in which it may be said, that the desire of knowledge is a part of the desire
of perfect love: since one aspect of that all inclusive passion is clearly a longing to know, in the
deepest, fullest, closest sense, the thing adored. Loves characteristic activityfor Love, all wings,
is inherently active, and cannot be lazy, as the mystics sayis a quest, an outgoing towards an
object desired, which only when possessed will be fully known, and only when fully known can
be perfectly adored.
58
Intimate communion, no less than worship, is of its essence. Joyous fruition
is its proper end. This is true of all Loves quests, whether the Beloved be human or divinethe
bride, the Grail, the Mystic Rose, the Plenitude of God. But there is no sense in which it can be
said that the desire of love is merely a part of the desire of perfect knowledge: for that strictly
intellectual ambition includes no adoration, no self-spending, no reciprocity of feeling between
Knower and Known. Mere knowledge, taken alone, is a matter of receiving, not of acting: of eyes,
not wings: a dead alive business at the best. There is thus a sharp distinction to be drawn between
these two great expressions of life: the energetic love, the passive knowledge. One is related to the
eager, outgoing activity, the dynamic impulse to do somewhat, physical, mental, or spiritual, which
is inherent in all living things and which psychologists call conation: the other to the indwelling
consciousness, the passive knowing somewhat, which they call cognition.
Now conation is almost wholly the business of will, but of will stimulated by emotion:
for wilful action of every kind, however intellectual it may seem, is always the result of interest,
47
and interest involves feeling. We act because we feel we want to; feel we must. Whether the
inspiring force be a mere preference or an overwhelming urge, our impulse to do is a synthesis
of determination and desire. All mans achievements are the result of conation, never of mere
thought. The intellect by itself moves nothing, said Aristotle, and modern psychology has but
affirmed this law. Hence his quest of Reality is never caused, though it may be greatly assisted, by
the intellectual aspect of his consciousness; for the reasoning powers as such have little initiative.
Their province is analytic, not exploratory. They stay at home, dissecting and arranging matter that
comes to hand; and do not adventure beyond their own region in search of food. Thought does not
penetrate far into an object in which the self feels no interest i.e. , towards which she does not
experience a conative movement of attraction, of desirefor interest is the only method known
to us of arousing the will, and securing the fixity of attention necessary to any intellectual process.
57
The wise Cherubs, according to the beautiful imagery of Dionysius, are all eyes, but the loving Seraphs are all wings.
Whilst the Seraphs, the figure of intensest Love, move perpetually towards things divine, ardour and energy being their
characteristics, the characteristic of the Cherubs is receptiveness their power of absorbing the rays of the Supernal Light.
(Dionysius the Areopagite, De Caelesti Ierarchia, vi. 2, and vii. 1.)
58
So Rcjac says of the mystics, they desire to know, only that they may love; and their desire for union with the principle
of things in God, Who is the sum of them all, is founded on a feeling which is neither curiosity nor self-interest (Fondements
de la Connaissance Mystique, p. 50).
37
None think for long about anything for which they do not care; that is to say, which does not touch
some aspect of their emotional life. They may hate it, love it, fear it, want it; but they must have
some feeling about it. Feeling is the tentacle we stretch out to the world of things.
Here the lesson of psychology is the same as that which Dante brought back from his
pilgrimage; the supreme importance and harmonious movement of il desiro and il velle. Si come
rota chegualmente mossa ,
59
these move together to fulfil the Cosmic Plan. In all human life, in
so far as it is not merely a condition of passive awareness, the law which he found implicit in the
universe is the law of the individual mind. Not logic, not common sense,but lamor che move il
sole e le altre stelle the motive force of the spirit of man: in the inventors, the philosophers, and
the artists, no less than in the heroes and in the saints.
The vindication of the importance of feeling in our life, and in particular its primacy over
reason in all that has to do with mans contact with the transcendental world, has been one of the
great achievements of modern psychology. In the sphere of religion it is now acknowledged that
God known of the heart gives a better account of the character of our spiritual experience than
God guessed at by the brain; that the loving intuition is more fruitful and more trustworthy than
the dialectic proof. One by one the commonplaces of mysticism are thus rediscovered by official
science, and given their proper place in the psychology of the spiritual life. Thus Leuba, hardly a
friendly witness, is found to agree with the Fourth Evangelist that Life, more life, a larger, richer,
48
more satisfying life, is in the last analysis the end of religion,
60
and we have seen that life, as we
know it, has the character of a purposive striving, more directly dependent on will and feeling then
on thought. Of this drive, this urge, thought indeed is but the servant; a skilled and often arrogant
servant, with a constant tendency to usurpation. Some form of feelinginterest, desire, fear,
appetitemust supply the motive power. Without this, the will would be dormant, and the intellect
lapse into a calculating machine.
Further, the heart has its reasons which the mind knows not of. It is a matter of experience
that in our moments of deep emotion, transitory though they be, we plunge deeper into the reality
of things than we can hope to do in hours of the most brilliant argument. At the touch of passion
doors fly open which logic has battered on in vain: for passion rouses to activity not merely the
mind, but the whole vitality of man. It is the lover, the poet, the mourner, the convert, who shares
for a moment the mystics privilege of lifting that Veil of Isis which science handles so helplessly,
leaving only her dirty fingermarks behind. The heart, eager and restless, goes out into the unknown,
and brings home, literally and actually, fresh food for thought. Hence those who feel to think
are likely to possess a richer, more real, if less orderly, experience than those who think to feel.
This psychological law, easily proved in regard to earthly matters, holds good also upon
the supersensual plane. It was expressed once for all by the author of The Cloud of Unknowing
when he said of God, By love He may be gotten and holden, but by thought of understanding,
never.
61
That exalted feeling, that secret blind love pressing, not the neat deductions of logic,
the apologists proofs of the existence of the Absolute, unseals the eyes to things unseen before.
Therefore, says the same mystic what time that thou purposest thee to this work, and feelest by
grace that thou art called of God, lift then up thine heart unto God with a meek stirring of love; and
59
Par. xxxiii. 143.
60
The Monist , July, 1901, p. 572.
61
The Cloud of Unknowing, cap. vi.
38
mean God that made thee and bought thee, and that graciously hath called thee to thy degree and
receive none other thought of God. And yet not all these but if thou list; for it sufficeth thee enough,
a naked intent direct unto God without any other cause than Himself.
62
Here we see emotion at
its proper work; the movement of desire passing over at once into the act of concentration, the
gathering up of all the powers of the self into a state of determined attention, which is the business
of the Will. This driving and drawing, says Ruysbroeck, we feel in the heart and in the unity of
49
all our bodily powers, and especially in the desirous powers.
63
This act of perfect concentration,
the passionate focussing of the self upon one point, when it is applied with a naked intent to real
and transcendental things, constitutes in the technical language of mysticism the state of recollection:
64
a condition which is peculiarly characteristic of the mystical consciousness, and is the necessary
prelude of pure contemplation, that state in which the mystic enters into communion with Reality.
We have then arrived so far in our description of the mechanism of the mystic. Possessed
like other men of powers of feeling, thought, and will, it is essential that his love and his
determination, even more than his thought, should be set upon Transcendent Reality. He must feel
a strong emotional attraction toward the supersensual Object of his quest: that love which scholastic
philosophy defined as the force or power which causes every creature to follow out the trend of its
own nature. Of this must be born the will to attain communion with that Absolute Object. This will,
this burning and active desire, must crystallize into and express itself by that definite and conscious
concentration of the whole self upon the Object, which precedes the contemplative state. We see
already how far astray are those who look upon the mystical temperament as passive in type.
Our next concern, then, would seem to be with this condition of contemplation: what it does
and whither it leads. What is (a) its psychological explanation and (b) its empirical value? Now, in
dealing with this, and other rare mental conditions, we are of course trying to describe from without
that which can only adequately be described from within; which is as much as to say that only
mystics can really write about mysticism. Fortunately, many mystics have so written; and we, from
their experiences and from the explorations of psychology upon another plane, are able to make
certain elementary deductions. It appears generally from these that the act of contemplation is for
the mystic a psychic gateway; a method of going from one level of consciousness to another. In
technical language it is the condition under which he shifts his field of perception and obtains
his characteristic outlook on the universe. That there is such a characteristic outlook, peculiar to
no creed or race, is proved by the history of mysticism; which demonstrates plainly enough that in
some men another sort of consciousness, another sense, may be liberated beyond the normal
powers we have discussed. This sense has attachments at each point to emotion, to intellect, and
to will. It can express itself under each of the aspects which these terms connote. Yet it differs from
and transcends the emotional, intellectual, and volitional life of ordinary men. It was recognized
50
by Plato as that consciousness which could apprehend the real world of the Ideas. Its development
is the final object of that education which his Republic describes. It is called by Plotinus Another
intellect, different from that which reasons and is denominated rational.
65
Its business, he says,
is the perception of the supersensualor, in Neoplatonic language, the intelligible world. It is the
62
Op. cit., cap. vii.
63
De Ornatu Spiritalium Nuptiarum, I. ii. cap. v.
64
See below, Pt. II. Cap. VI.
65
Plotinus, Ennead vi. 9.
39
sense which, in the words of the Theologia Germanica, has the power of seeing into eternity,
66
the mysterious eye of the soul by which St. Augustine saw the light that never changes.
67
It
is, says Al Ghazzali, a Persian mystic of the eleventh century, like an immediate perception, as if
one touched its object with ones hand.
68
In the words of his great Christian successor, St. Bernard,
it may be defined as the souls true unerring intuition, the unhesitating apprehension of truth:
69
which simple vision of truth, says St. Thomas Aquinas, ends in a movement of desire.
70
It is infused with burning love, for it seems to its possessors to be primarily a movement of
the heart: with intellectual subtlety, for its ardour is wholly spent upon the most sublime object of
thought: with unflinching will, for its adventures are undertaken in the teeth of the natural doubts,
prejudices, languors, and self-indulgence of man. These adventures, looked upon by those who
stay at home as a form of the Higher Laziness, are in reality the last and most arduous labours which
the human spirit is called to perform. They are the only known methods by which we can come
into conscious possession of all our powers; and, rising from the lower to the higher levels of
consciousness, become aware of that larger life in which we are immersed, attain communion with
the transcendent Personality in Whom that life is resumed.
Mary has chosen the better, not the idler part; for her gaze is directed towards those First
Principles without which the activity of Martha would have no meaning at all. In vain does sardonic
common sense, confronted with the contemplative type, reiterate the sneer of Mucius, Encore
sont-ils heureux que la pauvre Marthe leur fasse la cuisine. It remains a paradox of the mystics
that the passivity at which they appear to aim is really a state of the most intense activity: more,
that where it is wholly absent no great creative action can take place. In it, the superficial self
51
compels itself to be still, in order that it may liberate another more deep-seated power which is, in
the ecstasy of the contemplative genius, raised to the highest pitch of efficiency.
This restful travail, said Walter Hilton, is full far from fleshly idleness and from blind
security. It is full of ghostly work but it is called rest, for grace looseth the heavy yoke of fleshly
love from the soul and maketh it mighty and free through the gift of the holy ghostly love for to
work gladly, softly, and delectably. . . . Therefore is it called an holy idleness and a rest most busy;
and so is it in stillness from the great crying and the beastly noise of fleshly desires.
71
If those who have cultivated this latent power be correct in their statements, the self was
mistaken in supposing herself to be entirely shut off from the true external universe. She has, it
seems certain tentacles which, once she learns to uncurl them, will stretch sensitive fingers far
beyond that limiting envelope in which her normal consciousness is contained, and give her news
of a higher reality than that which can be deduced from the reports of the senses. The fully developed
and completely conscious human soul can open as an anemone does, and know the ocean in which
she is bathed. This act, this condition of consciousness, in which barriers are obliterated, the Absolute
flows in on us, and we, rushing out to its embrace, find and feel the Infinite above all reason and
above all knowledge,
72
is the true mystical state. The value of contemplation is that it tends to
66
Theologia Germanica, cap. vii. (trans. Winkworth).
67
Aug. Conf., bk. vii. cap. x.
68
A. Schmlders, Essai sur les coles Philosophique chez les Arabes, p. 68.
69
De Consideration, bk. ii. cap. ii.
70
Summa Theologica, ii. ii. q. clxxx, art. 3. eds. 1 and 3.
71
Walter Hilton, The Scale of Perfection, bk. ii. cap. xl.
72
Ruysbroeck, De Septem Gradibus Amoris, cap. xiv.
40
produce this state, release this transcendental sense; and so turns the lower servitude in which
the natural man lives under the sway of his earthly environment to the higher servitude of fully
conscious dependence on that Reality in Whom we live and move and have our being.
What then, we ask, is the nature of this special sensethis transcendental
consciousnessand how does contemplation liberate it?
Any attempt to answer this question brings upon the scene another aspect of mans psychic
life: an aspect of paramount importance to the student of the mystic type. We have reviewed the
chief ways in which our surface consciousness reacts upon experience: a surface consciousness
which has been trained through long ages to deal with the universe of sense. We know, however,
that the personality of man is a far deeper and more mysterious thing than the sum of his conscious
feeling, thought and will: that this superficial selfthis Ego of which each of us is awarehardly
counts in comparison with the deeps of being which it hides. There is a root or depth in thee,
52
says Law, from whence all these faculties come forth as lines from a centre, or as branches from
the body of a tree. This depth is called the centre, the fund, or bottom, of the soul. This depth is the
unity, the Eternity, I had almost said the infinity of thy soul, for it is so infinite that nothing can
satisfy it, or give it any rest, but the infinity of God.
73
Since normal man is utterly unable to set up relations with spiritual reality by means of his
feeling, thought, and will, it is clearly in this depth of beingin these unplumbed levels of
personalitythat we must search, if we would find the organ, the power, by which he is to achieve
the mystic quest. That alteration of consciousness which takes place in contemplation can only
mean the emergence from this fund or bottom of the soul of some faculty which diurnal life keeps
hidden in the deeps.
Modern psychology, in its doctrine of the unconscious or subliminal personality, has
acknowledged this fact of a range of psychic life lying below and beyond the conscious field.
Indeed, it has so dwelt upon and defined this shadowy regionwhich is really less a region than
a useful namethat it sometimes seems to know more about the unconscious than about the
conscious life of man. There it finds, side by side, the sources of his most animal instincts, his least
explicable powers, his most spiritual intuitions: the ape and tiger, and the soul. Genius and
prophecy, insomnia and infatuation, clairvoyance, hypnotism, hysteria, and Christian scienceall
are explained by the unconscious mind. In his destructive moods the psychologist has little
apparent difficulty in reducing the chief phenomena of religious and mystical experience to activities
of the unconscious, seeking an oblique satisfaction of repressed desires. Where he undertakes
the more dangerous duties of apologetic, he explains the same phenomena by saying that God
speaks to man in the subconsciousness,
74
by which he can only mean that our apprehensions of
the eternal have the character of intuition rather than of thought. Yet the unconscious after all is
merely a convenient name for the aggregate of those powers, parts, or qualities of the whole self
which at any given moment are not conscious, or that the Ego is not conscious of. Included in the
unconscious region of an average healthy man are all those automatic activities by which the life
of the body is carried on: all those uncivilized instincts and vices, those remains of the ancestral
73
The Spirit of Prayer (Liberal and Mystical Writings of William Law, p, 14). So too St. Franois de Sales says: This
root is the depth of the spirit, Mens , which others call the Kingdom of God. The same doctrine appears, under various symbols,
in all the Christian Mystics.
74
Cutten, Psychological Phenomena of Christianity, p. 18. James, Varieties of Religious Experience, p. 155. For a
temperate and balanced discussion, see Pratt: The Religious Consciousness.
41
53
savage, which education has forced out of the stream of consciousness and which now only send
their messages to the surface in a carefully disguised form. There too work in the hiddenness those
longings for which the busy life of the world leaves no place; and there lies that deep pool, that
heart of personality, from which in moments of lucidity a message may reach the conscious field.
Hence in normal men the best and worst, most savage and most spiritual parts of character, are
bottled up below the threshold. Often the partisans of the unconscious forget to mention this.
It follows, then, that whilst we may find it convenient and indeed necessary to avail ourselves
of the symbols and diagrams of psychology in tracking out the mystic way, we must not forget the
large and vague significance which attaches to these symbols, and the hypothetical character of
many of the entities they represent. Nor must we allow ourselves to use the unconscious as the
equivalent of mans transcendental sense. Here the mystics have surely displayed a more scientific
spirit, a more delicate power of analysis, than the psychologists. They, too, were aware that in
normal men the spiritual sense lies below the threshold of consciousness. Though they had not at
their command the spatial metaphors of the modern school, and could not describe mans ascent
toward God in those picturesque terms of levels and uprushes, margins and fields, projection,
repression, and sublimation, which now come so naturally to investigators of the spiritual life, they
leave us in no doubt as to their view of the facts. Further, mans spiritual history primarily meant
for them, as it means for us, the emergence of this transcendental sense; its capture of the field of
consciousness, and the opening up of those paths which permit the inflow of a larger spiritual life,
the perception of a higher reality. This, in so far as it was an isolated act, was contemplation.
When it was part of the general life process, and had permanent results, they called it the New
Birth, which maketh alive. The faculty or personality concerned in the New Birththe spiritual
man, capable of the spiritual vision and life, which was dissociated from the earthly man adapted
only to the natural lifewas always sharply distinguished by them from the total personality,
conscious or unconscious. It was something definite; a bit or spot of man which, belonging not to
Time but to Eternity, was different in kind from the rest of his human nature, framed in all respects
to meet the demands of the merely natural world.
75
The business of the mystic in the eyes of these
54
old specialists was to remake, transmute, his total personality in the interest of his spiritual self;
to bring it out of the hiddenness, and unify himself about it as a centre, thus putting on divine
humanity.
The divine nucleus, the point of contact between mans life and the divine life in which it
is immersed and sustained, has been given many names in course of the development of mystical
doctrine. All clearly mean the same thing, though emphasizing different aspects of its life. Sometimes
it is called the Synteresis,
76
the keeper or preserver of his being: sometimes the Spark of the Soul,
the Fnklein of the German mystics: sometimes its Apex the point at which it touches the heavens.
Then, with a sudden flight to the other end of the symbolic scale, and in order to emphasize its
75
Note to the 12th Edition. During the eighteen years which have elapsed since this chapter was written, much work has been
done on the psychology of mysticism. After suffering severely at the hands of the new psychologists the contemplative faculty
is once more taken seriously; and there is even some disposition to accept or restate the account of it given by the mystics. Thus
Bremond (Prire et Posie and Introduction la Philosophie de la Prire) insists on the capital distinction between the
surface-mind, capable of rational knowledge, and the deeper mind, organ of mystical knowledge, and operative in varying degrees
in religion poetic, and Esthetic apprehensions.
76
An interesting discussion of the term Synteresis will be found in Dr. Inges Christian Mysticism, Appendix C, pp. 359,
360.
42
participation in pure Being, rather than its difference from mere nature, it is called the Ground of
the Soul, the foundation or basal stuff indwelt by God, whence springs all spiritual life. Clearly all
these guesses and suggestions aim at one goal and are all to be understood in a symbolic sense; for,
as Malaval observed in answer to his disciples anxious inquiries on this subject, since the soul
of man is a spiritual thing and thus cannot have divisions or parts, consequently it cannot have
height or depth, summit or surface. But because we judge spiritual things by the help of material
things, since we know these better and they are more familiar to us, we call the highest of all forms
of conception the summit, and the easier way of comprehending things the surface, of the
understanding.
77
Here at any rate, whatever name we may choose to give it, is the organ of mans spiritual
consciousness; the place where he meets the Absolute, the germ of his real life. Here is the seat of
that deep Transcendental Feeling, the beginning and end of metaphysics which is, says Professor
Stewart, at once the solemn sense of Timeless Beingof That which was and is and ever shall
be overshadowing usand the conviction that Life is good. I hold, says the same writer, that
it is in Transcendental Feeling, manifested normally as Faith in the Value of Life, and ecstatically
as sense of Timeless Being, and not in Thought proceeding by way of speculative construction,
55
that Consciousness comes nearest to the object of metaphysics, Ultimate Reality.
78
The existence of such a sense, such an integral part or function of the complete human
being, has been affirmed and dwelt upon not only by the mystics, but by seers and teachers of all
times and creeds: by Egypt, Greece, and India, the poets, the fakirs, the philosophers, and the saints.
A belief in its actuality is the pivot of the Christian position; indeed of every religion worthy of the
name. It is the justification of mysticism, asceticism, the whole machinery of the self-renouncing
life. That there is an extreme point at which mans nature touches the Absolute: that his ground, or
substance, his true being, is penetrated by the Divine Life which constitutes the underlying reality
of things; this is the basis on which the whole mystic claim of possible union with God must rest.
Here, they say, is our link with reality; and in this place alone can be celebrated the marriage from
which the Lord comes.
79
To use another of their diagrams, it is thanks to the existence within him of this immortal
spark from the central fire, that man is implicitly a child of the infinite. The mystic way must
therefore be a life, a discipline, which will so alter the constituents of his mental life as to include
this spark within the conscious field; bring it out of the hiddenness, from those deep levels where
it sustains and guides his normal existence, and make it the dominant element round which his
personality is arranged.
It is clear that under ordinary conditions, and save for sudden gusts of Transcendental
Feeling induced by some saving madness such as Religion, Art, or Love, the superficial self knows
nothing of the attitude of this silent watcherthis Dweller in the Innermosttowards the incoming
messages of the external world: nor of the activities which they awake in it. Concentrated on the
sense-world, and the messages she receives from it, she knows nothing of the relations which exist
between this subject and the unattainable Object of all thought. But by a deliberate inattention to
77
La Pratique de la Vraye Theologie Mystique, vol. 1. p. 204.
78
J. A. Stewart, *The Myths of Plato, pp. 41, 43. Perhaps I may point out that this Transcendental Feelingthe ultimate
material alike of prayer and of poetryhas, like the mystic consciousness, a dual perception of Reality: static being and dynamic
life. See above, p. 42.
79
Tauler, Sermon on St. Augustine (The Inner Way, p. 162).
43
the messages of the senses, such as that which is induced by contemplation, the mystic can bring
the ground of the soul, the seat of Transcendental Feeling, within the area of consciousness:
making it amenable to the activity of the will. Thus becoming unaware of his usual and largely
fictitious external world, another and more substantial set of perceptions, which never have their
chance under normal conditions, rise to the surface. Sometimes these unite with the normal reasoning
faculties. More often, they supersede them. Some such exchange, such losing to find, appears to
be necessary, if mans transcendental powers are to have their full chance.
56
The two eyes of the soul of man, says the Theologia Germanica, here developing a
profound Platonic image, cannot both perform their work at once: but if the soul shall see with
the right eye into eternity, then the left eye must close itself and refrain from working, and be as
though it were dead. For if the left eye be fulfilling its office toward outward things, that is holding
converse with time and the creatures; then must the right eye be hindered in its working; that is, in
its contemplation. Therefore, whosoever will have the one must let the other go; for no man can
serve two masters.
80
There is within us an immense capacity for perception, for the receiving of messages from
outside; and a very little consciousness which deals with them. It is as if one telegraph operator
were placed in charge of a multitude of lines: all may be in action, but he can only attend to one at
a time. In popular language, there is not enough consciousness to go round. Even upon the sensual
plane, no one can be aware of more than a few things at once. These fill the centre of our field of
consciousness: as the object on which we happen to have focussed our vision dominates our field
of sight. The other matters within that field retreat to the margin. We know, dimly, that they are
there; but we pay them no attention and should hardly miss them if they ceased to exist.
Transcendental matters are, for most of us, always beyond the margin; because most of us
have given up our whole consciousness to the occupation of the senses, and permitted them to
construct there a universe in which we are contented to remain. Only in certain statesrecollection,
contemplation, ecstasy and their allied conditionsdoes the self contrive to turn out the usual
tenants, shut the gateways of the flesh, and let those submerged powers which are capable of
picking up messages from another plane of being have their turn. Then it is the sense-world which
retreats beyond the margin, and another landscape that rushes in. At last, then, we begin to see
something of what contemplation does for its initiates. It is one of the many names applied to that
chain of processes which have for their object this alteration of the mental equilibrium: the putting
to sleep of that Normal Self which usually wakes, and the awakening of that Transcendental
Self which usually sleeps. To man, meeting-point of various stages of reality, is giventhough
he seldom considers itthis unique power of choosing his universe.
The phenomenon known as double or disintegrated personality may perhaps give us a hint
as to the mechanical nature of the change which contemplation effects. In this psychic malady the
57
total character of the patient is split up; a certain group of qualities are, as it were, abstracted from
the surface-consciousness and so closely associated as to form in themselves a complete character
or personalitynecessarily poles asunder from the character which the self usually shows to
the world, since it consists exclusively of those elements which are omitted from it. Thus in the
classical case of Miss Beauchamp, the investigator, Dr. Morton Prince, called the three chief
80
Theologia Germanica, cap. vii. Compare De Imitatione Christi, 1. iii. cap. 38.
44
personalities, from their ruling characteristics, the Saint, the Woman, and the Devil.
81
The
totality of character which composed the real Miss Beauchamp had split up into these contrasting
types; each of which was excessive, because withdrawn from the control of the rest. When,
voluntarily or involuntarily, the personality which had possession of the field of consciousness was
lulled to sleep, one of the others emerged. Hypnotism was one of the means which most easily
effected this change.
Now in persons of mystical genius, the qualities which the stress of normal life tends to
keep below the threshold of consciousness are of enormous strength. In these natural explorers of
Eternity the transcendental faculty, the eye of the soul, is not merely present in embryo, but is
highly developed; and is combined with great emotional and volitional power. The result of the
segregation of such qualities below the threshold of consciousness is to remove from them the
friction of those counterbalancing traits in the surface mind with which they might collide. They
are in the hiddenness, as Jacob Boehme would say. There they develop unchecked, until a point
is reached at which their strength is such that they break their bounds and emerge into the conscious
field: either temporarily dominating the subject as in ecstasy, or permanently transmuting the old
self, as in the unitive life. The attainment of this point may be accelerated by processes which
have always been known and valued by the mystics; and which tend to produce a state of
consciousness classed by psychologists with dreams, reverie, and the results of hypnosis. In all
these the normal surface-consciousness is deliberately or involuntarily lulled, the images and ideas
connected with normal life are excluded, and images or faculties from beyond the threshold are
able to take their place.
Of course these images or faculties may or may not be more valuable than those already
present in the surface-consciousness. In the ordinary subject, often enough, they are but the odds
and ends for which the superficial mind has found no use. In the mystic, they are of a very different
order: and this fact justifies the means which he instinctively employs to secure their emergence.
58
Indian mysticism founds its external system almost wholly on ( a ) Asceticism, the domination of
the senses, and ( b ) the deliberate practice of self-hypnotization; either by fixing the eyes on a near
object, or by the rhythmic repetition of the mantra or sacred word. By these complementary forms
of discipline, the pull of the phenomenal world is diminished and the mind is placed at the disposal
of the subconscious powers. Dancing, music, and other exaggerations of natural rhythm have been
pressed into the same service by the Greek initiates of Dionysus, by the Gnostics, by innumerable
other mystic cults. That these proceedings do effect a remarkable change in the human consciousness
is proved by experience: though how and why they do it is as yet little understood. Such artificial
and deliberate production of ecstasy is against the whole instinct of the Christian contemplatives;
but here and there amongst them also we find instances in which ecstatic trance or lucidity, the
liberation of the transcendental sense, was inadvertently produced by purely physical means.
Thus Jacob Boehme, the Teutonic theosopher, having one day as he sat in his room gazed fixedly
upon a burnished pewter dish which reflected the sunshine with great brilliance, fell into an inward
ecstasy, and it seemed to him as if he could look into the principles and deepest foundations of
things.
82
The contemplation of running water had the same effect on St. Ignatius Loyola. Sitting
on the bank of a river one day, and facing the stream, which was running deep, the eyes of his
81
Morton Prince, The Dissociation of a Personality, p. 16.
82
Martensen, Jacob Boehme, p. 7.
45
mind were opened, not so as to see any kind of vision, but so as to understand and comprehend
spiritual things . . . and this with such clearness that for him all these things were made new.
83
This method of attaining to mental lucidity by a narrowing and simplification of the conscious
field, finds an apt parallel in the practice of Immanuel Kant, who found that he could better engage
in philosophical thought while gazing steadily at a neighbouring church steeple.
84
It need hardly be said that rationalistic writers, ignoring the parallels offered by the artistic
and philosophic temperaments, have seized eagerly upon the evidence afforded by such instances
of apparent mono-ideism and self-hypnotization in the lives of the mystics, and by the physical
disturbances which accompany the ecstatic trance, and sought by its application to attribute all the
abnormal perceptions of contemplative genius to hysteria or other disease. They have not hesitated
to call St. Paul an epileptic. St. Teresa the patron saint of hysterics; and have found room for
most of their spiritual kindred in various departments of the pathological museum. They have been
59
helped in this grateful task by the acknowledged fact that the great contemplatives, though almost
always persons of robust intelligence and marked practical or intellectual abilityPlotinus, St.
Bernard, the two Ss. Catherine, St. Teresa, St. John of the Cross, and the Sufi poets Jmi and Jalalu
ddin are cases in pointhave often suffered from bad physical health. More, their mystical activities
have generally reacted upon their bodies in a definite and special way; producing in several cases
a particular kind of illness and of physical disability, accompanied by pains and functional
disturbances for which no organic cause could be discovered, unless that cause were the immense
strain which exalted spirit puts upon a body which is adapted to a very different form of life.
It is certain that the abnormal and highly sensitized type of mind which we call mystical
does frequently, but not always, produce or accompany strange and inexplicable modifications of
the physical organism with which it is linked. The supernatural is not here in question, except in
so far as we are inclined to give that name to natural phenomena which we do not understand. Such
instances of psycho-physical parallelism as the stigmatizations of the saintsand indeed of other
suggestible subjects hardly to be ranked as saintswill occur to anyone.
85
I here offer to the reader
another less discussed and more extraordinary example of the modifying influence of the spirit on
the supposed laws of bodily life.
We know, as a historical fact, unusually well attested by contemporary evidence and quite
outside the sphere of hagiographic romance, that both St. Catherine of Siena and her namesake St.
Catherine of Genoaactive women as well as ecstatics, the first a philanthropist, reformer, and
politician, the second an original theologian and for many years the highly efficient matron of a
large hospitallived, in the first case for years, in the second for constantly repeated periods of
many weeks, without other food than the consecrated Host which they received at Holy Communion.
They did this, not by way of difficult obedience to a pious vow, but because they could not live in
any other way. Whilst fasting, they were well and active, capable of dealing with the innumerable
responsibilities which filled their lives. But the attempt to eat even a few mouthfulsand this
83
Testament, cap. iii.
84
Starbuck, The Psychology of Religion, p. 388.
85
See, for instances, Cutten, The Psychological Phenomena of Christianity, cap. viii.
46
attempt was constantly repeated, for, like all true saints, they detested eccentricity
86
at once made
60
them ill and had to be abandoned as useless.
87
In spite of the researches of Murisier,
88
Janet,
89
Ribot,
90
and other psychologists, and their
persevering attempts to find a pathological explanation which will fit all mystic facts, this and other
marked physical peculiarities which accompany the mystical temperament belong as yet to the
unsolved problems of humanity. They need to be removed both from the sphere of marvel and from
that of diseaseinto which enthusiastic friends and foes force them by turnto the sphere of pure
psychology; and there studied dispassionately with the attention which we so willingly bestow on
the less interesting eccentricities of degeneracy and vice. Their existence no more discredits the
sanity of mysticism or the validity of its results than the unstable nervous condition usually noticed
in artistswho share to some extent the mystics apprehension of the Realdiscredits art. In such
cases as Kant and Beethoven, says Von Hgel justly, a classifier of humanity according to its
psycho-physical phenomena alone would put these great discoverers and creators, without hesitation,
amongst hopeless and useless hypochondriacs.
91
In the case of the mystics the disease of hysteria, with its astounding variety of mental
symptoms, its strange power of disintegrating, rearranging and enhancing the elements of
consciousness, its tendencies to automatism and ecstasy, has been most often invoked to provide
an explanation of the observed phenomena. This is as if one sought the source of the genius of
Taglioni in the symptoms of St. Vituss dance. Both the art and the disease have to do with bodily
movements. So too both mysticism and hysteria have to do with the domination of consciousness
by one fixed and intense idea or intuition, which rules the life and is able to produce amazing
physical and psychical results. In the hysteric patient this idea is often trivial or morbid
92
but has
becomethanks to the selfs unstable mental conditionan obsession. In the mystic the dominant
idea is a great one: so great in fact, that when it is received in its completeness by the human
consciousness, almost of necessity it ousts all else. It is nothing less than the idea or perception of
the transcendent reality and presence of God. Hence the mono-ideism of the mystic is rational,
whilst that of the hysteric patient is invariably irrational.
On the whole then, whilst psycho-physical relations remain so little understood, it would
seem more prudent, and certainly more scientific, to withhold our judgment on the meaning of the
61
psychophysical phenomena which accompany the mystic life; instead of basing destructive criticism
on facts which are avowedly mysterious and at least capable of more than one interpretation. To
deduce the nature of a compound from the character of its byproducts is notoriously unsafe.
Our bodies are animal things, made for animal activities. When a spirit of unusual ardour
insists on using its nerve-cells for other activities, they kick against the pricks; and inflict, as the
mystics themselves acknowledge, the penalty of mystical ill-health. Believe me, children, says
Tauler, one who would know much about these high matters would often have to keep his bed,
86
Singularity, says Gertrude More, is a vice which Thou extremely hatest. (The Spiritual Exercises of the most vertuous
and religious Dame Gertrude More, p. 40). All the best and sanest of the mystics are of the same opinion.
87
See E. Gardner, St. Catherine of Siena, pp. 12and 48; and E. von Hgel, The Mystical Element of Religion, vol. i. p.
135.
88
Les Maladies des Sentiments Religieux.
89
Ltat Mentale des Hysteriques, and Une Extatique ( Bulletin de lInstitut Psychologique , 1901).
90
La Psychologie des Sentiment, 1896.
91
Op. cit ., vol. ii. p. 42.
92
For examples consult Pierre Janet, op. cit.
47
for his bodily frame could not support it.
93
I cause thee extreme pain of body, says the voice of
Love to Mechthild of Magdeburg. If I gave myself to thee as often as thou wouldst have me, I
should deprive myself of the sweet shelter I have of thee in this world, for a thousand bodies could
not protect a loving soul from her desire. Therefore the higher the love the greater the pain.
94
On the other hand the exalted personality of the mystichis self-discipline, his heroic
acceptance of labour and suffering, and his inflexible willraises to a higher term that normal
power of mind over body which all possess. Also the contemplative statelike the hypnotic state
in a healthy personseems to enhance life by throwing open deeper levels of personality. The self
then drinks at a fountain which is fed by the Universal Life. True ecstasy is notoriously
life-enhancing. In it a bracing contact with Reality seems to take place, and as a result the subject
is himself more real. Often, says St. Teresa, even the sick come forth from ecstasy healthy and with
new strength; for something great is then given to the soul.
95
Contact has been set up with levels
of being which the daily routine of existence leaves untouched. Hence the extraordinary powers of
endurance, and independence of external conditions, which the great ecstatics so often display.
If we see in the mystics, as some have done, the sporadic beginning of a power, a higher
consciousness, towards which the race slowly tends; then it seems likely enough that where it
appears nerves and organs should suffer under a stress to which they have not yet become adapted,
and that a spirit more highly organized than its bodily home should be able to impose strange
conditions on the flesh. When man first stood upright, a body long accustomed to go on all fours,
62
legs which had adjusted themselves to bearing but half his weight, must have rebelled against this
unnatural proceeding; inflicting upon its author much pain and discomfort if not absolute illness.
It is at least permissible to look upon the strange psycho-physical state common amongst the
mystics as just such a rebellion on the part of a normal nervous and vascular system against the
exigencies of a way of life to which it has not yet adjusted itself.
96
In spite of such rebellion, and of the tortures to which it has subjected them, the mystics,
oddly enough, are a long-lived race: an awkward fact for critics of the physiological school. To
take only a few instances from amongst marked ecstatics, St. Hildegarde lived to be eighty-one,
Mechthild of Magdeburg to eighty-seven, Ruysbroeck to eighty-eight, Suso to seventy, St. Teresa
to sixty-seven, St. Catherine of Genoa and St. Peter of Alcantara to sixty-three. It seems as though
that enhanced life which is the reward of mystical surrender enabled them to triumph over their
bodily disabilities: and to live and do the work demanded of them under conditions which would
have incapacitated ordinary men.
Such triumphs, which take heroic rank in the history of the human mind, have been
accomplished as a rule in the same way. Like all intuitive persons, all possessors of genius, all
potential artistswith whom in fact they are closely relatedthe mystics have, in psychological
language, thresholds of exceptional mobility. That is to say, a slight effort, a slight departure
from normal conditions, will permit their latent or subliminal powers to emerge and occupy the
93
Sermon for First Sunday after Easter (Winkworth, p. 302).
94
Das Fliessende Licht der Gottheit, pt. ii. cap. xxv.
95
Vida, cap. xx. sect. 29.
96
Boyce Gibson (God with Us, cap. iii.) has drawn a striking parallel between the ferment and interior uproar of adolescence
and the profound disturbances which mark mans entry into a conscious spiritual life. His remarks are even more applicable to
the drastic rearrangement of personality which takes place in the case of the mystic, whose spiritual life is more intense than
that of other men.
48
mental field. A mobile threshold may make a man a genius, a lunatic, or a saint. All depends
upon the character of the emerging powers. In the great mystic, these powers, these tracts of
personality lying below the level of normal consciousness, are of unusual richness; and cannot be
accounted for in terms of pathology. If it be true, says Delacroix, that the great mystics have
not wholly escaped those nervous blemishes which mark nearly all exceptional organizations, there
is in them a vital and creative power, a constructive logic, an extended scale of realizationin a
word, a geniuswhich is, in truth, their essential quality. . . . The great mystics, creators and
inventors who have found a new form of life and have justified it . . . join, upon the highest summits
of the human spirit, the great simplifiers of the world.
97
63
The truth, then, so far as we know it at present, seems to be that those powers which are
in contact with the Transcendental Order, and which constitute at the lowest estimate half the self,
are dormant in ordinary men; whose time and interest are wholly occupied in responding to the
stimuli of the world of sense. With those latent powers sleeps the landscape which they alone can
apprehend. In mystics none of the self is always dormant. They have roused the Dweller in the
Innermost from its slumbers, and round it have unified their life. Heart, Reason, Will are there in
full action, drawing their incentive not from the shadow-show of sense, but from the deeps of true
Being; where a lamp is lit, and a consciousness awake, of which the sleepy crowd remains oblivious.
He who says the mystic is but half a man, states the exact opposite of the truth. Only the mystic
can be called a whole man, since in others half the powers of the self always sleep. This wholeness
of experience is much insisted on by the mystics. Thus the Divine Voice says to St. Catherine of
Siena, I have also shown thee the Bridge and the three general steps, placed there for the three
powers of the soul; and I have told thee how no one can attain to the life of grace unless he has
mounted all three steps, that is, gathered together all the three powers of the soul in My Name.
98
In those abnormal types of personality to which we give the name of genius, we seem to
detect a hint of the relations which may exist between these deep levels of being and the crust of
consciousness. In the poet, the musician, the great mathematician or inventor, powers lying below
the threshold, and hardly controllable by their owners conscious will, clearly take a major part in
the business of perception and conception. In all creative acts, the larger share of the work is done
subconsciously: its emergence is in a sense automatic. This is equally true of mystics, artists,
philosophers, discoverers, and rulers of men. The great religion, invention, work of art, always
owes its inception to some sudden uprush of intuitions or ideas for which the superficial self cannot
account; its execution to powers so far beyond the control of that self, that they seem, as their owner
sometimes says, to come from beyond. This is inspiration; the opening of the sluices, so that
those waters of truth in which all life is bathed may rise to the level of consciousness.
The great teacher, poet, artist, inventor, never aims deliberately at his effects. He obtains
them he knows not how: perhaps from a contact of which he is unconscious with that creative plane
of being which the Sufis call the Constructive Spirit, and the Kabalists Yesod, and which both
postulate as lying next behind the world of sense. Sometimes, said the great Alexandrian Jew
97
Delacroix, tudes sur le Mysticisme, p. iii.
98
Dialogo, cap. lxxxvi.
49
64
Philo, when I have come to my work empty, I have suddenly become full; ideas being in an
invisible manner showered upon me, and implanted in me from on high; so that through the influence
of divine inspiration, I have become greatly excited, and have known neither the place in which I
was, nor those who were present, nor myself, nor what I was saying, nor what I was writing; for
then I have been conscious of a richness of interpretation, an enjoyment of light, a most penetrating
insight, a most manifest energy in all that was to be done; having such an effect on my mind as the
clearest ocular demonstration would have on the eyes.
99
This is a true creative ecstasy, strictly
parallel to the state in which the mystic performs his mighty works.
To let oneself go, be quiet, receptive, appears to be the condition under which such contact
with the Cosmic Life may be obtained. I have noticed that when one paints one should think of
nothing: everything then comes better, says the young Raphael to Leonardo da Vinci.
100
The
superficial self must here acknowledge its own insufficiency, must become the humble servant of
a more profound and vital consciousness. The mystics are of the same opinion. Let the will quietly
and wisely understand, says St. Teresa, that it is not by dint of labour on our part that we can
converse to any good purpose with God.
101
The best and noblest way in which thou mayst come
into this Life, says Eckhart, is by keeping silence and letting God work and speak. Where all the
powers are withdrawn from their work and images, there is this word spoken . . . the more thou
canst draw in all thy powers and forget the creature the nearer art thou to this, and the more
receptive.
102
Thus Boehme says to the neophyte,
103
When both thy intellect and will are quiet and
passive to the expressions of the eternal Word and Spirit, and when thy soul is winged up above
that which is temporal, the outward senses and the imagination being locked up by holy abstraction,
then the eternal Hearing, Seeing, and Speaking will be revealed in thee. Blessed art thou therefore
if thou canst stand still from self thinking and self willing, and canst stop the wheel of thy imagination
and senses. Then, the conscious mind being passive, the more divine mind below the
thresholdorgan of our free creative lifecan emerge and present its reports. In the words of an
65
older mystic, The soul, leaving all things and forgetting herself, is immersed in the ocean of
Divine Splendour, and illuminated by the Sublime Abyss of the Unfathomable Wisdom.
104
The passivity of contemplation, then, is a necessary preliminary of spiritual energy: an
essential clearing of the ground. It withdraws the tide of consciousness from the shores of sense,
stops the wheel of the imagination. The Soul, says Eckhart again, is created in a place between
Time and Eternity: with its highest powers it touches Eternity, with its lower Time.
105
These, the
worlds of Being and Becoming, are the two stages of reality which meet in the spirit of man. By
cutting us off from the temporal plane, the lower kind of reality, Contemplation gives the eternal
plane, and the powers which can communicate with that plane, their chance. In the born mystic
these powers are great, and lie very near the normal threshold of consciousness. He has a genius
99
Quoted by James (Varieties of Religious Experience, p. 481) from Clissolds The Prophetic Spirit in Genius and Madness,
p. 67.
100
Mrejkowsky, Le Roman do Leonard de Vinci, p. 638.
101
Vida, cap. xv. 9.
102
Meister Eckhart, Pred. i. (Mystische Schriften, p. 18).
103
Three Dialogues of the Supersensual Life, p. 14.
104
Dionysius the Areopagite, De Divinis Nominibus, vii. 3.
105
Pred. xxiii. Eckhart obtained this image from St. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Contra Gentiles, I. iii. cap. lxi. The intellectual
soul is created on the confines of eternity and time.
50
for transcendentalor as he would say, divinediscovery in much the same way as his cousins,
the born musician and poet, have a genius for musical or poetic discovery. In all three cases, the
emergence of these higher powers is mysterious, and not least so to those who experience it.
Psychology on the one hand, theology on the other, may offer us diagrams and theories of this
proceeding: of the strange oscillations of the developing consciousness, the fitful visitations of a
lucidity and creative power over which the self has little or no control, the raptures and griefs of a
vision by turns granted and withdrawn. But the secret of genius still eludes us, as the secret of life
eludes the biologist.
The utmost we can say of such persons is, that reality presents itself to them under abnormal
conditions and in abnormal terms, and that subject to these conditions and in these terms they are
bound to deal with it. Thanks to their peculiar mental make up, one aspect of the universe is for
them focussed so sharply that in comparison with it all other images are blurred, vague, and unreal.
Hence the sacrifice which men of geniusmystics, artists, inventorsmake of their whole lives
to this one Object, this one vision of truth, is not self-denial, but rather self-fulfilment. They gather
themselves up from the unreal, in order to concentrate on the real. The whole personality then
absorbs or enters into communion with certain rhythms or harmonies existent in the universe, which
the receiving apparatus of other selves cannot take up. Here is the finger of God, a flash of the
66
Will that can! exclaims Abt Vogler, as the sounds grow under his hand. The numbers came!
says the poet. He knows not how, certainly not by deliberate intellection.
So it is with the mystic. Madame Guyon states in her autobiography, that when she was
composing her works she would experience a sudden and irresistible inclination to take up her pen;
though feeling wholly incapable of literary composition, and not even knowing the subject on which
she would be impelled to write. If she resisted this impulse it was at the cost of the most intense
discomfort. She would then begin to write with extraordinary swiftness; words, elaborate arguments,
and appropriate quotations coming to her without reflection, and so quickly that one of her longest
books was written in one and a half days. In writing I saw that I was writing of things which I had
never seen: and during the time of this manifestation, I was given light to perceive that I had in me
treasures of knowledge and understanding which I did not know that I possessed.
106
Similar statements are made of St. Teresa, who declared that in writing her books she was
powerless to set down anything but that which her Master put into her mind.
107
So Blake said of
Milton and Jerusalem, I have written the poems from immediate dictation, twelve or sometimes
twenty or thirty lines at a time, without premeditation and even against my will. The time it has
taken in writing was thus rendered non-existent, and an immense poem exists which seems to be
the labour of a long life, all produced without labour or study.
108
These are, of course, extreme forms of that strange power of automatic composition, in
which words and characters arrive and arrange themselves in defiance of their authors will, of
which most poets and novelists possess a trace. Such composition is probably related to the automatic
writing of mediums and other sensitives; in which the often disorderly and incoherent subliminal
mind seizes upon this channel of expression. The subliminal mind of the great mystic, however, is
106
Vie, t. ii. pp. 120, 223, 229. It might reasonably be objected that Madame Guyon does not rank high among the mystics
and her later history includes some unfortunate incidents. This is true. Nevertheless she exhibit such a profusion of mystical
phenomena and is so candid in her self-disclosures, that she provides much valuable material for the student.
107
G. Cunninghame Graham, Santa Teresa, vol. i. p. 202.
108
Letters of William Blake, April 25, 1803.
51
not disorderly. It is abnormally sensitive, richly endowed and keenly observanta treasure house,
not a lumber roomand becomes in the course of its education, a highly disciplined and skilled
instrument of knowledge. When, therefore, its contents emerge, and are presented to the normal
consciousness in the form of lucidity, auditions, visions, automatic writing, or any other translations
67
of the supersensible into the terms of sensible perception, they cannot be discredited because the
worthless unconscious region of feebler natures sometimes manifests itself in the same way. Idiots
are often voluble: but many orators are sane.
Now, to sum up: what are the chief characteristics which we have found to concern us in
this sketch-map of the mental life of man?
(1) We have divided that life, arbitrarily enough, along the fluctuating line which
psychologists call the threshold of his consciousness into the surface life and the unconscious
deeps.
(2) In the surface life, though we recognized its essential wholeness, we distinguished three
outstanding and ever-present aspects: the Trinity in Unity of feeling, thought, and will. Amongst
these we were obliged to give the primacy to feeling, as the power which set the machinery of
thought and will to work.
(3) We have seen that the expression of this life takes the two complementary forms of
conation, or outgoing action and cognition, or indwelling knowledge; and that the first, which is
dynamic in type, is largely the work of the will stimulated by the emotions; whilst the second,
which is passive in type, is the business of the intellect. They answer to the two main aspects which
man discerns in the universal life: Being and Becoming.
(4) Neither conation nor cognitionaction nor thoughtas performed by this surface mind,
concerned as it is with natural existence and dominated by spatial conceptions, is able to set up any
relations with the Absolute or transcendental world. Such action and thought deal wholly with
material supplied directly or indirectly by the world of sense. The testimony of the mystics, however,
and of all persons possessing an instinct for the Absolute, points to the existence of a further
facultyindeed, a deeper selfin man; a self which the circumstances of diurnal life usually keep
below the threshold of his consciousness, and which thus becomes one of the factors of his
subliminal life. This hidden self is the primary agent of mysticism, and lives a substantial life
in touch with the real or transcendental world.
109
(5) Certain processes, of which contemplation has been taken as a type, can so alter the
state of consciousness as to permit the emergence of this deeper self; which, according as it enters
68
more or less into the conscious life, makes man more or less a mystic.
The mystic life, therefore, involves the emergence from deep levels of mans transcendental
self; its capture of the field of consciousness; and the conversion or rearrangement of his feeling,
thought, and willhis characterabout this new centre of life.
We state, then, as the conclusion of this chapter, that the object of the mystics adventure,
seen from within, is the apprehension of, or direct communion with, that transcendental Reality
which we tried in the last section to define from without. Here, as in the fulfilment of the highest
109
This insistence on the twofold character of human personality is implicit in the mystics. It is says Bremond, the fundamental
dogma of mystical psychologythe distinction between the two selves: Animus, the surface self; Anima , the deep self; Animus
, rational knowledge; and Anima , mystical or poetic knowledge . . . the I, who feeds on notions and words, and enchants himself
by doing so; the Me, who is united to realities (Bremond Prire et Posie, cap. xii.).
52
earthly love, knowledge and communion are the same thing; we must be oned with bliss if we
are to be aware of it. That aspect of our being by which we may attain this communionthat
marrow of the Soul, as Ruysbroeck calls itusually lies below the threshold of our consciousness;
but in certain natures of abnormal richness and vitality, and under certain favourable conditions, it
may be liberated by various devices, such as contemplation. Once it has emerged, however, it takes
up, to help it in the work, aspects of the conscious self. The surface must co-operate with the deeps,
and at last merge with those deeps to produce that unification of consciousness upon high levels
which alone can put a term to mans unrest. The heart that longs for the All, the mind that conceives
it, the will that concentrates the whole self upon it, must all be called into play. The self must be
surrendered: but it must not be annihilated, as some Quietists have supposed. It only dies that it
may live again. Supreme success,the permanent assurance of the mystic that we are more verily
in heaven than in earth,says the Lady Julian, in a passage which anticipates the classification
of modern psychology, cometh of the natural Love of our soul, and of the clear light of our Reason,
and of the steadfast Mind.
110
But what is the order of precedence which these three activities are to assume in the work
which is one ?All, as we have seen, must do their part; for we are concerned with the response of
man in his wholeness to the overwhelming attraction of God. But which shall predominate? The
ultimate nature of the selfs experience of reality will depend on the answer she gives to this question.
What, here, are the relative values of Mind and Heart? Which will bring her closest to the Thought
of God; the real life in which she is bathed? Which, fostered and made dominant, is most likely to
put her in harmony with the Absolute? The Love of God, which is ever in the heart and often on
the lips of the Saints, is the passionate desire for this harmony; the malady of thought is its
intellectual equivalent. Though we may seem to escape God, we cannot escape some form of this
69
craving; except at the price of utter stagnation. We go back, therefore, to the statement with which
this chapter opened: that of the two governing desires which share the prison of the self. We see
them now as representing the cravings of the intellect and the emotions for the only end of all
quests. The disciplined willthe conative powerwith all the dormant faculties which it can
wake and utilize, can come to the assistance of one of them. Which? The question is a crucial one,
for the destiny of the self depends on the partner which the will selects.
70
T he spiritual history of man reveals two distinct and fundamental attitudes towards the unseen;
and two methods whereby he has sought to get in touch with it. For our present purpose I will call
these methods the way of magic and the way of mysticism. Having said this, we must at once
add that although in their extreme forms these methods are sharply contrasted, their frontiers are
far from being clearly defined: that, starting from the same point, they often confuse the inquirer
by using the same language, instruments, and methods. Hence, much which is really magic is
loosely and popularly described as mysticism. They represent as a matter of fact the opposite poles
of the same thing: the transcendental consciousness of humanity. Between them lie the great
religions, which might be described under this metaphor as representing the ordinarily habitable
regions of that consciousness. Thus, at one end of the scale, pure mysticism shades off into
110
Julian of Norwich, Revelations of Divine Love, cap, lv.
53
religionfrom some points of view seems to grow out of it. No deeply religious man is without a
touch of mysticism; and no mystic can be other than religious, in the psychological if not in the
theological sense of the word. At the other end of the scale, as we shall see later, religion, no less
surely, shades off into magic.
The fundamental difference between the two is this: magic wants to get, mysticism wants
71
to giveimmortal and antagonistic attitudes, which turn up under one disguise or another in every
age of thought. Both magic and mysticism in their full development bring the whole mental
machinery, conscious and unconscious, to bear on their undertaking: both claim that they give their
initiates powers unknown to ordinary men. But the centre round which that machinery is grouped,
the reasons of that undertaking, and the ends to which those powers are applied differ enormously.
In mysticism the will is united with the emotions in an impassioned desire to transcend the
sense-world, in order that the self may be joined by love to the one eternal and ultimate Object of
love; whose existence is intuitively perceived by that which we used to call the soul, but now find
it easier to refer to as the cosmic or transcendental sense. This is the poetic and religious
temperament acting upon the plane of reality. In magic, the will unites with the intellect in an
impassioned desire for supersensible knowledge. This is the intellectual, aggressive, and scientific
temperament trying to extend its field of consciousness, until it includes the supersensual world:
obviously the antithesis of mysticism, though often adopting its title and style.
It will be our business later to consider in more detail the characteristics and significance
of magic. Now it is enough to say that we may class broadly as magical all forms of self-seeking
transcendentalism. It matters little whether the apparatus which they use be the incantations of the
old magicians, the congregational prayer for rain of orthodox Churchmen, or the consciously
self-hypnotizing devices of New Thought: whether the end proposed be the evocation of an angel,
the power of transcending circumstance, or the healing of disease. The object is always the same:
the deliberate exaltation of the will, till it transcends its usual limitations and obtains for the self
or group of selves something which it or they did not previously possess. It is an individualistic
and acquisitive science: in all its forms an activity of the intellect, seeking Reality for its own
purposes, or for those of humanity at large.
Mysticism, whose great name is too often given to these supersensual activities, has nothing
in common with this. It is non-individualistic. It implies, indeed, the abolition of individuality; of
that hard separateness, that I, Me, Mine which makes of man a finite isolated thing. It is essentially
a movement of the heart, seeking to transcend the limitations of the individual standpoint and to
surrender itself to ultimate Reality; for no personal gain, to satisfy no transcendental curiosity, to
obtain no other-worldly joys, but purely from an instinct of love. By the word heart, of course we
here mean not merely the seat of the affections, the organ of tender emotion, and the like: but
72
rather the inmost sanctuary of personal being, the deep root of its love and will, the very source
of its energy and life. The mystic is in love with the Absolute not in any idle or sentimental
manner, but in that vital sense which presses at all costs and through all dangers towards union
with the object beloved. Hence, whilst the practice of magiclike the practice of sciencedoes
not necessarily entail passionate emotion, though of course it does and must entail interest of some
kind, mysticism, like art, cannot exist without it. We must feel, and feel acutely, before we want
to act on this hard and heroic scale.
We see, then, that these two activities correspond to the two eternal passions of the self, the
desire of love and the desire of knowledge: severally representing the hunger of heart and intellect
54
for ultimate truth. The third attitude towards the supersensual world, that of transcendental
philosophy, hardly comes within the scope of the present inquiry; since it is purely academic, whilst
both magic and mysticism are practical and empirical. Such philosophy is often wrongly called
mysticism, because it tries to make maps of the countries which the mystic explores. Its performances
are useful, as diagrams are useful, so long as they do not ape finality; remembering that the only
final thing is personal experiencethe personal and costly exploration of the exalted and truth-loving
soul.
What then do we really mean by mysticism? A word which is impartially applied to the
performances of mediums and the ecstasies of the saints, to menticulture and sorcery, dreamy
poetry and mediaeval art, to prayer and palmistry, the doctrinal excesses of Gnosticism, and the
tepid speculations of the Cambridge Platonistseven, according to William James, to the higher
branches of intoxication
111
soon ceases to have any useful meaning. Its employment merely
confuses the inexperienced student, who ends with a vague idea that every kind of supersensual
theory and practice is somehow mystical. Hence the need of fixing, if possible, its true
characteristics: and restating the fact that Mysticism, in its pure form, is the science of ultimates,
the science of union with the Absolute, and nothing else, and that the mystic is the person who
attains to this union, not the person who talks about it. Not to know about but to Be, is the mark of
the real initiate.
The difficulty lies in determining the point at which supersensual experience ceases to be
merely a practical and interesting extension of sensual experiencean enlarging, so to speak, of
the boundaries of existenceand passes over into that boundless life where Subject and Object,
73
desirous and desired, are one. No sharp line, but rather an infinite series of gradations separate the
two states. Hence we must look carefully at all the pilgrims on the road; discover, if we can, the
motive of their travels, the maps which they use, the luggage which they take, the end which they
attain.
Now we have said that the end which the mystic sets before him is conscious union with a
living Absolute. That Divine Dark, that Abyss of the Godhead, of which he sometimes speaks as
the goal of his quest, is just this Absolute, the Uncreated Light in which the Universe is bathed,
and whichtranscending, as it does, all human powers of expressionhe can only describe to us
as dark. But there ismust becontact in an intelligible where between every individual self
and this Supreme Self, this Ultimate. In the mystic this union is conscious, personal, and complete.
He enjoys, says St. John of the Cross, a certain contact of the soul with the Divinity; and it is
God Himself who is then felt and tasted.
112
More or less according to his measure, he has
touchedor better, been touched bythe substantial Being of Deity, not merely its manifestation
in life. This it is which distinguishes him from the best and most brilliant of other men, and makes
his science, in Patmores words, the science of self-evident Reality. Gazing with him into that
unsearchable ground whence the World of Becoming comes forth eternally generated in an eternal
Now, we may see only the icy darkness of perpetual negations: but he, beyond the coincidence
of opposites, looks upon the face of Perfect Love.
As genius in any of the arts ishumanly speakingthe final term of a power of which
each individual possesses the rudiments, so mysticism may be looked upon as the final term, the
111
See Varieties of Religious Experience, p. 387, The Drunken Consciousness is a bit of the Mystic Consciousness.
112
Llama de Amor Viva, II. 26.
55
active expression, of a power latent in the whole race: the power, that is to say, of so perceiving
transcendent reality. Few people pass through life without knowing what it is to be at least touched
by this mystical feeling. He who falls in love with a woman and perceivesas the lover really does
perceivethat the categorical term girl veils a wondrous and unspeakable reality: he who, falling
in love with nature, sees the landscape touched with light divine,a charming phrase to those
who have not seen it, but a scientific statement to the resthe who falls in love with the Holy, or
as we say undergoes conversion: all these have truly known for an instant something of the secret
of the world.
113
. . . Ever and anon a trumpet sounds
From the hid battlement of Eternity,
Those shaken mists a space unsettle, then
Round the half-glimpsd turrets slowly wash again.
74
At such moments Transcendental Feeling, welling up from another Part of the Soul whispers
to Understanding and Sense that they are leaving out something. What? Nothing less than the secret
plan of the Universe. And what is that secret plan? The other Part of the Soul indeed comprehends
it in silence as it is, but can explain it to the Understanding only in the symbolical language of the
interpreter, Imaginationin Vision.
114
Here, in this spark or part of the soul where the spirit, as religion says, rests in God who
made it, is the fountain alike of the creative imagination and the mystic life. Now and again
something stings it into consciousness, and man is caught up to the spiritual level, catches a glimpse
of the secret plan. Then hints of a marvellous truth, a unity whose note is ineffable peace, shine
in created things; awakening in the self a sentiment of love, adoration, and awe. Its life is enhanced,
the barrier of personality is broken, man escapes the sense-world, ascends to the apex of his spirit,
and enters for a brief period into the more extended life of the All.
This intuition of the Real lying at the root of the visible world and sustaining its life, is
present in a modified form in the arts: perhaps it were better to say, must be present if these arts
are so justify themselves as heightened forms of experience. It is this which gives to them that
peculiar vitality, that strange power of communicating a poignant emotion, half torment and half
joy, which baffle their more rational interpreters. We know that the picture which is like a
photograph, the building which is at once handsome and commodious, the novel which is a perfect
transcript of life, fail to satisfy us. It is difficult to say why this should be so, unless it were because
these things have neglected their true business; which was not to reproduce the illusions of ordinary
men but to catch and translate for us something of that secret plan, that reality which the artistic
consciousness is able, in a measure, to perceive. Painting as well as music and poetry exists and
exults in immortal thoughts, says Blake.
115
That life-enhancing power which has been recognized
as the supreme quality of good painting,
116
has its origin in this contact of the artistic mind with
the archetypalor, if you like, the transcendentalworld: the underlying verity of things.
A critic, in whom poetic genius has brought about the unusual alliance of intuition with
scholarship, testifies to this same truth when he says of the ideals which governed early Chinese
113
Compare above, pp. 24, 26, 57.
114
J. A. Stewart, The Myths of Plato, p. 40.
115
Descriptive Catalogue.
116
See T. Rolleston, Parallel Paths.
56
75
painting, In this theory every work of art is thought of as an incarnation of the genius of rhythm,
manifesting the living spirit of things with a clearer beauty and intenser power than the gross
impediments of complex matter allow to be transmitted to, our senses in the visible world around
us. A picture is conceived as a sort of apparition from a more real world of essential life.
117
That more real world of essential life is the world in which the free soul of the great
mystic dwells; hovering like the six-winged seraph before the face of the Absolute.
118
The artist
too may cross its boundaries in his brief moments of creation: but he cannot stay. He comes back
to us, bearing its tidings, with Dantes cry upon his lips
. . . Non eran da ci le proprie penne
se non che la mia mente fu percossa
da un fulgore, in che sua voglia venne.
119
The mystic may sayis indeed bound to saywith St. Bernard, My secret to myself.
Try how he will, his stammering and awestruck reports can hardly be understood but by those who
are already in the way. But the artist cannot act thus. On him has been laid the duty of expressing
something of that which he perceives. He is bound to tell his love. In his worship of Perfect Beauty
faith must be balanced by works. By means of veils and symbols he must interpret his free vision,
his glimpse of the burning bush, to other men. He is the mediator between his brethren and the
divine, for art is the link between appearance and reality.
120
But we do not call every one who has these partial and artistic intuitions of reality a mystic,
any more than we call every one a musician who has learnt to play the piano. The true mystic is
the person in whom such powers transcend the merely artistic and visionary stage, and are exalted
to the point of genius: in whom the transcendental consciousness can dominate the normal
consciousness, and who has definitely surrendered himself to the embrace of Reality. As artists
stand in a peculiar relation to the phenomenal world, receiving rhythms and discovering truths and
beauties which are hidden from other men, so this true mystic stands in a peculiar relation to the
transcendental world, there experiencing actual, but to us unimaginable tension and delight. His
76
consciousness is transfigured in a particular way, he lives at different levels of experience from
other people: and this of course means that he sees a different world, since the world as we know
it is the product of certain scraps or aspects of reality acting upon a normal and untransfigured
consciousness. Hence his mysticism is no isolated vision, no fugitive glimpse of reality, but a
complete system of life carrying its own guarantees and obligations. As other men are immersed
in and react to natural or intellectual life, so the mystic is immersed in and reacts to spiritual life.
He moves towards that utter identification with its interests which he calls Union with God. He
has been called a lonely soul. He might more properly be described as a lonely body: for his soul,
peculiarly responsive, sends out and receives communications upon every side.
The earthly artist, because perception brings with it the imperative longing for expression,
tries to give us in colour, sound or words a hint of his ecstasy, his glimpse of truth. Only those who
117
Laurence Binyon, Painting in the Far East, p. 9.
118
The Mirror of Simple Souls, Pt. III, cap. 1.
119
Par. xxxiii. 139. Not for this were my wings fitted: save only that my mind was smitten by a lightning flash wherein came
to it its desire.
120
In this connexion Godfernaux ( Revue Philosophique, February, 1902) has a highly significant remark to the effect that
romanticism represents the invasion of secular literature by mystic or religious emotion. It is, he says, the secularization of the
inner life. Compare also Bremond, Prire et Poesie.
57
have tried, know how small a fraction of his vision he can, under the most favourable circumstance,
contrive to represent. The mystic, too, tries very hard to tell an unwilling world his secret. But in
his case, the difficulties are enormously increased. First, there is the huge disparity between his
unspeakable experience and the language which will most nearly suggest it. Next, there is the great
gulf fixed between his mind and the mind of the world. His audience must be bewitched as well as
addressed, caught up to something of his state, before they can be made to understand.
Were he a musician, it is probable that the mystic could give his message to other musicians
in the terms of that art, far more accurately than language will allow him to do: for we must remember
that there is no excuse but that of convenience for the pre-eminence amongst modes of expression
which we accord to words. These correspond so well to the physical plane and its adventures, that
we forget that they have but the faintest of relations with transcendental things. Even the artist,
before he can make use of them, is bound to re-arrange them in accordance with the laws of rhythm:
obeying unconsciously the rule by which all arts tend to approach the condition of music.
So too the mystic. Mysticism, the most romantic of adventures, from one point of view the
art of arts, their source and also their end, finds naturally enough its closest correspondences in the
most purely artistic and most deeply significant of all forms of expression. The mystery of music
is seldom realized by those who so easily accept its gifts. Yet of all the arts music alone shares with
great mystical literature the power of waking in us a response to the life-movement of the universe:
77
brings uswe know not hownews of its exultant passions and its incomparable peace. Beethoven
heard the very voice of Reality, and little of it escaped when he translated it for our ears.
121
The mediaeval mind, more naturally mystical than ours, and therefore more sharply aware
of the part which rhythmic harmony plays in the worlds of nature and of grace, gave to music a
cosmic importance, discerning its operation in many phenomena which we now attribute to that
dismal figment, Law. There are three kinds of music, says Hugh of St. Victor, the music of the
worlds, the music of humanity, the music of instruments. Of the music of the worlds, one is of the
elements, another of the planets, another of Time. Of that which is of the elements, one is of number,
another of weights, another of measure. Of that which is of the planets, one is of place, another of
motion, another of nature. Of that which is of Time, one is of the days and the vicissitudes of light
and darkness; another of the months and the waxing and waning of the moon; another of the years
and the changes of spring, summer, autumn and winter. Of the music of humanity, one is of the
body, another of the soul, another in the connexion that is between them.
122
Thus the life of the
visible and invisible universe consists in a supernal fugue.
One contemplative at least, Richard Rolle of Hampole, the father of English mysticism,
was acutely aware of this music of the soul, discerning in it a correspondence with the measured
harmonies of the spiritual universe. In those enraptured descriptions of his inward experience which
are among the jewels of mystical literature, nothing is more remarkable than his constant and
deliberate employment of musical imagery. This alone, it seems, could catch and translate for him
the character of his experience of Reality. The condition of joyous and awakened love to which
the mystic passes when his purification is at an end is to him, above all else, the state of Song. He
121
I take from Heberts monograph Le Divin two examples of the analogy between mystical and musical emotion. First that
of Gay, who had the soul, the heart, and the head full of music, of another beauty than that which is formulated by sounds.
Next that of Ruysbroeck, who, in a passage that might have been written by Keats, speaks of contemplation and Love as two
heavenly pipes which, blown upon by the Holy Spirit, play ditties of no tone ( op. cit . p. 29).
122
Hugh of St. Victor, Didascalicon de Studio Legendi.
58
does not see the spiritual world: he hears it. For him, as for St. Francis of Assisi, it is a heavenly
melody, intolerably sweet.
123
Song I call, he says, when in a plenteous soul the sweetness of eternal love with burning
is taken, and thought into song is turned, and the mind into full sweet sound is changed.
124
He
78
who experiences this joyous exaltation says not his prayers like other righteous men but is taken
into marvellous mirth: and, goodly sound being descended into him, as it were with notes his prayers
he sings.
125
So Gertrude MoreO lett me sitt alone, silent to all the world and it to me, that I
may learn the song of Love.
126
Rolles own experience of mystic joy seems actually to have come to him in this form: the
perceptions of his exalted consciousness presenting themselves to his understanding under musical
conditions, as other mystics have received them in the form of pictures or words. I give in his own
words the classic description of his passage from the first state of burning love to the second state
of songful lovefrom Calor to Canor when into song of joy meditation is turned. In the
night, before supper, as I my psalms sung, as it were the sound of readers or rather singers about
me I beheld. Whilst, also praying, to heaven with all desire I took heed, suddenly, in what manner
I wot not, in me the sound of song I felt; and likeliest heavenly melody I took, with me dwelling
in mind. Forsooth my thought continually to mirth of song was changed, and my meditation to
praise turned; and my prayers and psalm-saying, in sound I showed.
127
The song, however, is a mystic melody having little in common with its clumsy image,
earthly music. Bodily song lets it; and noise of janglers makes it turn again to thought, for
sweet ghostly song accords not with outward song, the which in churches and elsewhere is used.
It discords much: for all that is mans voice is formed with bodily ears to be heard; but among
angels tunes it has an acceptable melody, and with marvel it is commended of them that have
known it. To others it is incommunicable. Worldly lovers soothly words or ditties of our song
may know, for the words they read: but the tone and sweetness of that song they may not learn.
128
Such symbolism as thisa living symbolism of experience and action, as well as of
statementseems almost essential to mystical expression. The mind must employ some device of
the kind if its transcendental perceptionswholly unrelated as they are to the phenomena with
which intellect is able to dealare ever to be grasped by the surface consciousness. Sometimes
the symbol and the perception which it represents become fused in that consciousness; and the
79
mystics experience then presents itself to him as visions or voices which we must look upon
as the garment he has himself provided to veil that Reality upon which no man may look and live.
The nature of this garment will be largely conditioned by his temperamentas in Rolles evident
123
Fioretti. Delle Istimati. (Arnolds translation.)
124
Richard Rolle, The Fire of Love (Early English Text Society), bk. i. cap. xv. In this and subsequent quotations from
Rolles Incendium Amoris I have usually adopted Misyns fifteenth-century translation; slightly modernizing the spelling, and,
where necessary, correcting from the Latin his errors and obscurities.
125
Op. cit., bk. i. cap. xxiii. Compare bk. ii. caps. v. and vi.
126
Spiritual Exercises, p. 30.
127
Op. cit., bk. i. cap. xv.
128
Op. cit., bk. ii. caps, iii. and xii. Shelley is of the same opinion:
The world can hear not the sweet notes that move
The Sphere whose light is melody to lovers.
(The Triumph of Life )
59
bias towards music, St. Catherine of Genoas leaning towards the abstract conceptions of fire and
lightand also by his theological education and environment. Cases in point are the highly dogmatic
visions and auditions of St. Gertrude, Suso, St. Catherine of Siena, the Blessed Angela of Foligno;
above all of St. Teresa, whose marvellous self-analyses provide the classic account of these attempts
of the mind to translate transcendental intuitions into concepts with which it can deal.
The greatest mystics, howeverRuysbroeck, St. John of the Cross, and St. Teresa herself
in her later stagesdistinguish clearly between the ineffable Reality which they perceive and the
image under which they describe it. Again and again they tell us with Dionysius and Eckhart, that
the Object of their contemplation hath no image: or with St. John of the Cross that the soul can
never attain to the height of the divine union, so far as it is possible in this life, through the medium
of any forms or figures.
129
Therefore the attempt which has sometimes been made to identify
mysticism with such forms and figureswith visions, voices, supernatural favours and other
abnormal phenomenais clearly wrong.
The highest and most divine things which it is given us to see and to know, says Dionysius
the Areopagite plainly, are but the symbolic language of things subordinate to Him who Himself
transcendeth them all: through which things His incomprehensible Presence is shown, walking on
those heights of His Holy Places which are perceived by the mind.
130
The mystic, as a rule, cannot wholly do without symbol and image, inadequate to his vision
though they must always be: for his experience must be expressed if it is to be communicated, and
its actuality is inexpressible except in some side-long way, some hint or parallel which will stimulate
the dormant intuition of the reader, and convey, as all poetic language does, something beyond its
surface sense. Hence the large part which is played in all mystical writings by symbolism and
imagery; and also by that rhythmic and exalted language which induces in sensitive persons
something of the languid ecstasy of dream. The close connection between rhythm and heightened
states of consciousness is as yet little understood. Its further investigation will probably throw much
80
light on ontological as well as psychological problems. Mystical, no less than musical and poetic
perception, tends naturallywe know not whyto present itself in rhythmical periods: a feature
which is also strongly marked in writings obtained in the automatic state. So constant is this law
in some subjects that Baron von Hgel adopted the presence or absence of rhythm as a test whereby
to distinguish the genuine utterances of St. Catherine of Genoa from those wrongly attributed to
her by successive editors of her legend.
131
All kinds of symbolic language come naturally to the articulate mystic, who is often a literary
artist as well: so naturally, that he sometimes forgets to explain that his utterance is but symbolica
desperate attempt to translate the truth of that world into the beauty of this. It is here that mysticism
joins hands with music and poetry: had this fact always been recognized by its critics, they would
have been saved from many regrettable and some ludicrous misconceptions. Symbolthe clothing
which the spiritual borrows from the material planeis a form of artistic expression. That is to
say, it is not literal but suggestive: though the artist who uses it may sometimes lose sight of this
distinction. Hence the persons who imagine that the Spiritual Marriage of St. Catherine or St.
Teresa veils a perverted sexuality, that the vision of the Sacred Heart involved an incredible
129
Subida del Monte Carmelo, I. ii. cap. xv.
130
De Mystica Theologia, i. 3.
131
Von Hgel, The Mystical Element of Religion, vol. i. p. 189.
60
anatomical experience, or that the divine inebriation of the Sufis is the apotheosis of drunkenness,
do but advertise their ignorance of the mechanism of the arts: like the lady who thought that Blake
must be mad because he said that he had touched the sky with his finger.
Further, the study of the mystics, the keeping company however humbly with their minds,
brings with it as music or poetry doesbut in a far greater degreea strange exhilaration, as if we
were brought near to some mighty source of Being, were at last on the verge of the secret which
all seek. The symbols displayed, the actual words employed, when we analyse them, are not enough
to account for such effect. It is rather that these messages from the waking transcendental self of
another, stir our own deeper selves in their sleep. It were hardly an extravagance to say, that those
writings which are the outcome of true and first-hand mystical experience may be known by this
power of imparting to the reader the sense of exalted and extended life. All mystics, says
Saint-Martin, speak the same language, for they come from the same country. The deep undying
life within us came from that country too: and it recognizes the accents of home, though it cannot
always understand what they would say.
81
Now, returning to our original undertaking, that of defining if we can the characteristics
of true mysticism, I think that we have already reached a point at which William Jamess celebrated
four marks of the mystic state, Ineffability, Noetic Quality, Transiency, and Passivity,
132
will
fail to satisfy us. In their place I propose to set out, illustrate and, I hope, justify four other rules or
notes which may be applied as tests to any given case which claims to take rank amongst the mystics.
1. True mysticism is active and practical, not passive and theoretical. It is an organic
life-process, a something which the whole self does; not something as to which its intellect holds
an opinion.
2. Its aims are wholly transcendental and spiritual. It is in no way concerned with adding
to, exploring, re-arranging, or improving anything in the visible universe. The mystic brushes aside
that universe, even in its supernormal manifestations. Though he does not, as his enemies declare,
neglect his duty to the many, his heart is always set upon the changeless One.
3. This One is for the mystic, not merely the Reality of all that is, but also a living and
personal Object of Love; never an object of exploration. It draws his whole being homeward, but
always under the guidance of the heart.
4. Living union with this Onewhich is the term of his adventureis a definite state or
form of enhanced life. It is obtained neither from an intellectual realization of its delights, nor from
the most acute emotional longings. Though these must be present they are not enough. It is arrived
at by an arduous psychological and spiritual processthe so-called Mystic Wayentailing the
complete remaking of character and the liberation of a new, or rather latent, form of consciousness;
which imposes on the self the condition which is sometimes inaccurately called ecstasy, but is
better named the Unitive State.
Mysticism, then, is not an opinion: it is not a philosophy. It has nothing in common with
the pursuit of occult knowledge. On the one hand it is not merely the power of contemplating
Eternity: on the other, it is not to be identified with any kind of religious queerness. It is the name
of that organic process which involves the perfect consummation of the Love of God: the
achievement here and now of the immortal heritage of man. Or, if you like it betterfor this means
exactly the same thingit is the art of establishing his conscious relation with the Absolute.
132
Varieties of Religious Experience, p. 380.
61
The movement of the mystic consciousness towards this consummation, is not merely the
sudden admission to an overwhelming vision of Truth: though such dazzling glimpses may from
82
time to time be vouchsafed to the soul. It is rather an ordered movement towards ever higher levels
of reality, ever closer identification with the Infinite. The mystic experience, says Rcjac, ends
with the words, I live, yet not I, but God in me. This feeling of identification, which is the term
of mystical activity, has a very important significance. In its early stages the mystic consciousness
feels the Absolute in opposition to the Self . . . as mystic activity goes on, it tends to abolish this
opposition. . . . When it has reached its term the consciousness finds itself possessed by the sense
of a Being at one and the same time greater than the Self and identical with it: great enough to be
God, intimate enough to be me.
133
This is that mystic union which is the only possible fulfilment of mystic love: since
All that is not One must ever
Suffer with the wound of Absence
And whoever in Loves city
Enters, finds but room for One
And but in One-ness, Union.
134
The history of mysticism is the history of the demonstration of this law upon the plane of
reality.
Now, how do these statements square with the practice of the great mystics; and with the
various forms of activity which have been classified at one time or another as mystical?
(1) Mysticism is practical, not theoretical.
This statement, taken alone, is not, of course, enough to identify mysticism; since it is
equally true of magic, which also proposes to itself something to be done rather than something to
be believed. It at once comes into collision, however, with the opinions of those who believe
mysticism to be the reaction of the born Platonist upon religion.
The difference between such devout philosophers and the true mystic, is the difference
which George Tyrrell held to distinguish revelation from theology.
135
Mysticism, like revelation,
is final and personal. It is not merely a beautiful and suggestive diagram but experience in its most
intense form. That experience, in the words of Plotinus, is the souls solitary adventure: the flight
of the Alone to the Alone.
136
It provides the material, the substance, upon which mystical philosophy
cogitates; as theologians cogitate upon the revelation which forms the basis of faith. Hence those
whom we are to accept as mystics must have received, and acted upon, intuitions of a Truth which
83
is for them absolute. If we are to acknowledge that they knew the doctrine they must have lived
the life; submitted to the interior travail of the Mystic Way, not merely have reasoned about the
mystical experiences of others. We could not well dispense with our Christian Platonists and mystical
philosophers. They are our stepping-stones to higher things; interpret to our dull minds, entangled
in the sense-world, the ardent vision of those who speak to us from the dimension of Reality. But
they are no more mystics than the milestones on the Dover Road are travellers to Calais. Sometimes
their wordsthe wistful words of those who know but cannot beproduce mystics; as the sudden
133
Les Fondements de la Connaissance Mystique, p. 45.
134
Jm. Quoted in Jalalu d Din (Wisdom of the East Series), p. 25.
135
Through Scylla and Charybdis, p. 264.
136
Ennead vi. 9.
62
sight of a signpost pointing to the sea will rouse the spirit of adventure in a boy. Also there are
many instances of true mystics, such as Eckhart, who have philosophized upon their own experiences,
greatly to the advantage of the world; and othersPlotinus is the most characteristic exampleof
Platonic philosophers who have passed far beyond the limits of their own philosophy, and abandoned
the making of diagrams for an experience, however imperfect, of the reality at which these diagrams
hint. It were more accurate to reverse the epigram above stated, and say, that Platonism is the
reaction of the intellectualist upon mystical truth.
Over and over again the great mystics tell us, not how they speculated, but how they acted.
To them, the transition from the life of sense to the life of spirit is a formidable undertaking, which
demands effort and constancy. The paradoxical quiet of the contemplative is but the outward
stillness essential to inward work. Their favourite symbols are those of action: battle, search, and
pilgrimage.
In an obscure night
Fevered with loves anxiety
(O hapless, happy plight!)
I went , none seeing me
Forth from my house, where all things quiet be,
137
said St. John of the Cross, in his poem of the mystic quest.
It became evident to me, says Al Ghazzali of his own search for mystic truth, that the
Sufis are men of intuition and not men of words. I recognized that I had learnt all that can be learnt
of Sufiism by study, and that the rest could not be learnt by study or by speech.
138
Let no one
suppose, says the Theologia Germanica, that we may attain to this true light and perfect
knowledge . . . by hearsay, or by reading and study, nor yet by high skill and great learning.
139
It
84
is not enough, says Gerlac Petersen, to know by estimation merely: but we must know by
experience.
140
So Mechthild of Magdeburg says of her revelations, The writing of this book was
seen, heard, and experienced in every limb. . . . I see it with the eyes of my soul, and hear it with
the ears of my eternal spirit.
141
Those who suppose mystical experience to be merely a pleasing consciousness of the Divine
in the world, a sense of the otherness of things, a basking in the beams of the Uncreated Light,
are only playing with Reality. True mystical achievement is the most complete and most difficult
expression of life which is as yet possible to man. It is at once an act of love, an act of surrender,
and an act of supreme perception; a trinity of experiences which meets and satisfies the three
activities of the self. Religion might give us the first and metaphysics the third of these processes.
Only Mysticism can offer the middle term of the series; the essential link which binds the three in
one. Secrets, says St. Catherine of Siena, are revealed to a friend who has become one thing
with his friend and not to a servant.
142
(2) Mysticism is an entirely Spiritual Activity.
137
En una Noche Escura, Stanza 1. I quote from Arthur Symonss beautiful translation, which will be found in vol. ii. of his
Collected Poems.
138
Schmlders, Les coles Philosophiques chez les Arabes, p. 55.
139
Cap. xix.
140
Ignitum cum Deo Soliloquium, cap. xi.
141
Das Fliessende Licht der Gottheit, pt. iv. cap, 13.
142
Dialogo, cap. lx.
63
This rule provides us with a further limitation, which of course excludes all the practisers
of magic and of magical religion: even in their most exalted and least materialistic forms. As we
shall see when we come to consider these persons, their objectnot necessarily an illegitimate
oneis to improve and elucidate the visible by help of the invisible: to use the supernormal powers
of the self for the increase of power, virtue, happiness or knowledge. The mystic never turns back
on himself in this way, or tries to combine the advantages of two worlds. At the term of his
development he knows God by communion, and this direct intuition of the Absolute kills all lesser
cravings. He possesses God, and needs nothing more. Though he will spend himself unceasingly
for other men, become an agent of the Eternal Goodness, he is destitute of supersensual ambitions
and craves no occult knowledge or power. Having his eyes set on eternity, his consciousness steeped
in it, he can well afford to tolerate the entanglements of time. His spirit, says Tauler, is as it
were sunk and lost in the Abyss of the Deity, and loses the consciousness of all creature-distinctions.
All things are gathered together in one with the divine sweetness, and the mans being is so penetrated
with the divine substance that he loses himself therein, as a drop of water is lost in a cask of strong
wine. And thus the mans spirit is so sunk in God in divine union, that he loses all sense of distinction
85
. . . and there remains a secret, still union, without cloud or colour.
143
I wish not, said St.
Catherine of Genoa, for anything that comes forth from Thee, but only for Thee, oh sweetest
Love!
144
Whatever share of this world, says Rabia, Thou dost bestow on me, bestow it on
Thine enemies, and whatever share of the next world thou dost give me, give it to Thy friends.
Thou art enough for me!
145
The Soul, says Plotinus in one of his most profound passages,
having now arrived at the desired end, and participating of Deity, will know that the Supplier of
true life is then present. She will likewise then require nothing farther; for, on the contrary it will
be requisite to lay aside other things, to stop in this alone, amputating everything else with which
she is surrounded.
146
(3) The business and method of Mysticism is Love.
Here is one of the distinctive notes of true mysticism; marking it off from every other kind
of transcendental theory and practice and providing the answer to the question with which our last
chapter closed. It is the eager, outgoing activity whose driving power is generous love, not the
absorbent, indrawing activity which strives only for new knowledge, that is fruitful in the spiritual
as well as in the physical world.
Having said this, however, we must addas we did when speaking of the heartthat
the word Love as applied to the mystics is to be understood in its deepest, fullest sense; as the
ultimate expression of the selfs most vital tendencies, not as the superficial affection or emotion
often dignified by this name. Mystic Love is a total dedication of the will; the deep-seated desire
and tendency of the soul towards its Source. It is a condition of humble access, a life-movement
of the self: more direct in its methods, more valid in its resultseven in the hands of the least
lettered of its adeptsthan the most piercing intellectual vision of the greatest philosophic mind.
Again and again the mystics insist upon this. For silence is not God, nor speaking is not God;
fasting is not God nor eating is not God; onliness is not God nor company is not God; nor yet any
143
Tauler, Sermon for Septuagesima Sunday (Winkworths translation, p. 253).
144
Vita e Dottrina, cap. vi.
145
M. Smith, Rabia the Mystic, p. 30.
146
Ennead vi. 9.
64
of all the other two such quantities, He is hid between them, and may not be found by any work of
thy soul, but all only by love of thine heart. He may not be known by reason, He may not be gotten
by thought, nor concluded by understanding; but he may be loved and chosen with the true lovely
will of thine heart. . . . Such a blind shot with the sharp dart of longing love may never fail of the
86
prick, the which is God.
147
Come down quickly, says the Incomprehensible Godhead to the soul that has struggled
like Zaccheus to the topmost branches of the theological tree, for I would dwell with you to-day.
And this hasty descent to which he is summoned by God is simply a descent by love and desire in
to that abyss of the Godhead which the intellect cannot understand. But where intelligence must
rest without, love and desire can enter in.
148
Volumes of extracts might be compiled from the works of the mystics illustrative of this
rule, which is indeed their central principle. Some there are, says Plotinus, that for all their effort
have not attained the Vision; the soul in them has come to no sense of the splendour there. It has
not taken warmth; it has not felt burning within itself the flame of love for what is there to know.
149
Love, says Rolle, truly suffers not a loving soul to bide in itself, but ravishes it out to the
Lover, that the soul is more there where it loves, than where the body is that lives and feels it. Oh
singular joy of love everlasting, he says again, that ravishes all his to heavens above all worlds,
them binding with bands of virtue! Oh dear charity, in earth that has thee not is nought wrought,
whatever it hath! He truly in thee that is busy, to joy above earthly is soon lifted! Thou makest men
contemplative, heaven-gate thou openest, mouths of accusers thou dost shut, God thou makest to
be seen and multitude of sins thou hidest. We praise thee, we preach thee, by thee the world we
quickly overcome, by whom we joy and the heavenly ladder we ascend.
150
Love to the mystic, then, is (a) the active, conative, expression of his will and desire for the
Absolute; (b) his innate tendency to that Absolute, his spiritual weight. He is only thoroughly
natural, thoroughly alive, when he is obeying its voice. For him it is the source of joy, the secret
of the universe, the vivifying principle of things. In the words of Rcjac, Mysticism claims to be
able to know the Unknowable without any help from dialectics; and believes that, by the way of
love and will it reaches a point to which thought alone is unable to attain. Again, It is the heart
and never the reason which leads us to the Absolute.
151
Hence in St. Catherine of Sienas exquisite
allegory it is the feet of the souls affection which brings it first to the Bridge, for the feet carry
the body as affection carries the soul.
152
The jewels of mystical literature glow with this intimate and impassioned love of the
Absolute; which transcends the dogmatic language in which it is clothed and becomes applicable
87
to mystics of every race and creed. There is little difference in this between the extremes of Eastern
and Western thought: between A Kempis the Christian and Jalalu d Din the Moslem saint.
How great a thing is Love, great above all other goods: for alone it makes all that is heavy
light, and bears evenly all that is uneven. . . .
147
An Epistle of Discretion. This beautiful old English tract, probably by the author of The Cloud of Unknowing, is printed
by E. Gardner, The Cell of Self Knowledge, p. 108.
148
Ruysbroeck, De Ornatu Spiritalium Nuptiarum, I. i. cap. xxvi.
149
Ennead, vi. 9.
150
The Mending of Life, cap. xi.
151
152
Dialogo, cap. xxvi.
65
Love would be aloft, nor will it be kept back by any lower thing. Love would be free, and
estranged from all worldly affection, that its inward sight be not hindered: that it may not be
entangled by any temporal comfort, nor succumb to any tribulation.
Nought is sweeter than love, nought stronger, nought higher, nought wider: there is no
more joyous, fuller, better thing in heaven or earth. For love is born of God, and cannot rest save
in God, above all created things.
The lover flies, runs, and, rejoices: he is free, and cannot be restrained. He gives all for
all, and has all in all; for he rests in One Supreme above all, from whom all good flows and proceeds.
He looks not at the gift, but above all goods turns himself to the giver.
. . . He who loves knows the cry of this voice. For this burning affection of the soul is a
loud cry in the ears of God when it saith My God, My Love, Thou art all mine, and I am all Thine.
153
So much for the Christian. Now for the Persian mystic.
While the thought of the Beloved fills our hearts
All our work is to do Him service and spend life for Him.
Wherever He kindles His destructive torch
Myriads of lovers souls are burnt therewith.
The lovers who dwell within the sanctuary
Are moths burnt with the torch of the Beloveds face.
O heart, hasten thither! for God will shine upon you,
And seem to you a sweet garden instead of a terror.
He will infuse into your soul a new soul,
So as to fill you, like a goblet, with wine.
Take up your abode in His Soul!
Take up your abode in heaven, oh bright full moon!
Like the heavenly Scribe, He will open your hearts book
That he may reveal mysteries unto you.
154
Well might Hilton say that Perfect love maketh God and the soul to be as if they both
together were but one thing,
155
and Tauler that the well of life is love, and he who dwelleth not
in love is dead.
156
These, nevertheless, are objective and didactic utterances; though their substance may
beprobably ispersonal, their form is not. But if we want to see what it really means to be in
88
love with the Absolute,how intensely actual to the mystic is the Object of his passion, how far
removed from the spheres of pious duty or philosophic speculation, how concrete, positive and
dominant such a passion may bewe must study the literature of autobiography, not that of poetry
or exhortation. I choose for this purpose, rather than the well-known self-analyses of St. Augustine,
St. Teresa or Suso, which are accessible to every one, the more private confessions of that remarkable
mystic Dame Gertrude More, contained in her Spiritual Exercises.
153
De Imitatione Christi, I. ii. cap. v.
154
Jalalu d Din (Wisdom of the East Series), p. 79.
155
Treatise to a Devout Man, cap. viii.
156
Sermon for Thursday in Easter Week (Winkworths translation, p. 294).
66
This nun, great-great-granddaughter of Sir Thomas More, and favourite pupil of the
celebrated Benedictine contemplative, the Ven. Augustine Baker, exhibits the romantic and personal
side of mysticism more perfectly than even St. Teresa, whose works were composed for her
daughters edification. She was an eager student of St. Augustine, my deere deere Saint, as she
calls him more than once. He had evidently influenced her language; but her passion is her own.
Remember that Gertrude Mores confessions represent the most secret conversations of her
soul with God. They were not meant for publication; but, written for the most part on blank leaves
in her breviary, were discovered and published after her death. She called them, says the title-page
with touching simplicity, Amor ordinem nescit: an Ideots Devotions. Her only spiritual father
and directour, Father Baker, styled them Confessiones Amantis, A Lovers Confessions. Amans
Deum anima sub Deo despicit universa. A soul that loveth God despiseth all things that be inferiour
unto God.
157
The spirit of her little book is summed up in two epigrams: epigrams of which her
contemporary, Crashaw, might have been proud. To give all for love is a most sweet bargain.
158
O let me love, or not live!
159
Love indeed was her life: and she writes of it with a rapture which
recalls at one moment the exuberant poetry of Jacopene da Todi, at another the love songs of the
Elizabethan poets.
Never was there or can there be imagined such a Love, as is between an humble soul and
thee. Who can express what passeth between such a soul and thee? Verily neither man nor Angell
is able to do it sufficiently. . . . In thy prayse I am only happy, in which, my Joy, I will exult with
all that love thee. For what can be a comfort while I live separated from thee, but only to remember
that my God, who is more myne than I am my owne, is absolutely and infinitely happy? . . . Out
89
of this true love between a soul and thee, there ariseth such a knowledge in the soul that it loatheth
all that is an impediment to her further proceeding in the Love of thee. O Love, Love, even by
naming thee, my soul loseth itself in thee. . . . Nothing can Satiate a reasonable soul but only thou:
and having of thee, who art indeed all, nothing could be said to be wanting to her. . . . Blessed are
the cleans of hart for they shall see God. O sight to be wished, desired, and longed for; because
once to have seen thee is to have learnt all things. Nothing can bring us to this sight but love. But
what love must it be? not a sensible love only, a childish love, a love which seeketh itself more
than the beloved. No, no, but it must be an ardent love, a pure love, a courageous love, a love of
charity, an humble love, and a constant love, not worn out with labours, not daunted with any
difficulties. . . . For that soul that hath set her whole love and desire on thee, can never find any
true satisfaction, but only in thee.
160
Who will not see that we have here no literary exercise, but the fruits of an experience of
peculiar intensity? It answers exactly to one of the best modern definitions of mysticism as in
essence, the concentration of all the forces of the soul upon a supernatural Object, conceived and
loved as a living Person.
161
Love and desire, says the same critic, are the fundamental necessities;
157
They were printed in 1658, At Paris by Lewis de la Fosse in the Carme Street at the Signe of the Looking Glass, and have
lately been republished. I quote from the original edition.
158
P. 138.
159
P. 181.
160
Op. cit. pp. 9, 16, 25, 35, 138, 175.
161
Berger, William Blake, p. 72.
67
and where they are absent man, even though he be a visionary, cannot be called a mystic.
162
Such
a definition, of course, is not complete. It is valuable however, because it emphasizes the fact that
all true mysticism is rooted in personality; and is therefore fundamentally a science of the heart.
Attraction, desire, and union as the fulfilment of desire; this is the way Life works, in the
highest as in the lowest things. The mystics outlook, indeed, is the lovers outlook. It has the same
element of wildness, the same quality of selfless and quixotic devotion, the same combination of
rapture and humility. This parallel is more than a pretty fancy: for mystic and lover, upon different
planes, are alike responding to the call of the Spirit of Life. The language of human passion is tepid
and insignificant beside the language in which the mystics try to tell the splendours of their love.
They force upon the unprejudiced reader the conviction that they are dealing with an ardour far
more burning for an Object far more real.
This monk can give lessons to lovers! exclaimed Arthur Symons in astonishment of St.
John of the Cross.
163
It would be strange if he could not; since their finite passions are but the feeble
90
images of his infinite one, their beloved the imperfect symbol of his First and only Fair. I saw
Him and sought Him: I had Him and I wanted Him, says Julian of Norwich, in a phrase which
seems to sum up all the ecstasy and longing of mans soul. Only this mystic passion can lead us
from our prison. Its brother, the desire of knowledge, may enlarge and improve the premises to an
extent as yet undreamed of: but it can never unlock the doors.
(4) Mysticism entails a definite Psychological Experience.
That is to say, it shows itself not merely as an attitude of mind and heart, but as a form of
organic life. It is not only a theory of the intellect or a hunger, however passionate, of the heart. It
involves the organizing of the whole self, conscious and unconscious, under the spur of such a
hunger: a remaking of the whole character on high levels in the interests of the transcendental life.
The mystics are emphatic in their statement that spiritual desires are useless unless they initiate
this costly movement of the whole self towards the Real.
Thus in the visions of Mechthild of Magdeburg, The soul spake thus to her Desire, Fare
forth and see where my Love is. Say to him that I desire to love. So Desire sped forth, for she is
quick of her nature, and came to the Empyrean and cried, Great Lord, open and let me in! Then
said the Householder of that place: What means this fiery eagerness? Desire replied, Lord I would
have thee know that my lady can no longer bear to live. If Thou wouldst flow forth to her, then
might she swim: but the fish cannot long exist that is left stranded on the shore. Go back, said
the Lord, I will not let thee in unless thou bring to me that hungry soul, for it is in this alone that
I take delight.
164
We have said
165
that the full mystic consciousness is extended in two distinct directions.
So too there are two distinct sides to the full mystical experience. (A) The vision or consciousness
of Absolute Perfection. (B) The inward transmutation to which that Vision compels the mystic, in
order that he may be to some extent worthy of that which he has beheld: may take his place within
the order of Reality. He has seen the Perfect; he wants to be perfect too. The third term, the
necessary bridge between the Absolute and the Self, can only, he feels, be moral and spiritual
162
Ibid ., p. 74.
163
Contemporary Review, April, 1899.
164
Das Fliessende Licht der Gottheit, pt. iii. cap. 1.
165
Supra. p. 35.
68
transcendencein a word, Sanctity for the only means of attaining the Absolute lies in adapting
ourselves to It.
166
The moral virtues are for him, then, the obligatory ornaments of the Spiritual
Marriage as Ruysbroeck called them: though far more than their presence is needed to bring that
marriage about. Unless this impulse for moral perfection be born in him, this travail of the inner
91
life begun, he is no mystic: though he may well be a visionary, a prophet, a mystical poet.
Moreover, this process of transmutation, this rebuilding of the self on higher levels, will
involve the establishment within the field of consciousness, the making central for life, of those
subconscious spiritual perceptions which are the primary material of mystical experience. The end
and object of this inward alchemy will be the raising of the whole self to the condition in which
conscious and permanent union with the Absolute takes place and man, ascending to the summit
of his manhood, enters into that greater life for which he was made. In its journey towards this
union, the subject commonly passes through certain well-marked phases, which constitute what is
known as the Mystic Way. This statement rules out from the true mystic kingdom all merely
sentimental and affective piety and visionary poetry, no less than mystical philosophy. It brings us
back to our first propositionthe concrete and practical nature of the mystical act.
More than the apprehension of God, then, more than the passion for the Absolute, is needed
to make a mystic. These must be combined with an appropriate psychological make-up, with a
nature capable of extraordinary concentration, an exalted moral emotion, a nervous organization
of the artistic type. All these are necessary to the successful development of the mystic life process.
In the experience of those mystics who have left us the records of their own lives, the successive
stages of this life process are always traceable. In the second part of this book, they will be found
worked out at some length. Rolle, Suso, St. Teresa, and many others have left us valuable
self-analyses for comparison: and from them we see how arduous, how definite, and how far
removed from mere emotional or intellectual activity, is that educational discipline by which the
eye which looks upon Eternity is able to come to its own. One of the marks of the true mystic,
says Leubaby no means a favourable witnessis the tenacious and heroic energy with which
he pursues a definite moral ideal.
167
He is, says Pacheu, the pilgrim of an inward Odyssey.
168
Though we may be amazed and delighted by his adventures and discoveries on the way, to him the
voyage and the end are all. The road on which we enter is a royal road which leads to heaven,
says St. Teresa. Is it strange that the conquest of such a treasure should cost us rather dear?
169
It is one of the many indirect testimonies to the objective reality of mysticism that the stages
92
of this road, the psychology of the spiritual ascent, as described to us by different schools of
contemplatives, always present practically the same sequence of states. The school for saints has
never found it necessary to bring its curriculum up to date. The psychologist finds little difficulty,
for instance, in reconciling the Degrees of Orison described by St. Teresa
170
Recollection,
Quiet, Union, Ecstasy, Rapt, the Pain of God, and the Spiritual Marriage of the soulwith the
four forms of contemplation enumerated by Hugh of St. Victor, or the Sufis Seven Stages of the
166
Rcjac, op. cit ., p. 35.
167
Revue Philosophique, July, 1902.
168
Psychologie des Mystiques Chrtiens, p 14.
169
Camino de Perfeccion, cap. xxiii.
170
In El Castillo Interior.
69
souls ascent to God, which begin in adoration and end in spiritual marriage.
171
Though each
wayfarer may choose different landmarks, it is clear from their comparison that the road is one.
(5) As a corollary to these four rules, it is perhaps well to reiterate the statement already
made, that True Mysticism is never self-seeking. It is not, as many think, the pursuit of supernatural
joys; the satisfaction of a high ambition. The mystic does not enter on his quest because he desires
the happiness of the Beatific Vision, the ecstasy of union with the Absolute, or any other personal
reward. That noblest of all passions, the passion for perfection for Loves sake, far outweighs the
desire for transcendental satisfaction. O Love, said St. Catherine of Genoa, I do not wish to
follow thee for sake of these delights, but solely from the motive of true love.
172
Those who do
otherwise are only, in the plain words of St. John of the Cross, spiritual gluttons:
173
or, in the
milder metaphor here adopted, magicians of the more high-minded sort. The true mystic claims no
promises and makes no demands. He goes because he must, as Galahad went towards the Grail:
knowing that for those who can live it, this alone is life. He never rests in that search for God which
he holds to be the fulfilment of his highest duty; yet he seeks without any certainty of success. He
holds with St. Bernard that He alone is God who can never be sought in vain: not even when He
cannot be found.
174
With Mechthild of Magdeburg, he hears the Absolute saying in his soul, O
soul, before the world was I longed for thee: and I still long for thee, and thou for Me. Therefore,
when our two desires unite, Love shall be fulfilled.
175
Like his type, the devout lover of romance, then, the mystic serves without hope of reward.
By one of the many paradoxes of the spiritual life, he obtains satisfaction because he does not seek
93
it; completes his personality because he gives it up. Attainment, says Dionysius the Areopagite
in words which are writ large on the annals of Christian ecstasy, comes only by means of this
sincere, spontaneous, and entire surrender of yourself and all things.
176
Only with the annihilation
of selfhood comes the fulfilment of love. Were the mystic asked the cause of his often extraordinary
behaviour, his austere and steadfast quest, it is unlikely that his reply would contain any reference
to sublime illumination or unspeakable delights. It is more probable that he would answer in some
such words as those of Jacob Boehme, I am not come to this meaning, or to this work and
knowledge through my own reason or through my own will and purpose; neither have I sought this
knowledge, nor so much as to know anything concerning it. I sought only for the heart of God,
therein to hide myself.
177
Whether we live or whether we die, said St. Paul, we are the Lords. The mystic is a
realist, to whom these words convey not a dogma but an invitation: an invitation to the soul to attain
that fullness of life for which she was made, to lose herself in That which can be neither seen nor
touched; giving herself entirely to this sovereign Object without belonging either to herself or to
others; united to the Unknown by the most noble part of herself and because of her renouncement
of knowledge; finally drawing from this absolute ignorance a knowledge which the understanding
171
See Palmer, Oriental Mysticism, pt. v. ch. v.
172
Vita, p. 8.
173
Subida del Monte Carmelo, I. ii. cap. vii.
174
De Consideratione, I. v. cap. xi.
175
Das Fliessende Light der Gottheit, pt. vii. cap. 16.
176
De Mystica Theologia, i. 1.
177
Aurora, English translation, 1764, p. 237.
70
knows not how to attain.
178
Mysticism, then, is seen as the one way out for the awakened spirit
of man; healing that human incompleteness which is the origin of our divine unrest. I am sure,
says Eckhart, that if a soul knew the very least of all that Being means, it would never turn away
from it.
179
The mystics have never turned away: to do so would have seemed to them a
self-destructive act. Here, in this world of illusion, they say, we have no continuing city. This
statement, to you a proposition, is to us the central fact of life. Therefore, it is necessary to hasten
our departure from hence, and detach ourselves in so far as we may from the body to which we are
fettered, in order that with the whole of our selves, we may fold ourselves about Divinity, and have
no part void of contact with Him.
180
To sum up. Mysticism is seen to be a highly specialized form of that search for reality, for
heightened and completed life, which we have found to be a constant characteristic of human
consciousness. It is largely prosecuted by that spiritual spark, that transcendental faculty which,
94
though the life of our life, remains below the threshold in ordinary men. Emerging from its
hiddenness in the mystic, it gradually becomes the dominant factor in his life; subduing to its
service, and enhancing by its saving contact with reality, those vital powers of love and will which
we attribute to the heart, rather than those of mere reason and perception, which we attribute to the
head. Under the spur of this love and will, the whole personality rises in the acts of contemplation
and ecstasy to a level of consciousness at which it becomes aware of a new field of perception. By
this awareness, by this loving sight, it is stimulated to a new life in accordance with the Reality
which it has beheld. So strange and exalted is this life, that it never fails to provoke either the anger
or the admiration of other men. If the great Christian mystics, says Leuba, could by some miracle
be all brought together in the same place, each in his habitual environment, there to live according
to his manner, the world would soon perceive that they constitute one of the most amazing and
profound variations of which the human race has yet been witness.
181
A discussion of mysticism, regarded as a form of human life, will therefore include two
branches. First the life process of the mystic: the remaking of his personality; the method by which
his peculiar consciousness of the Absolute is attained, and faculties which have been evolved to
meet the requirements of the phenomenal, are enabled to do work on the transcendental, plane.
This is the Mystic Way in which the self passes through the states or stages of development which
were codified by the Neoplatonists, and after them by the mediaeval mystics, as Purgation,
Illumination, and Ecstasy. Secondly, the content of the mystical field of perception; the revelation
under which the contemplative becomes aware of the Absolute. This will include a consideration
of the so called doctrines of mysticism: the attempts of the articulate mystic to sketch for us the
world into which he has looked, in language which is only adequate to the world in which the rest
of us dwell. Here the difficult question of symbolism, and of symbolic theology, comes in: a point
upon which many promising expositions of the mystics have been wrecked. It will be our business
to strip off as far as may be the symbolic wrapping, and attempt a synthesis of these doctrines; to
resolve the apparent contradictions of objective and subjective revelations, of the ways of negation
and affirmation, emanation and immanence, surrender and deification, the Divine Dark and the
178
Dionysius the Areopagite. De Mystica Theologia, i. 3.
179
Mystische Schriften, p. 137.
180
181
Op. cit.
71
Inward Light; and finally to exhibits if we can, the essential unity of that experience in which the
human soul enters consciously into the Presence of God.
95
I n the last chapter we tried to establish a distinction between the mystic who tastes supreme
experience and the mystical philosopher who cogitates upon the data so obtained. We have now,
however, to take account of the fact that often the true mystic is also a mystical philosopher; though
there are plenty of mystical philosophers who are not and could never be mystics.
Because it is characteristic of the human self to reflect upon its experience, to use its percepts
as material for the construction of a concept, most mystics have made or accepted a theory of their
own adventures. Thus we have a mystical philosophy or theologythe comment of the intellect
on the proceedings of spiritual intuitionrunning side by side with true or empirical mysticism:
classifying its data, criticizing it, explaining it, and translating its vision of the supersensible into
symbols which are amenable to dialectic.
Such a philosophy is most usually founded upon the formal creed which the individual
mystic accepts. It is characteristic of him that in so far as his transcendental activities are healthy
he is generally an acceptor and not a rejector of such creeds. The view which regards the mystic
96
as a spiritual anarchist receives little support from history; which shows us, again and again, the
great mystics as faithful sons of the great religions. Almost any religious system which fosters
unearthly love is potentially a nursery for mystics: and Christianity, Islam, Brahmanism, and
Buddhism each receives its most sublime interpretation at their hands. Thus St. Teresa interprets
her ecstatic apprehension of the Godhead in strictly Catholic terms, and St. John of the Cross
contrives to harmonize his intense transcendentalism with incarnational and sacramental Christianity.
Thus Boehme believed to the last that his explorations of eternity were consistent with the teaching
of the Lutheran Church. The Sufis were good Mohammedans, Philo and the Kabalists were orthodox
Jews. Plotinus even adaptedthough with what difficultythe relics of paganism to his doctrine
of the Real.
Attempts, however, to limit mystical truththe direct apprehension of the Divine
Substanceby the formula of any one religion, are as futile as the attempt to identify a precious
metal with the die which converts it into current coin. The dies which the mystics have used are
many. Their peculiarities and excrescences are always interesting and sometimes highly significant.
Some give a far sharper, more coherent, impression than others. But the gold from which this
diverse coinage is struck is always the same precious metal: always the same Beatific Vision of a
Goodness, Truth, and Beauty which is one. Hence its substance must always be distinguished from
the accidents under which we perceive it: for this substance has an absolute, and not a
denominational, importance.
Nevertheless, if we are to understand the language of the mystics, it is evident that we must
know a little of accident as well as of substance: that is to say, of the principal philosophies or
religions which they have used in describing their adventures to the world. This being so, before
we venture to apply ourselves to the exploration of theology proper, it will be well to consider the
two extreme forms under which both mystics and theologians have been accustomed to conceive
Divine Reality: that is to say, the so-called emanation-theory and immanence-theory of the
transcendental world.
72
Emanation and Immanence are formidable words; which though perpetually tossed to and
fro by amateurs of religious philosophy, have probably, as they stand, little actuality for practical
modern men. They are, however, root-ideas for the maker of mystical diagrams: and his best systems
are but attempts towards their reconciliation. Since the aim of every mystic is union with God, it
is obvious that the vital question in his philosophy must be the place which this God, the Absolute
97
of his quest, occupies in the scheme. Briefly, He has been conceivedor, it were better to say,
presentedby the great mystics under two apparently contradictory modes.
(1) The opinion which is represented in its most extreme form by the theory of Emanations,
declares His utter transcendence. This view appears early in the history of Greek philosophy. It is
developed by Dionysius, by the Kabalists, by Dante: and is implied in the language of Rulman
Merswin, St. John of the Cross and many other Christian ecstatics.
The solar system is an almost perfect symbol of this concept of Reality; which finds at once
its most rigid and most beautiful expression in Dantes Paradiso.
182
The Absolute Godhead is
conceived as removed by a vast distance from the material world of sense; the last or lowest of that
system of dependent worlds or states which, generated by or emanating from the Unity or Central
Sun, become less in spirituality and splendour, greater in multiplicity, the further they recede from
their source. That Sourcethe Great Countenance of the Godheadcan never, say the Kabalists,
be discerned by man. It is the Absolute of the Neoplatonists, the Unplumbed Abyss of later
mysticism: the Cloud of Unknowing wraps it from our sight. Only by its emanations or manifested
attributes can we attain knowledge of it. By the outflow of these same manifested attributes and
powers the created universe exists, depending in the last resort on the latens Deitas: Who is
therefore conceived as external to the world which He illuminates and vivifies.
St. Thomas Aquinas virtually accepts the doctrine of Emanations when he writes:
183
As
all the perfections of Creatures descend in order from God, who is the height of perfection, man
should begin from the lower creatures and ascend by degrees, and so advance to the knowledge of
God. . . . And because in that roof and crown of all things, God, we find the most perfect unity, and
everything is stronger and more excellent the more thoroughly it is one; it follows that diversity
and variety increase in things, the further they are removed from Him who is the first principle of
all. Suso, whose mystical system, like that of most Dominicans, is entirely consistent with Thomist
philosophy, is really glossing Aquinas when he writes: The supreme and superessential Spirit has
ennobled man by illuminating him with a ray from the Eternal Godhead. . . . Hence from out the
98
great ring which represents the Eternal Godhead there flow forth . . . little rings, which may be
taken to signify the high nobility of natural creatures.
184
Obviously, if this theory of the Absolute be accepted the path of the souls ascent to union
with the divine must be literally a transcendence: a journey upward and outward, through a long
series of intermediate states or worlds till, having traversed the Thirty-two paths of the Tree of
Life, she at last arrives, in Kabalistic language, at the Crown: fruitive knowledge of God, the
Abyss or Divine Dark of the Dionysian school, the Neoplatonic One. Such a series of worlds is
182
La gloria di colui che tutto move
per luniverso penetra, e resplende
in una parte pi e meno altrove (Par. i. 1-3).
The theological ground-plan of the Cantica is epitomized in this introductory verse.
183
Summa Contra Gentiles, 1. iv. cap. 1. (Rickabys translation).
184
Leben, cap. lvi.
73
symbolized by the Ten Heavens of Dante, the hierarchies of Dionysius, the Tree of Life or Sephiroth
of the Kabalah: and receives its countersign in the inward experience, in the long journey of the
self through Purgation and Illumination to Union. We ascend, says St. Augustine, thy ways that
be in our heart, and sing a song of degrees; we glow inwardly with thy fire, with thy good fire, and
we go, because we go upwards to the peace of Jerusalem.
185
This theory postulates, under normal and non-mystical conditions, the complete separation
of the human and the divine; the temporal and the eternal worlds. Never forget, says St. John of
the Cross, that God is inaccessible. Ask not therefore how far your powers may comprehend Him,
your feeling penetrate Him. Fear thus to content yourself with too little, and deprive your soul of
the agility which it needs in order to mount up to Him.
186
The language of pilgrimage, of exile,
comes naturally to the mystic who apprehends reality under these terms. To him the mystical
adventure is essentially a going forth from his normal self and from his normal universe. Like
the Psalmist in his heart he hath disposed to ascend by steps in this vale of tears from the less to
the more divine. He, and with him the Cosmosfor to mystical philosophy the soul of the individual
subject is the microcosm of the soul of the worldhas got to retrace the long road to the Perfection
from which it originally came forth; as the fish in Rulman Merswins Vision of Nine Rocks must
struggle upwards from pool to pool until they reach their Origin.
Such a way of conceiving Reality accords with the type of mind which William James called
the sick soul.
187
It is the mood of the penitent; of the utter humility which, appalled by the sharp
contrast between itself and the Perfect which it contemplates, can only cry out of the depths. It
comes naturally to the temperament which leans to pessimism, which sees a great gulf fixed
99
between itself and its desire, and is above all things sensitive to the elements of evil and imperfection
in its own character and in the normal experience of man. Permitting these elements to dominate
its field of consciousness, wholly ignoring the divine aspect of the World of Becoming, such a
temperament constructs from its perceptions and prejudices the concept of a material world and a
normal self which are very far from God.
(2) Immanence. At the opposite pole from this way of sketching Reality is the extreme
theory of Immanence, which plays so large a part in modern theology. To the holders of this theory,
who commonly belong to Jamess healthy minded or optimistic class, the quest of the Absolute
is no long journey, but a realization of something which is implicit in the self and in the universe:
an opening of the eyes of the soul upon the Reality in which it is bathed. For them earth is literally
crammed with heaven. Thou wert I, but dark was my heart, I knew not the secret transcendent,
says Twekkul Bg, a Moslem mystic of the seventeenth century.
188
This is always the cry of the
temperament which leans to a theology of immanence, once its eyes are opened on the light. God,
says Plotinus, is not external to anyone, but is present with all things, though they are ignorant
that He is so.
189
In other and older words, The Spirit of God is within you. The Absolute Whom
all seek does not hold Himself aloof from an imperfect material universe, but dwells within the
flux of things: stands as it were at the very threshold of consciousness and knocks awaiting the
selfs slow discovery of her treasures. He is not far from any one of us, for in Him we live and
185
Aug. Conf., bk. xiii. cap. xi.
186
Avisos y Sentencias Espirituales, N. 51.
187
Varieties of Religious Experience, Lecture vi.
188
Quoted by W. L. Lilly, Many Mansions, p. 140.
189
Ennead vi. 9.
74
move and have our being, is the pure doctrine of Immanence: a doctrine whose teachers are drawn
from amongst the souls which react more easily to the touch of the Divine than to the sense of
alienation and of sin, and are naturally inclined to love rather than to awe.
Unless safeguarded by limiting dogmas, the theory of Immanence, taken alone, is notoriously
apt to degenerate into pantheism; and into those extravagant perversions of the doctrine of
deification in which the mystic holds his transfigured self to be identical with the Indwelling
God. It is the philosophical basis of that practice of introversion, the turning inward of the souls
faculties in contemplation, which has been the method of the great practical mystics of all creeds.
That God, since He is in allin a sense, is allmay most easily be found within ourselves, is the
doctrine of these adventurers;
190
who, denying or ignoring the existence of those intervening
100
worlds or planes between the material world and the Absolute, which are postulated by the
theory of Emanations, claim with Ruysbroeck that by a simple introspection in fruitive love they
meet God without intermediary.
191
They hear the Father of Lights saying eternally, without
intermediary or interruption, in the most secret part of the spirit, the one, unique, and abysmal
Word.
192
This discovery of a divine essence or substance, dwelling, as Ruysbroeck says, at the
apex of mans soul is that fundamental experiencefound in some form or degree in all genuine
mystical religionwhich provides the basis of the New Testament doctrine of the indwelling spirit.
It is, variously interpreted, the spark of the soul of Eckhart, the ground of Tauler, the Inward
Light of the Quakers, the Divine Principle of some modern transcendentalists; the fount and
source of all true life. At this point logical exposition fails mystic and theologian alike. A tangle
of metaphors takes its place. We are face to face with the wonder of wondersthat most real,
yet most mysterious, of all the experiences of religion, the union of human and divine, in a nameless
something which is great enough to be God, small enough to be me. In the struggle to describe
this experience, the spark of the soul, the point of juncture, is at one moment presented to us as
the divine to which the self attains: at another, as that transcendental aspect of the self which is in
contact with God. On either hypothesis, it is here that the mystic encounters Absolute Being. Here
is his guarantee of Gods immediate presence in the human heart; and, if in the human heart, then
in that universe of which mans soul resumes in miniature the essential characteristics.
According to the doctrine of Immanence, creation, the universe, could we see it as it is,
would be perceived as the self-development, the self-revelation of this indwelling Deity. The world
is not projected from the Absolute, but immersed in God. I understood, says St. Teresa, how
our Lord was in all things, and how He was in the soul: and the illustration of a sponge filled with
water was suggested to me.
193
The world-process, then, is the slow coming to fruition of that
Divine Spark which is latent alike in the Cosmos and in man. If, says Boehme, thou conceivest
a small minute circle, as small as a grain of mustard seed, yet the Heart of God is wholly and
190
Thus Aquinas says, Since God is the universal cause of all Being, in whatever region Being can be found, there must be
the Divine Presence (Summa Contra Gentiles, 1. iii. cap. lxviii.). And we have seen that the whole claim of the mystics
ultimately depends on mans possession of pure being in the spark of the soul.
191
De Ornatu Spiritualium Nuptiarum, I. ii. cap. lxvii.
192
Op. cit., I. iii. cap. i.
193
Relaccion ix. 10. But this image of a sponge, which also suggested itelf to St. Augustine, proved an occasion of stumbling
to his more metaphysical mind: tending to confuse his idea of the nature of God with the category of space. Vide Aug. Conf.,
bk. vii. cap. v.
75
perfectly therein: and if thou art born in God, then there is in thyself (in the circle of thy life) the
101
whole Heart of God undivided.
194
The idea of Immanence has seldom been more beautifully
expressed.
It is worth noticing that both the theological doctrines of reality which have been acceptable
to the mystics implicitly declare, as science does, that the universe is not static but dynamic; a
World of Becoming. According to the doctrine of Immanence this universe is free, self-creative.
The divine action floods it: no part is more removed from the Godhead than any other part. God,
says Eckhart, is nearer to me than I am to myself; He is just as near to wood and stone, but they
do not know it.
195
These two apparently contradictory explanations of the Invisible have both been held, and
that in their extreme form, by the mystics: who have found in both adequate, and indeed necessary,
diagrams by which to suggest something of their rich experience of Reality.
196
Some of the least
lettered and most inspired amongst themfor instance, St. Catherine of Siena, Julian of
Norwichand some of the most learned, as Dionysius the Areopagite and Meister Eckhart, have
actually used in their rhapsodies language appropriate to both the theories of Emanation and of
Immanence. It would seem, then, that both these theories convey a certain truth; and that it is the
business of a sound mystical philosophy to reconcile them. It is too often forgotten by quarrelsome
partisans of a concrete turn of mind that at best all these transcendental theories are only symbols,
methods, diagrams; feebly attempting the representation of an experience which in its fullness is
always the same, and of which the dominant characteristic is ineffability. Hence they insist with
tiresome monotony that Dionysius must be wrong if Tauler be right: that it is absurd to call yourself
the Friend of God if unknowableness be that Gods first attribute: that Platos Perfect Beauty and
St. Catherine of Sienas Accepter of Sacrifices cannot be the same: that the courteous and
dear-worthy Lord who said to Lady Julian, My darling, I am glad that thou art come to Me, in
all thy woe I have ever been with thee,
197
rules out the formless and impersonal One of Plotinus,
the triple circle of Suso and Dante. Finally, that if God be truly immanent in the material world
it is either sin or folly to refuse that world in order that we may find Him; and if introversion be
right, a plan of the universe which postulates intervening planes between Absolute Being and the
phenomenal world must be wrong.
102
Now as regards the mystics, of whom we hold both these doctrines, these ways of seeing
truthfor what else is a doctrine but that?it is well to remind ourselves that their teaching about
the relation of the Absolute to the finite, of God to the phenomenal world, must be founded in the
first instance on what they know by experience of the relation between that Absolute and the
individual self. This experience is the valid part of mysticism, the thing which gives to it its unique
importance amongst systems of thought, the only source of its knowledge. Everything else is really
guessing aided by analogy. When therefore the mystic, applying to the universe what he knows to
be true in respect of his own soul, describes Divine Perfection as very far removed from the material
world, yet linked with it by a graduated series of emanationsstates or qualities which have
each of them something of the godlike, though they be not Godhe is trying to describe the
194
The Threefold Life of Man, cap. vi. 71.
195
Eckhart, Pred, lxix. So too we read in the Oxyrhyncus Papyri, Raise the stone and there thou shalt find Me. Cleave the
wood and there am I.
196
Compare above, cap. ii.
197
Revelations of Divine Love, cap. xl.
76
necessary life-process which he has himself passed through in the course of his purgation and
spiritual ascent from the state of the natural man to that other state of harmony with the spiritual
universe, sometimes called deification, in which he is able to contemplate, and unite with, the
divine. We have in the Divina Commedia a classic example of such a twofold vision of the inner
and the outer worlds: for Dantes journey up and out to the Empyrean Heaven is really an inward
alchemy, an ordering and transmuting of his nature, a purging of his spiritual sight tilltranscending
all derived beatitudeit can look for an instant on the Being of God.
The mystic assumesbecause he tends to assume an orderly basis for thingsthat there
is a relation, an analogy, between this microcosm of mans self and the macrocosm of the world-self.
Hence his experience, the geography of the individual quest, appears to him good evidence of the
geography of the Invisible. Since he must transcend his natural life in order to attain consciousness
of God, he conceives of God as essentially transcendent to the natural world. His description of
that geography, howeverof his path in a land where there is no time and space, no inner and no
outer, up or downwill be conditioned by his temperament, by his powers of observation, by the
metaphor which comes most readily to his hand, above all by his theological education. The so-called
journey itself is a psychological and spiritual experience: the purging and preparation of the self,
its movement to higher levels of consciousness, its unification with that more spiritual but normally
unconscious self which is in touch with the transcendental order, and its gradual or abrupt entrance
into union with the Real. Sometimes it seems to the self that this performance is a retreat inwards
103
to that ground of the soul where, as St. Teresa says, His Majesty awaits us: sometimes a going
forth from the Conditioned to the Unconditioned, the supernatural flight of Plotinus and Dionysius
the Areopagite. Both are but images under which the self conceives the process of attaining conscious
union with that God who is at once immanent and transcendent in relation to the Soul which shares
His life.
198
He has got to find God. Sometimes his temperament causes him to lay most stress on the
length of the search; sometimes the abrupt rapture which brings it to a close makes him forget that
preliminary pilgrimage in which the soul is not outward bound but rather on a journey to its centre.
The habitations of the Interior Castle through which St. Teresa leads us to that hidden chamber
which is the sanctuary of the indwelling God: the hierarchies of Dionysius, ascending from the
selfless service of the angels, past the seraphs burning love, to the God enthroned above time and
space: the mystical paths of the Kabalistic Tree of Life which lead from the material world of
Malkuth through the universes of action and thought, by Mercy, Justice and Beauty, to the Supernal
Crown;
199
all these are different ways of describing this same pilgrimage.
As every one is born a disciple of either Plato or Aristotle, so every human soul leans to
one of these two ways of apprehending reality. The artist, the poet, every one who looks with awe
and rapture on created things, acknowledges in this act the Immanent God. The ascetic, and that
intellectual ascetic the metaphysician, turning from the created, denying the senses in order to find
afar off the uncreated, unconditioned Source, is reallythough often he knows it notobeying
that psychological law which produced the doctrine of Emanations.
A good map then, a good mystical philosophy, will leave room for both these ways of
interpreting our experience. It will mark the routes by which many different temperaments claim
198
Boyce Gibson, God with Us, p. 24.
199
See A. E. Waite, TheDoctrine and Literature of the Kabalah, pp. 36-53.
77
to have found their way to the same end. It will acknowledge both the aspects under which the
patria splendida Truth has appeared to its lovers: the aspects which have called forth the theories
of emanation and immanence and are enshrined in the Greek and Latin names of God. Deus, whose
root means day, shining, the Transcendent Light; and Theos, whose true meaning is supreme desire
or prayerthe Inward Lovedo not contradict, but complete each other. They form, when taken
together, an almost perfect definition of that Godhead which is the object of the mystics desire:
the Divine Love which, immanent in the soul spurs on that soul to union with the transcendent and
104
Absolute Lightat once the source, the goal, the life of created things.
The true mysticthe person with a genius for Godhardly needs a map himself. He steers
a compass course across the vast and stormy sea of the divine. It is characteristic of his intellectual
humility, however, that he is commonly willing to use the map of the community in which he finds
himself, when it comes to showing other people the route which he has pursued. Sometimes these
maps have been adequate. More, they have elucidated the obscure wanderings of the explorer;
helped him; given him landmarks; worked out right. Time after time he puts his finger on some
spotsome great hill of vision, some city of the souland says with conviction, Here have I
been. At other times the maps have embarrassed him, have refused to fit in with his description.
Then he has tried, as Boehme did and after him Blake, to make new ones. Such maps are often wild
in drawing, because good draughtsmanship does not necessarily go with a talent for exploration.
Departing from the usual convention, they are hardsometimes impossibleto understand. As a
result, the orthodox have been forced to regard their makers as madmen or heretics: when they
were really only practical men struggling to disclose great matters by imperfect means.
Without prejudice to individual beliefs, and without offering an opinion as to the exclusive
truth of any one religious system or revelationfor here we are concerned neither with controversy
nor with apologeticswe are bound to allow as a historical fact that mysticism, so far, has found
its best map in Christianity. Christian philosophy, especially that Neoplatonic theology which,
taking up and harmonizing all that was best in the spiritual intuitions of Greece, India, and Egypt,
was developed by the great doctors of the early and mediaeval Church, supports and elucidates the
revelations of the individual mystic as no other system of thought has been able to do.
We owe to the great fathers of the first five centuriesto Clement of Alexandria and
Irenaeus, Gregory of Nyssa and Augustine; above all to Dionysius the Areopagite, the great Christian
contemporary of Proclusthe preservation of that mighty system of scaffolding which enabled the
Catholic mystics to build up the towers and bulwarks of the City of God. The peculiar virtue of
this Christian philosophy, that which marks its superiority to the more coldly self-consistent systems
of Greece, is the fact that it re-states the truths of metaphysics in terms of personality: thus offering
a third term, a living mediator between the Unknowable God, the unconditioned Absolute, and
105
the conditioned self. This was the priceless gift which the Wise Men received in return for their
gold, frankincense, and myrrh. This solves the puzzle which all explorers of the supersensible have
sooner or later to face: come si convenne limago al cerchio,
200
the reconciliation of Infinite and
intimate, both known and felt, but neither understood. Such a third term, such a stepping-stone,
was essential if mysticism were ever to attain that active union that fullness of life which is its
object, and develop from a blind and egoistic rapture into fruitful and self-forgetting love.
200
Par. xxxiii. 137.
78
Where non-Christian mystics, as a rule, have made a forced choice between the two great
dogmatic expressions of their experience, ( a ) the long pilgrimage towards a transcendent and
unconditioned Absolute, ( b ) the discovery of that Absolute in the ground or spiritual principle
of the self; it has been possible to Christianity, by means of her central doctrine of the Trinity, to
find room for both of them and to exhibit them as that which they are in factthe complementary
parts of a whole. Even Dionysius, the godfather of the emanation doctrine, combines with his
scheme of descending hierarchies the dogma of an indwelling God: and no writer is more constantly
quoted by Meister Eckhart, who is generally considered to have preached immanence in its most
extreme and pantheistic form.
Further, the Christian atmosphere is the one in which the individual mystic has most often
been able to develop his genius in a sane and fruitful way; and an overwhelming majority of the
great European contemplatives have been Christians of a strong impassioned and personal type.
This alone would justify us in regarding it as embodying, at any rate in the West, the substance of
the true tradition: providing the path of least resistance through which that tradition flows. The
very heretics of Christianity have often owed their attraction almost wholly to the mystical element
in their teachings. The Gnostics, the Fraticelli, the Brethren of the Free Spirit, the Quietists, the
Quakers, are instances of this. In others, it was to an excessive reliance on reason when dealing
with the suprarational, and a corresponding absence of trust in mystical intuition that heresy was
due. Arius and Pelagius are heretics of this type.
The greatest mystics, however, have not been heretics but Catholic saints. In Christianity
the natural mysticism which like natural religion, is latent in humanity, and at a certain point
of development breaks out in every race, came to itself; and attributing for the first time true and
distinct personality to its Object, brought into focus the confused and unconditioned God which
Neoplatonism had constructed from the abstract concepts of philosophy blended with the intuitions
106
of Indian ecstatics, and made the basis of its meditations on the Real. It is a truism that the chief
claim of Christian philosophy on our respect does not lie in its exclusiveness but in its Catholicity:
in the fact that it finds truth in a hundred different systems, accepts and elucidates Greek, Jewish,
and Indian thought, fuses them in a coherent theology, and says to speculative thinkers of every
time and place, Whom therefore ye ignorantly worship, Him declare I unto you.
The voice of that Truth which spoke once for all on Calvary, and there declared the ground
plan of the universe, was heard more or less perfectly by all the great seers, the intuitive leaders of
men, the possessors of genius for the Real. There are few of the Christian names of God which
were not known to the teachers of antiquity. To the Egyptians He was the Saviour, to the Platonists
the Good, Beautiful and True, to the Stoics the Father and Companion. The very words of the Fourth
Gospel are anticipated by Cleanthes. Heracleitus knew the Energizing Fire of which St. Bonaventura
and Mechthild of Magdeburg speak. Countless mystics, from St. Augustine to St. John of the Cross,
echo again and again the language of Plotinus. It is true that the differentia which mark off
Christianity from all other religions are strange and poignant: but these very differentia make of it
the most perfect of settings for the mystic life. Its note of close intimacy, of direct and personal
contact with a spiritual reality given here and nowits astonishing combination of splendour and
simplicity, of the sacramental and transcendentall these things minister to the needs of the mystical
type.
Hence the Christian system, or some colourable imitation of it, has been found essential by
almost all the great mystics of the West. They adopt its nomenclature, explain their adventures by
79
the help of its creed, identify their Absolute with the Christian God. Amongst European mystics
the most usually quoted exception to this rule is Blake; yet it is curious to notice that the more
inspired his utterance, the more passionately and dogmatically Christian even this hater of the
Churches becomes:
We behold
Where Death eternal is put off eternally. O Lamb
Assume the dark satanic body in the Virgins womb!
O Lamb divine ! it cannot thee annoy! O pitying One
Thy pity is from the foundation of the world, and thy Redemption
Begins already in Eternity.
201
This is the doctrine of the Incarnation in a nutshell: here St. Thomas himself would find
107
little to correct. Of the two following extracts from Jerusalem, the first is but a poets gloss on
the Catholics cry, O felix culpa! the second is an almost perfect epitome of Christian theology
and ethics:
If I were pure, never could I taste the sweets
Of the forgiveness of sins. If I were holy I never could behold the tears
Of Love . . . O Mercy! O divine Humanity!
O Forgiveness, O Pity and Compassion! If I were pure I should never
Have known Thee.
Wouldst thou love one who never died
For thee, or ever die for one who had not died for thee?
And if God dieth not for man, and giveth not Himself
Eternally for Man, Man could not exist, for Man is Love
As God is Love. Every kindness to another is a little death
In the Divine Image, nor can Man exist but by brotherhood.
202
Whether the dogmas of Christianity be or be not accepted on the scientific and historical
plane, then, those dogmas are necessary to an adequate description of mystical experienceat
least, of the fully developed dynamic mysticism of the West. We must therefore be prepared in
reading the works of the contemplatives for much strictly denominational language; and shall be
wise if we preface the encounter by some consideration of this language, and of its real meaning
for those who use and believe it.
No one needs, I suppose, to be told that the two chief features of Christian schematic theology
are the dogmas of the Trinity and the Incarnation. They correlate and explain each other: forming
together, for the Christian, the final key to the riddle of the world. The history of practical and
institutional Christianity is the history of the attempt to exhibit their meaning in space and time.
The history of mystical philosophy is the historystill incompleteof the demonstration of their
meaning in eternity.
Some form of Trinitarian dogma is found to be essential, as a method of describing observed
facts, the moment that mysticism begins either ( a ) to analyse its own psychological conditions,
or ( b ) to philosophize upon its intuitive experience of God. It must, that is to say, divide the aspects
201
Vala, viii. 237.
202
Jerusalem, lxi. 44 and xcv. 23.
80
under which it knows the Godhead, if it is to deal with them in a fruitful or comprehensible way.
The Unconditioned One, which is, for Neoplatonic and Catholic mystic alike, the final object of
their quest, cannot of itself satisfy the deepest instincts of humanity: for man is aware that diversity
in unity is a necessary condition if perfection of character is to be expressed. Though the idea of
unity alone may serve to define the Endand though the mystics return to it again and again as a
relief from that heresy of multiplicity by which they are oppressedit cannot by itself be adequate
108
to the description of the All.
The first question, then, must beHow many of such aspects are necessary to a satisfactory
presentment of the mystics position? How many faces of Reality does he see? We observe that
his experience involves at least a twofold apprehension. ( a ) That Holy Spirit within, that Divine
Life by which his own life is transfused and upheld, and of which he becomes increasingly conscious
as his education proceeds. ( b ) That Transcendent Spirit without, the Absolute, towards union
with which the indwelling and increasingly dominant spirit of love presses the developing soul. In
his ecstasy, it seems to the mystic that these two experiences of God become one. But in the attempt
to philosophize on his experiences he is bound to separate them. Over and over again the mystics
and their critics acknowledge, explicitly or implicitly, the necessity of this discrimination for human
thought.
Thus even the rigid monotheism of Israel and Islam cannot, in the hands of the Kabalists
and the Sufis, get away from an essential dualism in the mystical experience. According to the
Zohar God is considered as immanent in all that has been created or emanated, and yet is
transcendent to all.
203
So too the Sufis. God, they say, is to be contemplated (a) outwardly in the
imperfect beauties of the earth; (b) inwardly, by meditation. Further, since He is One, and in all
things, to conceive ones self as separate from God is an error: yet only when one sees oneself as
separate from God, can one reach out to God.
204
Thus Delacroix, speaking purely as a psychologist, and denying to the mystical
revelationwhich he attributes exclusively to the normal content of the subliminal mindany
transcendental value, writes with entire approval of St. Teresa, that she set up externally to herself
the definite God of the Bible, at the same time as she set up within her soul the confused God of
the Pseudo-Areopagite: the One of Neoplatonism. The first is her guarantee of the orthodoxy of
the second, and prevents her from losing herself in an indistinction which is non-Christian. The
confused God within is highly dangerous. . . . St. Teresa knew how to avoid this peril, and, served
by her rich subconscious life, by the exaltation of her mental images, by her faculty of self-division
on the one hand, on the other by her rare powers of unification, she realized simultaneously a double
state in which the two Gods [ i.e. , the two ways of apprehending God, transcendence and
immanence] were guarantees of each other, mutually consolidating and enriching one another: such
109
is the intellectual vision of the Trinity in the Seventh Habitation.
205
It is probable that St. Teresa, confronted by this astonishing analysis, would have objected
that her Trinity, unlike that of her eulogist, consisted of three and not two Persons. His language
concerning confused interior and orthodox exterior Gods would certainly have appeared to her
delicate and honest mind both clumsy and untrue: nor could she have allowed that the Unconditioned
203
A. E. Waite, The Doctrine and Literature of the Kabalah, p. 35.
204
Palmer. Oriental Mysticism, pt. i. cap. i
205
Delacroix, tudes sur le Mysticisme, p. 75. The reference in the last sentence is to St. Teresas Castillo Interior.
81
One of the Neoplatonists was an adequate description of the strictly personal Divine Majesty, Whom
she found enthroned in the inmost sanctuary of the Castle of the Soul. What St. Teresa really did
was to actualize in her own experience, apprehend in the ground of her soul by means of her
extraordinarily developed transcendental perceptions, the three distinct and personal Aspects of
the Godhead which are acknowledged by the Christian religion.
First, the Father, pure transcendent Being, creative Source and Origin of all that Is: the
Unconditioned and Unknowable One of the Neoplatonists: Who is neither This nor That and
must be conceived, pace M. Delacroix, as utterly transcendent to the subject rather than set up
within the soul.
Secondly, in the Person of Christ, St. Teresa isolated and distinguished the Logos or Creative
Word; the expression, or outbirth, of the Fathers thought. Here is the point at which the Divine
Substance first becomes apprehensible by the spirit of man; that mediating principle raised up
between heaven and earth which is at once the Mirror of Pure Being and the Light of a finite world.
The Second Person of the Christian Trinity is for the believer not only the brightness or express
image of Deity, but also the personal, inexhaustible, and responsive Fount of all life and Object of
all love: Who, because of His taking up (in the Incarnation) of humanity into the Godhead, has
become the Bridge between finite and infinite, between the individual and the Absolute Life, and
hence in mystic language the true Bridegroom of every human soul.
Thirdly, she recognized within herself the germ of that Absolute Life, the indwelling Spirit
which is the source of mans transcendental consciousness and his link with the Being of God. That
is to say, the Holy Spirit of Divine Love, the Real Desirous seeking for the Real Desired, without
Whose presence any knowledge of or communion with God on mans part would be inconceivable.
In the supreme Vision of the Trinity which was vouchsafed to St. Teresa in the Seventh
Habitation of the soul, these three aspects became fused in One. In the deepest recesses of her spirit,
in that abyss where selfhood ceases to have meaning, and the individual soul touches the life of the
All, distinction vanished and she saw God in a point. Such an experience, such an intuition of
110
simple and undifferentiated Godheadthe Unitybeyond those three centres of Divine
Consciousness which we call the Trinity of Persons, is highly characteristic of mysticism. The
German mysticstemperamentally miles asunder from St. Teresadescribed it as the attainment
of the still wilderness or lonely desert of Deity: the limitless Divine Abyss, impersonal,
indescribable, for ever hid in the Cloud of Unknowing, and yet the true Country of the Soul.
206
These statements, which appear when thus laid down to be hopelessly academic, violently
divorced from life, were not for St. Teresa or any other Christian mystic abstract propositions; but
attempts towards the description of first-hand experience.
By some mysterious manifestation of the truth, she says, the three Persons of the most
Blessed Trinity reveal themselves, preceded by an illumination which shines on the spirit like a
most dazzling cloud of light. The three Persons are distinct from one another; a sublime knowledge
is infused into the soul, imbuing it with a certainty of the truth that the Three are of one substance,
power, and knowledge, and are one God. Thus that which we hold as a doctrine of faith, the soul
now, so to speak, understands by sight, though it beholds the Blessed Trinity neither by the eyes
of the body nor of the soul, this being no imaginary vision. All the Three Persons here communicate
206
See Tauler, Sermon on St. John Baptist, and Third Instruction ( The Inner Way, pp. 97 and 321); Suso, Buchlein von
der Warheit, cap. v.; Ruysbroeck, De Ornatu Spiritalium Nuptiarum, 1. iii. caps, ii. and vi.
82
Themselves to the soul, speak to it, and make it understand the words of our Lord in the Gospel,
that He and the Father and the Holy Ghost will come and make their abode with the soul which
loves Him and keeps His commandments.
O my God, how different from merely hearing and believing these words is it to realize
their truth in this way! Day by day a growing astonishment takes possession of this soul, for the
three Persons of the Blessed Trinity seem never to depart; that They dwell far within its own centre
and depths; though for want of learning it cannot describe how, it is conscious of the indwelling
of these divine Companions.
207
Mystical writers constantly remind us that life as perceived by the human minds shows an
inveterate tendency to arrange itself in triads: that if they proclaim the number Three in the heavens,
they can also point to it as dominating everywhere upon the earth. Here Christianity did but give
form to a deep instinct of the human mind: an instinct which made Pythagoras call Three the number
of God, because beginning, middle, and end were contained therein. Thus to Hindu thought the
111
Absolute Godhead was unknowable, but He disclosed three faces to manBrahma the Creator,
Shiva the Destroyer, Krishna the Repairerand these three were One. So too the Neoplatonists
distinguished three worlds; the Sensible or Phenomenal, the Rational or Intellectual, the Intelligible
or Spiritual; and three aspects of Godthe Unconditioned Absolute, the Logos or Artificer, and
the divine Essence or Soul of the World which is both absolute and created. Perhaps we have in
such triads a first sketch of the Christian Trinity; though falling far short of the requirements of
mans spiritual experience. The dry bones await the breath of more abundant life. Corresponding
with this diagram of Gods nature the Platonists see also three grades of beauty; the Corporeal, the
Spiritual, and the Divine.
Man, that thing of threes, of body, soul and spirit, of understanding, memory and will,
follows in his path towards unity the Threefold Way: for our soul, says Lady Julian, is
made-trinity like to the unmade blissful Trinity, known and loved from without beginning, and in
the making oned to the Maker.
208
We still tend to analyse our psychic life into emotional, volitional,
and intellectual elements. Even the Subject and Object implied in every experience required a third
term, the relation between them, without which no thought can be complete. Thus the very principle
of analogy imposes upon man a Trinitarian definition of Reality as the one with which his mind is
best able to cope.
209
It is easy for the hurried rationalist to demonstrate the absurdity of this fact
but he will find it a very different matter when it comes to disproving it.
I could wish, says St. Augustine, that men would consider these three things that are in
themselves . . . To Be, to Know, and to Will. For I am, and I know, and I will, I am knowing and
willing, and I know myself to be and to will; and I will to be and to know. In these three therefore
let him who can, see how inseparable a life there iseven one life, one mind, one essence: finally
how inseparable is the distinction, and yet a distinction. Surely a man hath it before him: let him
look into himself and see and tell me. But when he discovers and can see anything of these, let him
207
St. Teresa, El Castillo Interior, Moradas; Stimas, cap. i.
208
Julian of Norwich, Revelations of Divine Love. cap. lv. Julian here repeats a familiar Patristic doctrine. So St. Thomas
says (Summa Contra Gentiles, 1. iv. cap. xxvi), A likeness of the Divine Trinity is observable in the human mind.
209
The three Persons of the Trinity, said John Scotus Erigena, are less modes of the Divine Substance than modes under
which our mind conceives the Divine Substancea stimulating statement of dubious orthodoxy.
83
not think that he has discovered that which is above these Unchangeable: which Is unchangeably
and Knows unchangeably and Wills unchangeably.
210
112
In a well-known passage, Julian of Norwich tells us how she saw the Trinity of the Divine
Nature shining in the phenomenal as well as in the spiritual world. He showed me, she says, a
little thing, the quantity of an hazel nut, in the palm of my hand; and it was as round as a ball. I
looked thereupon with the eye of my understanding, and thought, What may this be? And it was
answered generally thus: It is all that is made. . . . In this Little Thing I saw three properties. The
first is that God made it, the second is that God loveth it, the third is that God keepeth it. But what
is to me verily the Maker, the Keeper, and the Lover, I cannot tell.
211
Julian, a simple and deeply human Englishwoman of middle age dwelling alone in her
churchyard cell, might well be called the poet of the Trinity. She treats this austere and subtle
dogmaof which the mediaeval mystics write with a passion little understood by those who look
upon it as orthodoxy reduced to mathematicswith an intimacy and vigour which carry with
them a conviction of her own direct and personal apprehension of the theological truth she struggles
to describe. I beheld, she says of a vision which is close to that of St. Teresa in the Seventh
Habitation of the Soul, and more lucidly if less splendidly expressed, the working of all the
blessed Trinity: in which beholding, I saw and understood these three properties: the property of
the Fatherhood, the property of the Motherhood, and the property of the Lordhood, in one God. In
our Father Almighty we have our keeping and our bliss as anent our natural Substance,
212
which
is to us by our making, without beginning. And in the Second Person in wit and wisdom we have
our keeping as anent our Sense-soul: our restoring and our saving; for He is our Mother, Brother,
and Saviour. And in our good Lord, the Holy Ghost, we have our rewarding and our meed-giving
for our living and our travail, and endless overpassing of all that we desire, in His marvellous
courtesy of His high plenteous grace. For all our life is in three: in the first we have our Being, in
the second we have our Increasing, and in the third we have our Fulfilling; the first is Nature, the
second is Mercy, and the third is Grace.
213
. . . The high Might of the Trinity is our Father, and the
deep Wisdom of the Trinity is our Mother, and the great Love of the Trinity is our Lord: and all
this we have in Nature and in our Substantial Making.
214
113
Again, in a passage of exquisite tenderness, As verily as God is our Father, so verily God
is our Mother; and that shewed He in all [her revelations] and especially in these sweet words where
He saith: I it am. That is to say, I it am, the Might and the Goodness of the Fatherhood; I it am, the
Wisdom of the Motherhood, I it am the Light and the Grace that is all blessed Love. I it am, the
Trinity, I it am, the Unity: I am the sovereign Goodness of all manner of things. I am that maketh
thee to love. I am that maketh thee to long: I it am, the endless fulfilling of all true desires.
215
So Christopher Hervey
210
Aug. Conf., bk. xiii. cap. xi.
211
Op. cit., cap. v.
212
Substance is here, of course, to be understood in the scholastic sense, as the reality which underlies merely phenomenal
existence.
213
I.e. , the Second Person of the Christian Trinity is the redemptive, fount of mercy, the medium by which Grace, the free
gift of transcendental life, reaches and vivifies human nature: permeates it, in Euckens words, with the Infinite and Eternal
(Der Sinn und Wert des Lebens, p. 181).
214
Revelations of Divine Love, cap. lviii.
215
Op. cit. , cap. lix.
84
The whole world round is not enough to fill
The hearts three corners, but it craveth still.
Only the Trinity that made it can
Suffice the vast triangled heart of Man.
216
Any attempt towards a definition of God which does not account for and acknowledge these
three aspects is found in experience to be incomplete. They provide objectives for the heart, the
intellect, and the will: for they offer to the Self material for its highest love, its deepest thought, its
act of supreme volition. Under the familiar Platonic terms of Goodness, Truth, and Beauty, they
represent the divine source and end of Ethics, Science, and Art, the three supreme activities of man.
Thus the ideals of artist, student, and philanthropist, who all seek under different modes the same
reality, are gathered up in the mystics One; as the pilgrimage of the three kings ended in the finding
of one Star
What is God? says St. Bernard. Length, breadth, height, and depth. What, you say,
you do after all profess to believe in the fourfold Godhead which was an abomination to you?
Not in the least. . . . God is designated One to suit our comprehension, not to describe his character.
His character is capable of division, He Himself is not. The words are different, the paths are many,
but one thing is signified; the paths lead to one Person.
217
All possible ways of conceiving this One Person in His living richness are found in the end
to range themselves under three heads. He is above all and through all and in you all,
218
said St.
Paul, anticipating the Councils in a flash of mystic intuition and giving to the infant Church the
shortest and most perfect definition of its Triune God. Being, which is above all, manifests itself
as Becoming; as the dynamic omnipresent Word of Life. The Divine Love immanent in the heart
114
and in the world comes forth from, and returns to, the Absolute One. Thou, my God, who art
Love, says Nicolas of Cusa, art Love that loveth, and Love that is loveable, and Love that is the
bond between these twain.
219
Thus is completed the Eternal Circle from Goodness, through
Goodness, to Goodness. It is true that to these fundamental respects of the perceived Godheadthat
Being, Becoming, and Desire whereto the worlds keep timethe mystics have given many and
various names; for they have something of the freedom of true intimates in treating of the Reality
which they love. In particular, those symbols of the Absolute which are drawn from the great and
formless forces of the universe, rather than from the orthodox but necessarily anthropomorphic
imagery of human relationship, have always appealed to them. Their intense apprehension of Spirit
seems to find freer and more adequate expression in such terms, than in those in which the notion
of space is involved, or which suggest a concrete picture to the mind. Though they know as well
as the philosophers that there must always he something symbolic in our way of expressing the
spiritual life, since that unfathomable infinite whose spiritual character is first recognized in our
human experience, can never reveal itself fully and freely under the limitations of our earthly
existence;
220
yet they ever seek, like the artists they are, some new and vital image which is not
216
The School of the Heart, Epigram x. This book, which is a free translation of the Scola Cordis of Benedict Haeften
(1635), is often, but wrongly attributed to Francis Quarles.
217
De Consideratione, bk. v. cap. viii.
218
Ephesians iv. 6.
219
De Visione Dei, cap. xvii.
220
Eucken, Der Sinn und Wert des Lebens, p. 131.
85
yet part of the debased currency of formal religion, and conserves its original power of stinging
the imagination to more vivid life.
Thus the Kingdom of Heaven, says Law, stands in this threefold life, where three are
one, because it is a manifestation of the Deity, which is Three and One; the Father has His distinct
manifestation in the Fire, which is always generating the Light; the Son has His distinct manifestation
in the Light, which is always generated from the Fire; the Holy Ghost has His manifestation in the
Spirit, that always proceeds from both, and is always united with them. It is this eternal unbeginning
Trinity in Unity of Fire, Light, and Spirit, that constitutes Eternal Nature, the Kingdom of Heaven,
the heavenly Jerusalem, the Divine Life, the Beatific Visibility, the majestic Glory and Presence
of God. Through this Kingdom of Heaven, or Eternal Nature, is the invisible God, the
incomprehensible Trinity, eternally breaking forth and manifesting itself in a boundless height and
depth of blissful wonders, opening and displaying itself to all its creatures as in an infinite variation
115
and endless multiplicity of its powers, beauties, joys, and glories.
221
Perhaps an easier, better, more beautiful example of these abstract symbols of the Trinity
than Laws Fire, Light, and Spirit is that of Light, Life, and Love: a threefold picture of the Real
which is constantly dwelt upon and elaborated by the Christian mystics. Transcendent Light,
intangible but unescapable, ever emanating Its splendour through the Universe: indwelling, unresting,
and energizing Life: desirous and directive Lovethese are cardinal aspects of Reality to which
they return again and again in their efforts to find words which will express something of the
inexpressible truth.
( a ) LIGHT, ineffable and uncreated, the perfect symbol of pure undifferentiated Being:
above the intellect, as St. Augustine reminds us, but known to him who loves.
222
This Uncreated
Light is the deep yet dazzling darkness of the Dionysian school, dark from its surpassing
brightness . . . as the shining of the sun on his course is as darkness to weak eyes.
223
It is St.
Hildegardes lux vivens, Dantes somma luce, wherein he saw multiplicity in unity, the ingathered
leaves of all the universe
224
: the Eternal Father, or Fount of Things. For well we know, says
Ruysbroeck that the bosom of the Father is our ground and origin, wherein our life and being is
begun.
225
( b ) LIFE, the Son, hidden Steersman of the Universe, the Logos, Fire, or cosmic Soul of
Things. This out-birth or Concept of the Fathers Mind, which He possesses within Himself, as
Battista Vernazza was told in her ecstasy,
226
is that Word of Creation which since It is alive and
infinite, no formula can contain. the Word eternally spoken or generated by the Transcendent
Light. This is why, says Ruysbroeck again, all that lives in the Father unmanifested in the Unity,
is also in the Son actively poured forth in manifestation.
227
This life, then, is the flawless expression
or character of the Father, Sapientia Patris. It is at once the personal and adorable comrade of the
mystics adventure and the inmost principle, the sustaining power, of a dynamic universe; for that
221
An Appeal to All who Doubt (Liberal and Mystical Writings of William Law p. 54). Laws symbols are here borrowed
from the system of his master, Jacob Boehme. (See the De Signatura Rerum of Boehme, cap. xiv.)
222
223
Tauler, 3rd Instruction (The Inner Way, p. 324).
224
Par. xxxiii 67, 85.
225
De Ornatu Spiritalium Nuptiarum, I. iii. cap. iii.
226
Von Hgel, The Mystical Element of Religion, vol. i. p. 357.
227
Ruysbroeck, op. cit. ., loc. cit.
86
which intellect defines as the Logos or Creative Spirit, contemplative love knows as Wonderful,
Counsellor, and Prince of Peace.
Since Christ, for the Christian philosopher, is Divine Life Itselfthe drama of Christianity
expressing this fact and its implications in a pointit follows that His active spirit is to be
discerned, not symbolically, but in the most veritable sense, in the ecstatic and abounding life of
116
the world. In the rapturous vitality of the birds, in their splendid glancing flight: in the swelling of
buds and the sacrificial beauty of the flowers: in the great and solemn rhythms of the seathere
is somewhat of Bethlehem in all these things, somewhat too of Calvary in their self-giving pains.
It was this re-discovery of Natures Christliness which Blake desired so passionately when he
sang
I will not cease from mental fight,
Nor shall my sword sleep in my hand
Till we have built Jerusalem
In Englands green and pleasant land.
Here then it is, on this pinnacle of faith, at the utmost boundaries of human speech, that
mystical theology suddenly shows herselfnot as the puzzle-headed constructor of impossible
creeds, but as accepting and transmuting to a more radiant life those two profound but apparently
contradictory metaphysical definitions of Reality which we have already discussed.
228
Eternal
Becoming, God immanent and dynamic, striving with and in His world: the unresting flux of
things of Heracleitus, the crying aloud of that Word which is through all things everlastinglythe
evolutionary world-process beloved of modern philosophersis here placed once for all in true
relation with pure transcendent and unmoved Being; the Absolute One of Xenophanes and the
Platonists. This Absolute is discerned by mystic intuition as the End of Unity in whom all
diversities must cease;
229
the Ocean to which that ceaseless and painful Becoming, that unresting
river of life, in which we are immersed, tends to return: the Son going to the Father.
( c ) LOVE, the principle of attraction, which seems to partake at once of the transcendental
and the created worlds. If we consider the Father as Supreme Subjectorigin, as Aquinas says,
of the entire procession of Deity
230
and the Son or generated Logos as the Object of His thought,
in whom, says Ruysbroeck, He contemplates Himself and all things in an eternal Now;
231
then
this personal Spirit of Love, il desiro e il velle, represents the relation between the two, and
constitutes the very character of God. The heavenly Father, says Ruysbroeck, as a living Ground,
with all that lives in Him, is actively turned towards His Son as to His own Eternal Wisdom. And
that same Wisdom, with all that lives in it, is actively turned back towards the Father, that is towards
that very ground from which it comes forth. And of this meeting is born the third Person, between
117
the Father and the Son, that is the Holy Spirit, their mutual Love.
232
Proceeding, according to
Christian doctrine, from Light and Life, the Father and Sonimplicit, that is, in both the Absolute
Source and dynamic flux of thingsthis divine spirit of desire is found enshrined in our very
selfhood; and is the agent by which that selfhood is merged in the Absolute Self. My love is my
228
Supra, Cap. II.
229
Tauler, op. cit., loc. cit.
230
Summa Contra Gentiles, I. iv. cap. xxvi.
231
De Ornatu Spiritalium Nuptiarum, I. ii. cap. iv.
232
Op. cit., I. ii. cap. xxxvii.
87
weight, said St. Augustine.
233
It is the spiritual equivalent of that gravitation which draws all things
to their place. Thus Bernard Holland says in his Introduction to Boehmes Dialogues, In a deep
sense, the desire of the Spark of Life in the Soul to return to its Original Source is part of the longing
desire of the universal Life for its own heart or centre. Of this longing, the universal attraction
striving against resistance, towards a universal centre, proved to govern the phenomenal or physical
world, is but the outer sheath and visible working. Again, Desire is everything in Nature; does
everything. Heaven is Nature filled with divine Life attracted by Desire.
234
The best masters say, says Eckhart, that the love wherewith we love is the Holy Spirit.
235
Some deny it. But this is always true: all those motives by which we are moved to love, in these
is nothing else than the Holy Spirit.
236
God wills, says Ruysbroeck, gathering these scattered symbols to unity again, that we
should come forth from ourselves in this Eternal Light; that we should reunite ourselves in a
supernatural manner with that image which is our true Life, and that we should possess it with Him
actively and fruitively in eternal blessedness . . . this going forth of the contemplative is also in
Love: for by fruitive love he overpasses his created being and finds and tastes the riches and delights
which are God Himself, and which He causes to pour forth without ceasing in the most secret
chamber of the soul, at that place where it is most like unto the nobility of God.
237
Here only, in the innermost sanctuary of being, the souls last habitation, as St. Teresa
said, is the truth which these symbols express truly known: for as to how the Trinity is one and
the Trinity in the Unity of the nature is one, whilst nevertheless the Trinity comes forth from the
118
Unity, this cannot be expressed in words, says Suso, owing to the simplicity of that deep abyss.
Hither it is, into this intelligible where that the spirit, spiritualizing itself, soars up; now flying in
the measureless heights, now swimming in the soundless deeps, of the sublime marvels of the
Godhead!
238
Mystical philosophy, then, has availed itself gladly of the doctrine of the Trinity in expressing
its vision of the nature of that Absolute which is found, by those who attain the deep Abyss of the
Godhead, to be essentially One. But it is by the complementary Christian dogma of the Incarnation
that it has best been able to describe and explain the nature of the inward and personal mystic
experience. The Incarnation, which is for traditional Christianity synonymous with the historical
birth and earthly life of Christ, is for mystics of a certain type, not only this but also a perpetual
Cosmic and personal process. It is an everlasting bringing forth, in the universe and also in the
individual ascending soul, of the divine and perfect Life, the pure character of God, of which the
one historical life dramatized the essential constituents. Hence the soul, like the physical embryo,
resumes in its upward progress the spiritual life-history of the race. The one secret, the greatest
of all, says Patmore, is the doctrine of the Incarnation, regarded not as an historical event which
233
Aug. Conf., bk. xiii. cap. ix.
234
Introduction to Three Dialogues of the Supersensual Life, p. xxx.
235
The doctrine is found in St. Augustine, and is frequently reproduced by the mediaeval mystics. Eckhart is perhaps here
quoting St. Thomas Aquinas, a usual source of his more orthodox utterances. Compare Summa Contra Gentiles, I. iv. cap.
xxiii: Since the Holy Ghost proceeds as the love wherewith God loves Himself, and since God loves with the same love Himself
and other beings for the sake of His own goodness, it is clear that the love wherewith God loves us belongs to the Holy Ghost.
In like manner also the love wherewith we love God.
236
Pred. xii.
237
De Ornatu Spiritalium Nuptiarum I. iii. cap. iii.
238
Suso, Leben, cap. lvi.
88
occurred two thousand years ago, but as an event which is renewed in the body of every one who
is in the way to the fulfilment of his original destiny.
239
We have seen that for mystical theology the Second Person of the Trinity is the Wisdom
of the Father, the Word of Life. The fullness of this Word could therefore only be communicated
to the human consciousness by a Life. In the Incarnation this Logos, this divine character of Reality,
penetrated the illusions of the sensual worldin other words, the illusions of all the selves whose
ideas compose that worldand saved it by this infusion of truth. A divine, suffering,
self-sacrificing Personality was then shown as the sacred heart of a living, striving universe: and
for once the Absolute was exhibited in the terms of finite human existence. Some such event as
this breaking through of the divine and archetypal life into the temporal world is perceived by the
mystical philosopher to be a necessity, if man was ever to see in terms of life that greatness of life
to which he belongs: learn to transcend the world of sense, and rebuild his life upon the levels of
reality. For Thou art, says Nicolas of Cusa, the Word of God humanified, and Thou art man
119
deified.
240
Thus it is that the Catholic priest in the Christmas Mass gives thanks, not for the setting
in hand of any commercial process of redemption, but for a revelation of reality, Quia per incarnati
Verbi mysterium nova mentis nostrae oculis lux tuae claritatis infulsit: ut dum visibiliter Deum
cognoscimus, per hunc in invisibilium amorem rapiamur. The essence of mystical Christianity
seems to be summed up in these lovely words.
241
The Son of God, the Eternal Word in the Father, who is the glance, or brightness, and the
power of the light eternity says Boehme, must become man and be born in you, if you will know
God: otherwise you are in the dark stable and go about groping.
242
The Word, says Ruysbroeck
finely, is no other than See. And this is the coming forth and the birth of the Son of the Eternal
Light, in Whom all blessedness is seen and known.
243
Once at any rate, they say in effect, the
measure of that which it was possible for the Spirit of Life to do and for living creatures to be, was
filled to the brim. By this event, all were assured that the ladder of Creation was made whole; in
this hypostatic union, the breach between appearance and reality, between God and man, was
healed. The Bridge so madeto use St. Catherine of Sienas allegory againis eternal, since it
was laid before the foundation of the world in the Eternal Now. Thus the voice of the Father
says to her in that vision, I also wish thee to look at the Bridge of My only-begotten Son, and see
the greatness thereof, for it reaches from Heaven to earth; that is, that the earth of your humanity
is joined to the greatness of the Deity thereby. I say, then, that this Bridge reaches from Heaven to
earth, and constitutes the union which I have made with man. . . . So the height of the Divinity,
humbled to the earth, and joined with your humanity made the Bridge and reformed the road. Why
was this done? In order that man might come to his true happiness with the angels. And observe
that it is not enough, in order that you should have life, that My son should have made you this
Bridge, unless you walk thereon.
244
Our high Father God Almighty, which is Being, says Lady
239
The Rod, the Root, and the Flower, Homo, xix.
240
De Visione Dei, cap. xxiii.
241
Because by the mystery of the Incarnate Word the new light of Thy brightness hath shone upon the eyes of our mind: that
we, knowing God seen of the eyes, by Him may be snatched up into the love of that which eye hath not seen (Missale Romanum.
Praefatio Solemnis de Nativitate).
242
The Threefold Life of Man, cap. iii. 31.
243
Ruysbroeck, op. cit ., 1. iii. cap. i.
244
Dialogo, cap. xxii.
89
Julian, He knew and loved us from afore any time. Of which knowing, in His marvellous deep
charity, and the foreseeing counsel of all the blessed Trinity, He willed that the Second Person
should become our Mother.
245
120
It is of course this assertion of the quickening communication of grace to nature, of God
to manan influx of ultimate reality, possible of assimilation by allwhich constitutes the strength
of the Christian religion. Instead of the stony diet of the philosophers, it offers to the self hungry
for the Absolute that Panis Angelorum, the vivifying principle of the world. That is to say, it gives
concrete and experimental knowledge of a supreme Personalityabsorption into His mystical
bodyinstead of the artificial conviction produced by concentration on an idea. It knits up the
universe; shows the phenomenal pierced in all directions by the real, the natural as the vehicle of
the supernatural. It provides a solid basis for mysticism, a basis which is at once metaphysical and
psychological: and shows that state towards which the worlds deepest minds have always
instinctively aspired, as a part of the cosmic return through Christ to God.
Quivi la sapienza e la possanza
ch apr le strade intra il cielo e la terra
onde fu gi s lunga disianza.
246
This is what the Christian mystics mean to express when they declare over and over again
that the return to the Divine Substance, the Absolute, which is the end of the souls ascent, can only
be made through the humanity of Christ. The Son, the Word, is the character of the Father: that in
which the Ineffable Godhead knows Himself, as we only know ourselves in our own characters.
He is thus a double link: the means of Gods self-consciousness, the means of mans consciousness
of God. How then, asks mystic theology, could such a link complete its attachments without some
such process as that which the Incarnation dramatized in time and space? The Principle of Life is
also the Principle of Restitution; by which the imperfect and broken life of sense is mended and
transformed into the perfect life of spirit. Hence the title of Repairer applied by Boehme to the
Second Person of the Trinity.
In the last resort, the doctrine of the Incarnation is the only safeguard of the mystics against
the pantheism to which they always tend. The Unconditioned Absolute, so soon as it alone becomes
the object of their contemplation, is apt to be conceived merely as Divine Essence; the idea of
Personality evaporates. The union of the soul with God is then thought of in terms of absorption.
The distinction between Creator and creature is obliterated and loving communion is at an end.
This is probably the reason why many of the greatest contemplativesSuso and St. Teresa are
cases in pointhave found that deliberate meditation upon the humanity of Christ, difficult and
121
uncongenial as this concrete devotion sometimes is to the mystical temperament, was a necessity
if they were to retain a healthy and well-balanced inner life.
Further, these mystics see in the historic life of Christ an epitomeor if you will, an
exhibitionof the essentials of all spiritual life. There they see dramatized not only the cosmic
process of the Divine Wisdom, but also the inward experience of every soul on her way to union
with that Absolute to which the whole Creation moves. This is why the expressions which they
use to describe the evolution of the mystical consciousness from the birth of the divine in the spark
245
Revelations of Divine Love, cap. lix.
246
Par. xxiii. 37. Here is the Wisdom and the Power which opened the ways betwixt heaven and earth, for which there erst
had been so long a yearning.
90
of the soul to its final unification with the Absolute Life are so constantly chosen from the Drama
of Faith. In this drama they see described under veils the necessary adventures of the spirit. Its
obscure and humble birth, its education in poverty, its temptation, mortification and solitude, its
illuminated life of service and contemplation, the desolation of that dark night of the soul in
which it seems abandoned by the Divine: the painful death of the self, its resurrection to the glorified
existence of the Unitive Way, its final reabsorption in its Sourceall these, they say, were lived
once in a supreme degree in the flesh. Moreover, the degree of closeness with which the individual
experience adheres to this Pattern is always taken by them as a standard of the healthiness, ardour,
and success of its transcendental activities.
Apparve in questa forma
Per dare a noi la norma.
sang Jacopone da Todi. And he who vainly thinketh otherwise, says the Theologia Germanica
with uncompromising vigour, is deceived. And he who saith otherwise, lieth.
247
Those to whom such a parallel seems artificial should remember that according to the
doctrine of mysticism that drama of the self-limitation and self-sacrifice of the Absolute Life, which
was once played out in the phenomenal worldforced, as it were, upon the consciousness of
dim-eyed menis eternally going forward upon the plane of reality. To them the Cross of Calvary
is implicit in the Rose of the World. The law of this Infinite Life which was in the Incarnation
expressing Its own nature in human terms, must then also be the law of the finite life; in so far as
that life aspires to transcend individual limitations, rise to freedom, and attain union with Infinity.
It is this governing idea which justifies the apparently fanciful allegorizations of Christian history
which swarm in the works of the mystics.
122
To exhibit these allegorizations in detail would be tedious. All that is necessary is that the
principle underlying them should be understood. I give, then, but one example: that which is referred
by mystical writers to the Nativity, and concerns the eternal Birth or Generation of the Son or
Divine Word.
This Birth is in its first, or cosmic sense, the welling forth of the Spirit of Life from the
Divine Abyss of the unconditioned Godhead. From our proper Ground, that is to say from the
Father and all that which lives in Him, there shines, says Ruysbroeck, an eternal Ray, the which
is the Birth of the Son.
248
It is of this perpetual generation of the Word that Meister Eckhart speaks,
when he says in his Christmas sermon, We are celebrating the feast of the Eternal Birth which
God the Father has borne and never ceases to bear in all Eternity: whilst this birth also comes to
pass in Time and in human nature. Saint Augustine says this Birth is ever taking place. At this
point, with that strong practical instinct which is characteristic of the mystics, Eckhart turns abruptly
from speculation to immediate experience, and continues But if it takes not place in me, what
avails it? Everything lies in this, that it should take place in me.
249
Here in a few words the two-fold
character of this Mystic Birth is exhibited. The interest is suddenly deflected from its cosmic to its
247
Theologia Germanica, cap. xviii.
248
De Ornatu Spiritalium Nuptiarum, 1. iii. cap. v. The extreme antiquity of this idea is illustrated by the Catholic practice,
dating from Patristic times, of celebrating three Masses on Christmas Day. Of these the first, at midnight, commemorates the
Eternal Generation of the Son; the second, at dawn, His incarnation upon earth; the third His birth in the heart of man. Compare
the Roman Missal: also Kellner, Heortology (English translation, London, 1908), p. 156.
249
Eckhart, Pred. i., Mystische Schriften, p. 13. Compare Tauler, Sermon on the Nativity of Our Lady (The Inner Way,
p. 167).
91
personal aspect; and the individual is reminded that in him, no less than in the Archetypal Universe,
real life must be born if real life is to be lived. When the soul brings forth the Son, says Eckhart
in another place, it is happier than Mary.
250
Since the soul, according to mystic principles, can only perceive Reality in proportion as
she is real, know God by becoming Godlike, it is clear that this birth is the initial necessity. The
true and definitely directed mystical life does and must open with that most actual, though
indescribable phenomenon, the coming forth into consciousness of mans deeper, spiritual self,
which ascetical and mystical writers of all ages have agreed to call Regeneration or Re-birth.
Nothing that is within him is able of its own power to achieve this. It must be evoked by an energy,
a quickening Spirit, which comes from beyond the soul, and secretly initiates what He openly
123
crowns.
251
We nave already considered
252
the New Birth in its purely psychological aspect, as the
emergence of the transcendental sense. Here its more profound and mystical side is exhibited. By
a process which may indifferently be described as the birth of something new or the coming forth
of something which has sleptsince both these phrases are but metaphors for another and more
secret operationthe eye is opened on Eternity, the self, abruptly made aware of Reality, comes
forth from the cave of illusion like a child from the womb and begins to live upon the supersensual
plane. Then she feels in her inmost part a new presence, a new consciousnessit were hardly an
exaggeration to say a new Personweak, demanding nurture, clearly destined to pass through
many phases of development before its maturity is reached; yet of so strange a nature, that in
comparison with its environment she may well regard it as Divine.
This change, this upsetting, is called re-birth. To be born simply means to enter into a
world in which the senses dominate, in which wisdom and love languish in the bonds of individuality.
To be re-born means to return to a world where the spirit of wisdom and love governs and
animal-man obeys.
253
So Eckartshausen. It means, says Jane Lead, the bringing forth of a
new-created Godlike similitude in the soul.
254
He is brought forth, says Eckartshausen again, in
the stable previously inhabited by the ox of passion and the ass of prejudice.
255
His mother, says
Boehme, is the Virgin Sophia, the Divine Wisdom, or Mirror of the Being of God. With the
emergence of this new factor into the conscious fieldthis spiritual birththe mystic life begins:
as the Christian epoch began with the emergence of Divine Spirit in the flesh. Paradise, says Boehme,
is still in the world, but man is not in Paradise unless he be born again. In that case, he stands therein
in the New Birth,
256
and tastes here and now that Eternal Life for which he has been made.
Here then are some characteristics of the map which the Christian mystics are most inclined
to use. There are, of course, other great landmarks upon it: and these we shall meet as we follow
in detail the voyages of the questing soul. One warning, however, must be given to amateur
geographers before we go on. Like all other maps, this one at its best can but represent by harsh
250
This idea of re-birth is probably of Oriental origin. It can be traced back to Egypt, being found in the Hermetic writings of
the third century, B.C. See Petrie, Personal Religion in Egypt before Christianity, p. 167.
251
F. von Hgel, The Life of Prayer, p. 24.
252
Supra , p. 53.
253
The Cloud upon the Sanctuary, p. 77.
254
The Enochian Walks with God, p. 3.
255
Op. cit ., p. 81.
256
De Signatura Rerum, viii. 47.
92
outline and conventional colour the living earth which those travellers trod and the mysterious seas
on which they sailed. It is a deliberately schematic representation of Reality, a flat and sometimes
124
arid symbol of great landscapes, rushing rivers, awful peaks: dangerous unless these its limitations
be always kept in mind. The boy who defined Canada as very pink was not much further off the
track than those who would limit the Adorable Trinity to the definitions of the Athanasian Creed;
however useful that chart may be, and is, within the boundaries imposed by its form.
Further, all such maps, and we who treat of them, can but set down in cold blood and with
a dreadful pretence of precision, matters which the true explorers of Eternity were only able to
apprehend in the ardours of such a passion, in the transports of such a union as we, poor finite
slaves of our frittered emotions, could hardly look upon and live. If you would truly know how
these things come to pass, says St. Bonaventura, in a passage which all students of theology should
ever keep in mind, ask it of grace, not of doctrine; of desire, not of intellect; of the ardours of
prayer, not of the teachings of the schools; of the Bridegroom, not of the Master; of God, not of
man; of the darkness, not of the day; not of illumination, but of that Fire which enflames all and
wraps us in God with great sweetness and most ardent love. The which Fire most truly is God, and
the hearth thereof is in Jerusalem.
257
125
I n our study of theology we saw the Christian mystic adopting, as chart and pilot book of his
voyages and adventures, the scheme of faith, and diagram of the spiritual world, which is accepted
by ordinary Christian men. We saw that he found in it a depth and richness of content which the
conventional believer in that theology, the good churchman, seldom suspects: and that which is
true of the Christian mystic is also true in its measure and as regards their respective theologies, of
the Pagan, the Mahommedan and the Buddhist.
But since the spiritual adventures of the mystic are not those of ordinary men, it will follow
that this map, though always true for him, is not complete. He can press forward to countries which
unmystical piety must mark as unexplored, Pushing out from harbour to the vast and stormy sea
of the divine, he can take soundings, and mark dangers the existence of which such piety never
needs to prove. Hence it is not strange that certain maps, artistic representations or symbolic schemes,
should have come into being which describe or suggest the special experiences of the mystical
consciousness, and the doctrines to which these experiences have given birth. Many of these maps
have an uncouth, even an impious appearance in the eyes of those unacquainted with the facts
which they attempt to translate: as the charts of the deep-sea sailor seem ugly and unintelligible
things to those who have never been out of sight of land. Othersand these the most pleasing,
most easily understoodhave already been made familiar, perhaps tiresomely familiar, to us by
126
the poets; who, intuitively recognizing their suggestive qualities, their links with truth, have
borrowed and adapted them to their own business of translating Reality into terms of rhythm and
speech. Ultimately, however, they owe their origin to the mystics, or to that mystical sense which
is innate in all true poets: and in the last resort it is the mystics kingdom, and the mystics
experience, which they affect to describe.
257
De Itinerado Mentis in Deo, cap. vii.
93
These special mystical diagrams, these symbolic and artistic descriptions of mans inward
historyhis secret adventures with Godare almost endless in their variety: since in each we have
a picture of the country of the soul seen through a different temperament. To describe all would be
to analyse the whole field of mystical literature, and indeed much other literature as well; to epitomize
in fact all that has been dreamed and written concerning the so-called inner lifea dreary and a
lengthy task. But the majority of them, I think, express a comparatively small number of essential
doctrines or fundamental ways of seeing things; and as regards their imagery, they fall into three
great classes, representative of the three principal ways in which mans spiritual consciousness
reacts to the touch of Reality, the three primary if paradoxical facts of which that consciousness
must be aware. Hence a consideration of mystic symbols drawn from each of these groups may
give us a key with which to unlock some at least of the verbal riddles of the individual adventurer.
Thanks to the spatial imagery inseparable from human thinking and human expression, no
direct description of spiritual experience is or can be possible to man. It must always be symbolic,
allusive, oblique: always suggest, but never tell, the truth: and in this respect there is not much to
choose between the fluid and artistic language of vision and the arid technicalities of philosophy.
In another respect, however, there is a great deal to choose between them: and here the visionary,
not the philosopher, receives the palm. The greater the suggestive quality of the symbol used, the
more answering emotion it evokes in those to whom it is addressed, the more truth it will convey.
A good symbolism, therefore, will be more than mere diagram or mere allegory: it will use to the
utmost the resources of beauty and of passion, will bring with it hints of mystery and wonder,
bewitch with dreamy periods the mind to which it is addressed. Its appeal will not be to the clever
brain, but to the desirous heart, the intuitive sense, of man.
The three great classes of symbols which I propose to consider, appeal to three deep cravings
of the self, three great expressions of mans restlessness, which only mystic truth can fully satisfy.
The first is the craving which makes him a pilgrim and wanderer. It is the longing to go out from
127
his normal world in search of a lost home, a better country; an Eldorado, a Sarras, a Heavenly
Syon. The next is that craving of heart for heart, of the soul for its perfect mate, which makes him
a lover. The third is the craving for inward purity and perfection, which makes him an ascetic, and
in the last resort a saint.
These three cravings, I think, answer to three ways in which mystics of different
temperaments attack the problem of the Absolute: three different formulae under which their
transcendence of the sense-world can be described. In describing this transcendence, and the special
adventures involved in it, they are describing a change from the state of ordinary men, in touch
with the sense-world, responding to its rhythms, to the state of spiritual consciousness in which,
as they say, they are in union with Divine Reality, with God. Whatever be the theological creed
of the mystic, he never varies in declaring this close, definite, and actual intimacy to be the end of
his quest. Mark me like the tulip with Thine own streaks, says the Sufi.
258
I would fain be to
the Eternal Goodness what his own hand is to a man, says the German contemplative.
259
My me
isGod, nor do I know my self-hood save in Him, says the Italian saint.
260
258
Jmi, Joseph and Zulaikha. The Poets Prayer.
259
Theologia Germanica, cap. x.
260
St. Catherine of Genoa, Vita e Dottrina, cap. xiv.
94
But, since this Absolute God is for him substance, ground or underlying Reality of all that
is : present yet absent, near yet far: He is already as truly immanent in the human soul as in the
Universe. The seeker for the Real may therefore objectify his quest in two apparently contradictory,
yet really mutually explanatory ways. First he may see it as an outgoing journey from the world of
illusion to the real or transcendental world: a leaving of the visible for the invisible. Secondly, it
may appear to him as an inward alteration, remaking or regeneration, by which his personality or
character is so changed as to be able to enter into communion with that Fontal Being which he
loves and desires; is united with and dominated by the indwelling God who is the fount of his
spiritual life. In the first case, the objective idea God is the pivot of his symbolism: the Blazing
Star, or Magnet of the Universe which he has seen far off, and seeing, has worshipped and desired.
In the second case, the emphasis falls on the subjective idea Sanctity, with its accompanying
consciousness of a disharmony to be abolished. The Mystic Way will then be described, not as a
journey, but as an alteration of personality, the transmuting of earthly into heavenly man.
Plainly these two aspects are obverse and reverse of one whole. They represent that mighty pair of
opposites, Infinite and Finite, God and Self, which it is the business of mysticism to carry up into
128
a higher synthesis. Whether the process be considered as outward search or inward change, its
object and its end are the same. Man enters into that Order of Reality for which he was made, and
which is indeed the inciting cause of his pilgrimage and his purification: for however great the
demand on the souls own effort may be, the initiative always lies with the living Divine World
itself. Mans small desire is evoked, met, and fulfilled by the Divine Desire, his separated will
or life becomes one with the great Life of the All.
From what has been said in the last chapter, it will be clear that the symbolism of outward
search and of inward change will be adopted respectively by the two groups of selves whose
experience of union with the Divine leans (1) to the Transcendent or external, (2) to the Immanent
or internal way of apprehending Reality. A third or intermediate group of images will be necessary
to express the experience of those to whom mystic feelingthe satisfaction of loveis the supreme
factor in the mystic life. According, then, to whether mans instinct prompts him to describe the
Absolute Reality which he knows and craves for as a Place, a Person, or a Stateall three of course
but partial and inadequate translations of the one Indescribable Truthso will he tend to adopt a
symbolism of one or other of these three types.
A. Those who conceive the Perfect as a beatific vision exterior to them and very far off,
who find in the doctrine of Emanations something which answers to their inward experience, will
feel the process of their entrance into reality to be a quest, an arduous journey from the material to
the spiritual world. They move away from, rather than transmute to another form, the life of sense.
The ecstasies of such mystics will answer to the root-meaning of that much perverted word, as a
standing out from themselves; a flight to happier countries far away. For them, the soul is outward
bound towards its home.
B. Those for whom mysticism is above all things an intimate and personal relation, the
satisfaction of a deep desirewho can say with Gertrude More, never was there or can there be
imagined such a love, as is between an humble soul and Theewill fall back upon imagery drawn
largely from the language of earthly passion. Since the Christian religion insists upon the personal
aspect of the Godhead, and provides in Christ an object of such intimacy, devotion and desire, an
enormous number of Christian mystics inevitably describe their experiences under symbolism of
this kind.
95
C. Those who are conscious rather of the Divine as a Transcendent Life immanent in the
world and the self, and of a strange spiritual seed within them by whose development man, moving
129
to higher levels of character and consciousness, attains his end, will see the mystic life as involving
inward change rather than outgoing search. Regeneration is their watchword, and they will choose
symbols of growth or transmutation: saying with St. Catherine of Genoa, my Being is God, not
by simple participation, but by a true transformation of my Being.
261
These three groups of mystics, then, stand for three kinds of temperament; and we may
fairly take as their characteristic forms of symbolic expression the Mystic Quest, the Marriage of
the Soul, and the Great Work of the Spiritual Alchemists.
I
The pilgrimage idea, the outgoing quest, appears in mystical literature under two different
aspects. One is the search for the Hidden Treasure which desires to be found. Such is the quest
of the Grail when regarded in its mystic aspect as an allegory of the adventures of the soul. The
other is the long, hard journey towards a known and definite goal or state. Such are Dantes Divine
Comedy and Bunyans Pilgrims Progress; each in their manner faithful descriptions of the
Mystic Way. The goal of the questthe Empyrean of Dante, the Beatific Vision or fulfilment of
loveis often called Jerusalem by the Christian mystics: naturally enough since that city was for
the mediaeval mind the supreme end of pilgrimage. By Jerusalem they mean not only the celestial
country Heaven, but also the spiritual life, which is itself a heaven.
262
Right as a true pilgrim
going to Jerusalem, says Hilton, leaveth behind him house and land, wife and child, and maketh
himself poor and bare from all that he hath, that he may go lightly without letting: right so, if thou
wilt be a ghostly pilgrim, thou shalt make thyself naked from all that thou hast . . . then shalt thou
set in thy heart wholly and fully that thou wouldst be at Jerusalem, and at none other place but
there. Jerusalem, he says in this same chapter, is as much as to say a sight of peace; and
betokeneth contemplation in perfect love of God.
263
Under this image of a pilgrimagean image as concrete and practical, as remote from the
romantic and picturesque, for the mediaeval writers who used it, as a symbolism of hotel and railway
train would be to usthe mystics contrived to summarize and suggest much of the life history of
the ascending soul; the developing spiritual consciousness. The necessary freedom and detachment
of the traveller, his departure from his normal life and interests, the difficulties, enemies, and
130
hardships encountered on the roadthe length of the journey, the variety of the country, the dark
night which overtakes him, the glimpses of destination far awayall these are seen more and more
as we advance in knowledge to constitute a transparent allegory of the incidents of mans progress
from the unreal to the real. Bunyan was but the last of a long series of minds which grasped this
fact.
The Traveller, says the Sufi Aziz bin Mahommed Nafasi, in whose book, The Remotest
Aim, the pilgrimage-symbolism is developed in great detail, is the Perceptive or Intuitive Sense
of Man. The goal to which he journeys is Knowledge of God. This mysterious traveller towards
the only country of the soul may be known of other men by his detachment, charity, humility, and
261
Vita e Dottrina, p. 36.
262
This image seems first to have been elaborated by St. Augustine, from whom it was borrowed by Hugh of St. Victor, and
most of the mediaeval mystics.
263
The Scale of Perfection, bk. ii. cap. xxi.
96
patience. These primary virtues, howeverbelonging to ethical rather than to spiritual lifeare
not enough to bring his quest to a successful termination. They make him, say the Sufis, perfect
in knowledge of his goal but deficient in the power of reaching it. Though he has fraternal love
for his fellow-pilgrims, detachment from wayside allurements, untiring perseverance on the road,
he is still encumbered and weakened by unnecessary luggage. The second stage of his journey,
therefore, is initiated like that of Christian by a casting off of his burden: a total self-renouncement,
the attainment of a Franciscan poverty of spirit whereby he becomes Perfectly Free.
Having got rid of all impediments to the spiritual quest, he must now acquire or develop in
their stead the characteristic mystical qualities, or Three Aids of the Pilgrim; which are called in
this system Attraction, Devotion, and Elevation. Attraction is consciousness of the mutual desire
existing between mans spirit and the Divine Spirit: of the link of love which knits up reality and
draws all things to their home in God. This is the universal law on which all mysticism is based. It
is St. Augustines Thou hast made us for Thyself and our hearts can find no rest except in Thee.
This natural magnetism, then, once he is aware of it, will draw the pilgrim irresistibly along the
road from the Many to the One. His second aid, Devotion, says the Remotest Aim in a phrase of
great depth and beauty, is the prosecution of the journey to God and in God.
264
It embraces, in
fact, the whole contemplative life. It is the next degree of spiritual consciousness after the blind
yielding to the attraction of the Real, and the setting in order of mans relation to his source.
131
The Travellers journey to God is complete when he attains knowledge of
HimIllumination, in the language of European mystics. The point at which this is reached is
called the Tavern or resting-place upon the road, where he is fed with the Divine Mysteries. There
are also Wine Shops upon the way, where the weary pilgrim is cheered and refreshed by a draught
of the wine of Divine Love.
265
Only when the journey to God is completed begins the Journey in
Godthat which the Christian mystics call the Unitive Wayand this, since it is the essence of
Eternal Life, can have no end. Elevation, the pilgrims third aid, is the exalted or ecstatic form of
consciousness peculiar to the contemplative, and which allows the traveller a glimpse of the spiritual
city towards which he goes.
266
The Sufi poet Attar, in his mystical poem, The Colloquy of the Birds, has described the
stages of this same spiritual pilgrimage with greater psychological insight, as the journey through
Seven Valleys. The lapwing, having been asked by other birds what is the length of the road
which leads to the hidden Palace of the King, replies that there are Seven Valleys through which
every traveller must pass: but since none who attain the End ever come back to describe their
adventures, no one knows the length of the way.
(1) The first valley, says the lapwing, is the Valley of the Quest. It is long and toilsome:
and there the traveller must strip himself of all earthly things, becoming poor, bare, and desolate:
and so stay till the Supernal Light casts a ray on his desolation. It is in fact, Dantes Purgatorio, the
Christian Way of Purgation: the period of self-stripping and purification which no mystic system
omits.
264
So too Ruysbroeck says that the just man goes towards God by inward love in perpetual activity and in God in virtue of
his fruitive affection in eternal rest (De Ornatu Spiritalium Nuptiarum. I. ii. cap. lxv).
265
I need not remind the reader of the fact that this symbolism, perverted to the purposes of his skeptical philosophy, runs
through the whole of the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayym.
266
See Palmers Oriental Mysticism, pt. I. caps. i., ii., iii., and v.
97
(2) When the ray of Supernal Light has touched the pilgrim he enters the limitless Valley
of Love: begins, that is to say, the mystic life. It is Dantes Earthly Paradise, or, in the traditional
system of the mystics, the onset of Illumination.
(3) Hence he passes to the Valley of Knowledge or Enlightenmentthe contemplative
statewhere each finds in communion with Truth the place that belongs to him. No Dante student
will fail to see here a striking parallel with those planetary heavens where each soul partakes of the
Divine, not supremely in the absolute sense, as St. Bonaventura has it, but supremely in respect
of himself. The mystery of Being is now revealed to the traveller. He sees Natures secret, and
132
God in all things. It is the height of illumination.
(4) The next stage is the Valley of Detachment, of utter absorption in Divine Lovethe
Stellar Heaven of the Saintswhere Duty is seen to be all in all. This leads to
(5) The Valley of the Unity, where the naked Godhead is the one object of contemplation.
This is the stage of ecstasy, or the Beatific Vision: Dantes condition in the last canto of the
Paradiso. It is transient, however, and leads to
(6) The Valley of Amazement; where the Vision, far transcending the pilgrims receptive
power, appears to be taken from him and he is plunged in darkness and bewilderment. This is the
state which Dionysius the Areopagite, and after him many mediaeval mystics, called the Divine
Dark, and described as the truest and closest of all our apprehensions of the Godhead. It is the Cloud
of Unknowing, dark from excessive bright. The final stage is
(7) The Valley of Annihilation of Self: the supreme degree of union or theopathetic state,
in which the self is utterly merged like a fish in the sea in the ocean of Divine Love.
267
Through all these metaphors of pilgrimage to a goalof a road followed, distance
overpassed, fatigue enduredthere runs the definite idea that the travelling self in undertaking the
journey is fulfilling a destiny, a law of the transcendental life; obeying an imperative need. The
chosen Knights are destined or called to the quest of the Grail. All men are called to their origin,
says Rulman Merswin, and the fishes which he sees in his Vision of Nine Rocks are impelled to
struggle, as it were against nature, uphill from pool to pool towards their source.
268
All mystical thinkers agree in declaring that there is a mutual attraction between the Spark
of the Soul, the free divine germ in man, and the Fount from which it came forth. We long for the
Absolute, says Royce, only in so far as in us the Absolute also longs, and seeks, through our very
temporal striving, the peace that is nowhere in Time, but only, and yet Absolutely, in Eternity.
269
So, many centuries before the birth of American philosophy, Hilton put the same truth of experience
in lovelier words. He it is that desireth in thee, and He it is that is desired. He is all and He doth
all if thou might see Him.
270
267
An abridged translation of Attars allegory of the Valleys will be found in The Conference of the Birds, by R. P. Masani
(1924). See also W. S. Lillys Many Mansions, p. 130.
268
Jundt, Rulman Merswin, p. 27.
269
Royce, The World and the Individual, vol. ii. p. 386.
270
The Scale of Perfection, bk. ii. cap. xxiv.
98
The homeward journey of mans spirit, then, may be thought of as due to the push of a
133
divine life within, answering to the pull of a divine life without.
271
It is only possible because there
is already in that spirit a certain kinship with the Divine, a capacity for Eternal Life; and the mystics,
in undertaking it, are humanitys pioneers on the only road to rest. Hence that attraction which the
Moslem mystic discerned as the travellers necessary aid, is a fundamental doctrine of all mysticism:
and as a consequence, the symbolism of mutual desire is here inextricably mingled with that of
pilgrimage. The spiritual pilgrim goes because he is called; because he wants to go, must go, if he
is to find rest and peace. God needs man, says Eckhart. It is Love calling to love: and the journey,
though in one sense a hard pilgrimage, up and out, by the terraced mount and the ten heavens to
God, in another is the inevitable rush of the roving comet, caught at last, to the Central Sun. My
weight is my love, said St. Augustine.
272
Like gravitation, it inevitably compels, for good or evil,
every spirit to its own place. According to another range of symbols, that love flings open a door,
in order that the larger Life may rush in and it and the soul be one thing.
Here, then, we run through the whole gamut of symbolic expression; through Transcendence,
Desire, and Immanence. All are seen to point to one consummation, diversely and always allusively
expressed: the need of union between mans separated spirit and the Real, his remaking in the
interests of transcendent life, his establishment in that Kingdom which is both near and far.
In the book of Hidden Things it is written, says Eckhart, I stand at the door and knock
and wait . . . thou needst not seek Him here or there: He is no farther off than the door of the heart.
There He stands and waits and waits until He finds thee ready to open and let Him in. Thou needst
not call Him from a distance; to wait until thou openest is harder for Him than for thee. He needs
thee a thousand times more than thou canst need Him. Thy opening and His entering are but one
moment .
273
God, he says in another place, can as little do without us, as we without Him.
274
Our attainment of the Absolute is not a one-sided ambition, but the fulfilment of a mutual desire.
134
For our natural Will, says Lady Julian, is to have God, and the Good will of God is to have us;
and we may never cease from longing till we have Him in fullness of joy.
275
So, in the beautiful poem or ritual called the Hymn of Jesus, contained in the apocryphal
Acts of John and dating from primitive Christian times, the Logos, or Eternal Christ, is thus
represented as matching with His own transcendent, self-giving desire every need of the soul.
276
The Soul says:
I would be saved.
Christ replies:
And I would save. Amen.
271
Compare Rcjac (Fondements de la Connaissance Mystique, p. 252). According to mysticism, morality leads the soul
to the frontiers of the Absolute and even gives it an impulsion to enter, but this is not enough. This movement of pure Freedom
cannot succeed unless there is an equivalent movement within the Absolute itself.
272
Aug. Conf., bk. xiii. cap. 9. All those who love, says Ruysbroeck, feel this attraction: more or less according to the
degree of their love. (De Calculo sive de Perfectione filiorum Dei.)
273
Meister Eckhart, Pred. iii.
274
Ibid ., Pred. xiii.
275
Revelations of Divine Love, cap. vi.
276
The Greek and English text will be found in the Apocrypha Anecdota of Dr. M. R. James, series 2 (Cambridge, 1897),
pp. 1-25. I follow his translation. It will be seen that I have adopted the hypotheses of Mr. G. R. S. Mead as to the dramatic
nature of this poem. See his Echoes from the Gnosis, 1896.
99
The Dialogue continues:
I would be loosed.
And I would loose. Amen.
I would be pierced.
And I would pierce. Amen.
I would be born.
And I would bear. Amen.
I would eat.
And I would be eaten. Amen.
I would hear.
And I would be heard. Amen.
I am a Lamp to thee who beholdest Me,
I am a Mirror to thee who perceivest Me,
I am a Door to thee, who knockest at Me,
I am a Way to thee a wayfarer.
The same fundamental idea of the mutual quest of the Soul and the Absolute is expressed
in the terms of another symbolism by the great Mahommedan mystic:
No lover ever seeks union with his beloved,
But his beloved is also seeking union with him.
But the lovers love makes his body lean
While the beloveds love makes her fair and lusty.
When in this heart the lightning spark of love arises,
Be sure this love is reciprocated in that heart.
When the love of God arises in thy heart,
Without doubt God also feels love for thee.
277
135
The mystic vision, then, is of a spiritual universe held within the bonds of love:
278
and of
the free and restless human soul, having within it the spark of divine desire, the tendency to the
Absolute, pnly finding satisfaction and true life when united with this Life of God. Then, in
Patmores lovely image, the babe is at its mothers breast, the lover has returned to the beloved.
279
Whatever their outward sense, all true mystic symbols express aspects of this secret of the
world, this primal verity. But whereas such great visionary schemes as those of Attar and of Dante
show it in its cosmic form, in many symbolic descriptionsparticularly those which we meet in
the writings of the ecstatic saintsthe personal subjective note, the consciousness of an individual
relation between that one self and the Supernal Self, overpowers all general applications. Then
philosophy and formal allegory must step aside: the sacramental language of exalted emotion, of
277
Jalalu d Din Rumi (Wisdom of the East Series), p. 77.
278
So Dante
Nel suo profondo vidi che sinterna
legato con amore in un volume
cio che per luniverso si squaderna.
(Par. xxxiii. 85.)
279
The Rod, the Root, and the Flower, Aurea Dicta, ccxxviii.
100
profoundly felt experience, takes its place. The phases of mutual love, of wooing and combat, awe
and delightthe fevers of desire, the ecstasy of surrenderare drawn upon and made to contribute
something to the description of the great and secret drama of the soul.
To such symbolic transcripts of intimate experience belongs one amazing episode of the
spiritual life-history which, because it has been given immortal expression by the greatest mystical
poet of modern times, is familiar to thousands of readers who know little or nothing of the more
normal adventures incidental to mans attainment of the Absolute. In The Hound of Heaven
Francis Thompson described with an almost terrible power, not the selfs quest of adored Reality,
but Realitys quest of the unwilling self. He shows to us the remorseless, untiring seeking and
following of the soul by the Divine Life to which it will not surrender: the inexorable onward sweep
of this tremendous Lover, hunting the separated spirit, strange piteous futile thing that flees
Him down the nights and down the days. This idea of the love-chase, of the spirit rushing in
terror from the overpowering presence of God, but followed, sought, conquered in the end, is
common to all the mediaeval mystics: it is the obverse of their general doctrine of the necessary
fusion of human and divine life, escape from the flame of separation.
I chased thee, for in this was my pleasure, says the voice of Love to Mechthild of
Magdeburg; I captured thee, for this was my desire; I bound thee, and I rejoice in thy bonds; I
136
have wounded thee, that thou mayst be united to me. If I gave thee blows, it was that I might be
possessed of thee.
280
So in the beautiful Middle English poem of Quia amore langueo,
I am true love that fals was nevere,
Mi sistyr, mannis soule, I loved hir thus;
Bicause we wolde in no wise discevere
I lefte my Kyngdom glorious.
I purveyde for hir a paleis precious;
She fleyth, I folowe, I sought hir so.
I suffride this peyne piteous
Quia amore langueo,
281
Meister Eckhart has the same idea of the inexorable Following Love, impossible to escape,
expressed under less personal images. Earth, he says, cannot escape the sky; let it flee up or
down, the sky flows into it, and makes it fruitful whether it will or no. So God does to man. He
who will escape Him only runs to His bosom; for all corners are open to Him.
282
We find in all the mystics this strong sense of a mysterious spiritual lifea Realityover
against man, seeking him and compelling him to Its will. It is not for him, they think, to say that
he will or will not aspire to the transcendental world.
283
Hence sometimes this inversion of mans
long quest of God. The self resists the pull of spiritual gravitation, flees from the touch of Eternity;
and the Eternal seeks it, tracks it ruthlessly down. The Following Love, the mystics say, is a fact
of experience, not a poetic idea. Those strong feet that follow, follow after, once set upon the
280
Das Fliessende Licht der Gottheit, pt. i. cap. iii.
281
Quia amore langueo, an anonymous fifteenth-century poem. Printed from the Lambeth MS. by the E.E.T.S., 1866-67.
282
Pred. lxxxviii.
283
So we are told of St. Francis of Assisi, that in his youth he tried to flee Gods hand. Thomas of Celano, Legenda Prima,
cap. ii.
101
chase, are bound to win. Man, once conscious of Reality, cannot evade it. For a time his separated
spirit, his disordered loves, may wilfully frustrate the scheme of things: but he must be conquered
in the end. Then the mystic process unfolds itself: Love triumphs: the purpose of the worlds
fulfils itself in the individual life.
II
It was natural and inevitable that the imagery of human love and marriage should have
seemed to the mystic the best of all images of his own fulfilment of life; his souls surrender,
137
first to the call, finally to the embrace of Perfect Love. It lay ready to his hand: it was understood
of all men: and moreover, it certainly does offer, upon lower levels, a strangely exact parallel to
the sequence of states in which mans spiritual consciousness unfolds itself, and which form the
consummation of the mystic life.
It has been said that the constant use of such imagery by Christian mystics of the mediaeval
period is traceable to the popularity of the Song of Songs, regarded as an allegory of the spiritual
life. I think that the truth lies rather in the opposite statement: namely, that the mystic loved the
Song of Songs because he there saw reflected, as in a mirror, the most secret experiences of his
soul. The sense of a desire that was insatiable, of a personal fellowship so real, inward, and intense
that it could only be compared with the closest link of human love, of an intercourse that was no
mere spiritual self-indulgence, but was rooted in the primal duties and necessities of lifemore,
those deepest, most intimate secrets of communion, those self-giving ecstasies which all mystics
know, but of which we, who are not mystics, may not speakall these he found symbolized and
suggested, their unendurable glories veiled in a merciful mist, in the poetry which man has invented
to honour that august passion in which the merely human draws nearest to the divine.
The great saints who adopted and elaborated this symbolism, applying it to their pure and
ardent passion for the Absolute, were destitute of the prurient imagination which their modern
commentators too often possess. They were essentially pure of heart; and when they saw God
they were so far from confusing that unearthly vision with the products of morbid sexuality, that
the dangerous nature of the imagery which they employed did not occur to them. They knew by
experience the unique nature of spiritual love: and no one can know anything about it in any other
way.
Thus for St. Bernard, throughout his deeply mystical sermons on the Song of Songs, the
Divine Word is the Bridegroom, the human soul is the Bride: but how different is the effect produced
by his use of these symbols from that with which he has been charged by hostile critics! In the
place of that sensuous imagery which is so often and so earnestly deplored by those who have
hardly a nodding acquaintance with the writings of the saints, we find images which indeed have
once been sensuous; but which are here anointed and ordained to a holy office, carried up,
transmuted, and endowed with a radiant purity, an intense and spiritual life.
Let Him kiss me with the kisses of His mouth. Who is it speaks these words? It is the
Bride. Who is the Bride? It is the Soul thirsting for God. . . . She who asks this is held by the bond
138
of love to him from whom she asks it. Of all the sentiments of nature, this of love is the most
excellent, especially when it is rendered back to Him who is the principle and fountain of itthat
is, God. Nor are there found any expressions equally sweet to signify the mutual affection between
the Word of God and the soul, as those of Bridegroom and of Bride; inasmuch as between individuals
who stand in such relation to each other all things are in common, and they possess nothing separate
102
or divided. They have one inheritance, one dwelling-place, one table, and they are in fact one flesh.
If, then, mutual love is especially befitting to a bride and bridegroom, it is not unfitting that the
name of Bride is given to a soul which loves.
284
To women mystics of the Catholic Church, familiar with the antique and poetic metaphor
which called every cloistered nun the Bride of Christ, that crisis in their spiritual history in which
they definitely vowed themselves to the service of Transcendent Reality seemed, naturally enough,
the veritable betrothal of the soul. Often, in a dynamic vision, they saw as in a picture the binding
vows exchanged between their spirits and their God.
285
That further progress on the mystic way
which brought with it a sharp and permanent consciousness of union with the Divine Will, the
constant sustaining presence of a Divine Companion, became, by an extension of the original simile,
Spiritual Marriage. The elements of duty, constancy, irrevocableness, and loving obedience involved
in the mediaeval conception of the marriage tie, made it an apt image of a spiritual state in which
humility, intimacy, and love were the dominant characteristics. There is really no need to seek a
pathological explanation of these simple facts.
286
Moreover with few exceptions, the descriptions
of spiritual marriage which the great mystics have left are singularly free from physical imagery.
So mysterious is the secret, says St. Teresa, and so sublime the favour that God thus bestows
instantaneously on the soul, that it feels a supreme delight, only to be described by saying that our
Lord vouchsafes for the moment to reveal to it His own heavenly glory in a far more subtle way
than by any vision or spiritual delight. As far as can be understood, the soul, I mean the spirit of
139
this soul, is made one with God, who is Himself a spirit, and Who has been pleased to show certain
persons how far His love for us extends in order that we may praise His greatness. He has thus
deigned to unite Himself to His creature: He has bound Himself to her as firmly as two human
beings are joined in wedlock and will never separate Himself from her.
287
The great Richard of St. Victor, in one of his most splendid mystical treatises,
288
has given
us perhaps the most daring and detailed application of the symbolism of marriage to the adventures
of the spirit of man. He divides the steep stairway of love, by which the contemplative ascends
to union with the Absolute, into four stages. These he calls the betrothal, the marriage, the wedlock,
and the fruitfulness of the soul.
289
In the betrothal, he says, the soul thirsts for the Beloved; that
is to say, it longs to experience the delights of Reality. The Spirit comes to the Soul, and seems
sweeter than honey. It is conversion, the awakening to mystical truth; the kindling of the passion
for the Absolute. Then the Soul with pertinacity demands more: and because of her burning desire
she attains to pure contemplation, and so passes to the second degree of love. In this she is led in
bridal by the Beloved. Ascending above herself in contemplation, she sees the Sun of
284
Sr. Bernard, Cantica Canticorum, Sermon vii. For a further and excellent discussion of St. Bernards mystical language,
see Dom Cuthbert Butler, Western Mysticism, 2nd ed., pp. 160 seq .
285
Vide infra, Pt. II. cap. v.
286
Professor Pratt, by no means an enthusiastic witness, most justly observes There are several excellent reasons why the
mystics almost inevitably make use of the language of human love in describing the joy of the love of God. The first and simplest
is this: that they have no other language to use . . . the mystic must make use of expressions drawn from earthly love to describe
his experience, or give up the attempt of describing it at all. It is the only way he has of even suggesting to the non-mystical
what he has felt (The Religious Consciousness, p. 418).
287
El Castillo Interior, Moradas Stimas, cap ii.
288
De Quatuor Gradibus Violentae Charitatis (Migne, Patrologia Latina, vol. cxcvi. col. 1207).
289
In primo gradu fit desponsatio, in secundo nuptiae, in tertio copula, in quarto puerperium. . . . De quarto dicitur, Coucepimus,
et quasi parturivimus et peperimus spiritum (Isa. xviii . 26). ( Op. cit., 1216, D.)
103
Righteousness. She is now confirmed in the mystic life; the irrevocable marriage vows are made
between her spirit and her God. At this point she can see the Beloved, but cannot yet come in
to Him, says Richard. This degree, as we shall see later, answers more or less to that which other
mystics call the Illuminative Way: but any attempt to press these poetic symbols into a cast-iron
series, and establish exact parallels, is foredoomed to failure, and will merely succeed in robbing
them of their fragrance and suggestive power. In Richards third stage, however, that of union,
or wedlock, it is clear that the soul enters upon the Unitive Way. She has passed the stages of
ecstatic and significant events, and is initiated into the Life. She is deified, passes utterly into
God, and is glorified in Him: is transfigured, he says, by immediate contact with the Divine
Substance, into an utterly different quality of being. Thus, says St. John of the Cross, the soul,
when it shall have driven away from itself all that is contrary to the divine will, becomes transformed
in God by love.
290
The Soul, says Richard again, is utterly concentrated on the One. She is caught up to
140
the divine light. The expression of the personal passion, the intimate relation, here rises to its
height. But this is not enough. Where most mystical diagrams leave off, Richard of St. Victors
steep stairway of Love goes on: with the result that this is almost the only symbolic system
bequeathed to us by the great contemplatives in which all the implications contained in the idea of
the spiritual marriage have been worked out to their term. He saw clearly that the union of the soul
with its Source could not be a barren ecstasy. That was to mistake a means for an end; and to
frustrate the whole intention of life, which is, on all levels, fruitful and creative. Therefore he says
that in the fourth degree, the Bride who has been so greatly honoured, caught up to such unspeakable
delight, sinks her own will and is humiliated below herself. She accepts the pains and duties in
the place of the raptures of love; and becomes a source, a parent of fresh spiritual life. The Sponsa
Dei develops into the Mater Divinae gratiae. That imperative need of life, to push on, to create,
to spread, is here seen operating in the spiritual sphere. This forms that rare and final stage in the
evolution of the great mystics, in which they return to the world which they forsook; and there live,
as it were, as centres of transcendental energy, the creators of spiritual families, the partners and
fellow-labourers with the Divine Life.
291
III
We come now to the symbols which have been adopted by those mystics in whom
temperamental consciousness of their own imperfection, and of the unutterable perfection of the
Absolute Life for which they longed, has overpowered all other aspects of mans quest of reality.
The seek, and ye shall find of the pilgrim, the by Love shall He be gotten and holden of the
bride, can never seem an adequate description of experience to minds of this type. They are intent
on the inexorable truth which must be accepted in some form by both these classes: the crucial fact
that we behold that which we are, or, in other words, that only the Real can know Reality.
Hence the state of the inward man, the unrealness of him when judged by any transcendental
standard, is their centre of interest. His remaking or regeneration appears to them as the primal
necessity, if he is ever to obtain rights of citizenship in the country of the soul.
290
Subida del Monte Carmelo, lii. cap. v.
291
Vide infra , pt. ii. caps. i. and x.
104
We have seen that this idea of the New Birth, the remaking or transmutation of the self,
clothed in many different symbols, runs through the whole of mysticism and much of theology. It
141
is the mystics subjective reading of those necessary psychological and moral changes which he
observes within himself as his spiritual consciousness grows. His hard work of renunciation, of
detachment from the things which that consciousness points out as illusory or impure, his
purifications and trials, all form part of it. If that which is whole or perfect is to come, then that
which is in part must be done away: for in what measure we put off the creature, in the same
measure are we able to put on the Creator: neither more nor less.
292
Of all the symbolic systems in which this truth has been enshrined none is so complete, so
picturesque, and now so little understood as that of the Hermetic Philosophers or Spiritual
Alchemists. This fact would itself be sufficient to justify us in examining some of the chief features
of their symbolism. There is a further excuse for this apparently eccentric proceeding, however, in
the fact that the language of alchemy was largelythough not always accurately and
consistentlyused by the great mystic Jacob Boehme, and after him by his English disciple, William
Law. Without, then, some knowledge of the terms which they employed, but seldom explained,
the writings of this important school can hardly be understood.
The alchemic symbols, especially as applied to the mystic life, are full of an often deliberate
obscurity; which makes their exact interpretation a controversial matter at the best. Moreover, the
authors of the various Hermetic writings do not always use them in the same sense, and whilst
many of these writings are undoubtedly mystical, others clearly deal with the physical quest of
gold: nor have we any sure standard by which to divide class from class. The elements from which
the spiritual alchemists built up their allegories of the mystic life are, however, easily grasped: and
these elements, with the significance generally attributed to them, are as much as those who are
not specialists can hope to unravel from this very tangled skein. First, there are the metals; of course
the obvious materials of physical alchemy. These are usually called by the names of their presiding
planets: thus in Hermetic language Luna means silver, Sol gold, etc. Then there is the Vessel, or
Athanor, in which the transmutation of base metal to gold took place: an object whose exact nature
is veiled in much mystery. The Fire, and various solvents and waters, peculiar to the different
alchemistic recipes, complete the apparatus necessary to the Great Work.
The process of this work, sometimes described in chemical, and sometimes in astrological
terms, is more often than not disguised in a strange heraldic and zoological symbolism dealing with
142
Lions, Dragons, Eagles, Vultures, Ravens and Doves: which, delightful in its picturesqueness, is
unequalled in its power of confusing the anxious and unwary inquirer. It is also the subject of
innumerable and deliberate allegories, which were supposed to convey its secrets to the elect, whilst
most certainly concealing them from the crowd. Hence it is that the author of A Short Enquiry
concerning the Hermetic Art speaks for all investigators of this subject when he describes the
Hermetic science as a great Labyrinth, in which are abundance of enquirers rambling to this
day, many of them undiscerned by one another. Like him, I too have taken several Turns in it
myself, wherein one shall meet with very few; for tis so large, and almost every one taking a
different Path, that they seldom meet. But finding it a very melancholy place, I resolved to get out
of it, and rather content myself to walk in the little garden before the entrance, where many things,
292
Theologia Germanica, cap. i.
105
though not all, were orderly to be seen. Choosing rather to stay there, and contemplate on the
Metaphor set up, than venture again into the wilderness.
293
Coming, then, to the contemplation of the Metaphor set up,by far the most judicious
course for modern students of the Hermetic artwe observe first that the prime object of alchemy
was held to be the production of the Philosophers Stone, that perfect and incorrupt substance or
noble Tincture, never found upon our imperfect earth in its natural state, which could purge all
baser metals of their dross, and turn them to pure gold. The quest of the Stone, in fact, was but one
aspect of mans everlasting quest of perfection, his hunger for the Absolute; and hence an appropriate
symbol of the mystic life. But this quest was not conducted in some far off transcendental kingdom.
It was prosecuted in the Here and Now within the physical world.
Gold, the Crowned King, or Sol, as it is called in the planetary symbolism of the alchemists,
was their standard of perfection, the Perfect Metal. Towards it, as the Christian towards sanctity,
their wills were set. It had for them a value not sordid but ideal. Nature, they thought, is always
trying to make gold, this incorruptible and perfect thing; and the other metals are merely the results
of the frustration of her original design. Nor is this aiming at perfection and achieving of imperfection
limited to the physical world. Quod superius, sicut quod inferius. Upon the spiritual plane also
they held that the Divine Idea is always aiming at Spiritual Golddivine humanity, the New
Man, citizen of the transcendental worldand natural man as we ordinarily know him is a lower
metal, silver at best. He is a departure from the plan, who yet bears within himself, if we could
143
find it, the spark or seed of absolute perfection: the tincture which makes gold. The smattering
I have of the Philosophers Stone, says Sir Thomas Browne, (which is something more than the
perfect exaltation of gold) hath taught me a great deal of divinity, and instructed my belief how
that immortal spirit and incorruptible substance of my soul may lie obscure, and sleep awhile within
this house of flesh.
294
This incorruptible substance is mans goldness, his perfect principle: for
the highest mineral virtue resides in Man, says Albertus Magnus, and God may be found
everywhere.
295
Hence the prosecution of a spiritual chemistry is a proper part of the true Hermetic
science.
The art of the alchemist, whether spiritual or physical, consists in completing the work of
perfection, bringing forth and making dominant, as it were, the latent goldness which lies
obscure in metal or man. The ideal adept of alchemy was therefore an auxiliary of the Eternal
Goodness. By his search for the Noble Tincture which should restore an imperfect world, he
became a partner in the business of creation, assisting the Cosmic Plan. Thus the proper art of the
Spiritual Alchemist, with whom alone we are here concerned, was the production of the spiritual
and only valid tincture or Philosophers Stone; the mystic seed of transcendental life which should
invade, tinge, and wholly transmute the imperfect self into spiritual gold. That this was no fancy
of seventeenth-century allegorists, but an idea familiar to many of the oldest writers upon
alchemywhose quest was truly a spiritual search into the deepest secrets of the soulis proved
by the words which bring to an end the first part of the antique Golden Treatise upon the Making
293
A Short Enquiry Concerning the Hermetic Art, p. 29.
294
Religio Medici, pt. i.
295
A Suggestive Enquiry into the Hermetic Mystery, p. 143. This rare and curious study of spiritual alchemy was the
anonymous work of the late Mrs. Atwood. She attempted to suppress it soon after publication under the impressioncommon
amongst mystics of a certain typethat she had revealed matters which might not be spoken of; as Coventry Patmore for the
same reason destroyed his masterpiece, Sponsa Dei.
106
of the Stone, sometimes attributed to Hermes Trismegistus. This, O Son, says that remarkable
tract, is the Concealed Stone of Many Colours, which is born and brought forth in one colour;
know this and conceal it . . . it leads from darkness into light, from this desert wilderness to a secure
habitation, and from poverty and straits to a free and ample fortune.
296
Man, then, was for the alchemists the true laboratory of the Hermetic art; which concealed
in an entanglement of vague and contradictory symbols the life-process of his ascension to that
perfect state in which he was able to meet God. This state must not be confused with a merely moral
144
purity, but is to be understood as involving utter transmutation into a new form. It naturally
followed from this that the indwelling Christ, the Corner Stone, the Sun of Righteousness, became,
for many of the Christian alchemists, identified with the Lapis Philosophorum and with Sol: and
was regarded both as the image and as the earnest of this great work. His spirit was the noble
tincture which can bring that which is lowest in the death to its highest ornament or glory;
297
transmuting the natural to the supernatural, operating the New Birth. This, says Boehme, is
the noble precious Stone (Lapis Philosophorum), the Philosophers Stone, which the Magi (or
wise men) find which tinctureth nature, and generateth a new son in the old. He who findeth that,
esteemeth more highly of it than of this (outward) world. For the Son is many thousand times greater
than the Father. Again, If you take the spirit of the tincture, then indeed you go on a way in which
many have found Sol; but they have followed on the way to the heart of Sol, where the spirit of the
heavenly tincture hath laid hold on them, and brought them into the liberty, into the Majesty, where
they have Known the Noble Stone, Lapis Philosophorum, the Philosophers Stone, and have stood
amazed at mans blindness, and seen his labouring in vain. Would you fain find the Noble Stone?
Behold, we will show it you plain enough, if you be a Magus, and worthy, else you shall remain
blind still: therefore fall to work thus: for it hath no more but three numbers. First tell from one till
you come to the Cross, which is ten (X) . . . and there lieth the Stone without any great painstaking,
for it is pure and not defiled with any earthly nature.
In this stone there lieth hidden, whatsoever God and the Eternity, also heaven, the stars
and elements contain and are able to do. There never was from eternity anything better or more
precious than this, and it is offered by God and bestowed upon man; every one may have it . . . it
is in a simple form, and hath the power of the whole Deity in it.
298
Boehme is here using alchemic symbols, according to his custom, in a loose and artistic
manner; for the true Hermetic Philosophers Stone is not something which can be found but
something which must be made. The alchemists, whether their search be for a physical or a spiritual
tincture, say always that this tincture is the product of the furnace and Athanor: and further that
it is composed of three numbers or elements, which they call Sulphur, Salt, and Mercury. These,
when found, and forced into the proper combination, form the Azoth or Philosophers Eggthe
145
stuff or First Matter of the Great Work. Sulphur, Salt, and Mercury, however, must not be understood
in too literal a sense. You need not look for our metallic seed among the elements, says Basil the
Monk, it need not be sought so far back. If you can only rectify the Mercury, Sulphur, and Salt
(understand those of the sages) until the metallic spirit and body are inseparably joined together
296
Quoted in A Suggestive Enquiry into the Hermetic Mystery, p. 107. The whole of the Golden Treatise will be found
set out in this work.
297
Jacob Boehme, The Threefold Life of Man, cap. iv. 23.
298
Boehme, The Threefold Life of Man, cap. vi. 98; cap. x. 3, 4; and cap. xiii. 1.
107
by means of the metallic soul, you thereby firmly rivet the chain of love and prepare the palace for
the Coronation.
299
Of these three ingredients, the important one is the spiritual principle, the unseizable Mercury;
which is far from being the metal which we ordinarily know by that name. The Mercury which the
alchemists soughtoften in strange placesis a hidden and powerful substance. They call it
Mercury of the Wise; and he who can discover it, they say, is on the way towards success. The
reader in search of mystical wisdom already begins to be bewildered; but if he persevere in this
labyrinth of symbolism, he presently discoversas Basil the Monk indeed hintsthat the Sulphur
and the Salt, or metallic soul and body of the spiritual chemistry, represent something analogous
to the body and mind of manSulphur his earthly nature, seasoned with intellectual Salt. The
Mercury is Spirit in its most mystic sense, the Synteresis or holy Dweller in the Innermost, the
immanent spark or Divine Principle of his life. Only the wise, the mystically awakened, can know
this Mercury, the agent of mans transmutation: and until it has been discovered, brought out of
the hiddenness, nothing can be done. This Mercury or Snowy Splendour, is a Celestial Body drawn
from the beams of the Sun and the Moon. It is the only Agent in the world for this art.
300
It is the
divine-human spark of the soul, the bridge between Gold and Silver, God and man.
The Three Principles being enclosed in the vessel, or Athanor, which is man himself, and
subjected to a gentle firethe Incendium Amoris the process of the Great Work, the mystic
transmutation of natural into spiritual man, can begin. This work, like the ingredients which compose
it, has three numbers: and the first matter, in the course of its transmutation, assumes three
successive colours: the Black, the White, and the Red. These three colours are clearly analogous
to the three traditional stages of the Mystic Way: Purgation, Illumination, Union.
The alchemists call the first stage, or Blackness, Putrefaction. In it the three principles which
compose the whole man of body, soul and spirit, are sublimated till they appear as a black
powder full of corruption, and the imperfect body is dissolved and purified by subtle Mercury;
146
as man is purified by the darkness, misery, and despair which follows the emergence of his spiritual
consciousness. As psychic uproar and disorder seems part of the process of mental growth, so
Solve et coagula break down that you may build upis the watchword of the spiritual alchemist.
The black beast, the passional element, of the lower nature must emerge and be dealt with before
anything further can be done. There is a black beast in our forest, says the highly allegorical
Book of Lambspring, his name is Putrefaction, his blackness is called the Head of the Raven;
when it is cut off, Whiteness appears.
301
This Whiteness, the state of Luna, or Silver, the chaste
and immaculate Queen, is the equivalent of the Illuminative Way: the highest point which the
mystic can attain short of union with the Absolute. This White Stone is pure, and precious; but in
it the Great Work of mans spiritual evolution has not yet reached its term. That term is the attainment
of the Red, the colour of Perfection or alchemic gold; a process sometimes called the Marriage of
Luna and Solthe fusion of the human and divine spirit. Under this image is concealed the final
secret of the mystic life: that ineffable union of finite and infinitethat loving reception of the
inflowing vitality of Godfrom which comes forth the Magnum Opus: deified or spiritual man.
299
The Golden Tripod of the Monk Basilius Valentinus (The Hermetic Museum, vol. i. p. 319).
300
A Short Enquiry Concerning the Hermetic Art, p. 17.
301
The Hermetic Museum, vol. i. p. 272.
108
This, says the author of A Suggestive Enquiry, is the union supersentient, the nuptials
sublime, Mentis et Universi . . . . Lo! behold I will open to thee a mystery, cries the Adept, the
bridegroom crowneth the bride of the north [ i.e. , she who comes out of the cold and darkness of
the lower nature]. In the darkness of the north, out of the crucifixion of the cerebral life, when the
sensual dominant is occultated in the Divine Fiat, and subdued, there arises a Light wonderfully
about the summit, which wisely returned and multiplied according to the Divine Blessing, is made
substantial in life.
302
I have said, that side by side with the metallic and planetary language of the alchemists,
runs a strange heraldic symbolism in which they take refuge when they feargenerally without
reasonthat they are telling their secrets too plainly to an unregenerate world. Many of these
heraldic emblems are used in an utterly irresponsible manner; and whilst doubtless conveying a
meaning to the individual alchemist and the disciples for whom he wrote, are, and must ever be,
unintelligible to other men. But others are of a more general application; and appear so frequently
in seventeenth-century literature, whether mystical or non-mystical, that some discussion of them
may well be of use.
147
Perhaps the quaintest and most celebrated of all these allegories is that which describes the
quest of the Philosophers Stone as the hunting of the Green Lion.
303
The Green Lion, though
few would divine it, is the First Matter of the Great Work: hence, in spiritual alchemy, natural man
in his wholenessSalt, Sulphur, and Mercury in their crude state. He is called green because, seen
from the transcendent standpoint, he is still unripe, his latent powers undeveloped; and a Lion,
because of his strength, fierceness, and virility. Here the common opinion that a pious effeminacy,
a diluted and amiable spirituality, is the proper raw material of the mystic life, is emphatically
contradicted. It is not by the education of the lamb, but by the hunting and taming of the wild
intractable lion, instinct with vitality, full of ardour and courage, exhibiting heroic qualities on the
sensual plane, that the Great Work is achieved. The lives of the saints enforce the same law.
Our lyon wanting maturitie
Is called greene for his unripeness trust me:
And yet full quickly he can run,
And soon can overtake the Sun.
304
The Green Lion, then, in his strength and wholeness is the only creature potentially able to
attain Perfection. It needs the adoption and purification of all the wealth and resources of mans
nature, not merely the encouragement of his transcendental tastes, if he is to overtake the Sun
and achieve the Great Work. The Kingdom of Heaven is taken by violence, not by amiable aspiration.
The Green Lion, says one alchemist, is the priest by whom Sol and Luna are wed. In other
words, the raw stuff of indomitable human nature is the means by which man is to attain union
with the Absolute. The duty of the alchemist, the transmuting process, is therefore described as the
hunting of the Green Lion through the forest of the sensual world. He, like the Hound of Heaven,
is on a love chase down the nights and down the days.
302
A Suggestive Enquiry, p. 345.
303
See A Short Enquiry, p. 17, and A Suggestive Enquiry, pp. 297 et seq ., where the rhymed Alchemic tract called
Hunting the Greene Lyon is printed in full.
304
Op. cit.
109
When the lion is caught, when Destiny overtakes it, its head must be cut off as the preliminary
to the necessary taming process. This is called by the alchemists the head of the Raven, the Crow,
or the Vulture, for its blackness. It represents the fierce and corrupt life of the passions: and its
removal is that death of the lower nature which is the object of all asceticism i.e. , Purgation.
The lion, the whole man, Humanity in its strength, is as it were slain to the world, and then
resuscitated; but in a very different shape. By its passage through this mystic death or the
148
putrefaction of the Three Principles the colour of unripeness is taken away. Its taming
completed, it receives wings, wherewith it may fly up to Sol, the Perfect or Divine; and is transmuted,
say the alchemists, into the Red Dragon. This is to us a hopelessly grotesque image: but to the
Hermetic philosophers, whose sense of wonder was uncorrupt, it was the deeply mystical emblem
of a new, strange, and transcendental life, powerful alike in earth and in heaven. As the angel to
the man, so was the dragon to the world of beasts: a creature of splendour and terror, a super-brute,
veritably existent if seldom seen. We realize something of the significance of this symbol for the
alchemic writers, if we remember how sacred a meaning it has for the Chinese: to whom the dragon
is the traditional emblem of free spiritual life, as the tiger represents the life of the material plane
in its intensest form. Since it is from China that alchemy is supposed to have reached the European
world, it may yet be found that the Red Dragon is one of the most antique and significant symbols
of the Hermetic Art.
For the Spiritual Chemistry, then, the Red Dragon represents Deified Man; whose emergence
must always seem like the birth of some monstrous and amazing creature when seen from the
standpoint of the merely natural world. With his coming forth, the business of the alchemist, in so
far as he be a mystic, is done. Man has transcended his lower nature, has received wings wherewith
to live on higher levels of reality. The Tincture, the latent goldness, has been found and made
dominant, the Magnum Opus achieved. That the trite and inward business of that Work, when
stripped of its many emblematic veils, was indeed the reordering of spiritual rather than material
elements, is an opinion which rests on a more solid foundation than personal interpretations of old
allegories and alchemic-tracts. The Norwich physicianhimself deeply read in the Hermetic
sciencehas declared to us his own certainty concerning it in few but lovely words. In them is
contained the true mystery of mans eternal and interior quest of the Stone: its reconciliation with
that other, outgoing quest of the Hidden Treasure that desires to be found.
Do but extract from the corpulency of bodies, or resolve things beyond their First Matter,
and you discover the habitation of Angels: which, if I call it the ubiquitary and omnipresent Essence
of God, I hope I shall not offend Divinity.
305
149
I t is unnecessary to examine in detail the mistakesin ecclesiastical language, the heresiesinto
which men have been led by a feeble, a deformed, or an arrogant mystical sense. The number of
these mistakes is countless; their wildness almost inconceivable to those who have not been forced
to study them. Too often the loud voices and strange declarations of their apostles have drowned
the quieter accents of the orthodox.
305
Sir Thomas Browne, Religio Medici, pt. i.
110
It seems as though the moment of puberty were far more critical in the spiritual than it is
in the physical life: the ordinary dangers of adolescence being intensified when they appear upon
the higher levels of consciousness. In the condition of psychic instability which is characteristic of
his movement to new states, man is unusually at the mercy of the suggestions and impressions
which he receives. Hence in every period of true mystical activity we find an outbreak of occultism,
illuminism, or other perverted spirituality andeven more dangerous and confusing for the
studenta borderland region where the mystical and psychical meet. In the youth of the Christian
Church, side by side with genuine mysticism descending from the Johannine writings or brought
in by the Christian Neoplatonists, we have the arrogant and disorderly transcendentalism of the
Gnostics: their attempted fusion of the ideals of mysticism and magic. During the Middle Ages and
150
the Renaissance there are the spurious mysticism of the Brethren of the Free Spirit, the occult
propaganda of Paracelsus, the Rosicrucians, the Christian Kabalists; and the innumerable pantheistic,
Manichean, mystery-making, and Quietist heresies which made war upon Catholic tradition. In the
modern world, Theosophy in its various forms is probably the most widespread and respectable
representative of the occult tradition.
The root idea from which these varied beliefs and practices develop is always the same;
and, since right doctrine is often most easily defined by contrast with its opposite, its study is likely
to help us to fix more precisely the true characters of mysticism. Leaving therefore the specifically
mystical error of Quietism until we come to the detailed discussion of the contemplative states, we
will consider here some of those other supernormal activities of the self which we have already
agreed to classify as magic: and learn through them more of those hidden and half-comprehended
forces which she has at her command.
The word magic is out of fashion, though its spirit was never more widely diffused than
at the present time. Thanks to the gradual debasement of the verbal currency, it suggests to the
ordinary reader the production of optical illusions and other parlour tricks. It has dragged with it
in its fall the terrific verb to conjure, which, forgetting that it once undertook to compel the spirits
of men and angels, is now content to produce rabbits from top-hats. These facts would have little
importance, were it not that modern occultistsannoyed, one supposes, by this abuse of their
ancient titleconstantly arrogate to their tenets and practices the name of Mystical Science.
Vaughan, in his rather supercilious survey of the mystics, classed all forms of white magic, alchemy,
and occult philosophy as theurgic mysticism,
306
and, on the other side of the shield, the occultists
display an increasing eagerness to claim the mystics as masters in their school.
307
Even the
three-fold way of mysticism has been adopted by them and relabelled Probation, Enlightenment,
Initiation.
308
In our search for the characteristics of mysticism we have already marked the boundary
which separates it from magic: and tried to define the true nature and intention of occult philosophy.
309
We saw that it represented the instinctive human desire to know more applied to suprasensible
things. For good or ill this desire, and the occult sciences and magic arts which express it, have
306
R. A. Vaughan, Hours with the Mystics, vol. i. bk. i. ch. v.
307
In a list published by Papus from the archives of the Martinists, we find such diverse names as Averroes, St. Thomas
Aquinas, Vincent of Beauvais, and Swedenborg, given as followers of the occult tradition!
308
See R. Steiner, The Way of Initiation, p. 111.
309
Supra, pp. 70 seq .
111
151
haunted humanity from the earliest times. No student of man can neglect their investigation,
however distasteful to his intelligence their superficial absurdities may be. The starting-point of all
magic, and of all magical religionthe best and purest of occult activitiesis, as in mysticism,
mans inextinguishable conviction that there are other planes of being than those which his senses
report to him; and its proceedings represent the intellectual and individualistic results of this
convictionhis craving for the hidden knowledge. It is, in the eyes of those who really practise it,
a moyen de parvenir: not the performance of illicit tricks, but a serious attempt to solve the riddle
of the world. Its result, according to a modern writer upon occult philosophy, comprises an actual,
positive, and realizable knowledge concerning the worlds which we denominate invisible, because
they transcend the imperfect and rudimentary faculties of a partially developed humanity, and
concerning the latent potentialities which constituteby the fact of their latencythe interior man.
In more strictly philosophical language, the Hermetic science is a method of transcending the
phenomenal world and attaining to the reality which is behind phenomena.
310
Though fragments of this enormous claim seem able to justify themselves in experience,
the whole of it cannot be admitted. The last phrase in particular is identical with the promise which
we have seen to be characteristic of mysticism. It presents magic as a pathway to reality; a promise
which it cannot fulfil, for the mere transcending of phenomena does not entail the attainment of
the Absolute. Magic even at its best extends rather than escapes the boundaries of the phenomenal
world. It stands, where genuine, for that form of transcendentalism which does abnormal things,
but does not lead anywhere: and we are likely to fall victims to some kind of magic the moment
that the declaration I want to know ousts the declaration I want to be from the chief place in
our consciousness. The true science of ultimates must be a science of pure Being, for reasons
which the reader is now in a position to discover for himself. But magic is merely a system whereby
the self tries to assuage its transcendental curiosity by extending the activities of the will beyond
their usual limits; sometimes, according to its own account, obtaining by this means an experimental
knowledge of planes of existence usuallybut inaccuratelyregarded as supernatural.
Even this modified claim needs justification. For most persons who do not specialize in the
eccentric sciences the occultist can only be said to exist in either the commercial or the academic
sense. The fortune-teller represents one class; the annotator of improper grimoires the other. In
152
neither department is the thing supposed to be taken seriously: it is merely the means of obtaining
money, or of assuaging a rather morbid curiosity.
Such a view is far from accurate. In magic, whether regarded as a superstition or a science,
we have at any rate the survival of a great and ancient tradition, the true meaning of whose title
should hardly have been lost in a Christian country; for it claims to be the science of those Magi
whose quest of the symbolic Blazing Star brought them once, at least, to the cradle of the Incarnate
God. Its laws, and the ceremonial rites which express those laws, have come down from immemorial
antiquity. They appear to enshrine a certain definite knowledge, and a large number of less definite
theories, concerning the sensual and supersensual worlds, and concerning powers which man,
according to occult thinkers, may develop if he will. Orthodox persons should be careful how they
condemn the laws of magic: for they unwittingly conform to many of them whenever they go to
church. All ceremonial religion contains some elements of magic. The art of medicine will never
wholly cast it off: many centuries ago it gave birth to that which we now call modern science. It
310
A. E. Waite, The Occult Sciences, p. 1.
112
seems to possess inextinguishable life. This is not surprising when we perceive how firmly occultism
is rooted in psychology: how perfectly it is adapted to certain perennial characteristics of the human
mindits curiosity, its arrogance, its love of mystery.
Magic, in its uncorrupted form, claims to be a practical, intellectual, highly individualistic
science; working towards the declared end of enlarging the sphere on which the human will can
work, and obtaining experimental knowledge of planes of being usually regarded as transcendental.
It is the last descendant of a long line of teachingthe whole teaching, in fact, of the mysteries of
Egypt and Greecewhich offered to initiate man into a certain secret knowledge and understanding
of things. In every man, says a modern occultist, there are latent faculties by means of which
he can acquire for himself knowledge of the higher worlds . . . as long as the human race has existed
there have always been schools in which those who possessed these higher faculties gave instruction
to those who were in search of them. Such are called the occult schools, and the instruction which
is imparted therein is called esoteric science or the occult teaching.
311
These occult schools, as they exist in the present day, state their doctrine in terms which
seem distressingly prosaic to the romantic inquirer; borrowing from physics and psychology theories
of vibration, attraction, mental suggestion and subconscious activity which can be reapplied for
153
their own purposes. According to its modern teachers, magic is simply an extension of the theory
and practice of volition beyond the usual limits. The will, says the occultist, is king, not only of the
House of Life, but of the universe outside the gates of sense. It is the key to man limitless the
true ring of Gyges, which can control the forces of nature known and unknown. This aspect of
occult philosophy informs much of the cheap American transcendentalism which is so lightly
miscalled mystical by its teachers and converts; Menticulture, New or Higher Thought, and
the scriptures of the so-called New Consciousness. The ingenious authors of Volo, The Will
to be Well, and Just How to Wake the Solar Plexus, the seers who assure their eager disciples
that by Concentration they may acquire not only health, but also that wealth which is health of
circumstance, are no mystics. They are magicians; and teach, though they know it not, little else
but the cardinal doctrines of Hermetic science, omitting only their picturesque ceremonial
accompaniments.
312
These cardinal doctrines, in fact, have varied little since their first appearance early in the
worlds history: though, like the doctrines of theology, they have needed re-statement from time
to time. In discussing them I shall quote chiefly from the works of Eliphas Lvi; the pseudonym
under which Alphonse Louis Constant, the most readable occult philosopher of the nineteenth
century, offered his conclusions to the world.
The tradition of magic, like most other ways of escape which man has offered to his own
soul, appears to have originated in the East. It was formulated, developed, and preserved by the
religion of Egypt. It made an early appearance in that of Greece. It has its legendary grand master
in Hermes Trismegistus, who gave to it its official name of Hermetic Science, and whose status in
occultism is much the same as that occupied by Moses in the tradition of the Jews. Fragmentary
writings attributed to this personage and said to be derived from the Hermetic books, are the primitive
311
Steiner, The Way of Initiation, p. 66.
312
See E. Towne, Joy Philosophy (1903) and Just How to Wake the Solar Plexus (1904); R. D. Stocker, New Thought
Manual (1906) and Soul Culture (1905); Floyd Wilson, Man Limitless (1905). The literature of these sects is enormous.
For a critical and entertaining account, see C. W. Ferguson, The Confusion of Tongues. (1929).
113
scriptures of occultism: and the probably spurious Table of Emerald, which is said to have been
discovered in his tomb, ranks as the magicians Table of Stone.
313
In Gnosticism, in the allegories
of the Kabalah, in theosophy, in secret associations which still exist in England, France, and
154
Germanyand even in certain practices embedded in the ceremonial of the Christian Church
the main conceptions which constitute the secret wisdom of magical tradition have wandered
down the centuries. The baser off-shoots of that tradition are but too well known, and need not be
particularized.
314
Like the world which it professes to interpret, magic has a body and a soul: an outward
vesture of words and ceremonies and an inner doctrine. The outward vesture, which is all that the
uninitiated are permitted to perceive, consists of a series of confusing and often ridiculous symbolic
veils: of strange words and numbers, grotesque laws and ritual acts, personifications and
mystifications. The outward vestures of our religious, political, and social systemswhich would
probably appear equally irrational to a wholly ignorant yet critical observeroffer an instructive
parallel to this aspect of occult philosophy. Stripped of these archaic formulae, symbols, and
mystery-mongerings, however, magic as described by its apologists, is found to rest upon three
fundamental axioms which can hardly be dismissed as ridiculous by those who listen respectfully
to the ever-shifting hypotheses of psychology and physics.
(1) The first axiom declares the existence of an imponderable medium or universal
agent, which is described as beyond the plane of our normal sensual perceptions yet interpenetrating
and binding up the material world. This agent, which is not luminous and has nothing to do with
the stars, is known to the occultists by the unfortunate name of Astral Light: a term originally
borrowed from the Martinists by Eliphas Lvi. To live in conscious communication with the Astral
Light is to live upon the Astral Plane, or in the Astral World: to have achieved, that is to say, a
new level of consciousness. The education of the occultist is directed towards this end.
This doctrine of the Astral Plane, like most of our other diagrams of the transcendent,
possesses a respectable ancestry, and many prosperous relations in the world of philosophic thought.
Traces of it may even be detected under veils in the speculations of orthodox physics. It is really
identical with the Archetypal World or Yesod of the Kabalahthe Perfect Land of old Egyptian
religionin which the true or spirit forms of all created things are held to exist. It may be connected
155
with the real world described by such visionaries as Boehme and Blake, many of whose
experiences are far more occult than mystical in character.
315
A persistent tradition as to the existence
of such a plane of being or of consciousness is found all over the world: in Indian, Greek Egyptian,
Celtic, and Jewish thought. Above this visible nature there exists another, unseen and eternal,
which, when all things created perish, does not perish, says the Bhagavad Gita. According to the
Kabalists it is the seat of life and vitality, and the nourishment of all the world.
316
Vitalism might
313
It must here be pointed out that the genuine Hermeticaa body of ancient philosophic and religious pieces collected
under this general titleare entirely unconnected with occultism. Cf. Hermetica, ed. with English translation by W. Scott. 3
vols. 1924-8.
314
A. E. Waite, a life-long student of these byeways of thought, gives, as the main channels by which an arcane knowledge
is believed to have been communicated to the West, Magic, Alchemy, Astrology, the occult associations which culminated in
Freemasonry, and, finally, an obscure sheaf of hieroglyphs known as Tarot cards. He places in another class the bewitchments
and other mummeries of Ceremonial Magic. (The Holy Kabbalah, pp. 518-19.)
315
For a discussion of the Gnostic and Theosophic elements in Blakes work see D. Surat, Blake and Modern Thought
(1929).
316
A. E. Waite, Doctrine and Literature of the Kabbalah, p. 48.
114
accept it as one of those aspects of the universe which can be perceived by a more extended rhythm
than that of normal consciousness. Various aspects of the Astral have been identified with the
Burning Body of the Holy Ghost of Christian Gnosticism and with the Odic force of the
old-fashioned spiritualists.
Further, the Astral Plane is regarded as constituting the Cosmic Memory, where the images
of all beings and events are preserved, as they are preserved in the memory of man.
The high that proved too high, the heroic for earth too hard
The passion that left the ground to lose itself in the sky
all are living in the Astral World. There too the concepts of future creation are present in their
completeness in the Eternal Now before being brought to birth in the material sphere. On this theory
prophecy, and also clairvoyanceone of the great objects of occult educationconsist in opening
the eyes of the mind upon this timeless Astral World: and spiritualists, evoking the phantoms of
the dead, merely call them up from the recesses of universal instead of individual remembrance.
The reader who feels his brain to be whirling amidst this medley of solemn statement and unproven
fairy tale must remember that the dogmatic part of the occult tradition can only represent the attempt
of an extended or otherwise abnormal consciousness to find an explanation of its own experiences.
Further, our whole selvesnot merely our sentient selvesare regarded as being bathed
in the Astral Light, as in the ether of physics. Hence in occult language it is a universal agent
connecting soul with soul, and becomes the possible vehicle of hypnotism, telepathy, clairvoyance,
and all those supernormal phenomena which are the subject-matter of psychical research. This
hypothesis also accounts for the confusing fact of an initial similarity of experience in many of the
proceedings of mystic and occultist. Both must pass through the plane of consciousness which the
156
concept of the Astral represents, because this plane of perception is the one which lies next
beyond our normal life. The transcendental faculties may become aware of this world; only, in
the case of the mystic, to pass through it as quickly as they can. But the occultist, the medium, the
psychic, rest in the Astral and develop their perceptions of this aspect of the world. It is the
medium in which they work.
From earliest times, occult philosophy has insisted on the existence of this medium: as a
scientific fact, outside the range of our normal senses, but susceptible of verification by the trained
powers of the initiate. The possessor of such trained powers, not the wizard or the fortune-teller,
is regarded as the true magician: and it is the declared object of occult education, or initiation, to
actualize this supersensual plane of experience, to give the student the power of entering into
conscious communion with it, and teach him to impose upon its forces the directive force of his
own will, as easily as he imposes that will upon the material things of senses.
317
(2) This brings us to the second axiom of magic, which also has a curiously modern air: for
it postulates simply the limitless power of the disciplined human will. This dogma has been taken
over without acknowledgment from occult philosophy to become the trump card of menticulture,
Christian Science, and New Thought. The preachers of Joy Philosophy and other dilute forms
of mental discipline, the Liberal Catholic priest producing a vast bubble of etheric astromental
317
I offer no opinion as to the truth or falsity of these occult claims. For a more detailed discussion the reader is referred to
Steiners curious little book, The Way of Initiation.
115
matter, a thought-edifice, ethereal, diaphanous, a bubble which just includes the congregation
318
these are the true hierophants of magic in the modern world.
319
The first lesson of the would-be magus is self-mastery. By means of persevering and
gradual athletics, says Eliphas Lvi, the powers of the body can be developed to an amazing
extent. It is the same with the powers of the soul. Would you govern yourself and others? Learn
how to will. How may one learn how to will? This is the first secret of magical initiation; and it
was to make the foundations of this secret thoroughly understood that the antique keepers of the
mysteries surrounded the approach to the sanctuary with so many terrors and illusions. They did
157
not believe in a will until it had given its proofs; and they were right. Strength cannot prove itself
except by conquest. Idleness and negligence are the enemies of the will, and this is the reason why
all religions have multiplied their practices and made their cults difficult and minute. The more
trouble one gives oneself for an idea, the more power one acquires in regard to that idea. . . . Hence
the power of religions resides entirely in the inflexible will of those who practise them.
320
This last sentence alone is enough to define the distinction between mysticism and magic,
and clear the minds of those who tend to confuse the mystical and magical elements of religion. In
accordance with it, real magical initiation is in essence a form of mental discipline, strengthening
and focussing the will. This discipline, like that of the religious life, consists partly in physical
austerities and a deliberate divorce from the world, partly in the cultivation of will-power: but
largely in a yielding of the mind to the influence of suggestions which have been selected and
accumulated in the course of ages because of their power over that imagination which Eliphas Lvi
calls The eye of the soul. There is nothing supernatural about it. Like the more arduous, more
disinterested self-training of the mystic, it is character-building with an object, conducted upon an
heroic scale. In magic the will to know is the centre round which the personality is rearranged.
As in mysticism, unconscious factors are dragged from the hiddenness to form part of that
personality. The uprushes of thought, the abrupt intuitions which reach us from the subliminal
region, are developed, ordered, and controlled by rhythms and symbols which have become
traditional because the experience of centuries has proved, though it cannot explain, their efficacy:
and powers of apprehension which normally lie below the threshold may thus be liberated and
enabled to report their discoveries.
The fundamental principle, says A. E. Waite, speaking of occult evocations, was in the
exercise of a certain occult force resident in the magus, and strenuously exerted for the establishment
of such a correspondence between two planes of nature as would effect his desired end. This exertion
was termed the evocation, conjuration, or calling of the spirit, but that which in reality was raised
was the energy of the inner man ; tremendously developed and exalted by combined will and
aspiration, this energy germinated by sheer force a new intellectual faculty of sensible psychological
perception. To assist and stimulate this energy into the most powerful possible operation, artificial
318
C. W. Leadbeater, The Science of the Sacraments, p. 38.
319
Compare the following: Imagine that all the world and the starry hosts are waiting, alert and with shining eyes, to do your
bidding. Imagine that you are to touch the button now, and instantly they will spring to do the rest. The instant you say, I can
and I will, the entire powers of the universe are to be set in motion (E. Towne, Joy Philosophy, p. 52).
320
Rituel de la Haute Magie, pp. 35, 36.
116
158
means were almost invariably used. . . . The synthesis of these methods and processes was called
Ceremonial Magic, which in effect was a tremendous forcing-house of the latent faculties of mans
spiritual nature.
321
This is the psychological explanation of those apparently absurd rituals of preparation,
doctrines of signs and numbers, pentacles, charms, angelical names, the power of the word which
made up ceremonial magic. The power of such artifices is known amongst the Indian mystics; who,
recognizing in the Mantra, or occult and rhythmic formula, consciously held and repeated, an
invaluable help to the attainment of the true ecstatic state, are not ashamed to borrow from the
magicians. So, too, the modern American schools of mental healing and New Thought recommend
concentration upon a carefully selected word as the starting-point of efficacious meditation. This
fact of the psychical effect of certain verbal combinations, when allowed to dominate the field of
consciousness, may have some bearing upon that need of a formal liturgy which is felt by nearly
every great religion; for religion, on its ceremonial side, has certain affinities with magic. It, too,
seeks by sensible means to stimulate supra-sensible energies. The true magic word or spell is
untranslatable; because its power resides only partially in that outward sense which is apprehended
by the reason, but chiefly in the rhythm, which is addressed to the subliminal mind. Symbols,
religious and other, and symbolic acts which appear meaningless when judged by the intellect
alone, perform a similar office. They express the deep-seated instinct of the human mind that it
must have a focus on which to concentrate its volitional powers, if those powers are to be brought
to their highest state of efficiency. The nature of the focus matters little: its office matters much.
. . . All these figures, and acts analogous to them, says Lvi, all these dispositions of
numbers and of characters [ i.e. sacred words, charms, pentacles, etc.] are, as we have said, but
instruments for the education of the will, of which they fix and determine the habits. They serve
also to concentrate in action all the powers of the human soul, and to strengthen the creative power
of the imagination. . . . A practice, even though it be superstitious and foolish, may be efficacious
because it is a realization of the will. . . . We laugh at the poor woman who denies herself a haporth
of milk in the morning, that she may take a little candle to burn upon the magic triangle in some
chapel. But those who laugh are ignorant, and the poor woman does not pay too dearly for the
159
courage and resignation which she thus obtains.
322
Magic symbols, therefore, from penny candles to Solomons seal, fall in modern technical
language into two classes. The first contains instruments of self-suggestion, exaltation, and will
direction. To this belong all spells, charms, rituals, perfumes: from the magicians vervain wreath
to the Youth! Health! Strength! which the student of New Thought repeats when she is brushing
her hair in the morning. The second class contains autoscopes: i.e. , material objects which focus
and express the subconscious perceptions of the operator. The dowsers divining rod, fortunetellers
cards, and crystal-gazers ball, are characteristic examples. Both kinds are rendered necessary rather
by the disabilities of the human than by the peculiarities of the superhuman plane: and the great
adept may attain heights at which he dispenses with these outward and visible signs. Ceremonies
being, as we have said, artificial methods of creating certain habits of the will, they cease to be
321
The Occult Sciences, p. 14. But references in Mr. Waites most recent work to the puerilities and imbecility of ceremonial
magic suggest that he has modified his views. Cf. The Holy Kabbalah (1929), p. 521.
322
Rituel de la Haute Magie, p. 71.
117
necessary when these habits have become fixed.
323
These facts, now commonplaces of psychology,
have long been known and used by students of magic. Those who judge the philosophy by the
apparent absurdity of its symbols and ceremonies should remember that the embraces, gestures,
grimaces, and other ritual acts by which we all concentrate, liberate, or express love, wrath, or
enthusiasm, will ill endure the cold revealing light of a strictly rational inquiry.
(3) The dogmas of the Astral Light or universal agent and the power of the will are
completed by a third: the doctrine of Analogy, of an implicit correspondence between appearance
and reality, the microcosm of man and the macrocosm of the universe the seen and the unseen
worlds. In this, occultism finds the basis of its transcendental speculations. Quod superius sicut
quod inferius the first words of that Emerald Table which was once attributed to Hermes
Trismegistus himselfis an axiom which must be agreeable to all Platonists. It plays a great part
in the theory of mysticism; which, whilst maintaining an awed sense of the total otherness and
incomprehensibility of the Divine, has always assumed that the path of the individual soul towards
loving union with the Absolute is somehow analogous with the path on which the universe moves
to its consummation in God.
The notion of analogy ultimately determines the religious concepts of every race, and
resembles the verities of faith in the breadth of its application. It embraces alike the appearances
of the visible worldwhich thus become the mirrors of the invisiblethe symbols of religion, the
tiresome arguments of Butlers Analogy, the allegories of the Kabalah and the spiritual alchemists,
160
and that childish doctrine of signatures on which much of mediaeval science was built. Analogy,
says Lvi,
324
is the last word of science and the first word of faith . . . the sole possible mediator
between the visible and the invisible, between the finite and the infinite. Here Magic clearly defines
her own limitations; stepping incautiously from the useful to the universal, and laying down a
doctrine which no mystic could acceptwhich, carried to its logical conclusion, would turn the
adventure of the infinite into a guessing game.
The argument by analogy is carried by the occultists to lengths which cannot be described
here. Armed with this torch, they explore the darkest, most terrible mysteries of life: and do not
hesitate to cast the grotesque shadows of these mysteries upon the unseen world. The principle of
correspondence is no doubt sound so long as it works within reasonable limits. It was admitted into
the system of the Kabalah, though that profound and astute philosophy was far from giving to it
the importance which it assumes in Hermetic science. It has been eagerly accepted by many of
the mystics. Boehme and Swedenborg availed themselves of its method in presenting their intuitions
to the world. It is implicitly acknowledged by thinkers of many other schools: its influence permeates
the best periods of literature. Sir Thomas Browne spoke for more than himself when he said, in a
well-known passage of the Religio Medici: The severe schools shall never laugh me out of the
philosophy of Hermes [ i.e. , Trismegistus] that this visible world is but a picture of the invisible,
wherein, as in a portrait, things are not truly but in equivocal shapes, and as they counterfeit some
real substance in that invisible framework. Such a sense of analogy, whatever the severe schools
may say, is indeed the foundation of every perfect work of art. Intuitive perception of the hidden
analogies of things, says Hazlitt in English Novelists, or, as it may be called, his instinct of the
323
324
Dogme de la Haute Magie, p. 361 et seq.
118
imagination, is perhaps what stamps the character of genius on the productions of art more than
any other circumstance.
The central doctrine of magic may now be summed up thus:
(1) That a supersensible and real cosmic medium exists, which interpenetrates, influences,
and supports the tangible and apparent world, and is amenable to the categories both of philosophy
and of physics.
(2) That there is an established analogy and equilibrium between the real and unseen world,
and the illusory manifestations which we call the world of sense.
(3) That this analogy may be discerned, and this equilibrium controlled, by the disciplined
161
will of man, which thus becomes master of itself and of fate.
We must now examine in more detail the third of these propositionsthat which ascribes
abnormal powers to the educated and disciplined willfor this assumption lies at the root of all
magical practices, old and new. Magical operations, says Eliphas Lvi, are the exercise of a
power which is natural, but superior to the ordinary powers of nature. They are the result of a
science, and of habits, which exalt the human will above its usual limits.
325
This power of the will
is now recognized as playing an important part both in the healing of the body and the healing of
the soul; for our most advanced theories on these subjects are little more than the old wine of magic
in new bottles. The ancient occultists owed much of their power, and also of their evil reputation,
to the fact that they were psychologists before their time. Effective methods of suggestion, recipes
for the alteration and exaltation of personality and enhancement of will-power, the artificial
production of hypnotic states, photisms, automatism and ecstasy, with the opening up of the
subliminal field which accompanies these phenomenaconcealed from the profane by a mass of
confusing allegories and verbiageform the backbone of all genuine occult rituals. Their authors
were aware that ceremonial magic has no objective importance, but depends solely on its effect
upon the operators mind. That this effect might be enhanced, it was given an atmosphere of sanctity
and mystery; its rules were strict, its higher rites difficult of attainment. These rules and rites
constituted at once a test of the students earnestness and a veil guarding the sanctuary from the
profane. The long and difficult preparations, majestic phrases, and strange ceremonies of an evocation
had power, not over the spirit of the dead, but over the consciousness of the living; who was thus
caught up from the world of sense to a new plane of perception. Thus, according to its apologists,
the education of the genuine occult student tends to awaken in him a new view and a new attitude.
It adjusts the machinery of his cinematograph to the registering of new intervals in the stream of
things, which passed it by before; and thus introduces new elements into that picture by which
ordinary men are content to know and judge theor rather their universe.
So much for the principles which govern occult education. Magic therapeutics, or as it is
now called, mental healing, is but the application of these principles upon another plane. It results,
first, from a view of humanity which sees a difference only of degree between diseases of body
and of soul, and can state seriously and in good faith that moral maladies are more contagious
than physical, and there are some triumphs of infatuation and fashion which are comparable to
325
119
162
leprosy or cholera.
326
Secondly, it is worked by that enhancement of will power, that ability to
alter and control weaker forms of life, which is claimed as the reward of the occult discipline. All
the power of the occult healer lies in his conscious will and all his art consists in producing faith
in the patient.
327
This simple truth was in the possession of occult thinkers at a time when Church and State
saw no third course between the burning or beatification of its practitioners. Now, under the polite
names of mental hygiene, suggestion, and psycho-therapeutics, it is steadily advancing to the front
rank of medical shibboleths. Yet it is still the same magic art which has been employed for
centuries, with varying ritual accompaniments, by the adepts of occult science. The methods of
Brother Hilarian Tissot, who is described as curing lunacy and crime by the unconscious use of
the magnetism of Paracelsus, who attributed his cases either to disorder of the will or to the
perverse influence of external wills, and would regard all crimes as acts of madness and treat the
wicked as diseased,
328
anticipated in many respects those of the most modern psychologists.
The doctrine of magic which has here been described shows us the Secret Wisdom at its
best and sanest. But even on these levels, it is dogged by the defects which so decisively separate
the occultist from the mystic. The chief of these is the peculiar temper of mind, the cold intellectual
arrogance, the intensely individual point of view which occult studies seem to induce by their
conscious quest of exclusive power and knowledge, their implicit neglect of love. At bottom, every
student of occultism is striving towards a point at which he may be able to touch the button and
rely on the transcendental world springing to do the rest. In this hard-earned acquirement of
power over the Many, he tends to forget the One. In Levis words, Too deep a study of the mysteries
of nature may estrange from God the careless investigator, in whom mental fatigue paralyses the
ardours of the heart.
329
When he wrote this sentence Lvi stood, as the greater occultists have
often done, at the frontiers of mysticism. The best of the Hermetic philosophers, indeed, are hardly
ever without such mystical hankerings, such flashes of illumination; as if the transcendental powers
of man, once roused from sleep, cannot wholly ignore the true end for which they were made.
In Levis case, as is well known, the discord between the occult and mystical ideals was
163
resolved by his return to the Catholic Church. Characteristically, he read into Catholicism much
that the orthodox would hardly allow; so that it became for him, as it were, a romantic gloss on the
occult tradition. He held that the Christian Church, nursing mother of the mystics, was also the heir
of the magi; and that popular piety and popular magic veiled the same ineffable truths. He had more
justification than at first appears probable for this apparently wild and certainly heretical statement.
Religion, as we have seen, can never entirely divorce herself from magic: for her rituals and
sacraments must have, if they are to be successful in their appeal to the mind, a certain magical
character. All persons who are naturally drawn towards the ceremonial aspect of religion are
acknowledging the strange power of subtle rhythms, symbolic words and movements, over the
human will. An impressive service conforms exactly to the description which I have already
quoted of a magical rite: it is a tremendous forcing-house of the latent faculties of mans spiritual
nature. Sacraments, too, however simple their beginnings, always tend, as they evolve, to assume
326
Dogme de la Haute Magie, p. 129.
327
Rituel, p. 312.
328
Dogma, p. 134.
329
Histoire de la Magie, p. 514.
120
upon the phenomenal plane a magical aspecta fact which does not invalidate their claim to be
the vehicles of supernatural grace. Those who have observed with understanding, for instance, the
Roman rite of baptism, with its spells and exorcisms, its truly Hermetic employment of salt, anointing
chrism and ceremonial lights, must have seen in it a ceremony far nearer to the operations of white
magic than to the simple lustrations practiced by St. John the Baptist.
There are obvious objections to the full working out of this subject in a book which is
addressed to readers of all shades of belief; but any student who is interested in this branch of
religious psychology may easily discover for himself the occult elements in the liturgies of the
Christianor indeed of any otherChurch. There are invocative arrangements of the Names of
God which appear alike in grimoire and in Missal. Sacred numbers, ritual actions, perfumes,
purifications, words of power, are all used, and rightly used by institutional religion in her work of
opening up the human mind to the messages of the suprasensible world. In certain minor observances,
and charm-like prayers, we seem to stand on the very borderland between magician and priest.
It is surely inevitable that this should be so. The business of the Church is to appeal to the
whole man, as she finds him living in the world of sense. She would hardly be adequate to this task
did she neglect the powerful weapons which the occultist has developed for his own ends. She,
who takes the simplest and most common gifts of nature and transmutes them into heavenly food,
takes also every discovery which the self has made concerning its own potentialities, and turns
164
them to her own high purposes. Founding her external system on sacraments and symbols, on
rhythmic invocations and ceremonial acts of praise, insisting on the power of the pure and
self-denying will and the magic chain of congregational worship, she does but join hands with
those Magi whose gold, frankincense, and myrrh were the first gifts that she received.
But she pays for this; sharing some of the limitations of the system which her Catholic
nature has compelled her to absorb. It is true, of course, that she purges it of all its baser elementsits
arrogance, its curiositytrue also that she is bound to adopt it, because it is the highest common
measure which she can apply to the spirituality of that world to which she is sent. But she
cannotand her great teachers have always known that she cannotextract finality from a method
which does not really seek after ultimate things. This method may and does teach men goodness,
gives them happiness and health. It can even induce in them a certain exaltation in which they
become aware, at any rate for a moment, of the existence of the supernatural worlda stupendous
accomplishment. But it will not of itself make them citizens of that world: give to them the freedom
of Reality.
The work of the Church in the world, says Patmore, is not to teach the mysteries of life,
so much as to persuade the soul to that arduous degree of purity at which God Himself becomes
her teacher. The work of the Church ends when the knowledge of God begins.
330
165
330
The Rod, the Root, and the Flower, Knowledge and Science, xxii.
121
PART TWO: THE MYSTIC WAY
166
As the Pilgrim passes while the Country permanent remains
So Men pass on; but the States remain permanent forever.
Blake, Jerusalem.
167
W e are now to turn from general principles and study those principles in action: to describe the
psychological process, or Mystic Way, by which that peculiar type of personality which is able
to set up direct relations with the Absolute is usually developed. The difficulty of this description
will lie in the fact that all mystics differ one from another; as all the individual objects of our
perception, living and not living, do. The creative impulse in the world, so far as we are aware
of it, appears upon ultimate analysis to be free and original not bound and mechanical: to express
itself, in defiance of the determinists, with a certain artistic spontaneity. Man, when he picks out
some point of likeness as a basis on which to arrange its productions in groups, is not discovering
its methods; but merely making for his own convenience an arbitrary choice of one or twonot
necessarily characteristicqualities, which happen to appear in a certain number of different persons
or things. Hence the most scientific classification is a rough-and-ready business at the best.
331
When we come to apply such classification to so delicate and elusive a series of psychological
states as those which accompany the contemplative life, all the usual difficulties are increased.
No one mystic can be discovered in whom all the observed characteristics of the transcendental
168
consciousness are resumed, and who can on that account be treated as typical. Mental states which
are distinct and mutually exclusive in one case, exist simultaneously in another. In some, stages
which have been regarded as essential are entirely omitted: in others, their order appears to be
reversed. We seem at first to be confronted by a group of selves which arrive at the same end
without obeying any general law.
Take, however, a number of such definitely mystical selves and make of them, so to speak,
a composite portrait: as anthropologists do when they wish to discover the character of a race.
From this portrait we may expect a type to emerge, in which all the outstanding characteristics
contributed by the individual examples are present together, and minor variations are suppressed.
Such a portrait will of course be conventional: but it will be useful as a standard, which can be
constantly compared with, and corrected by, isolated specimens.
The first thing we notice about this composite portrait is that the typical mystic seems to
move towards his goal through a series of strongly marked oscillations between states of pleasure
and states of pain. The existence and succession of these statessometimes broken and confused,
sometimes crisply definedcan be traced, to a greater or less degree, in almost every case of which
we possess anything like a detailed record. Gyrans gyrando radii spiritus . The soul, as it treads
the ascending spiral of its road towards reality, experiences alternately the sunshine and the shade.
These experiences are constants of the transcendental life. The Spiritual States of the Soul are
all Eternal, said Blake, with the true mystical genius for psychology.
332
331
Science seems more and more inclined to acquiesce in this judgment. See especially A. N. Whitehead: Man and the Modern
World and Religion in the Making.
332
Jerusalem, pt. iii.
122
The complete series of these statesand it must not be forgotten that few individuals present
them all in perfection, whilst in many instances several are blurred or appear to be completely
suppressedwill be, I think, most conveniently arranged under five heads. This method of grouping
means, of course, the abandonment of the time-honoured threefold division of the Mystic Way,
and the apparent neglect of St. Teresas equally celebrated Seven Degrees of Contemplation; but
I think that we shall gain more than we lose by adopting it. The groups, however, must be looked
upon throughout as diagrammatic, and only as answering loosely and generally to experiences
which seldom present themselves in so rigid and unmixed a form. These experiences, largely
conditioned as they are by surroundings and by temperament, exhibit all the variety and spontaneity
which are characteristic of life in its highest manifestations: and, like biological specimens, they
lose something of their essential reality in being prepared for scientific investigation. Taken all
169
together, they constitute phases in a single process of growth; involving the movement of
consciousness from lower to higher levels of reality, the steady remaking of character in accordance
with the independent spiritual world. But as the study of physical life is made easier for us by an
artificial division into infancy, adolescence, maturity, and old age, so a discreet indulgence of the
human passion for map-making will increase our chances of understanding the nature of the Mystic
Way.
Here, then, is the classification under which we shall study the phases of the mystical life.
(1) The awakening of the Self to consciousness of Divine Reality. This experience, usually
abrupt and well-marked, is accompanied by intense feelings of joy and exaltation.
(2) The Self, aware for the first time of Divine Beauty, realizes by contrast its own finiteness
and imperfection, the manifold illusions in which it is immersed, the immense distance which
separates it from the One. Its attempts to eliminate by discipline and mortification all that stands
in the way of its progress towards union with God constitute Purgation: a state of pain and effort.
(3) When by Purgation the Self has become detached from the things of sense, and acquired
those virtues which are the ornaments of the spiritual marriage, its joyful consciousness of the
Transcendent Order returns in an enhanced form. Like the prisoners in Platos Cave of Illusion,
it has awakened to knowledge of Reality, has struggled up the harsh and difficult path to the mouth
of the cave. Now it looks upon the sun. This is Illumination: a state which includes in itself many
of the stages of contemplation, degrees of orison, visions and adventures of the soul described
by St. Teresa and other mystical writers. These form, as it were, a way within the Way: a moyen
de parvenir, a training devised by experts which will strengthen and assist the mounting soul. They
stand, so to speak, for education; whilst the Way proper represents organic growth. Illumination is
the contemplative state par excellence. It forms, with the two preceding states, the first mystic
life. Many mystics never go beyond it; and, on the other hand, many seers and artists not usually
classed amongst them, have shared, to some extent, the experiences of the illuminated state.
Illumination brings a certain apprehension of the Absolute, a sense of the Divine Presence: but not
true union with it. It is a state of happiness.
(4) In the development of the great and strenuous seekers after God, this is followedor
sometimes intermittently accompaniedby the most terrible of all the experiences of the Mystic
Way: the final and complete purification of the Self, which is called by some contemplatives the
123
170
mystic pain or mystic death, by others the Purification of the Spirit or Dark Night of the Soul.
The consciousness which had, in Illumination, sunned itself in the sense of the Divine Presence,
now suffers under an equally intense sense of the Divine Absence: learning to dissociate the personal
satisfaction of mystical vision from the reality of mystical life. As in Purgation the senses were
cleansed and humbled, and the energies and interests of the Self were concentrated upon
transcendental things: so now the purifying process is extended to the very centre of I-hood, the
will. The human instinct for personal happiness must be killed. This is the spiritual crucifixion
so often described by the mystics: the great desolation in which the soul seems abandoned by the
Divine. The Self now surrenders itself, its individuality, and its will, completely. It desires nothing,
asks nothing, is utterly passive, and is thus prepared for
(5) Union: the true goal of the mystic quest. In this state the Absolute Life is not merely
perceived and enjoyed by the Self, as in Illumination: but is one with it. This is the end towards
which all the previous oscillations of consciousness have tended. It is a state of equilibrium, of
purely spiritual life; characterized by peaceful joy, by enhanced powers, by intense certitude. To
call this state, as some authorities do, by the name of Ecstasy, is inaccurate and confusing: since
the term Ecstasy has long been used both by psychologists and ascetic writers to define that short
and rapturous trancea state with well-marked physical and psychical accompanimentsin which
the contemplative, losing all consciousness of the phenomenal world, is caught up to a brief and
immediate enjoyment of the Divine Vision. Ecstasies of this kind are often experienced by the
mystic in Illumination, or even on his first conversion. They cannot therefore be regarded as
exclusively characteristic of the Unitive Way. In some of the greatest mysticsSt. Teresa is an
examplethe ecstatic trance seems to diminish rather than increase in frequency after the state of
union has been attained: whilst others achieve the heights by a path which leaves on one side all
abnormal phenomena.
Union must be looked upon as the true goal of mystical growth; that permanent establishment
of life upon transcendent levels of reality, of which ecstasies give a foretaste to the soul. Intense
forms of it, described by individual mystics, under symbols such as those of Mystical Marriage,
Deification, or Divine Fecundity, all prove on examination to be aspects of this same experience
seen through a temperament.
It is right, however, to state here that Oriental Mysticism insists upon a further stage beyond
that of union, which stage it regards as the real goal of the spiritual life. This is the total annihilation
171
or reabsorption of the individual soul in the Infinite. Such an annihilation is said by the Sufis to
constitute the Eighth Stage of Progress, in which alone they truly attain to God. Thus stated, it
appears to differ little from the Buddhists Nirvana, and is the logical corollary of that pantheism
to which the Oriental mystic always tends. Thus Jalalu dDin:
O, let me not exist! for Non-Existence
Proclaims in organ tones, To Him we shall return.
333
It is at least doubtful, however, whether the interpretation which has been put by European
students upon such passages as this be correct. The language in which Al Ghazzali attempts to
describe the Eighth Stage is certainly more applicable to the Unitive Life as understood by Christian
contemplatives, than to the Buddhistic annihilation of personality. The end of Sufi-ism, he says,
333
Quoted by R. A. Nicholson, The Mystics of Islam, p. 168.
124
is total absorption in God. This is at least the relative end to that part of their doctrine which I am
free to reveal and describe. But in reality it is but the beginning of the Sufi life, for those intuitions
and other things which precede it are, so to speak, but the porch by which they enter. . . . In this
state some have imagined themselves to be amalgamated with God, others to be identical with Him,
others again to be associated with Him: but all this is sin .
334
The doctrine of annihilation as the end of the souls ascent, whatever the truth may be as
to the Moslem attitude concerning it, is decisively rejected by all European mystics, though a belief
in it is constantly imputed to them by their enemies: for their aim is not the suppression of life, but
its intensification, a change in its form. This change, they say in a paradox which is generally
misunderstood, consists in the perfecting of personality by the utter surrender of self. It is true that
the more Orientally-minded amongst them, such as Dionysius the Areopagite, do use language of
a negative kind which seems almost to involve a belief in the annihilation rather than the
transformation of the self in God: but this is because they are trying to describe a condition of
supersensible vitality from the point of view of the normal consciousness to which it can only seem
a Nothing, a Dark, a Self-loss. Further it will be found that this language is often an attempt to
describe the conditions of transitory perception, not those of permanent existence: the characteristics,
that is to say, of the Ecstatic Trance, in which for a short time the whole self is lifted to transcendent
levels, and the Absolute is apprehended by a total suspension of the surface consciousness. Hence
172
the Divine Dark, the Nothing, is not a state of non-being to which the mystic aspires to attain: it
is rather a paradoxical description of his experience of that Undifferentiated Godhead, that Supernal
Light whence he may, in his ecstasies, bring down fire from heaven to light the world.
In the mystics of the West, the highest forms of Divine Union impel the self to some sort
of active, rather than of passive life: and this is now recognized by the best authorities as the true
distinction between Christian and non-Christian mysticism. The Christian mystics, says Delacroix,
move from the Infinite to the Definite; they aspire to infinitize life and to define Infinity; they go
from the conscious to the subconscious, and from the subconscious to the conscious. The obstacle
in their path is not consciousness in general, but self -consciousness, the consciousness of the Ego.
The Ego is the limitation, that which opposes itself to the Infinite: the states of consciousness free
from self, lost in a vaster consciousness, may become modes of the Infinite, and states of the Divine
Consciousness.
335
So Starbuck: The individual learns to transfer himself from a centre of
self-activity into an organ of revelation of universal being, and to live a life of affection for and
one-ness with, the larger life outside.
336
Hence, the ideal of the great contemplatives, the end of their long education, is to become
modes of the Infinite. Filled with an abounding sense of the Divine Life, of ultimate and adorable
reality, sustaining and urging them on, they wish to communicate the revelation, the more abundant
life, which they have received. Not spiritual marriage, but divine fecundity is to be their final state.
In a sense St. Teresa in the Seventh Habitation, Suso when his great renunciation is made, have
achieved the quest, yet there is nothing passive in the condition to which they have come. Not
Galahad, but the Grail-bearer is now their type: and in their life, words or works they are impelled
to exhibit that Hidden Treasure which desires to be found.
334
Schmlders, Les coles Philosophiques chez les Arabes, p. 61.
335
tudes sur le Mysticisme, p. 235.
336
The Psychology of Religion, p. 147.
125
You may think, my daughters, says St. Teresa, that the soul in this state [of union] should
be so absorbed that she can occupy herself with nothing. You deceive yourselves. She turns with
greater ease and ardour than before to all that which belongs to the service of God, and when these
occupations leave her free again, she remains in the enjoyment of that companionship.
337
No temperament is less slothful than the mystical one; and the quiet to which the mystics
must school themselves in the early stages of contemplation is often the hardest of their tasks. The
173
abandonment of bodily and intellectual activity is only undertaken in order that they may, in the
words of Plotinus, energize enthusiastically upon another plane. Work they must but this work
may take many formsforms which are sometimes so wholly spiritual that they are not perceptible
to practical minds. Much of the misunderstanding and consequent contempt of the contemplative
life comes from the narrow and superficial definition of work which is set up by a muscular and
wage-earning community.
All records of mysticism in the West, then, are also the records of supreme human activity.
Not only of wrestlers in the spirit but also of great organizers, such as St. Teresa and St. John of
the Cross; of missionaries preaching life to the spiritually dead, such as St. Francis of Assisi, St.
Ignatius Loyola, Eckhart, Suso Tauler, Fox; of philanthropists, such as St. Catherine of Genoa or
St. Vincent de Paul; poets and prophets, such as Mechthild of Magdeburg, Jacopone da Todi and
Blake, finally, of some immensely virile souls whose participation in the Absolute Life has seemed
to force on them a national destiny. Of this St. Bernard, St. Catherine of Siena, and Saint Joan of
Arc are the supreme examples. The soul enamoured of My Truth, said Gods voice to St. Catherine
of Siena, never ceases to serve the whole world in general.
338
Utterly remade in the interests of Reality, exhibiting that dual condition of fruition and
activity which Ruysbroeck described as the crowning stage of human evolution, the Supreme
summit of the Inner Life,
339
all these lived, as it were, with both hands towards the finite and
towards the Infinite, towards God and man. It is true that in nearly every case such great actives
have first left the world, as a necessary condition of establishing communion with that Absolute
Life which reinforced their own: for a mind distracted by the many cannot apprehend the One.
Hence something equivalent to the solitude of the wilderness is an essential part of mystical
education. But, having established that communion, re-ordered their inner lives upon transcendent
levelsbeing united with their Source not merely in temporary ecstasies, but in virtue of a permanent
condition of the soul, they were impelled to abandon their solitude; and resumed, in some way,
their contact with the world in order to become the medium whereby that Life flowed out to other
men. To go up alone into the mountain and come back as an ambassador to the world, has ever
been the method of humanitys best friends. This systole-and-diastole motion of retreat as the
preliminary to a return remains the true ideal of Christian Mysticism in its highest development.
174
Those in whom it is not found, however great in other respects they may be, must be considered
as having stopped short of the final stage.
Thus St. Catherine of Siena spent three years in hermit-like seclusion in the little room
which we still see in her house in the Via Benincasa, entirely cut off from the ordinary life of her
family. Within her own house, says her legend, she found the desert; and a solitude in the midst
337
El Castillo Interior, Moradas Stimas, cap. i.
338
Dialogo, cap. vii.
339
De Ornatu Spiritalium Nuptiarum, I. ii. cap. lxxiii.
126
of people.
340
There Catherine endured many mortifications, was visited by ecstasies and visions:
passed, in fact, through the states of Purgation and Illumination, which existed in her case side by
side. This life of solitude was brought to an abrupt end by the experience which is symbolized in
the vision of the Mystic Marriage, and the Voice which then said to her, Now will I wed thy soul,
which shall ever be conjoined and united to Me! Catherine, who had during her long retreat enjoyed
illumination to a high degree, now entered upon the Unitive State, in which the whole of her public
life was passed. Its effect was immediately noticeable. She abandoned her solitude, joined in the
family life, went out into the city to serve the poor and sick, attracted and taught disciples, converted
sinners, and began that career of varied and boundless activity which has made her name one of
the greatest in the history of the fourteenth century. Nor does this mean that she ceased to live the
sort of life which is characteristic of mystical consciousness: to experience direct contact with the
Transcendental World, to gaze into the Abyss of Love Divine. On the contrary, her practical
genius for affairs, her immense power of ruling men, drew its strength from the long series of
visions and ecstasies which accompanied and supported her labours in the world. She descended
into the valley of lilies to make herself more fruitful, says her legend.
341
The conscious vehicle
of some power not herself, she spoke and acted with an authority which might have seemed
strange enough in an uneducated daughter of the people, were it not justified by the fact that all
who came into contact with her submitted to its influence.
Our business, then, is to trace from its beginning a gradual and complete change in the
equilibrium of the self. It is a change whereby that self turns from the unreal world of sense in
which it is normally immersed, first to apprehend, then to unite itself with Absolute Reality: finally,
possessed by and wholly surrendered to this Transcendent Life, becomes a medium whereby the
spiritual world is seen in a unique degree operating directly in the world of sense. In other words,
175
we are to see the human mind advance from the mere perception of phenomena, through the
intuitionwith occasional contactof the Absolute under its aspect of Divine Transcendence, to
the entire realization of, and union with, Absolute Life under its aspect of Divine Immanence.
The completed mystical life, then, is more than intuitional: it is theopathetic. In the old,
frank language of the mystics, it is the deified life .
176
F irst in the sequence of the mystic states, we must consider that decisive event, the awakening of
the transcendental consciousness.
This awakening, from the psychological point of view, appears to be an intense form of the
phenomenon of conversion; and closely akin to those deep and permanent conversions of the
adult type which some religious psychologists call sanctification.
342
It is a disturbance of the
equilibrium of the self, which results in the shifting of the field of consciousness from lower to
higher levels, with a consequent removal of the centre of interest from the subject to an object now
brought into view: the necessary beginning of any process of transcendence. It must not, however,
be confused or identified with religious conversion as ordinarily understood: the sudden and
emotional acceptance of theological beliefs which the self had previously either rejected or treated
340
E. Gardner, St. Catherine of Siena, p. 15.
341
S. Catherine Senensis Vitae (Acta SS. Aprilis t. iii.), ii. ii. 4.
342
See Starbuck, The Psychology of Religion, cap. xxix.
127
as conventions dwelling upon the margin of consciousness and having no meaning for her actual
life. The mechanical process may be much the same; but the material involved, the results attained,
belong to a higher order of reality.
Conversion, says Starbuck, in words which are really far more descriptive of mystical
awakening than of the revivalistic phenomena encouraged by American Protestantism, is primarily
an unselfing. The first birth of the individual is into his own little world. He is controlled by the
deep-seated instincts of self-preservation and self-enlargementinstincts which are, doubtless, a
177
direct inheritance from his brute ancestry. The universe is organized around his own personality
as a centre. Conversion, then, is the larger world-consciousness now pressing in on the individual
consciousness. Often it breaks in suddenly and becomes a great new revelation. This is the first
aspect of conversion: the person emerges from a smaller limited world of existence into a larger
world of being. His life becomes swallowed up in a larger whole.
343
All conversion entails the abrupt or gradual emergence of intuitions from below the threshold,
the consequent remaking of the field of consciousness, an alteration in the selfs attitude to the
world. It is, says Pratt, a change of tastethe most momentous one that ever occurs in human
experience.
344
But in the mystic this process is raised to the nth degree of intensity, for in him it
means the first emergence of that passion for the Absolute which is to constitute his distinctive
character: an emergence crucial in its effect on every department of his life. Those to whom it
happens, often enough, are already religious: sometimes deeply and earnestly so. Rulman Merswin,
St. Catherine of Genoa, George Fox, Lucie-Christineall these had been bred up in piety, and
accepted in its entirety the Christian tradition. They were none the less conscious of an utter change
in their world when this opening of the souls eye took place.
Sometimes the emergence of the mystical consciousness is gradual, unmarked by any definite
crisis. The self slides gently, almost imperceptibly, from the old universe to the new. The records
of mysticism, however, suggest that this is exceptional: that travail is the normal accompaniment
of birth. In another type, of which George Fox is a typical example, there is no conversion in the
ordinary sense; but a gradual and increasing lucidity, of which the beginning has hardly been noticed
by the self, intermittently accompanies the pain, misery of mind, and inward struggles characteristic
of the entrance upon the Way of Purgation. Conversion and purification then go hand in hand,
finally shading off into the serenity of the Illuminated State. Foxs Journal for the year 1647
contains a vivid account of these showings or growing transcendental perceptions of a mind not
yet at one with itself, and struggling towards clearness of sight. Though my exercises and troubles,
he says, were very great, yet were they not so continual but I had some intermissions, and was
sometimes brought into such a heavenly joy that I thought I had been in Abrahams bosom. . . .
178
Thus in the deepest miseries, and in the greatest sorrows and temptations that many times beset
me, the Lord in His mercy did keep me. I found that there were two thirsts in me, the one after the
creatures to get help and strength there; and the other after the Lord, the Creator. . . . It was so with
me, that there seemed to be two pleadings in me. . . . One day when I had been walking solitarily
abroad and was come home, I was wrapped up in the love of God, so that I could not but admire
the greatness of his love. While I was in that condition it was opened unto me by the eternal Light
343
Op. cit., cap. xii.
344
J. B. Pratt, The Religious Consciousness, cap. xiii. The whole chapter deserve careful study.
128
and Power, and I saw clearly therein. . . . But O! then did I see my troubles, trials, and temptations
more clearly than ever I had done.
345
The great oscillations of the typical mystic between joy and pain are here replaced by a
number of little ones. The two thirsts of the superficial and spiritual consciousness assert
themselves by turns. Each step towards the vision of the Real brings with it a reaction. The nascent
transcendental powers are easily fatigued, and the pendulum of self takes a shorter swing. I was
swept up to Thee by Thy Beauty, and torn away from Thee by my own weight, says St. Augustine,
crystallizing the secret of this experience in an unforgettable phrase.
346
Commonly, however, if we may judge from those first-hand accounts which we possess,
mystic conversion is a single and abrupt experience, sharply marked off from the long, dim struggles
which precede and succeed it. It usually involves a sudden and acute realization of a splendour and
adorable reality in the worldor sometimes of its obverse, the divine sorrow at the heart of
thingsnever before perceived. In so far as I am acquainted with the resources of language, there
are no words in which this realization can be described. It is of so actual a nature that in comparison
the normal world of past perception seems but twilit at the best. Consciousness has suddenly changed
its rhythm and a new aspect of the universe rushes in. The teasing mists are swept away, and reveal,
if only for an instant, the sharp outline of the Everlasting Hills. He who knows this will know
what I say, and will be convinced that the soul has then another life.
347
In most cases, the onset of this new consciousness seems to the self so sudden, so clearly
imposed from without rather than developed from within, as to have a supernatural character. The
typical case is, of course, that of St. Paul: the sudden light, the voice, the ecstasy, the complete
alteration of life. We shall see, however, when we come to study the evidence of those mystics
179
who have left a detailed record of their preconverted state, that the apparently abrupt conversion
is really, as a rule, the sequel and the result of a long period of restlessness, uncertainty, and mental
stress. The deeper mind stirs uneasily in its prison, and its emergence is but the last of many efforts
to escape. The temperament of the subject, his surroundings, the vague but persistent apprehensions
of a supersensual reality which he could not find yet could not forget; all these have prepared him
for it.
348
When, however, the subconscious intuitions, long ago quickened, are at last brought to birth
and the eyes are opened on new lightand it is significant that an actual sense of blinding radiance
is a constant accompaniment of this state of consciousnessthe storm and stress, the vague cravings
and oscillations of the past life are forgotten. In this abrupt recognition of reality all things are
made new: from this point the life of the mystic begins. Conversion of this sort has, says De
Sanctis, three marked characteristics: a sense of liberation and victory: a conviction of the nearness
of God: a sentiment of love towards God.
349
We might describe it as a sudden, intense, and joyous
345
Journal of George Fox, cap. i.
346
Aug. Conf., bk. vii. cap. xvii. We can surely trace the influence of such an experience in St. Pauls classic description of
the endopsychic conflict: Rom. vii. 14-25.
347
348
It is certain, says De Sanctis, that when we attempt to probe deeper in our study of sudden converts, we discover that
the coup de foudre , which in the main is observable in only a small minority of conversions, is in fact the least significant,
though the most Esthetic, moment of the conversion. (Religious Conversion, Eng. trans., p. 65. Compare St. Augustines
Confessions, with their description of the years of uncertainty and struggle which prepared him for the sudden and final Tolle,
lege! that initiated him into the long-sought life of Reality.)
349
Op. cit. , p. 171.
129
perception of God immanent in the universe; of the divine beauty and unutterable power and
splendour of that larger life in which the individual is immersed, and of a new life to be lived by
the self in correspondence with this now dominant fact of existence. Suddenly, says the French
contemplative Lucie-Christine of the beginning of her mystical life, I saw before my inward eyes
these words God only . . . they were at the same time a Light, an Attraction and a Power. A Light
which showed me how I could belong completely to God alone in this world, and I saw that hitherto
I had not well understood this; an Attraction by which my heart was subdued and delighted; a Power
which inspired me with a generous resolution and somehow placed in my hands the means of
carrying it out.
350
I will here set down for comparison a few instances of such mystical conversion; quoting,
where this is available, the actual description left by the subject of his own experience, or in default
of it, the earliest authentic account. In these cases, when grouped together, we shall see certain
constant characteristics, from which it may be possible to deduce the psychological law to which
180
they owe their peculiar form.
First in point of time, and perhaps also in importance, amongst those I have chosen, is the
case of that great poet and contemplative, that impassioned lover of the Absolute, St. Francis of
Assisi. The fact that St. Francis wrote little and lived much, that his actions were of unequalled
simplicity and directness, long blinded his admirers to the fact that he is a typical mystic: the only
one, perhaps, who forced the most trivial and sordid circumstances of sensual life to become perfect
expressions of Reality.
Now the opening of St. Franciss eyes, which took place in A.D. 1206 when he was
twenty-four years old, had been preceded by a long, hard struggle between the life of the world
and the persistent call of the spirit. His mind, in modern language, had not unified itself. He was a
high-spirited boy, full of vitality: a natural artist, with all the fastidiousness which the artistic
temperament involves. War and pleasure both attracted him, and upon them, says his legend, he
miserably squandered and wasted his time.
351
Nevertheless, he was vaguely dissatisfied. In the
midst of festivities, he would have sudden fits of abstraction: abortive attempts of the growing
transcendental consciousness, still imprisoned below the threshold but aware of and in touch with
the Real, to force itself to the surface and seize the reins. Even in ignorance, says Thomas of
Celano again, he was being led to perfect knowledge. He loved beauty, for he was by nature a
poet and a musician, and shrank instinctively from contact with ugliness and disease. But something
within ran counter to this temperamental bias, and sometimes conquered it. He would then associate
with beggars, tend the leprous, perform impulsive acts of charity and self-humiliation.
352
When this divided state, described by the legend as the attempt to flee Gods hand, had
lasted for some years, it happened one day that he was walking in the country outside the gates of
Assisi, and passed the little church of S. Damiano, the which (I again quote from Thomas of
Celanos Second Life) was almost ruinous and forsaken of all men. And, being led by the Spirit,
he went in to pray; and he fell down before the Crucifix in devout supplication, and having been
smitten by unwonted visitations, found himself another man than he who had gone in.
350
Journal Spirituel de Lucie-Christine, p. 11.
351
Thomas of Celano, Legenda Prima, cap. 1.
352
Thomas of Celano, Legenda Secunda, cap. v. Compare P. Sabatier. Vie de S. Franois dAssise, cap. ii., where the
authorities are fully set out.
130
Here, then, is the first stage of conversion. The struggle between two discrepant ideals of
life has attained its term. A sudden and apparently irrational impulse to some decisive act reaches
the surface-consciousness from the seething deeps. The impulse is followed; and the swift emergence
181
of the transcendental sense results. This unwonted visitation effects an abrupt and involuntary
alteration in the subjects consciousness: whereby he literally finds himself another man. He is
as one who has slept and now awakes. The crystallization of this new, at first fluid apprehension
of Reality in the form of vision and audition: the pointing of the moral, the direct application of
truth to the awakened self, follow. And whilst he was thus moved, straightwaya thing unheard
of for long ages!the painted image of Christ Crucified spoke to him from out its pictured lips.
And, calling him by his name, Francis, it said, go, repair My house, the which as thou seest is
falling into decay. And Francis trembled, being utterly amazed, and almost as it were carried away
by these words. And he prepared to obey, for he was wholly set on the fulfilling of this
commandment. But forasmuch as he felt that the change he had undergone was ineffable, it becomes
us to be silent concerning it. . . . From this time he gave untiring toil to the repair of that Church.
For though the words which were said to him concerned that divine Church which Christ bought
with His own Blood, he would not hasten to such heights, but little by little from things of the flesh
would pass to those of the Spirit.
353
In a moment of time, Franciss whole universe has suffered complete rearrangement. There
are no hesitations, no uncertainties. The change, which he cannot describe, he knows to be central
for life. Not for a moment does he think of disobeying the imperative voice which speaks to him
from a higher plane of reality and demands the sacrifice of his career.
Compare now with the experience of St. Francis that of another great saint and mystic, who
combined, as he did, the active with the contemplative life. Catherine of Genoa, who seems to have
possessed from childhood a religious nature, was prepared for the remaking of her consciousness
by years of loneliness and depression, the result of an unhappy marriage. She, like St. Francisbut
in sorrow rather than in joyhad oscillated between the world, which did not soothe her, and
religion, which helped her no more. At last, she had sunk into a state of dull wretchedness, a hatred
alike of herself and of life.
Her emancipation was equally abrupt. In the year 1474, she being twenty-six years old,
The day after the feast of St. Benedict (at the instance of her sister that was a nun), Catherine went
to make her confession to the confessor of that nunnery; but she was not disposed to do it. Then
said her sister, At least go and recommend yourself to him, because he is a most worthy religious;
and in fact he was a very holy man. And suddenly, as she knelt before him, she received in her
182
heart the wound of the unmeasured Love of God, with so clear a vision of her own misery and her
faults, and of the goodness of God, that she almost fell upon the ground. And by these sensations
of infinite love, and of the offenses that had been done against this most sweet God, she was so
greatly drawn by purifying affection away from the poor things of this world that she was almost
beside herself, and for this she cried inwardly with ardent love, No more world! no more sin! And
at this point if she had possessed a thousand worlds, she would have thrown all of them away. . . .
And she returned home, kindled and deeply wounded with so great a love of God, the which had
been shown her inwardly, with the sight of her own wretchedness, that she seemed beside herself.
And she shut herself in a chamber, the most secluded she could find, with burning sighs. And in
353
Thomas of Celano, Legenda Secunda, cap. vi.
131
this moment she was inwardly taught the whole practice of orison: but her tongue could say naught
but thisO Love, can it be that thou has called me with so great a love, and made me to know in
one instant that which worlds cannot express? This intuition of the Absolute was followed by an
interior vision of Christ bearing the Cross, which further increased her love and self-abasement.
And she cried again, O Love, no more sins! no more sins! And her hatred of herself was more
than she could endure.
354
Of this experience Von Hgel says, If the tests of reality in such things are their persistence
and large and rich spiritual applicability and fruitfulness, then something profoundly real and
important took place in the soul of that sad and weary woman of six-and-twenty, within that
convent-chapel, at that Annunciation-tide.
355
It is certain that for St. Catherine, as for St. Francis,
an utterly new life did, literally, begin at this point. The centre of interest was shifted and the field
of consciousness remade. She knew in an instant that which words cannot express. Some veil
about her heart was torn away; so abruptly, that it left a wound behind. For the first time she saw
and knew the Love in which life is bathed; and all the energy and passion of a strong nature
responded to its call.
The conversion of Madame Guyon to the mystic life, as told by herself in the eighth chapter
of Part I. of her AutobiographyHow a holy Religious caused her to find God within her heart,
with Admirable Results, is its characteristic titleis curiously like a dilute version of this experience
of St. Catherines. It, too, followed upon a period of mental distress; also the result of an uncongenial
marriage. But since Madame Guyons unbalanced, diffuse, and sentimental character entirely lacks
183
the richness and dignity, the repressed ardours and exquisite delicacy of St. Catherines mind, so,
too, her account of her own interior processes is marred by a terrible and unctuous interest in the
peculiar graces vouchsafed to her.
356
Madame Guyons value to the student of mysticism partly consists in this feeble quality of
her surface-intelligence, which hence had little or no modifying or contributory effect upon her
spiritual life and makes her an ideal laboratory specimen for the religious psychologist. True to
her great principle of passivity or quiet, it lets the uncriticized interior impulses have their way;
thus we are able to observe their workings uncomplicated by the presence of a vigorous intellect
or a disciplined will. The wind that bloweth where it listeth whistles through her soul: and the
response which she makes is that of a weathercock rather than a windmill. She moves to every
current; she often mistakes a draught for the divine breath; she feels her gyrations to be of enormous
importance. But in the description of her awakening to the deeper life, even her effusive style
acquires a certain dignity.
357
Madame Guyon had from her childhood exhibited an almost tiresome taste for pious
observances. At twelve years old she studied St. Franois de Sales and St. Jeanne Franoise de
Chantal; begged her confessor to teach her the art of mental prayer; and when he omitted to do so,
354
Vita e Dottrina di Santa Caterina da Genova, cap ii.
355
Von Hgel, The Mystical Element of Religion, vol. ii p. 29.
356
It is clear from the heading of cap. x. (pt. i.) of her Autobiography that Madame Guyons editors were conscious, if she
was not, of some of the close coincidences between her experiences and those of St. Catherine of Genoa. The parallel between
their early years is so exact and descends to such minute details that I am inclined to think that the knowledge of this resemblance,
and the gratification with which she would naturally regard it, has governed or modified her memories of this past. Hence a
curious and hitherto unnoticed case of unconscious spiritual plagiarism.
357
For a thoroughly hostile account see Leuba: The Psychology of Religious Mysticism, cap. iv.
132
tried to teach herself, but without result.
358
She wished at this time to become a nun of the Visitation,
as St. Catherine at the same age wanted to be an Augustinian canoness; but as the longings of little
girls of twelve for the cloister are seldom taken seriously, we are not surprised to find the refusal
of her parents consent chronicled in the chapter which is headed Diverses croix chez M. son
pre . Growing up into an unusually beautiful young woman, she went into society, and for a
short time enjoyed life in an almost worldly way. Her marriage with Jacques Guyon, howevera
marriage of which she signed the articles without even being told the bridegrooms nameput an
end to her gaiety. The whole town was pleased by this marriage; and in all this rejoicing only I
was sad . . . hardly was I married, when the remembrance of my old desire to be a nun overcame
me.
359
184
Her early married life was excessively unhappy. She was soon driven to look for comfort
in the practices of religion. Made to love much, and finding nothing to love around her, she gave
her love to God, says Guerrier tersely.
360
But she was not satisfied: like most of her
fellow-contemplatives, she was already vaguely conscious of something that she missed, some vital
power unused, and identified this something with the orison of quiet, the practice of the presence
of God which mystically minded friends had described to her. She tried to attain to it deliberately,
and naturally failed. I could not give myself by multiplicity that which Thou Thyself givest, and
which is only experienced in simplicity.
361
When these interior struggles had lasted for nearly two years, and Madame Guyon was
nineteen, the long desired, almost despaired of, apprehension cameas it did to St.
Catherinesuddenly, magically almost; and under curiously parallel conditions. It was the result
of a few words spoken by a Franciscan friar whom a secret force acting in her interest had brought
into the neighbourhood, and whom she had been advised to consult. He was a recluse, who disliked
hearing the confessions of women, and appears to have been far from pleased by her visit; an
annoyance which he afterwards attributed to her fashionable appearance, which filled him with
apprehension. He hardly came forward, and was a long time without speaking to me. I, however,
did not fail to speak to him and to tell him in a few words my difficulties on the subject of orison.
He at once replied, Madame, you are seeking without that which you have within. Accustom
yourself to seek God in your own heart, and you will find him. Having said this, he left me. The
next morning he was greatly astonished when I again visited him and told him the effect which
these words had had upon my soul: for, indeed, they were as an arrow, which pierced my heart
through and through. I felt in this moment a profound wound, which was full of delight and of
lovea wound so sweet that I desired that it might never heal. These words had put into my heart
that which I sought for so many years, or, rather, they caused me to find that which was there. O,
my Lord, you were within my heart, and you asked of me only that I should return within, in order
that I might feel your presence. O, Infinite Goodness, you were so near, and I running here and
there to seek you, found you not! She, too, like St. Catherine, learned in this instant the long-sought
practice of orison, or contemplation. From the moment of which I have spoken, my orison was
emptied of all form, species, and images; nothing of my orison passed through the mind; but it was
358
Vie, pt. i. cap. iv.
359
Op. cit., pt. i. cap. vi.
360
Madame Guyon, p. 36.
361
Vie, pt. i. cap. viii.
133
185
an orison of joyous possession in the Will, where the taste for God was so great, pure, and simple
that it attracted and absorbed the two other powers of the soul in a profound recollection without
action or speech.
362
Take now the case of a less eminent mystic, who has also left behind him a vivid personal
description of his entrance upon the Mystic Way. Rulman Merswin was a wealthy, pious, and
respected merchant of Strassburg. In the year 1347, when he was about thirty-six years old, he
retired from business in order that he might wholly devote himself to religious matters. It was the
time of that spiritual revival within the Catholic Church in Germany which, largely influenced by
the great Rhenish mystics Suso and Tauler, is identified with the Friends of God; and Merswin
himself was one of Taulers disciples.
363
One evening, in the autumn which followed his retirement, about the time of Martinmas,
he was strolling in his garden alone. Meditating as he walked, a picture of the Crucifix suddenly
presented itself to his mind. In such an imaginary vision as this there is nothing, of course, that we
can call abnormal. The thoughts of a devout Catholic, influenced by Tauler and his school, must
often have taken such a direction during his solitary strolls. This time, however, the mental image
of the Cross seems to have released subconscious forces which had long been gathering way.
Merswin was abruptly filled with a violent hatred of the world and of his own free-will. Lifting
his eyes to heaven he solemnly swore that he would utterly surrender his own will, person, and
goods to the service of God.
364
This act of complete surrender, releasing as it were the earthbound self, was at once followed
by the onset of pure mystical perception. The reply from on high came quickly. A brilliant light
186
shone about him: he heard in his ears a divine voice of adorable sweetness; he felt as if he were
lifted from the ground and carried several times completely round his garden.
365
Optical disturbance,
auditions, and the sense of levitation, are of course frequent physical accompaniments of these
shiftings of the level of consciousness. There are few cases in which one or other is not present;
and in some we find all. Coming to himself after this experience, Merswins heart was filled by a
new consciousness of the Divine; and by a transport of intense love towards God which made him
undertake with great energy the acts of mortification which he believed necessary to the purification
of his soul. From this time onwards, his mystical consciousness steadily developed. That it was a
consciousness wholly different in kind from the sincere piety which had previously caused him to
362
Op. cit., loc. cit.
363
One of the best English accounts of this movement and the great personalities concerned in it is in Rufus Jones, Studies
in Mystical Religion, cap. xiii.
364
A. Jundt, Rulman Merswin, p. 19. M. Jundt has condensed his account which I here translate, from Merswins
autobiographical story of his conversion, published in Breitrge zu den theologischen Wissenschaften , v . (Jena, 1854). Our
whole knowledge of Merswins existence depends on the group of documents which includes this confession, the Book of Two
Men, the Vision of Nine Rocks, and his other reputed works. The authenticity of these documents has been much questioned,
and they have doubtless suffered severely from the editorial energy of his followers. Some critics even regard them as pious
fictions, useless as evidence of the incidents of Merswins life. With this view, upheld by Karl Reider (Der Gottesfreund von
Oberland, 1905), I cannot agree. A possible solution of the many difficulties is that of M. Jundt, who believes that we have in
Merswin and the mysterious Friend of God of the Oberland, who pervades his spiritual career, a remarkable case of dissociated
personality. Merswins peculiar psychic make up, as described in his autobiography, supports this view: the adoption of which
I shall assume in future references to his life. It is incredible that the vivid account of his conversion which I quote should be
merely tendency-literature, without basis in fact. Compare Jundts monograph, and also Rufus Jones, op. cit. pp . 245-253,
where the whole problem is discussed.
365
Jundt, op. cit., loc. cit.
134
retire from business in order to devote himself to religious truth, is proved by the name of Conversion
which he applies to the vision of the garden; and by the fact that he dates from this point the
beginning of his real life.
The conversion of Merswins greater contemporary, Suso, seems to have been less abrupt.
Of its first stage he speaks vaguely at the beginning of his autobiography, wherein he says that he
began to be converted when in the eighteenth year of his age.
366
He was at this time, as St. Francis
had been, restless, dissatisfied; vaguely conscious of something essential to his peace, as yet unfound.
His temperament, at once deeply human and ardently spiritual, passionately appreciative of sensuous
beauty yet unable to rest in it, had not unified itself: nor did it do so completely until after a period
of purgation which is probably unequalled for its austerity in the history of the mysticism of the
West. He was kept of God in this, that when he turned to those things that most enticed him he
found neither happiness nor peace therein. He was restless, and-it seemed to him that something
which was as yet unknown could alone give peace to his heart. And he suffered greatly of this
restlessness. . . . God at last delivered him by a complete conversion. His brothers in religion were
astonished by so quick a change: for the event took them unawares. Some said of it one thing, and
some another: but none could know the reason of his conversion. It was God Who, by a hidden
light, had caused this return to Himself.
367
This secret conversion was completed by a more violent uprush of the now awakened and
active transcendental powers. Suso, whom one can imagine as a great and highly nervous artist if
187
his genius had not taken the channel of sanctity instead, was subject all his life to visions of peculiar
richness and beauty. Often these visions seem to have floated up, as it were, from the subliminal
region without disturbing the course of his conscious life; and to be little more than pictorial images
of his ardour towards and intuition of, divine realities. The great ecstatic visionor rather
apprehensionwith which the series opens, however, is of a very different kind; and represents
the characteristic experience of Ecstasy in its fullest form. It is described with a detail and intensity
which make it a particularly valuable document of the mystical life. It is doubtful whether Suso
ever saw more than this: the course of his long education rather consisted in an adjustment of his
nature to the Reality which he then perceived.
In the first days of his conversion it happened upon the Feast of St. Agnes, when the
Convent had breakfasted at midday, that the Servitor went into the choir. He was alone, and he
placed himself in the last stall on the priors side. And he was in much suffering, for a heavy trouble
weighed upon his heart. And being there alone, and devoid of all consolationsno one by his side,
no one near himof a sudden his soul was rapt in his body, or out of his body. Then did he see
and hear that which no tongue can express.
That which the Servitor saw had no form neither any manner of being; yet he had of it a
joy such as he might have known in the seeing of the shapes and substances of all joyful things.
His heart was hungry, yet satisfied, his soul was full of contentment and joy: his prayers and hopes
were all fulfilled. And the Friar could do naught but contemplate this Shining Brightness, and he
altogether forgot himself and all other things. Was it day or night? He knew not. It was, as it were,
a manifestation of the sweetness of Eternal Life in the sensations of silence and of rest. Then he
366
Leben und Schriften (Diepenbrock), cap. i. Susos autobiography is written in the third person. He refers to himself
throughout under the title of Servitor of the Eternal Wisdom.
367
Op. cit., loc. cit.
135
said, If that which I see and feel be not the Kingdom of Heaven, I know not what it can be: for it
is very sure that the endurance of all possible pains were but a poor price to pay for the eternal
possession of so great a joy.
The physical accompaniments of ecstasy were also present. This ecstasy lasted from half
an hour to an hour, and whether his soul were in the body or out of the body he could not tell. But
when he came to his senses it seemed to him that he returned from another world. And so greatly
did his body suffer in this short rapture that it seemed to him that none, even in dying, could suffer
so greatly in so short a time. The Servitor came to himself moaning, and he fell down upon the
ground like a man who swoons. And he cried inwardly, heaving great sighs from the depth of his
188
soul and saying, Oh, my God, where was I and where am I? And again, Oh, my hearts joy,
never shall my soul forget this hour! He walked, but it was but his body that walked, as a machine
might do. None knew from his demeanour that which was taking place within. But his soul and his
spirit were full of marvels; heavenly lightnings passed and repassed in the deeps of his being, and
it seemed to him that he walked on air. And all the powers of his soul were full of these heavenly
delights. He was like a vase from which one has taken a precious ointment, but in which the perfume
long remains.
Finally, the last phrases of the chapter seem to suggest the true position of this exalted
pleasure-state as a first link in the long chain of mystical development. This foretaste of the
happiness of heaven, he says, the which the Servitor enjoyed for many days, excited in him a
most lively desire for God.
368
Mystical activity, then, like all other activities of the self, opens with that sharp stimulation
of the will, which can only be obtained through the emotional life.
Suso was a scholar, and an embryo ecclesiastic. During the period which elapsed between
his conversion and his description of it, he was a disciple of Meister Eckhart, a student of Dionysius
and St. Thomas Aquinas. His writings show familiarity with the categories of mystical theology;
and naturally enough this circumstance, and also the fact that they were written for purposes of
edification, may have dictated to some extent the language in which his conversion-ecstasy is
described. As against this, I will give two first-hand descriptions of mystical conversion in which
it is obvious that theological learning plays little or no part. Both written in France within a few
years of one another, they represent the impact of Reality on two minds of very different calibre.
One is the secret document in which a great genius set down, in words intended only for his own
eyes, the record of a two hours ecstasy. The other is the plain, unvarnished statement of an
uneducated man of the peasant class. The first is, of course, the celebrated Memorial, or Amulet,
of Pascal; the second is the Relation of Brother Lawrence.
The Memorial of Pascal is a scrap of parchment on which, round a rough drawing of the
Flaming Cross, there are written a few strange phrases, abrupt and broken words; all we know about
one of the strangest ecstatic revelations chronicled in the history of the mystic type. After Pascals
death a servant found a copy of this little document, now lost, sewn up in his doublet. He seems
always to have worn it upon his person: a perpetual memorial of the supernal experience, the
368
Leben, cap. iii.
136
189
initiation into Reality, which it describes. Though Bremand has shown that the opening of Pascals
spiritual eyes had begun, on his own declaration, eleven months earlier, dune manire douce et
obligeante,
369
the conversion thus prepared was only made actual by this abrupt illumination;
ending a long period of spiritual stress, in which indifference to his ordinary interests was
counterbalanced by an utter inability to feel the attractive force of that Divine Reality which his
great mind discerned as the only adequate object of desire.
The Memorial opens thus:
Lan de grace 1654
lundi, 23 novembre, jour de Saint Clment, pape
et martyr, et autres au martyrologe,
veille de Saint Chrysogone, martyr et autres
depuis environ dix heures et demie du soir jusques
environ minuit et demie,
Feu.
From half-past ten till half-past twelve, Fire! That is all, so far as description is concerned;
but enough, apparently, to remind the initiate of all that passed. The rest tells us only the passion
of joy and conviction which this nameless revelationthis long, blazing vision of Realitybrought
in its train. It is but a series of amazed exclamations, crude, breathless words, placed there
helter-skelter, the artist in him utterly in abeyance; the names of the overpowering emotions which
swept him, one after the other, as the Fire of Love disclosed its secrets, evoked an answering flame
of humility and rapture in his soul.
Dieu dAbraham, Dieu dIsaac, Dieu de Jacob,
Non des philosophes et des savants.
Certitude. Certitude. Sentiment. Joie. Paix.
Not the God of philosophers and of scholars! cries in amazement this great scholar and
philosopher abruptly turned from knowledge to love.
Oubli du monde et de tout hormis Dieu, he says again, seeing his universe suddenly swept
clean of all but this Transcendent Fact. Then, Le monde ne ta point connu, mais je tai connu.
Joie! joie joie! pleurs de joie! Compare with the classic style, the sharp and lucid definition of the
Penses, the irony and glitter of the Provinciales, these little broken phrasesthis child-like
stammering speechin which a supreme master of language has tried to tell his wonder and his
delight. I know few things in the history of mysticism at once more convincing, more poignant
190
than this hidden talisman; upon which the brilliant scholar and stylist, the merciless disputant, has
jotted down in hard, crude words, which yet seem charged with passionthe inarticulate language
of lovea memorial of the certitude, the peace, the joy, above all, the reiterated, all-surpassing
joy, which accompanied his ecstatic apprehension of God.
Mon Dieu, me quitterez vous? he says again; the fire apparently beginning to die down,
the ecstasy drawing to an end. Que je nen sois pas spar ternellement! Are you going to
leave me? Oh, let me not be separated from you for ever!the one unendurable thought which
would, said Aquinas, rob the Beatific Vision of its glory, were we not sure that it can never fade.
369
Bremond, Histoire Littrario du Sentiment Religieux en France. vol. iv. pp. 359 seq.
137
370
But the rhapsody is over, the vision of the Fire has gone; and the rest of the Memorial clearly
contains Pascals meditations upon his experience, rather than a transcript of the experience itself.
It ends with the watchword of all mysticism, Surrender Renonciation, totale et douce in Pascals
wordsthe only way, he thinks, in which he can avoid continued separation from Reality.
371
Pascals vision of Light, Life, and Love was highly ecstatic; an indescribable,
incommunicable experience, which can only be suggested by his broken words of certitude and
joy. By his simple contemporary, Brother Lawrence, that Transcendent Reality Who is not the
God of philosophers and scholars, was perceived in a moment of abrupt intuition, peculiarly direct,
unecstatic and untheological in type, but absolutely enduring in its results. Lawrence was an
uneducated young man of the peasant class; who first served as a soldier, and afterwards as a
footman in a great French family, where he annoyed his masters by breaking everything. When he
was between fifty and sixty years of age, he entered the Carmelite Order as a lay brother; and the
letters, spiritual maxims, and conversations belonging to this period of his life were published
after his death in 1691. He told me, says the anonymous reporter of the conversations, supposed
to be M. Beaufort, who was about 1660 Grand Vicar to the Cardinal de Noailles, that God had
done him a singular favour in his conversion at the age of eighteen. That in the winter, seeing a
tree stripped of its leaves, and considering that within a little time the leaves would be renewed,
and after that the flowers and fruit appear, he received a high view of the Providence and Power
191
of God, which has never since been effaced from his soul. That this view had set him perfectly
loose from the world and kindled in him such a love for God that he could not tell whether it had
increased in above forty years that he had lived since.
372
Such use of visible nature as the stuff of ontological perceptions, the medium whereby the
self reaches out to the Absolute, is not rare in the history of mysticism. The mysterious vitality of
trees, the silent magic of the forest, the strange and steady cycle of its life, possess in a peculiar
degree this power of unleashing the human soul: are curiously friendly to its cravings, minister to
its inarticulate needs. Unsullied by the corroding touch of consciousness, that life can make a contact
with the great life of the All; and through its mighty rhythms man can receive a message
concerning the true and timeless World of all that is, and was, and evermore shall be. Plant life
of all kinds, indeed, from the flower in the crannied wall to the Woods of Westermain can
easily become, for selves of a certain type, a mode of the Infinite. So obvious does this appear
when we study the history of the mystics, that Steiner has drawn from it the hardly warrantable
inference that plants are just those natural phenomena whose qualities in the higher world are
similar to their qualities in the physical world.
373
Though the conclusion be not convincing, the fact remains. The flowery garment of the
world is for some mystics a medium of ineffable perception, a source of exalted joy, the veritable
clothing of God. I need hardly add that such a state of things has always been found incredible by
370
Summa contra Gentiles, I. iii. cap. lxii.
371
The complete test of the Memorial isprinted, among other places, in Faugres edition of the Penses, Fragments et Lettres
de Blaise Pascal, 2nd ed., Paris, 1897. Tome i. p. 269; and is reproduced in facsimile by Bremond loc. cit. Bremond holds that
the Memorial is the record of two distinct experiences: a mystical experience in the proper meaning of the word, and an
affective meditation arising from it. This view does not seem incompatible with my original description, which I therefore
retain. (Note to 12th ed.)
372
Brother Lawrence, The Practice of the Presence of God, p. 9.
373
The Way of Initiation, p. 134.
138
common sense. The tree which moves some to tears of joy, says Blake, who possessed in an
eminent degree this form of sacramental perception, is in the Eyes of others only a green thing
that stands in the Way.
374
Such a perception of the Divine in Nature, of the true and holy meaning of that rich, unresting
life in which we are immersed, is really a more usual feature of Illumination than of Conversion.
All the most marked examples of it must be referred to that state; and will be discussed when we
come to its consideration. Sometimes, however, as in the case of Brother Lawrence, the first
awakening of the self to consciousness of Reality does take this form. The Uncreated Light manifests
Itself in and through created things. This characteristically immanental discovery of the Absolute
occurs chiefly in two classes: in unlettered men who have lived close to Nature, and to whom her
symbols are more familiar than those of the Churches or the schools, and in temperaments of the
mixed or mystical type, who are nearer to the poet than to the true contemplative, for whom as a
192
rule the Absolute hath no image. It was like entering into another world, a new state of existence,
says a witness quoted by Starbuck, speaking of his own conversion. Natural objects were glorified.
My spiritual vision was so clarified that I saw beauty in every material object in the universe. The
woods were vocal with heavenly music. Oh, how I was changed! Everything became new. My
horses and hogs and everybody became changed! exclaims with naive astonishment another in
the same collection.
375
When I went in the morning into the fields to work, says a third, the
glory of God appeared in all His visible creation. I well remember we reaped oats, and how every
straw and head of the oats seemed, as it were, arrayed in a kind of rainbow glory, or to glow, if I
may so express it, in the glory of God.
376
Amongst modern men, Walt Whitman possessed in a supreme degree the permanent sense
of this glory, the light rare, untellable, lighting the very light.
377
But evidences of its existence,
and the sporadic power of apprehending it, are scattered up and down the literature of the world.
Its discovery constitutes the awakening of the mystical consciousness in respect of the World of
Becoming: a sharp and sudden break with the old and obvious way of seeing things. The human
cinematograph has somehow changed its rhythm, and begins to register new and more real aspects
of the external world. With this, the selfs first escape from the limitations of its conventional
universe, it receives an immense assurance of a great and veritable life surrounding, sustaining,
explaining its own. Thus Richard Jefferies says, of the same age as that at which Suso and Brother
Lawrence awoke to sudden consciousness of Reality, I was not more than eighteen when an inner
and esoteric meaning began to come to me from all the visible universe. I now became lost, and
absorbed into the being or existence of the universe . . . and losing thus my separateness of being,
came to seem like a part of the whole. I feel on the margin of a life unknown, very near, almost
touching iton the verge of powers which, if I could grasp, would give men an immense breadth
of existence.
378
What was this life unknown but the Life known to the great mystics, which Richard
Jefferies apprehended in these moments of insight, yet somehow contrived to miss?
374
Letters of William Blake, p. 62.
375
The Psychology of Religion, p. 120.
376
James, Varieties of Religion Experience, p. 253. This phenomenon receives brilliant literary expression in John Masefields
poem The Everlasting Mercy (1911).
377
Whitman, The Prayer of Colombus.
378
The Story of My Heart, pp. 8, 9, 45, 181.
139
Such participation in the deep realities of the World of Becoming, the boundless existence
193
of a divine wholewhich a modern psychologist has labelled and described as Cosmic
Consciousness
379
whilst it is not the final object of the mystics journey, is a constant feature
of it. It may represent one-half of his characteristic consciousness: an entrance into communion
with the second of the Triune Powers of God, the Word which is through all things everlastingly.
Jefferies stood, as so many mystically minded men have done, upon the verge of such a
transcendental life. The heavenly door, as Rolle calls it, was ajar but not pushed wide. He peeped
through it to the greater world beyond; but, unable to escape from the bonds of his selfhood, he did
not pass through to live upon the independent spiritual plane.
Rolle, Jefferiess fellow countryman, and his predecessor by close upon six hundred years
in the ecstatic love and understanding of natural things, shall be our last example of the mystical
awakening. He, like his spiritual brother St. Francis, and other typical cases, had passed through a
preliminary period of struggle and oscillation between worldly life and a vague but growing
spirituality: between the superficial and the deeper self. My youth was fond, my childhood vain,
my young age unclean,
380
but when I should flourish unhappily, and youth of wakeful age was
now come, the grace of my Maker was near, the which lust of temporal shape restrained, and unto
ghostly supplications turned my desires, and the soul, from low things lifted, to heaven has borne.
381
The real life-changing, however, was sharply and characteristically marked off from this
preparatory state. Rolle associates it with the state which he calls Heat: the form in which his
ardour of soul was translated to the surface consciousness. Heat soothly I call when the mind truly
is kindled in Love Everlasting, and the heart on the same manner to burn not hopingly but verily
is felt. The heart truly turned into fire, gives feeling of burning love.
382
This burning heat is not
merely a mental experience. In it we seem to have an unusual but not unique form of psychophysical
parallelism: a bodily expression of the psychic travail and distress accompanying the New Birth.
383
More have I marvelled than I show, forsooth, he says in his prologue, when I first felt my
heart wax warm, and truly, not imaginingly, but as it were with a sensible fire , burned. I was
194
forsooth marvelled, as this burning burst up in my soul, and of an unwonted solace; for in my
ignorance of such healing abundance, oft have I groped my breast, seeing whether this burning
were of any bodily cause outwardly. But when I knew that only it was kindled of ghostly cause
inwardly, and this burning was naught of fleshly love or desire, in this I conceived it was the gift
of my Maker.
384
Further on, he gives another and more detailed account. From the beginning,
forsooth, of my life-changing and of my mind, to the opening of the heavenly door which Thy Face
showed, that the heart might behold heavenly things and see by what way its Love it might seek
and busily desire, three years are run except three months or four. The door, forsooth, biding open,
a year near-by I passed unto the time in which the heat of Love Everlasting was verily felt in heart.
379
Bucke, Cosmic Consciousness, a Study in the Evolution of the Human Mind. Philadelphia. 1905.
380
Fire of Love, bk. i. cap. xii.
381
Ibid. , bk. i. cap. xv.
382
Ibid., cap. xiv.
383
Hilton and the author of The Cloud of Unknowing both refer to sensible heat as a well-known but dubious concomitant
of spiritual experience. Compare the confession of a modern convert, I was siezed and possessed by an interior flame, for which
nothing had prepared me; waves of fire succeeding one another for more than two hours. (Madeleine Smer, Convertie et
Mystique, 1874-1921, p. 71.)
384
Fire of Love, bk. i. Prologue.
140
I sat forsooth in a chapel and whilst with sweetness of prayer and meditation greatly I was delighted,
suddenly in me I felt a merry heat and unknown. But at first I wondered, doubting of whom it
should be; but a long time I am assured that not of the Creature but of my Maker it was, for more
hot and gladder I found it.
385
To this we must add a passage which I cannot but think one of the most beautiful expressions
of spiritual joy to be found in mystical literature. Based though it certainly is upon a passage in St.
Augustinefor the nightingale is not a Yorkshire birdits sketch of the ideal mystic life, to the
cultivation of which he then set himself, reveals in a few lines the most charming aspect of Rolles
spirituality, its poetic fervour, its capacity for ardent love.
In the beginning truly of my conversion and singular purpose, I though I would be like the
little bird that for love of her lover longs, but in her longing she is gladdened when he comes that
she loves. And joying she sings, and singing she longs, but in sweetness and heat. It is said the
nightingale to song and melody all night is given, that she may please him to whom she is joined.
How muckle more with greatest sweetness to Christ my Jesu should I sing, that is spouse of my
soul by all this present life, that is night in regard of clearness to come.
386
Glancing back at the few cases here brought together, we can see in them, I think, certain
similarities and diversities which are often of great psychological interest and importance: and have
their influence upon the subsequent development of the mystic life. We see in particular at this
pointbefore purification, or the remaking of character, beginsthe reaction of the natural self,
its heart and its mind, upon that uprush of new truth which operates mystical conversion. This
195
reaction is highly significant, and gives us a clue not only to the future development of the mystic,
but to the general nature of mans spiritual consciousness.
We have said
387
that this consciousness in its full development seems to be extended not
in one but in two directions. These directions, these two fundamental ways of apprehending Reality
may be called the eternal and temporal, transcendent and immanent, absolute and dynamic aspects
of Truth. They comprise the twofold knowledge of a God Who is both Being and Becoming near
and far: pairs of opposites which the developed mystical experience will carry up into a higher
synthesis. But the first awakening of the mystic sense, the first breaking in of the suprasensible
upon the soul, commonly involves the emergence of one only of these complementary forms of
perception. One side always wakes first: the incoming message always choosing the path of least
resistance. Hence mystical conversion tends to belong to one of two distinctive types: tends also,
as regards its expression, to follow that temperamental inclination to objectivize Reality as a Place,
a Person, or a State which we found to govern the symbolic systems of the mystics.
388
There is first, then, the apprehension of a splendour without: an expansive, formless, ineffable
vision, a snatching up of the self, as it were, from knowledge of this world to some vague yet
veritable knowledge of the next. The veil parts, and the Godhead is perceived as transcendent to,
yet immanent in, the created universe. Not the personal touch of love transfiguring the soul, but
the impersonal glory of a transfigured world, is the dominant note of this experience: and the
reaction of the self takes the form of awe and rapture rather than of intimate affection. Of such a
385
Ibid ., bk. i. cap. xv.
386
Ibid ., bk. ii. cap. xii.
387
Supra , p. 35.
388
Ibid ., p. 128.
141
kind was the conversion of Suso, and in a less degree of Brother Lawrence. Of this kind also were
the Light which Rulman Merswin saw, and the mystical perception of the Being of the universe
reported by Richard Jefferies and countless others.
This experience, if it is to be complete, if it is to involve the definite emergence of the self
from the prison of I-hood, its setting out upon the Mystic Way, requires an act of concentration
on the selfs part as the complement of its initial act of expansion. It must pass beyond the stage
of metaphysical rapture or fluid splendour, and crystallize into a willed response to the Reality
perceived; a definite and personal relation must be set up between the self and the Absolute Life.
To be a spectator of Reality is not enough. The awakened subject is not merely to perceive
transcendent life, but to participate therein; and for this, a drastic and costly life-changing is required.
In Jefferiess case this crystallization, this heroic effort towards participation did not take place,
196
and he never therefore laid hold of the glory that has been revealed. In Susos it did, exciting
in him a most lively desire for God.
In most cases this crystallization, the personal and imperative concept which the mind
constructs from the general and ineffable intuition of Reality, assumes a theological character.
Often it presents itself to the consciousness in the form of visions or voices: objective, as the Crucifix
which spoke to St. Francis, or mental, as the visions of the Cross experienced by Rulman Merswin
and St. Catherine of Genoa. Nearly always, this concept, this intimate realization of the divine, has
reference to the love and sorrow at the heart of things, the discord between Perfect Love and an
imperfect world; whereas the complementary vision of Transcendence strikes a note of rapturous
joy. The beatings of the Heart of God sounded like so many invitations which thus spake: Come
and do penance, come and be reconciled, come and be consoled, come and be blessed; come, My
love, and receive all that the Beloved can give to His beloved. . . . Come, My bride, and enjoy My
Godhead.
389
It is to this personal touch, to the individual appeal of an immediate Presence, not to the
great light and the Beatific Vision, that the awakened self makes its most ardent, most heroic
response. Not because he was rapt from himself, but because the figure on the Cross called him by
name, saying, Repair My Church did St. Francis, with that simplicity, that disregard of worldly
values which constituted his strength, accept the message in a literal sense and set himself instantly
to the work demanded; bringing stones, and, in defiance alike of comfort and convention, building
up with his own hands the crumbling walls.
In many conversions to the mystic life, the revelation of an external splendour, the shining
vision of the transcendent spiritual world, is wholly absent. The self awakes to that which is within,
rather than to that which is without: to the immanent not the transcendent God, to the personal not
the cosmic relation. Where those who look out receive the revelation of Divine Beauty, those who
look in receive rather the wound of Divine Love: another aspect of the triple star. Emotional
mystics such as Richard Rolle and Madame Guyon give us this experience in an extreme form. We
find in St. Catherine of Genoa a nobler example of the same type of response. That inward revelation
in its anguish and abruptness, its rending apart of the hard tissues of I-hood and vivid disclosures
of the poverty of the finite self, seemed, says the legend of St. Catherine the wound of Unmeasured
Love, an image in which we seem to hear the very accents of the saint. A wound full of delight,
389
St. Mechthild of Hackborn, Liber Specialis Gratiae, I. ii. cap. i
142
197
says the effusive Madame Guyon, I wished that it might never heal. Rolle calls this piercing
rapture a great heat: the heat which is to light the Fire of Love. As it were if the finger were put
in fire, it should be clad with feeling of burning so the soul with love (as aforesaid) set afire, truly
feels most very heat.
390
Love, passionate and all-dominant, here takes the place of that joyous awe which we noticed
as the characteristic reaction upon reality in conversions of the Transcendent type. In the deep and
strong temperaments of the great mystics this love passes quicklysometimes instantlyfrom the
emotional to the volitional stage. Their response to the voice of the Absolute is not merely an
effusion of sentiment, but an act of will: an act often of so deep and comprehensive a kind as to
involve the complete change of the outward no less than of the inward life. Divine love, says
Dionysius draws those whom it seizes beyond themselves: and this so greatly that they belong no
longer to themselves but wholly to the Object loved.
391
Merswins oath of self-surrender: St. Catherine of Genoas passionate and decisive No
more world! no more sins!: St. Franciss naive and instant devotion to church-restoration in its
most literal sense: these things are earnests of the reality of the change. They representsymbolize
as well as they can upon the sensual planethe spontaneous response of the living organism to a
fresh external stimulus: its first effort of adjustment to the new conditions which that stimulus
represents. They complete the process of conversion; which is not one-sided, not merely an infusion
into the surface-consciousness of new truth, but rather the beginning of a life-process, a breaking
down of the old and building up of the new. A never to be ended give-and-take is set up between
the individual and the Absolute. The Spirit of Life has been born: and the first word it learns to say
is Abba, Father. It aspires to its origin, to Life in its most intense manifestation: hence all its instincts
urge it to that activity which it feels to be inseparable from life. It knows itself a member of that
mighty family in which the stars are numbered: the family of the sons of God, who, free and creative,
sharing the rapture of a living, striving Cosmos, shout for joy.
So, even in its very beginning, we see how active, how profoundly organic, how deeply
and widely alive is the true contemplative life; how truly on the transcendent as on the phenomenal
plane, the law of living things is action and reaction, force and energy. The awakening of the self
is to a new and more active plane of being, new and more personal relations with Reality; hence
to a new and more real work which it must do.
198
H ere , then, stands the newly awakened self: aware, for the first time, of reality, responding to that
reality by deep movements of love and of awe. She sees herself, however, not merely to be thrust
into a new world, but set at the beginning of a new road. Activity is now to be her watchword,
pilgrimage the business of her life. That a quest there is, and an end, is the single secret spoken.
Under one symbol or another, the need of that long slow process of transcendence, of character
building, whereby she is to attain freedom, become capable of living upon high levels of reality,
is present in her consciousness. Those in whom this growth is not set going are no mystics, in the
390
The Fire of Love, bk. i. cap. i.
391
Dionysius the Areopagite, De Divinis Nominibus, iv. 13.
143
exact sense in which that word is here used; however great their temporary illumination may have
been.
What must be the first step of the self upon this road to perfect union with the Absolute?
Clearly, a getting rid of all those elements of normal experience which are not in harmony with
reality: of illusion, evil, imperfection of every kind. By false desires and false thoughts man has
built up for himself a false universe: as a mollusk by the deliberate and persistent absorption of
lime and rejection of all else, can build up for itself a hard shell which shuts it from the external
199
world, and only represents in a distorted and unrecognisable form the ocean from which it was
obtained. This hard and wholly unnutritious shell, this one-sided secretion of the
surface-consciousness, makes as it were a little cave of illusion for each separate soul. A literal and
deliberate getting out of the cave must be for every mystic, as it was for Platos prisoners, the first
step in the individual hunt for reality.
In the plain language of old-fashioned theology mans sin is stamped upon mans universe.
We see a sham world because we live a sham life. We do not know ourselves; hence do not know
the true character of our senses and instincts; hence attribute wrong values to their suggestions and
declarations concerning our relation to the external world. That world, which we have distorted by
identifying it with our own self-regarding arrangements of its elements, has got to reassume for us
the character of Reality, of God. In the purified sight of the great mystics it did reassume this
character: their shells were opened wide, they knew the tides of the Eternal Sea. This lucid
apprehension of the True is what we mean when we speak of the Illumination which results from
a faithful acceptance of the trials of the Purgative Way.
That which we call the natural self as it exists in the natural worldthe old Adam
of St. Paulis wholly incapable of supersensual adventure. All its activities are grouped about a
centre of consciousness whose correspondences are with the material world. In the moment of its
awakening, it is abruptly made aware of this disability. It knows itself finite. It now aspires to the
infinite. It is encased in the hard crust of individuality: it aspires to union with a larger self. It is
fettered: it longs for freedom. Its every sense is attuned to illusion: it craves for harmony with the
Absolute Truth. God is the only Reality, says Patmore, and we are real only as far as we are in
His order and He is in us.
392
Whatever form, then, the mystical adventure may take it, must begin
with a change in the attitude of the subject; a change which will introduce it into the order of Reality,
and enable it to set up permanent relations with an Object which is not normally part of its universe.
Therefore, though the end of mysticism is not adequately defined as goodness, it entails the
acquirement of goodness. The virtues are the ornaments of the spiritual marriage because that
marriage is union with the Good no less than with the Beautiful and the True.
Primarily, then, the self must be purged of all that stands between it and goodness: putting
on the character of reality instead of the character of illusion or sin. It longs ardently to do this
from the first moment in which it sees itself in the all-revealing radiance of the Uncreated Light.
200
When love openeth the inner eyes of the soul for to see this truth, says Hilton, with other
circumstances that come withal then beginneth the soul for sooth to be vastly meek. For then by
the sight of God it feeleth and seeth itself as it is, and then doth the soul forsake the beholding and
leaning to itself.
393
392
The Rod, the Root, and the Flower, Magna Moralia, xxii.
393
The Scale of Perfection, bk. ii. cap. xxxvii.
144
So, with Dante, the first terrace of the Mount of Purgatory is devoted to the cleansing of
pride and the production of humility: the inevitableone might almost say mechanicalresult of
a vision, however fleeting, of Reality, and an undistorted sight of the earthbound self. All its life
that self has been measuring its candlelight by other candles. Now for the first time it is out in the
open air and sees the sun. This is the way, said the voice of God to St. Catherine of Siena in
ecstasy. If thou wilt arrive at a perfect knowledge and enjoyment of Me, the Eternal Truth, thou
shouldst never go outside the knowledge of thyself; and by humbling thyself in the valley of humility
thou wilt know Me and thyself, from which knowledge thou wilt draw all that is necessary. . . . In
self knowledge, then, thou wilt humble thyself; seeing that, in thyself, thou dost not even exist.
394
The first thing that the self observes, when it turns back upon itself in that awful moment
of lucidityenters, as St. Catherine says, into the cell of self-knowledge,is the horrible contrast
between its clouded contours and the pure sharp radiance of the Real; between its muddled faulty
life, its perverse self-centred drifting, and the clear onward sweep of that Becoming in which it is
immersed. It is then that the outlook of rapture and awe receives the countersign of repentance.
The harbinger of that new self which must be born appears under the aspect of a desire: a passionate
longing to escape from the suddenly perceived hatefulness of selfhood, and to conform to Reality,
the Perfect which it has seen under its aspect of Goodness, of Beauty, or of Loveto be worthy
of it, in fact to be real. This showing, says Gerlac Petersen of that experience, is so vehement
and so strong that the whole of the interior man, not only of his heart but of his body, is marvellously
moved and shaken, and faints within itself, unable to endure it. And by this means, his interior
aspect is made clear without any cloud, and conformable in its own measure to Him whom he
seeks.
395
The lives of the mystics abound in instances of the vehemence of this showing: of the
deep-seated sense of necessity which urges the newly awakened self to a life of discomfort and
conflict, often to intense poverty and pain, as the only way of replacing false experience by true.
201
Here the transcendental consciousness, exalted by a clear intuition of its goal, and not merely
counting but perceiving the world to be obviously well lost for such a prize, takes the reins. It
forces on the unwilling surface mind a sharp vision of its own disabilities, its ugly and imperfect
life; and the thirst for Perfection which is closely bound up with the mystic temperament makes
instant response. No more sins! was the first cry of St. Catherine of Genoa in that crucial hour
in which she saw by the light of love her own self-centred and distorted past. She entered forthwith
upon the Purgative Way, in which for four years she suffered under a profound sense of imperfection,
endured fasting, solitude and mortification; and imposed upon herself the most repulsive duties in
her efforts towards that self-conquest which should make her conformable in her own measure
to the dictates of that Pure Love which was the aspect of reality that she had seen. It is the inner
conviction that this conformitythis transcendence of the unrealis possible and indeed normal
which upholds the mystic during the terrible years of Purgation: so that not only without heaviness,
but with a joy unmeasured he casts back all thing that may him let.
396
To the true lover of the Absolute, Purgation no less than Illumination is a privilege, a dreadful
joy. It is an earnest of increasing life. Let me suffer or die! said St. Teresa: a strange alternative
394
Dialogo, cap. iv.
395
Ignitum cum Deo Soliloquium. cap. xi.
396
Richard Rolle, The Mending of Life, cap. i.
145
in the ears of common sense, but a forced option in the spiritual sphere. However harsh its form,
however painful the activities to which it spurs him, the mystic recognizes in this breakup of his
old universe an essential part of the Great Work: and the act in which he turns to it is an act of
loving desire, no less than an act of will. Burning of love into a soul truly taken all vices purgeth:
. . . for whilst the true lover with strong and fervent desire into God is borne, all things him displease
that from the sight of God withdrawn.
397
His eyes once opened, he is eager for that costly ordering
of his disordered loves which alone can establish his correspondences with Transcendental Life.
Teach me, my only joy, cries Suso, the way in which I may bear upon my body the marks of
Thy Love. Come, my soul, depart from outward things and gather thyself together into a true
interior silence, that thou mayst set out with all thy courage and bury and lose thyself in the desert
of a deep contrition.
398
It is in this torment of contrition, this acute consciousness of unworthiness, that we have
the first swing back of the oscillating self from the initial state of mystic pleasure to the
202
complementary state of pain. It is, so to speak, on its transcendental side, the reflex action which
follows the first touch of God. Thus, we read that Rulman Merswin, swept away by the transports
of Divine Love, did not surrender himself to the passive enjoyment of this first taste of Absolute
Being, but was impelled by it to diligent and instant self-criticism. He was seized with a hatred
of his body, and inflicted on himself such hard mortifications that he fell ill.
399
It is useless for
lovers of healthy-mindedness to resent this and similar examples of self-examination and penance:
to label them morbid or mediaeval. The fact remains that only such bitter knowledge of wrongness
of relation, seen by the light of ardent love, can spur the will of man to the hard task of readjustment.
I saw full surely, says Julian of Norwich, that it behoveth needs to be that we should be
in longing and in penance, until the time that we be led so deep into God that we verily and truly
know our own soul.
400
Dantes whole journey up the Mount of Purgation is the dramatic presentation of this one
truth. So, too, the celebrated description of Purgatory attributed to St. Catherine of Genoa
401
is
obviously founded upon its authors inward experience of this Purgative Way. In it, she applies to
the souls of the dead her personal consciousness of the necessity of purification; its place in the
organic process of spiritual growth. It is, as she acknowledges at the beginning, the projection of
her own psychological adventures upon the background of the spiritual world: its substance being
simply the repetition after death of that eager and heroic acceptance of suffering, those drastic acts
of purification, which she has herself been compelled to undertake under the whip of the same
psychic necessitythat of removing the rust of illusion, cleansing the mirror in order that it may
receive the divine light. It is, she says, as with a covered object, the object cannot respond to
the rays of the sun, not because the sun ceases to shinefor it shines without intermissionbut
because the covering intervenes. Let the covering be destroyed, and again the object will be exposed
to the sun, and will answer to the rays which beat against it in proportion as the work of destruction
397
Ibid ., The Fire of Love, bk. i. cap, xxiii.
398
Buchlein von der ewigen Weisheit, cap. v.
399
Jundt, Rulman Merswin, p. 19.
400
Revelations of Divine Love, cap. lvi.
401
I offer no opinion upon the question of authorship. Those interested may consult Von Hgel, The Mystical Element of
Religion, vol. i., Appendix. Whoever may be responsible for its present form, the Treatise is clearly founded upon first-hand
mystic experience: which is all that our present purpose requires.
146
advances. Thus the souls are covered by a rustthat is, by sinwhich is gradually consumed away
by the fire of purgatory. The more it is consumed, the more they respond to God their true Sun.
Their happiness increases as the rust falls off and lays them open to the divine ray . . . the instinctive
203
tendency to seek happiness in God develops itself, and goes on increasing through the fire of love
which draws it to its end with such impetuosity and vehemence that any obstacle seems intolerable;
and the more clear its vision, the more extreme its pain.
402
Mostratene la via di gire al monte! cry the souls of the newly-dead in Dantes vision,
403
pushed by that instinctive tendency towards the purifying flames. Such a tendency, such a
passionate desire, the aspiring self must have. No cool, well-balanced knowledge of the need of
new adjustments will avail to set it on the Purgative Way. This is a heroic act, and demands heroic
passions in the soul.
In order to overcome our desires, says St. John of the Cross, who is the classic authority
upon this portion of the mystic quest, and to renounce all those things, our love and inclination
for which are wont so to inflame the will that it delights therein, we require a more ardent fire and
a nobler lovethat of the Bridegroom. Finding her delight and strength in Him, the soul gains the
vigour and confidence which enable her easily to abandon all other affections. It was necessary, in
her struggle with the attractive force of her sensual desires, not only to have this love for the
Bridegroom, but also to be filled with a burning fervour, full of anguish . . . if our spiritual nature
were not on fire with other and nobler passions we should never cast off the yoke of the senses,
nor be able to enter on their night, neither should we have the courage to remain in the darkness of
all things, and in denial of every desire.
404
We must be filled with a burning fervour full of anguish. Only this deep and ardent passion
for a perceived Object of Love can persuade the mystic to those unnatural acts of abnegation by
which he kills his lesser love of the world of sense, frees himself from the remora of desire,
unifies all his energies about the new and higher centre of his life. His business, I have said, is
transcendence: a mounting up, an attainment of a higher order of reality. Once his eyes have been
opened on Eternity, his instinct for the Absolute roused from its sleep, he sees union with that
Reality as his duty no less than his joy: sees too, that this union can only be consummated on a
plane where illusion and selfhood have no place.
The inward voice says to him perpetually, at the least seasonable moments, Dimitte omnia
transitoria, quaere aeterna.
405
Hence the purgation of the senses, and of the character which they
have helped to build is always placed first in order in the Mystic Way; though sporadic flashes of
204
illumination and ecstasy may, and often do, precede and accompany it. Since spiritual no less than
physical existence, as we know it, is an endless Becoming, it too has no end. In a sense the whole
of the mystical experience in this life consists in a series of purifications, whereby the Finite slowly
approaches the nature of its Infinite Source: climbing up the cleansing mountain pool by pool, like
the industrious fish in Rulman Merswins vision, until it reaches its Origin. The greatest of the
contemplative saints, far from leaving purgation behind them in their progress, were increasingly
aware of their own inadequateness, the nearer they approached to the unitive state: for the true lover
402
Trattato di Purgatorio, caps. ii. and iii.
403
Purg. ii., 60.
404
Subida del Monte Carmelo I. i. cap. xiv.
405
De Imitatione Christi, I. iii. cap. i.
147
of the Absolute, like every other lover, is alternately abased and exalted by his unworthiness and
his good fortune. There are moments of high rapture when he knows only that the banner over him
is Love: but there are others in which he remains bitterly conscious that in spite of his uttermost
surrender there is within him an ineradicable residuum of selfhood, which stains the white radiance
of eternity.
In this sense, then, purification is a perpetual process. That which mystical writers mean,
however, when they speak of the Way of Purgation, is rather the slow and painful completion of
Conversion. It is the drastic turning of the self from the unreal to the real life: a setting of her house
in order, an orientation of the mind to Truth. Its business is the getting rid, first of self-love; and
secondly of all those foolish interests in which the surface-consciousness is steeped.
The essence of purgation, says Richard of St. Victor, is self-simplification. Nothing
can happen until this has proceeded a certain distance: till the involved interests and tangled motives
of the self are simplified, and the false complications of temporal life are recognized and cast away.
No one, says another authority in this matter, can be enlightened unless he be first
cleansed or purified and stripped.
406
Purgation, which is the remaking of character in conformity
with perceived reality, consists in these two essential acts: the cleansing of that which is to remain,
the stripping of that which is to be done away. It may best be studied, therefore, in two parts: and
I think that it will be in the readers interest if we reverse the order which the Theologia Germanica
adopts, and first consider Negative Purification, or self-stripping, and next Positive Purification,
or character-adjustment. These, then, are the branches into which this subject will here be split. (1)
The Negative aspect, the stripping or purging away of those superfluous, unreal, and harmful things
which dissipate the precious energies of the self. This is the business of Poverty, or Detachment .
205
(2) The Positive aspect: a raising to their highest term, their purest state, of all that remainsthe
permanent elements of character. This is brought about by Mortification, the gymnastic of the soul:
a deliberate recourse to painful experiences and difficult tasks.
I. Detachment
Apart from the plain necessity of casting out imperfection and sin, what is the type of good
character which will best serve the self in its journey towards union with the Absolute?
The mystics of all ages and all faiths agree in their answer. Those three virtues which the
instinct of the Catholic Church fixed upon as the necessities of the cloistered lifethe great
Evangelical counsel of voluntary Poverty with its departments, Chastity, the poverty of the senses,
and Obedience, the poverty of the willare also, when raised to their highest term and transmuted
by the Fire of Love, the essential virtues of the mystical quest.
By Poverty the mystic means an utter self-stripping, the casting off of immaterial as well
as material wealth, a complete detachment from all finite things. By Chastity he means an extreme
and limpid purity of soul, cleansed from personal desire and virgin to all but God: by Obedience,
that abnegation of selfhood, that mortification of the will, which results in a complete
self-abandonment, a holy indifference to the accidents of life. These three aspects of perfection
are really one: linked together as irrevocably as the three aspects of the self. Their common
characteristic is this: they tend to make the subject regard itself, not as an isolated and interesting
individual, possessing desires and rights, but as a scrap of the Cosmos, an ordinary bit of the
406
Theologia Germanica, cap. xiv.
148
Universal Life, only important as a part of the All, an expression of the Will Divine. Detachment
and purity go hand in hand, for purity is but detachment of the heart; and where these are present
they bring with them that humble spirit of obedience which expresses detachment of will. We may
therefore treat them as three manifestations of one thing: which thing is Inward Poverty. Blessed
are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the Kingdom of Heaven, is the motto of all pilgrims on this road.
God is pure Good in Himself, says Eckhart, therefore will He dwell nowhere but in a
pure soul. There He can pour Himself out: into that He can wholly flow. What is Purity? It is that
a man should have turned himself away from all creatures and have set his heart so entirely on the
Pure Good that no creature is to him a comfort, that he has no desire for aught creaturely, save so
far as he may apprehend therein the Pure Good, which is God. And as little as the bright eye can
206
endure aught foreign in it, so little can the pure soul bear anything in it, any stain on it, that comes
between it and God. To it all creatures are pure to enjoy; for it enjoyeth all creatures in God, and
God in all creatures.
407
To it all creatures are pure to enjoy! This is hardly the popular concept of the mystic;
which credits him, in the teeth of such examples as St. Francis, St. Mechthild of Magdeburg, Rolle,
Suso, and countless others, with a hearty dread of natural things. Too many examples of an
exaggerated asceticismsuch as the unfortunate story told of the holy Cur dArs, who refused to
smell a rose for fear of sinhave supported in this respect the vulgar belief; for it is generally
forgotten that though most mystics have practised asceticism as a means to an end, all ascetics are
not mystics. Whatever may be the case with other deniers of the senses, it is true that the soul of
the great mystic, dwelling on high levels of reality, his eyes set on the Transcendental World, is
capable of combining with the perfection of detachment that intense and innocent joy in natural
things, as veils and vessels of the divine, which results from seeing all creatures in God and God
in all creatures. Whoso knows and loves the nobleness of My Freedom, said the voice of God
to Mechthild of Magdeburg, cannot bear to love Me alone, he must love also Me in the creatures.
408
That all-embracing love is characteristic of the illumination which results from a faithful endurance
of the Purgative Way; for the corollary of blessed are the pure in heart is not merely a poetic
statement. The annals of mysticism prove it to be a psychological law.
How then is this contradiction to be resolved: that the mystic who has declared the
fundamental necessity of leaving all creatures yet finds them pure to enjoy? The answer to the
riddle lies in the ancient paradox of Poverty: that we only enjoy true liberty in respect of such things
as we neither possess nor desire. That thou mayest have pleasure in everything, seek pleasure in
nothing. That thou mayest know everything, seek to know nothing. That thou mayest possess all
things, seek to possess nothing. . . . In detachment the spirit finds quiet and repose, for coveting
nothing, nothing wearies it by elation, and nothing oppresses it by dejection, because it stands in
the centre of its own humility. For as soon as it covets anything, it is immediately fatigued thereby.
409
It is not love but lustthe possessive case, the very food of selfhoodwhich poisons the
relation between the self and the external world and immediately fatigues the soul. Divide the
407
Meister Eckhart, quoted by Wackernagel, Altdeutsches Lesebuch, p. 891.
408
Das Fliessende Licht der Gottheit. pt. vi., cap. 4.
409
St. John of the Cross, Subida del Monte Carmelo, bk. i. cap. xiii.
149
207
world into mine and not mine, and unreal standards are set up, claims and cravings begin to
fret the mind. We are the slaves of our own property. We drag with us not a treasure, but a chain.
Behold, says the Theologia Germanica, on this sort must we cast all things from us and strip
ourselves of them: we must refrain from claiming anything for our own. When we do this, we shall
have the best, fullest, clearest, and noblest knowledge that a man can have, and also the noblest
and purest love and desire.
410
Some there are, says Plotinus, that for all their effort have not
attained the Vision. . . . They have received the authentic Light, all their soul has gleamed as they
have drawn near, but they come with a load on their shoulders which holds them back from the
place of Vision. They have not ascended in the pure integrity of their being, but are burdened with
that which keeps them apart. They are not yet made one within.
411
Accept Poverty, however,
demolish ownership, the verb to have in every mood and tense, and this downward drag is at an
end. At once the Cosmos belongs to you, and you to it. You escape the heresy of separateness, are
made one, and merged in the greater life of the All. Then, a free spirit in a free world, the self
moves upon its true orbit; undistracted by the largely self-imposed needs and demands of ordinary
earthly existence.
This was the truth which St. Francis of Assisi grasped, and applied with the energy of a
reformer and the delicate originality of a poet to every circumstance of the inner and the outer life.
This noble liberty it is which is extolled by his spiritual descendant, Jacopone da Todi, in one of
his most magnificent odes:
Povert, alto sapere,
a nulla cosa sojacere,
en desprezo possedere
tutte le cose create. . . .
Dio non alberga en core stretto,
tant grande quant hai affetto,
povertate ha si gran petto
che ci alberga deitate. . . .
Povertate nulla avere
e nulla cosa poi volere;
ad omne cosa possedere
en spirito de libertate.
412
208
My little sisters the birds, said St. Francis, greatest adept of that high wisdom, Brother
Sun, Sister Water, Mother Earth.
413
Not my servants, but my kindred and fellow-citizens; who
may safely be loved so long as they are not desired. So, in almost identical terms, the dying Hindu
ascetic:
410
Theologia Germanica, cap. v.
411
Ennead vi. 9.
412
Oh Poverty, high wisdom! to be subject to nothing, and by despising all to possess all created things. . . .
God will not lodge in a narrow heart; and it is as great as thy love. Poverty has so ample a bosom that Deity Itself may
lodge therein. . . .
Poverty is naught to have, and nothing to desire: but all things to possess in the spirit of liberty. Jacopone da Todi.
Lauda lix.
413
Fioretti, cap. xvi., and Speculum, cap. cxx.
150
Oh Mother Earth, Father Sky,
Brother Wind, Friend Light, Sweetheart Water,
Here take my last salutation with folded hands!
For to-day I am melting away into the Supreme
Because my heart became pure,
And all delusion vanished,
Through the power of your good company.
It is the business of Lady Poverty to confer on her lovers this freedom of the Universe, to
eradicate delusion, cut out the spreading growth of claimfulness, purify the heart, and initiate them
into the great life of the All. Well might St. Francis desire marriage with that enchantress, who
gives back ten-fold all that she takes away. Holy poverty, he said, is a treasure so high excelling
and so divine that we be not worthy to lay it up in our vile vessels; since this is that celestial virtue
whereby all earthly things and fleeting are trodden underfoot, and whereby all hindrances are lifted
from the soul, so that freely she may join herself to God Eternal.
414
Poverty, then, prepares mans spirit for that union with God to which it aspires. She strips
off the clothing which he so often mistakes for himself, transvaluates all his values, and shows him
things as they are. There are, says Eckhart, four ascending degrees of such spiritual poverty. 1.
The souls contempt of all things that are not God. 2. Contempt of herself and her own works. 3.
Utter self-abandonment. 4. Self-loss in the incomprehensible Being of God.
415
So, in the Sacrum
Commercium, when the friars, climbing the steeps of the hill, found Lady Poverty at the summit
enthroned only in her nakedness, she preventing them with the blessings of sweetness, said,
Why hasten ye so from the vale of tears to the mount of light? If, peradventure, it is me that ye
seek, lo, I am but as you behold, a little poor one, stricken with storms and far from any consolation.
Whereto the brothers answer, Only admit us to thy peace; and we shall be saved .
416
The same truth: the saving peace of utter detachment from everything but Divine Realitya
209
detachment which makes those who have it the citizens of the world, and enabled the friars to say
to Lady Poverty as they showed her from the hill of Assisi the whole countryside at her feet, Hoc
est claustrum nostrum, Domina,
417
is taught by Meister Eckhart in a more homely parable.
There was a learned man who, eight years long, desired that God would show him a man
who would teach him the truth. And once when he felt a very great longing, a voice from God came
to him and said, Go to the church, and there shalt thou find a man who shalt show thee the way to
blessedness. And he went thence and found a poor man whose feet were torn and covered with
dust and dirt: and all his clothes were hardly worth three farthings. And he greeted him, saying:
God give you good day!
He answered: I have never had a bad day.
God give you good luck.
I have never had ill luck.
May you be happy! but why do you answer me thus?
I have never been unhappy.
414
Ibid ., cap. xiii. (Arnolds translation).
415
Pfeiffer, Tractato x. (Eng. translation., p, 348).
416
Sacrum Commercium Beati Francisci cum Domina Paupertate, caps. iv. and v. (Rawnsleys translation).
417
Op. cit ., cap. xxii.
151
Pray explain this to me, for I cannot understand it.
The poor man answered, Willingly. You wished me good day. I never had a bad day; for
if I am hungry I praise God; if it freezes, hails, snows, rains, if the weather is fair or foul, still I
praise God; am I wretched and despised, I praise God, and so I have never had an evil day. You
wished that God would send me luck. But I never had ill luck, for I know how to live with God,
and I know that what He does is best; and what God gives me or ordains for me, be it good or ill,
I take it cheerfully from God as the best that can be, and so I have never had ill luck. You wished
that God would make me happy. I was never unhappy; for my only desire is to live in Gods will,
and I have so entirely yielded my will to Gods, that what God wills, I will.
But if God should will to cast you into hell, said the learned man, what would you do
then?
Cast me into hell? His goodness forbids! But if He did cast me into hell, I should have
two arms to embrace Him. One arm is true humility, that I should lay beneath Him, and be thereby
united to His holy humanity. And with the right arm of love, which is united with His holy divinity,
I should so embrace Him that He would have to go to hell with me. And I would rather be in hell
and have God, then in heaven and not have God.
Then the Master understood that true abandonment with utter humility is the nearest way
to God.
210
The Master asked further: Whence are you come?
From God.
Where did you find God?
When I forsook all creatures.
Where have you left God?
In pure hearts, and in men of good will.
The Master asked: What sort of man are you?
I am a king.
Where is your kingdom?
My soul is my kingdom, for I can so rule my senses inward and outward, that all the
desires and power of my soul are in subjection, and this kingdom is greater than a kingdom on
earth.
418
What brought you to this perfection?
My silence, my high thoughts, and my union with God. For I could not rest in anything
that was less than God. Now I have found God; and in God have eternal rest and peace.
419
Poverty, then, consists in a breaking down of mans inveterate habit of trying to rest in, or
take seriously, things which are less than God: i.e. , which do not possess the character of reality.
Such a habit is the most fertile of all causes of world-weariness, disillusion and unrest: faults, or
rather spiritual diseases, which the mystics never exhibit, but which few who are without all mystic
feeling can hope to escape. Hence the sharpened perceptions of the contemplatives have always
seen poverty as a counsel of prudence, a higher form of common sense. It was not with St. Francis,
or any other great mystic, a first principle, an end in itself. It was rather a logical deduction from
418
So Ruysbroeck, Freewill is the king of the soul . . . he should dwell in the chief city of that kingdom: that is to say, the
desirous power of the soul (De Ornatu Spiritalium Nuptiarum, I. i. cap. xxiv.).
419
Meister Eckhart. Quoted in Martensens monograph, p. 107.
152
the first principle of their sciencethe paramount importance to the soul of an undistracted vision
of reality.
Here East and West are in agreement: Their science, says Al Ghazzali of the Sufis, who
practised, like the early Franciscans, a complete renunciation of worldly goods, has for its object
the uprooting from the soul of all violent passions, the extirpation from it of vicious desires and
evil qualities; so that the heart may become detached from all that is not God, and give itself for
its only occupation meditation upon the Divine Being.
420
All those who have felt themselves urged towards the attainment of this transcendental
vision, have found that possessions interrupt the view; that claims, desires, attachments become
centres of conflicting interest in the mind. They assume a false air of importance, force themselves
211
upon the attention, and complicate life. Hence, in the interest of self-simplification, they must be
cleared away: a removal which involves for the real enthusiast little more sacrifice than the weekly
visit of the dustman. Having entirely surrendered my own free-will, says Al Ghazzali of his
personal experience, my heart no longer felt any distress in renouncing fame, wealth, or the society
of my children.
421
Others have reconciled self-surrender with a more moderate abandonment of outward things;
for possessions take different rank for almost every human soul. The true rule of poverty consists
in giving up those things which enchain the spirit, divide its interests, and deflect it on its road to
Godwhether these things be riches, habits, religious observances, friends, interests, distastes, or
desiresnot in mere outward destitution for its own sake. It is attitude, not act, that matters;
self-denudation would be unnecessary were it not for our inveterate tendency to attribute false value
to things the moment they become our own. What is poverty of spirit but meekness of mind, by
which a man knows his own infirmity? says Rolle, seeing that to perfect stableness he may not
come but by the grace of God, all thing that him might let from that grace he forsakes, and only in
joy of his Maker he sets his desire. And as of one root spring many branches, so of wilful poverty
on this wise taken proceed virtues and marvels untrowed. Not as some, that change their clothes
and not their souls; riches soothly it seems these forsake, and vices innumerable they cease not to
gather. . . . If thou truly all thing for God forsake, see more what thou despised than what thou
forsaketh.
422
The Poverty of the mystics, then, is a mental rather than a material state. Detachment of the
will from all desire of possessions is the inner reality, of which Franciscan poverty is a sacrament
to the world. It is the poor in spirit, not the poor in substance, who are to be spiritually blessed.
Let all things be forsaken of me, says Gerlac Petersen, so that being poor I may be able in great
inward spaciousness, and without any hurt, to suffer want of all those things which the mind of
man can desire; out of or excepting God Himself.
423
The soul, says St. John of the Cross, is not empty, so long as the desire for sensible things
remains. But the absence of this desire for things produces emptiness and liberty of soul; even when
there is an abundance of possessions.
424
420
Schmlders, Essai sur les coles Philosophiques chez les Arabes, p. 54.
421
Schmlders, Essai sur les coles Philosophiques chez les Arabes, op. cit., p. 58.
422
Richard Rolle, The Mending of Life, cap. iii.
423
Ignitum cum Deo Soliloquium, cap. i.
424
Subida del Monte Carmelo, I. i. cap. iii.
153
Every person in whom the mystical instinct awakes soon discovers in himself certain tastes
212
or qualities which interrupt the development of that instinct. Often these tastes and qualities are
legitimate enough upon their own plane; but they are a drain upon the energy of the self, preventing
her from attaining that intenser life for which she was made and which demands her undivided
zest. They distract her attention, fill the field of perception, stimulate her instinctive life: making
of the surface-consciousness so active a thing that it can hardly be put to sleep. Where can he have
that pure and naked vision of unchangeable Truth whereby he see into all things, says Petersen
again, who is so busied in other things, not perhaps evil, which operate . . . upon his thoughts and
imagination and confuse and enchain his mind . . . that his sight of that unique One in Whom all
things are is overclouded?
425
The nature of these distracting factors which confuse and enchain the mind will vary with
almost every individual. It is impossible to predict what those things will be which a self must give
up, in order that the transcendental consciousness may grow. It makes little difference whether a
bird be held by a slender thread or by a rope; the bird is bound, and cannot fly until the cord that
holds it is broken. It is true that a slender thread is more easily broken; still notwithstanding, if it
is not broken the bird cannot fly. This is the state of a soul with particular attachments: it never can
attain to the liberty of the divine union, whatever virtues it may possess. Desires and attachments
affect the soul as the remora is said to affect a ship; that is but a little fish, yet when it clings to the
vessel it effectually hinders its progress.
426
Thus each adventurer must discover and extirpate all those interests which nourish selfhood,
however innocent or even useful these interests may seem in the eyes of the world. The only rule
is the ruthless abandonment of everything which is in the way. When any man God perfectly
desires to love, all things as well inward as outward that to Gods love are contrary and from His
love do let, he studies to do away.
427
This may mean the prompt and utter self-stripping of St.
Francis of Assisi, who cast off his actual clothing in his relentless determination to have nothing
of his own:
428
the reluctant bit-by-bit renunciations which at last set his follower Angela of Foligno
free, or the drastic proceedings of Antoinette Bourignan, who found that a penny was enough to
keep her from God.
Being one night in a most profound Penitence, says the biographer of this extraordinary
213
woman, she said from the bottom of her Heart, O my Lord! what must I do to please Thee? For
I have nobody to teach me. Speak to my soul and it will hear Thee. At that instant she heard, as
if another had spoken within her Forsake all earthly things. Separate thyself from the love of the
creatures. Deny thyself. From this time, the more she entered into herself the more she was inclined
to abandon all. But she had not the courage necessary for the complete renunciation towards which
her transcendental consciousness was pressing her. She struggled to adjust herself to the inner and
the outer life, but without success. For such a character as hers, compromise was impossible. She
asked always earnestly, When shall I be perfectly thine, O my God? and she thought He still
answered her, When thou shalt no longer possess anything, and shalt die to thyself. And where
shall I do that, Lord? He answered, In the Desert. At last the discord between her deeper and her
425
Gerlac Petersen, op. cit., cap. xi.
426
St. John of the Cross, op. cit ., cap. xi.
427
Richard Rolle, The Fire of Love, bk. i. cap. xix.
428
Thomas of Celano, Legenda Prima, cap. vi.
154
superficial self became intolerable. Reinforced by the miseries of an unsympathetic home, still
more by a threat of approaching marriage, the impulse to renunciation got its way. She disguised
herself in a hermits dressshe was only eighteen, and had no one to help or advise herand
went out of her chamber about Four in the Morning, taking nothing but one Penny to buy Bread
for that Day and it being said to her in the going out, Where is thy Faith? In a Penny? she threw it
away. . . . Thus she went away wholly delivered from the heavy burthen of the Cares and Good
Things of this World.
429
An admirable example of the mystics attitude towards the soul-destroying division of
interests, the natural but hopeless human struggle to make the best of both worlds, which sucks at
its transcendental vitality, occurs in St. Teresas purgative period. In her case this war between the
real and the superficial self extended over many years; running side by side with the state of
Illumination, and a fully developed contemplative life. At last it was brought to an end by a Second
Conversion which unified her scattered interests and set her firmly and for ever on the Unitive
Way. The virile strength of Teresas character, which afterwards contributed to the greatness of
her achievement, opposed the invading transcendental consciousness; disputed every inch of
territory; resisted every demand made upon it by the growing spiritual self. Bit by bit it was
conquered, the sphere of her deeper life enlarged; until the moment came in which she surrendered,
214
once for all, to her true destiny.
430
During the years of inward stress, of penance and growing knowledge of the Infinite, which
she spent in the Convent of the Incarnation, and which accompanied this slow remaking of character,
Teresas only self-indulgenceas it seems, a sufficiently innocent onewas talking to the friends
who came down from Avila to the convent-parlour, and spoke to her through the grille. Her
confessors, unaccustomed to the education of mystical genius, saw nothing incompatible between
this practice and the pursuit of a high contemplative life. But as her transcendental consciousness,
her states of orison grew stronger, Teresa felt more and more the distracting influence of these
glimpses of the outer world. They were a drain upon the energy which ought to be wholly given
to that new, deep, more real life which she felt stirring within her, and which could only hope to
achieve its mighty destiny by complete concentration upon the business in hand. No genius can
afford to dissipate his energies: the mystic genius least of all. Teresa knew that so long as she
retained these personal satisfactions, her life had more than one focus; she was not whole-hearted
in her surrender to the Absolute. But though her inward voices, her deepest instincts, urged her to
give them up, for years she felt herself incapable of such a sacrifice. It was round the question of
their retention or surrender that the decisive battle of her life was fought.
The devil, says her great Augustinian eulogist, Fray Luis de Leon, in his vivid account
of these long interior struggles, put before her those persons most sympathetic by nature; and God
came, and in the midst of the conversation discovered Himself aggrieved and sorrowful. The devil
delighted in the conversation and pastime, but when she turned her back on them and betook herself
to prayer, God redoubled the delight and favours, as if to show her how false was the lure which
charmed her at the grating, and that His sweetness was the veritable sweetness. . . . So that these
429
An Apology for Mrs. Antoinette Bourignan, pp. 269-70.
430
St. Teresas mystic states are particularly difficult to classify. From one point of view these struggles might be regarded as
the preliminaries of conversion. She was, however, proficient in contemplation when they occurred, and I therefore think that
my arrangement is the right one.
155
two inclinations warred with each other in the breast of this blessed woman, and the authors who
inspired them each did his utmost to inflame her most, and the oratory blotted out what the grating
wrote, and at times the grating vanquished and diminished the good fruit produced by prayer,
causing agony and grief which disquieted and perplexed her soul: for though she was resolved to
belong entirely to God, she knew not how to shake herself free from the world: and at times she
persuaded herself that she could enjoy both, which ended mostly, as she says, in complete enjoyment
of neither. For the amusements of the locutorio were embittered and turned into wormwood by the
memory of the secret and sweet intimacy with God; and in the same way when she retired to be
215
with God, and commenced to speak with Him, the affections and thoughts which she carried with
her from the grating took possession of her.
431
Compare with these violent oscillations between the superficial and mystical
consciousnesscharacteristic of Teresas strong volitional nature, which only came to rest after
psychic convulsions which left no corner of its being unexploredthe symbolic act of renunciation
under which Antoinette Bourignans interior self vanquished the surface intelligence and asserted
its supremacy. Teresa must give up her passionate delight in human friendship. Antoinette, never
much tempted in that direction, must give up her last penny. What society was to Teresas generous,
energetic nature, prudence was to the temperamentally shrewd and narrow Antoinette: a distraction,
a check on the development of the all-demanding transcendental genius, an unconquered relic of
the lower life.
Many a mystic, however, has found the perfection of detachment to be consistent with a
far less drastic renunciation of external things than that which these women felt to be essential to
their peace. The test, as we have seen, does not lie in the nature of the things which are retained,
but in the reaction which they stimulate in the self. Absolute poverty is thine, says Tauler, when
thou canst not remember whether anybody has ever owed thee or been indebted to thee for anything;
just as all things will be forgotten by thee in the last journey of death.
432
Poverty, in this sense,
may be consistent with the habitual and automatic use of luxuries which the abstracted self never
even perceives. Thus we are told that St. Bernard was reproached by his enemies with the
inconsistency of preaching evangelical poverty whilst making his journeys from place to place on
a magnificently caparisoned mule, which had been lent to him by the Cluniac monks. He expressed
great contrition: but said that he had never noticed what it was that he rode upon.
433
Sometimes, the very activity which one self has rejected as an impediment becomes for
another the channel of spiritual perception. I have mentioned the Cur dArs, who, among other
inhibitions, refused to allow himself to smell a rose. Yet St. Francis preached to the flowers,
434
and
ordered a plot to be set aside for their cultivation when the convent garden was made, in order
216
that all who saw them might remember the Eternal Sweetness.
435
So, too, we are told of his
spiritual daughter, St. Douceline, that out of doors one day with her sisters, she heard a birds
note. What a lovely song! she said: and the song drew her straight way to God. Did they bring
her a flower, its beauty had a like effect .
436
To look on trees, water, and flowers, says St. Teresa
431
Quoted by G. Cunninghame Graham, Santa Teresa, vol. i. p. 139. For St. Teresas own account, see Vida, caps. vii-ix.
432
Sermon on St. Paul (The Inner Way, p. 113).
433
Cotter Morison, Life and Times of St. Bernard, p. 68.
434
Thomas of Celano, Legenda Prima, cap. xxix.
435
Ibid ., Legenda Secunda, cap. cxxiv.
436
Anne Macdonell, St. Douceline, p. 30.
156
of her own beginnings of contemplation, helped her to recollect the Presence of God.
437
Here
we are reminded of Plato. The true order of going is to use the beauties of Earth as steps along
which one mounts upwards for the sake of that other Beauty. This, too, is the true order of Holy
Poverty: the selfless use, not the selfish abuse of lovely and natural things.
To say that some have fallen short of this difficult ideal and taken refuge in mere abnegation
is but to say that asceticism is a human, not a superhuman art, and is subject to the frailty of the
creature. But on the whole, these excesses are mainly found amongst saintly types who have not
exhibited true mystic intuition. This intuition, entailing as it does communion with intensest Life,
gives to its possessors a sweet sanity, a delicate balance, which guards them, as a rule, from such
conceptions of chastity as that of the youthful saint who shut himself in a cupboard for fear he
should see his mother pass by: from the obedience which identifies the voice of the director with
the voice of God; from detachment such as that exhibited by the Blessed Angela of Foligno, who,
though a true mystic, viewed with almost murderous satisfaction the deaths of relatives who were
impediments.
438
The detachment of the mystic is just a restoration to the liberty in which the soul
was made: it is a state of joyous humility in which he cries, Nought I am, nought I have, nought
I lack. To have arrived at this is to have escaped from the tyranny of selfhood: to be initiated into
the purer air of that universe which knows but one rule of actionthat which was laid down once
for all by St. Augustine when he said, in the most memorable and misquoted of epigrams: Love,
and do what you like.
2. Mortification
By mortification, I have said, is to be understood the positive aspect of purification: the
217
remaking in relation to reality of the permanent elements of character. These elements, so far, have
subserved the interests of the old self, worked for it in the world of sense. Now they must be adjusted
to the needs of the new self and to the transcendent world in which it moves. Their focal point is
the old self; the natural man and his self-regarding instincts and desires. The object of mortification
is to kill that old self, break up his egoistic attachments and cravings, in order that the higher centre,
the new man, may live and breathe. As St. Teresa discovered when she tried to reconcile the
claims of worldly friendships and contemplation, one or other must go: a house divided against
itself cannot stand. Who hinders thee more, says Thomas a Kempis, than the unmortified
affections of thy own heart? . . . if we were perfectly dead unto ourselves, and not entangled within
our own breasts, then should we be able to taste Divine things, and to have some experience of
heavenly contemplation.
439
In psychological language, the process of mortification is the process of setting up new
paths of neural discharge. That is to say, the mystic life has got to express itself in action: and for
this new paths must be cut and new habits formedall, in spite of the new selfs enthusiasm,
against the grainresulting in a complete sublimation of personality. The energy which wells
up incessantly in every living being must abandon the old road of least resistance and discharge
437
Vida, cap. ix., p. 6.
438
In that time and by Gods will there died my mother, who was a great hindrance unto me in following the way of God:
soon after my husband died likewise, and also all my children. And because I had commenced to follow the Aforesaid Way, and
had prayed God that He would rid me of them, I had great consolation of their deaths. (Ste Angle de Foligno: Le Livre de
lExprience des Vrais Fidles. Ed. M. J. Ferry p. 10.)
439
De Imitatione Christi, I. i. caps. iii. and ix.
157
itself in a new and more difficult way. In the terms of the hormic psychology, the conative drive
of the psyche must be concentrated on new objectives; and the old paths, left to themselves, must
fade and die. When they are dead, and the new life has triumphed, Mortification is at an end. The
mystics always know when this moment comes. Often an inner voice then warns them to lay their
active penances aside.
Since the greater and stronger the mystic, the stronger and more stubborn his character tends
to be, this change of life and turning of energy from the old and easy channels to the new is often
a stormy matter. It is a period of actual battle between the inharmonious elements of the self, its
lower and higher springs of action: of toil, fatigue, bitter suffering, and many disappointments.
Nevertheless, in spite of its etymological associations, the object of mortification is not death but
life: the production of health and strength, the health and strength of the human consciousness
viewed sub specie aeternitatis . In the truest death of all created things, the sweetest and most
natural life is hidden.
440
This dying, says Tauler again, has many degrees, and so has this life. A man might die
a thousand deaths in one day and find at once a joyful life corresponding to each of them. This is
218
as it must be: God cannot deny or refuse this to death. The stronger the death the more powerful
and thorough is the corresponding life; the more intimate the death, the more inward is the life.
Each life brings strength, and strengthens to a harder death. When a man dies to a scornful word,
bearing it in Gods name, or to some inclination inward or outward, acting or not acting against his
own will, be it in love or grief, in word or act, in going or staying; or if he denies his desires of
taste or sight, or makes no excuses when wrongfully accused; or anything else, whatever it may
be, to which he has not yet died, it is harder at first to one who is unaccustomed to it and unmortified
than to him who is mortified. . . . A great life makes reply to him who dies in earnest even in the
least things, a life which strengthens him immediately to die a greater death; a death so long and
strong, that it seems to him hereafter more joyful, good and pleasant to die than to live, for he finds
life in death and light shining in darkness.
441
No more than detachment, then, is mortification an end in itself. It is a process, an education
directed towards the production of a definite kind of efficiency, the adjustment of human nature to
the demands of its new life. Severe, and to the outsider apparently unmeaninglike their physical
parallels the exercises of the gymnasiumits disciplines, faithfully accepted, do release the self
from the pull of the lower nature, establish it on new levels of freedom and power. Mortification,
says the Benedictine contemplative Augustine Baker, tends to subject the body to the spirit and
the spirit to God. And this it does by crossing the inclinations of sense, which are quite contrary to
those of the Divine Spirit . . . by such crossing and afflicting of the body, self-love and self-will
(the poison of our spirits) are abated, and in time in a sort destroyed; and instead of them there enter
into the soul the Divine love and Divine will, and take possession thereof.
442
This transformation
accomplished, mortification may end, and often does, with startling abruptness. After a martyrdom
which lasted sixteen years, says Susospeaking as usual in the third personof his own experience,
On a certain Whitsun Day a heavenly messenger appeared to him, and ordered him in Gods name
to continue it no more. He at once ceased, and threw all the instruments of his sufferings [irons,
440
Tauler, Sermon on St. Paul (The Inner Way, p. 114).
441
Tauler, Second Sermon for Easter Day. (This is not included in either of the English collections.)
442
Augustine Baker, Holy Wisdom, Treatise ii. Sect. i., cap. 3.
158
nails, hair-shirt, etc.] into a river.
443
From this time onward, austerities of this sort had no part in
Susos life.
219
The Franco-Flemish mystic who wrote, and the English contemplative who translated,
The Mirror of Simple Souls, have between them described and explained in bold and accurate
language the conditions under which the soul is enabled to abandon that hard service of the virtues
which has absorbed it during the Purgative Way. The statement of the French Book is direct and
uncompromising: well calculated to startle timid piety. Virtues, I take leave of you for evermore!
exclaims the Soul. Now shall mine heart be more free and more in peace than it hath been before.
I wot well your service is too travaillous. . . . Some time I laid mine heart in you without any
dissevering: ye wot well this: I was in all things to you obedient. O I was then your servant, but
now I am delivered out of your thraldom.
To this astounding utterance the English translator has added a singularly illuminating gloss.
I am stirred here, he says, to say more to the matter, as thus: First: when a soul giveth her to
perfection, she laboureth busily day and night to get virtues, by counsel of reason, and striveth with
vices at every thought, at every word and deed that she perceiveth cometh of them, and busily
searcheth vices, them to destroy. Thus the virtues be mistresses, and every virtue maketh her to
war with its contrary, the which be vices. Many sharp pains and bitterness of conscience feeleth
the soul in this war. . . . But so long one may bite on the bitter bark of the nut, that at last he shall
come to the sweet kernel. Right so, ghostly to understand, it fareth by these souls that be come to
peace. They have so long striven with vices and wrought by virtues, that they be come to the nut
kernel, that is, to the love of God, which is sweetness. And when the soul hath deeply tasted this
love, so that this love of God worketh and hath his usages in her soul, then the soul is wondrous
light and gladsome. . . . Then is she mistress and lady over the virtues, for she hath them all within
herself. . . . And then this soul taketh leave of virtues, as of the thraldom and painful travail of them
that she had before, and now she is lady and sovereign, and they be subjects.
444
Jacopone da Todi speaks to the same effect:
La guerra terminata
de le virtu battaglia,
de la mente travaglia
cosa nulla contende.
445
Thus, St. Catherine of Genoa, after a penitential period of four years, during which she was
220
haunted by a constant sense of sin, and occupied by incessant mortifications, found that all thought
of such mortifications was in an instant taken from her mind: in such a manner that, had she even
wished to continue such mortifications, she would have been unable to do so . . . the sight of her
sins was now taken from her mind, so that henceforth she did not catch a glimpse of them: it was
as though they had all been cast into the depths of the sea.
446
In other words, the new and higher
centre of consciousness, finally established, asserted itself and annihilated the old. La guerra e
teminata,all the energy of a strong nature flows freely in the new channels; and mortification
ceases, mechanically, to be possible to the now unified, sublimated, or regenerated self.
443
Suso, Leben. cap. xvii.
444
The Mirror of Simple Souls, edited by Clare Kirchberger, p. 12.
445
The war is at an end: in the battle of virtues, in travail of mind, there is no more striving (Lauda xci.).
446
Vita e Dottrina, cap. v.
159
Mortification takes its name from the reiterated statement of all ascetic writers that the
senses, or body of desire, with the cravings which are excited by different aspects of the
phenomenal world, must be mortified or killed; which is, of course, a description of psychological
necessities from their special point of view. All those self-regarding instinctsso ingrained that
they have become automaticwhich impel the self to choose the more comfortable part, are seen
by the awakened intuition of the embryo mystic as gross infringements of the law of love. This is
the travail that a man behoveth, to draw out his heart and his mind from the fleshly love and the
liking of all earthly creatures, from vain thoughts and from fleshly imaginations, and out from the
love and the vicious feeling of himself, that his soul should find no rest in no fleshly thought, nor
earthly affection.
447
The rule of Poverty must be applied to the temper of normal consciousness
as well as to the tastes and possessions of the self. Under this tonic influence, real life will thrive,
unreal life will wither and die.
This mortifying process is necessary, not because the legitimate exercise of the senses is
opposed to Divine Reality, but because those senses have usurped a place beyond their station;
become the focus of energy, steadily drained the vitality of the self. The dogs have taken the
childrens meat. The senses have grown stronger than their masters, monopolized the field of
perception, dominated an organism which was made for greater activities, and built up those barriers
of individuality which must be done away if true personality is to be achieved, and with it some
share in the boundless life of the One. It is thanks to this wrong distribution of energy, this sedulous
feeding of the cuckoo in the nest, that in order to approach the Absolute, mystics must withdraw
221
from everything, even themselves.
448
The soul is plunged in utter ignorance, when she supposes
that she can attain to the high estate of union with God before she casts away the desire of all things,
natural and supernatural, which she may possess, says St. John of the Cross, because the distance
between them and that which takes place in the state of pure transformation in God is infinite.
449
Again, until the desires be lulled to sleep by the mortification of sensuality, and sensuality itself
be mortified in them, so that it shall war against the spirit no more, the soul cannot go forth in
perfect liberty to union with the Beloved.
450
The death of selfhood in its narrow individualistic sense is, then, the primary object of
mortification. All the twisted elements of character which foster the existence of this unreal yet
complex creature are to be pruned away. Then, as with the trees of the forest, so with the spirit of
man, strong new branches will spring into being, grow towards air and light. I live, yet not I is
to be the declaration of the mystic who has endured this bodily death. The self-that-is-to-be will
live upon a plane where her own prejudices and preferences are so uninteresting as to be
imperceptible. She must be weaned from these nursery toys: and weaning is a disagreeable process.
The mystic, however, undertakes it as a rule without reluctance: pushed by his vivid consciousness
of imperfection, his intuition of a more perfect state, necessary to the fulfilment of his love. Often
his entrance upon the torments of the Purgative Way, his taking up of the spiritual or material
instruments of mortification, resembles in ardour and abruptness that heroic plunge into Purgatory
of the newly dead when it perceives itself in the light of Love Divine, which is described in the
447
Walter Hilton The Scale of Perfection, bk. i. cap. 8, xlii.
448
Rcjac, Fondements de la Connaissance Mystique, p. 78. This, however, is to be understood of the initial training of the
mystic; not of his final state.
449
Subida del Monte Carmelo, I. i. cap. v.
450
Op. cit., bk. i. cap. xv.
160
Treatise of St. Catherine of Genoa as its nearest equivalent. As she, plunged in the divine furnace
of purifying love, was united to the Object of her love, and satisfied with all he wrought in her, so
she understood it to be with the souls in Purgatory.
451
This divine furnace of purifying love demands from the ardent soul a complete
self-surrender, and voluntary turning from all impurity, a humility of the most far-reaching kind:
and this means the deliberate embrace of active suffering, a self-discipline in dreadful tasks. As
gold in the refiners fire, so burning of love into a soul truly taken all vices purgeth. Detachment
may be a counsel of prudence, a practical result of seeing the true values of things; but the pain of
mortification is seized as a splendid opportunity, a love token, timidly offered by the awakened
spirit to that all-demanding Lover from Whom St. Catherine of Siena heard the terrible words I,
222
Fire, the Acceptor of sacrifices, ravishing away from them their darkness, give the light.
452
Suffering is the ancient law of love, says the Eternal Wisdom to Suso, there is no quest without
pain, there is no lover who is not also a martyr. Hence it is inevitable that he who would love so
high a thing as Wisdom should sometimes suffer hindrances and griefs.
453
The mystics have a profound conviction that Creation, Becoming, Transcendence, is a
painful process at the best. Those who are Christians point to the Passion of Christ as a proof that
the cosmic journey to perfection, the path of the Eternal Wisdom, follows of necessity the Way of
the Cross. That law of the inner life, which sounds so fantastic and yet is so bitterly trueNo
progress without painasserts itself. It declares that birth pangs must be endured in the spiritual
as well as in the material world: that adequate training must always hurt the athlete. Hence the
mystics quest of the Absolute drives them to an eager and heroic union with the reality of suffering,
as well as with the reality of joy.
454
This divine necessity of pain, this necessary sharing in the travail of a World of Becoming,
is beautifully described by Tauler in one of those internal conversations between the contemplative
soul and its God, which abound in the works of the mystics and are familiar to all readers of The
Imitation of Christ. A man once thought, says Tauler, that God drew some men even by pleasant
paths, while other were drawn by the path of pain. Our Lord answered him thus, What think ye
can be pleasanter or nobler than to be made most like unto Me? that is by suffering. Mark, to whom
was ever offered such a troubled life as to Me? And in whom can I better work in accordance with
My true nobility than in those who are most like Me? They are the men who suffer. . . . Learn that
My divine nature never worked so nobly in human nature as by suffering; and because suffering
is so efficacious, it is sent out of great love. I understand the weakness of human nature at all times,
and out of love and righteousness I lay no heavier load on man than he can bear. The crown must
451
S. Caterina di Genova, Trattato di Purgatorio, cap. i.
452
Dialogo, cap. lxxxv.
453
Leben, cap. iv.
454
This truth, of which she was the living example, says Huysmans of St. Lydwine, has been and will be true for every
period. Since the death of Lydwine, there is not a saint who has not confirmed it. Hear them formulate their desires. Always to
suffer, and to die! cries St. Teresa; always to suffer, yet not to die, corrects St. Magdalena dei Pazzi; yet more, oh Lord, yet more!
exclaims St. Francis Xavier, dying in anguish on the coast of China; I wish to be broken with suffering in order that I may prove
my love to God, declares a seventeenth century Carmelite, the Ven. Mary of the Trinity. The desire for suffering is itself an
agony, adds a great servant of God of our own day, Mother Mary Du Bourg; and she confided to her daughters in religion that
if they sold pain in the market she would hurry to buy it there. (J. K. Huysmans, Sainte Lydwine de Schiedam, 3rd edition,
p. 225).Examples can be multiplied indefinitely from the lives and works of the mystics of all periods.
161
223
be firmly pressed down that is to bud and blossom in the Eternal Presence of of My Heavenly
Father. He who desires to be wholly immersed in the fathomless sea of My Godhead must also be
deeply immersed in the deep sea of bitter sorrow. I am exalted far above all things, and work
supernatural and wonderful works in Myself: the deeper and more supernaturally a man crushes
himself beneath all things the more supernaturally will he be drawn far above all things.
455
Pain, therefore, the mystics always welcome and often court: sometimes in the crudely
physical form which Suso describes so vividly and horribly in the sixteenth chapter of his Life,
more frequently in those refinements of torture which a sensitive spirit can extract from loneliness,
injustice, misunderstandingabove all, from deliberate contact with the repulsive accidents of life.
It would seem from a collation of the evidence that the typical mystical temperament is by nature
highly fastidious. Its passionate apprehension of spiritual beauty, its intuitive perception of divine
harmony, is counterbalanced by an instinctive loathing of ugliness, a shrinking from the disharmonies
of squalor and disease. Often its ideal of refinement is far beyond the contemporary standards of
decency: a circumstance which is alone enough to provide ample opportunity of wretchedness.
This extreme sensitiveness, which forms part of the normal psychophysical make-up of the mystic,
as it often does of the equally highly-strung artistic type, is one of the first things to be seized upon
by the awakened self as a disciplinary instrument. Then humilitys axiom, Naught is too low for
love is forced to bear the less lovely gloss, Naught must be too disgusting.
Two reasons at once appear for this. One is the contempt for phenomena, nasty as well as
nicethe longing to be free from all the fetters of sensewhich often goes with the passion for
invisible things. Those mystics to whom the attractions of earth are only illusion, are inconsistent
if they attribute a greater reality to the revolting and squalid incidents of life. St. Francis did but
carry his own principles to their logical conclusion, when he insisted that the vermin were as much
his brothers as the birds. Real detachment means the death of preferences of all kinds: even of those
which seem to other men the very proofs of virtue and fine taste.
The second reason is nobler. It is bound up with that principle of self-surrender which is
the mainspring of the mystic life. To the contemplative mind, which is keenly conscious of unity
in multiplicityof Gods in the worldall disinterested service is service of the Absolute which
224
he loves: and the harder it is, the more opposed to his self-regarding and aesthetic instincts, the
more nearly it approaches his ideal. The point to which he aspiresthough he does not always
know itis that in which all disharmony, all appearance of vileness, is resolved in the concrete
reality which he calls the Love of God. Then, he feels dimly, everything will be seen under the
aspect of a cosmic and charitable beauty; exhibiting through the woof of corruption the web of
eternal life.
It is told of St. Francis of Assisi, in whom the love of lovely things was always paramount,
how he forced himself to visit the lepers whose sight and smell disgusted him: how he served them
and even kissed them.
456
Then as he departed, in very truth that which had aforetime been bitter
unto him, to wit, the sight and touch of lepers, now changed into sweetness. For, as he confessed,
the sight of lepers had been so grievous unto him that he had been minded to avoid not only seeing
them, but even going nigh their dwelling. And if at any time he chanced to pass their abodes, or to
see them, albeit he were moved by compassion to do them an alms through another person, yet
455
Tauler, Sermon on St. Paul (The Inner Way, p. 114).
456
Thomas of Celano, Legenda Prima, cap. vii.; 3 Soc. cap. iv.
162
alway would he turn aside his face, stopping his nostrils with his hand. But through the grace of
God he became so intimate a friend of the lepers that, even as he recorded in his will, he did sojourn
with them and did humbly serve them.
Also, after his great renunciation of all property, he, once a prosperous young man who had
been dainty in his fathers home, accustomed himself to take a bowl and beg scraps of food from
door to door: and here too, as in the case of the lepers, that which at first seemed revolting became
to him sweet. And when he would have eaten that medley of various meats, says the legend, at
first he shrank back, for that he had never been used willingly even to see, much less to eat, such
scraps. At length, conquering himself, he began to eat; and it seemed to him that in eating no rich
syrup had he ever tasted aught so delightsome.
457
The object, then, of this self-discipline is, like the object of all purgation, freedom: freedom
from the fetters of the senses, the remora of desire, from the results of environment and worldly
education, from pride and prejudice, preferences and distaste: from selfhood in every form. Its
effect is a sharp reaction to the joy of self-conquest. The very act that had once caused in the
enchained self a movement of loathing becomes not merely indifferent, but an occasion of happiness.
So Margery Kempe had great mourning and sorrowing if she might not kiss a leper when she met
225
them in the way for the love of our Lord, which was all contrary to her disposition in the years of
her youth and prosperity, for then she abhorred them most.
458
I spare the sensitive reader a detailed account of the loathsome ordeals by which St. Catherine
of Genoa and Madame Guyon strove to cure themselves of squeamishness and acquire this liberty
of spirit.
459
They, like St. Francis, St. Elizabeth of Hungary, and countless other seekers for the
Real, sought out and served with humility and love the sick and the unclean; deliberately associated
themselves with life in its meanest forms; compelled themselves to contact with the most revolting
substances; and mortified the senses by the traditional ascetic expedient of deliberately opposing
alleven their most natural and harmlessinclinations. In the first four years after she received
the sweet wound from her Lord, says the Life of St. Catherine of Genoa, she made great penances:
so that all her senses were mortified. And first, so soon as she perceived that her nature desired
anything at once she deprived it thereof, and did so that it should receive all those things that it
abhorred. She wore harsh hair, ate no meat nor any other thing that she liked; ate no fruit, neither
fresh nor dried . . . and she lived greatly submitted to all persons, and always sought to do all those
things which were contrary to her own will; in such a way that she was always inclined to do more
promptly the will of others than her own. . . . And while she worked such and so many
mortifications of all her senses it was several times asked of her Why do you do this? And she
answered I do not know, but I feel myself drawn inwardly to do this . . . and I think it is Gods
will.
460
St. Ignatius Loyola, in the world a highly bred Spanish gentleman of refined personal habits,
found in those habits an excellent opportunity of mortification. As he was somewhat nice about
the arrangement of his hair, as was the fashion of those days and became him not ill, he allowed it
457
3 Soc. cap. vii.
458
A Short Treatise of Contemplation taken out of the boke of Margery Kempe ancresse of Lynne. London, 1521. Reprinted
and ed. by F. Gardner in The Cell of Self-Knowledge, 1910, p. 49.
459
The curious are referred to the original authorities. For St. Catherine chapter viii. of the Vita e Dottrina: for Madame
Guyon, Vie, pt. i. ch. x.
460
163
to grow naturally, and neither combed it nor trimmed it nor wore any head covering by day or night.
For the same reason he did not pare his finger or toe nails; for on these points he had been fastidious
to an extreme.
461
Madame Guyon, a delicate girl of the leisured class, accustomed to the ordinary comforts
of her station, characteristically chose the most crude and immoderate forms of mortification in
her efforts towards the acquirement of indifference. But the peculiar psychic constitution which
226
afterwards showed itself in the forms of automatism and clairvoyance, seems to have produced a
partial anesthesia. Although I had a very delicate body, the instruments of penitence tore my flesh
without, as it seemed to me, causing pain. I wore girdles of hair and of sharp iron, I often held
wormwood in my mouth. If I walked, I put stones in my shoes. These things, my God, Thou didst
first inspire me to do, in order that I might be deprived even of the most innocent satisfactions.
462
In the earlier stages of their education, a constant agere contra, even in apparently indifferent
things, seems essential to the mystics; till the point is reached at which the changes and chances of
mortal life are accepted with a true indifference and do not trouble the life of the soul. This
established ascendancy of the interior man, the transcendental consciousness, over sensitive
naturethe self in its reactions to the ups and downs and manifold illusions of daily lifeis the
very object of Purgation. It is, then, almost impossible that any mystic, whatever his religion,
character or race, should escape its battles: for none at the beginning of their growth are in a position
to dispense with its good offices. Neoplatonists and Mahommedans, no less than the Christian
ascetics, are acquainted with the Purgative Way. All realize the first law of Spiritual Alchemy, that
you must tame the Green Lion before you give him wings. Thus in Attars allegory of the Valleys,
the valley of self-stripping and renunciation comes first.
463
So too Al Ghazzali, the Persian
contemplative, says of the period immediately following his acceptance of the principles of Sufi
ism and consequent renunciation of property, I went to Syria, where I remained more than two
years; without any other object than that of living in seclusion and solitude, conquering my desires,
struggling with my passions, striving to purify my soul, to perfect my character, and to prepare my
heart to meditate upon God. At the end of this period of pure purgation circumstances forced him
to return to the world; much to his regret, since he had not yet attained to the perfect ecstatic state,
unless it were in one or two isolated moments.
464
Such gleams of ecstatic vision, distributed through the later stages of purification, seem to
be normal features of mystical development. Increasing control of the lower centres, of the surface
intelligence and its scattered desires, permits the emergence of the transcendental perceptions. We
have seen that Fox in his early stages displayed just such an alternation between the light and shade
of the mystic way.
465
So too did that least ascetic of visionaries, Jacob Boehme. Finding within
227
myself a powerful contrarium, namely the desires that belong to the flesh and blood, he says, I
began to fight a hard battle against my corrupted nature, and with the aid of God I made up my
mind to overcome the inherited evil will, to break it, and to enter wholly into the Love of God. . .
. This, however, was not possible for me to accomplish, but I stood firmly by my earnest resolution,
and fought a hard battle with myself. Now while I was wrestling and battling, being aided by God,
461
Testament, cap. ii. (Rixs translation).
462
Vie, pt. i. cap. x.
463
Supra , p. 131.
464
Schmlders, Essay sur les coles Philosophiques chez les Arabes, p. 59.
465
Supra , p. 177.
164
a wonderful light arose within my soul. It was a light entirely foreign to my unruly nature, but in
it I recognized the true nature of God and man, and the relation existing between them, a thing
which heretofore I had never understood, and for which I would never have sought.
466
In these words Boehme bridges the gap between Purgation and Illumination: showing these
two states or ways as coexisting and complementary one to another, the light and dark sides of a
developing mystic consciousness. As a fact, they do often exist side by side in the individual
experience:
467
and any treatment which exhibits them as sharply and completely separated may be
convenient for purposes of study, but becomes at best diagrammatic if considered as a representation
of the mystic life. The mystical consciousness, as we have seen, belongsfrom the psychological
point of viewto that mobile or unstable type in which the artistic temperament also finds a
place. It sways easily between the extremes of pleasure and pain in its gropings after transcendental
reality. It often attains for a moment to heights in which it is not able to rest: is often flung from
some rapturous vision of the Perfect to the deeps of contrition and despair.
The mystics have a vivid metaphor by which to describe that alternation between the onset
and the absence of the joyous transcendental consciousness which forms as it were the characteristic
intermediate stage between the bitter struggles of pure Purgation, and the peace and radiance of
the Illuminative Life. They call it Ludus Amoris , the Game of Love which God plays with the
desirous soul. It is the game of chess, says St. Teresa, in which game Humility is the Queen
without whom none can checkmate the Divine King.
468
Here, says Martensen, God plays a
blest game with the soul.
469
The Game of Love is a reflection in consciousness of that state of
struggle, oscillation and unrest which precedes the first unification of the self. It ceases when this
228
has taken place and the new level of reality has been attained. Thus St. Catherine of Siena, that
inspired psychologist, was told in ecstasy, With the souls who have arrived at perfection, I play
no more the Game of Love, which consists in leaving and returning again to the soul; though thou
must understand that it is not, properly speaking, I, the immovable GOD, Who thus elude them,
but rather the sentiment that My charity gives them of Me.
470
In other terms, it is the imperfectly
developed spiritual perception which becomes tired and fails, throwing the self back into the darkness
and aridity whence it has emerged. So we are told of Rulman Merswin
471
that after the period of
harsh physical mortification which succeeded his conversion came a year of delirious joy alternating
with the most bitter physical and moral sufferings. It is, he says, the Game of Love which the
Lord plays with His poor sinful creature. Memories of all his old sins still drove him to exaggerated
penances: morbid temptations made me so ill that I feared I should lose my reason. These psychic
storms reacted upon the physical organism. He had a paralytic seizure, lost the use of his lower
limbs, and believed himself to be at the point of death. When he was at his worst, however, and all
hope seemed at an end, an inward voice told him to rise from his bed. He obeyed, and found himself
cured. Ecstasies were frequent during the whole of this period. In these moments of exaltation he
felt his mind to be irradiated by a new light, so that he knew, intuitively, the direction which his
life was bound to take, and recognized the inevitable and salutary nature of his trials. God showed
466
Hartmann, Life and Doctrines of Jacob Boehme, p. 50.
467
Compare the case of St. Teresa already cited, supra , p. 213.
468
Camino de Perfeccion, cap. xvii.
469
Martensen, Meister Eckhart, p. 75.
470
Dialogo, cap. lxxviii.
471
Jundt, Rulman Merswin, pp. 10 and 20.
165
Himself by turns harsh and gentle: to each access of misery succeeded the rapture of supernatural
grace. In this intermittent style, torn by these constant fluctuations between depression and delight,
did Merswin, in whom the psychic instability of the artistic and mystic types is present in excess,
pass through the purgative and illuminated states.
472
They appear to have coexisted in his
consciousness, first one and then the other emerging and taking control. Hence he did not attain
the peaceful condition which is characteristic of full illumination, and normally closes the First
Mystic Life; but passed direct from these violent alternations of mystical pleasure and mystical
pain to the state which he calls the school of suffering love. This, as we shall see when we come
229
to its consideration, is strictly analogous to that which other mystics have called the Dark Night
of the Soul, and opens the Second Mystic Life or Unitive Way.
Such prolonged coexistence of alternating pain and pleasure states in the developing soul,
such delay in the attainment of equilibrium, is not infrequent, and must be taken into account in all
analyses of the mystic type. Though it is convenient for purposes of study to practise a certain
dissection, and treat as separate states which are, in the living subject, closely intertwined, we
should constantly remind ourselves that such a proceeding is artificial. The struggle of the self to
disentangle itself from illusion and attain the Absolute is a life-struggle. Hence, it will and must
exhibit the freedom and originality of life: will, as a process, obey artistic rather than scientific
laws. It will sway now to the light and now to the shade of experience: its oscillations will sometimes
be great, sometimes small. Mood and environment, inspiration and information, will all play their
part.
There are in this struggle three factors.
(1) The unchanging light of Eternal Reality: that Pure Being which ever shines and nought
shall ever dim.
(2) The web of illusion, here thick, there thin; which hems in, confuses, and allures the
sentient self.
(3) That self, always changing, moving, strugglingalways, in fact, becoming alive in
every fibre, related at once to the unreal and to the real; and, with its growth in true being, ever
more conscious of the contrast between them.
In the ever-shifting relations between these three factors, the consequent energy engendered,
the work done, we may find a cause of the innumerable forms of stress and travail which are called
in their objective form the Purgative Way. One only of the three is constant: the Absolute to which
the soul aspires. Though all else may fluctuate, that goal is changeless. That Beauty so old and so
new, with whom is no variableness, neither shadow of turning, which is the One of Plotinus, the
All of Eckhart and St. John of the Cross, the Eternal Wisdom of Suso, the Unplumbed Abyss of
Ruysbroeck, the Pure Love of St. Catherine of Genoa, awaits yesterday, to-day, and for ever the
opening of Its creatures eyes.
In the moment of conversion those eyes were opened for an instant: obtained, as it were, a
dazzling and unforgettable glimpse of the Uncreated Light. They must learn to stay open: to look
steadfastly into the eyes of Love: so that, in the beautiful imagery of the mystics, the faithful
472
We recognize here the chief symptoms of the cyclic type of mentality, with its well-marked alternations of depression
and exaltation. This psychological type is found frequently, but not invariably, among the mystics: and its peculiarities must be
taken into account when studying their experiences. For a technical description, see W. McDougall: An Introduction to Abnormal
Psychology, caps. xxii and xxviii.
166
230
servant may become the secret friend.
473
Then it is, says Boehme, that the divine glimpse and
beam of joy ariseth in the soul, being a new eye, in which the dark, fiery soul conceiveth the Ens
and Essence of the divine light.
474
So hard an art is not at once acquired in its perfection. It is in
accordance with all that we know of the conditions of development that a partial achievement
should come first; bewildering moments of lucidity, splendid glimpses, whose brevity is due to the
weakness of the newly opened and unpractised eye which looks upon Eternity, the yet
undisciplined strength of the eye which looks upon Time. Such is that play of light and dark, of
exaltation and contrition, which often bridges the gap between the Purgative and the Illuminative
states. Each by turn takes the field and ousts the other; for these two eyes of the soul of man cannot
both perform their work at once.
475
To use another and more domestic metaphor, that Divine Child which was, in the hour of
the mystic conversion, born in the spark of the soul, must learn like other children to walk. Though
it is true that the spiritual self must never lose its sense of utter dependence on the Invisible; yet
within that supporting atmosphere, and fed by its gifts, it must find its feet. Each effort to stand
brings first a glorious sense of growth, and then a fall: each fall means another struggle to obtain
the difficult balance which comes when infancy is past. There are many eager trials, many hopes,
many disappointments. At last, as it seems suddenly, the moment comes: tottering is over, the
muscles have learnt their lesson, they adjust themselves automatically, and the new self suddenly
finds itselfit knows not howstanding upright and secure. That is the moment which marks the
boundary between the purgative and the illuminative states.
The process of this passage of the new or spiritual man from his awakening to the
illuminated life, has been set out by Jacob Boehme in language which is at once poetic and precise.
When Christ the Corner-Stone [ i.e. , the divine principle latent in man] stirreth himself in the
extinguished Image of Man in his hearty Conversion and Repentance, he says, then Virgin Sophia
appeareth in the stirring of the Spirit of Christ in the extinguished Image, in her Virgins attire
before the Soul; at which the Soul is so amazed and astonished in its Uncleanness that all its Sins
immediately awake in it, and it trembleth before her; for then the judgment passeth upon the Sins
of the Soul, so that it even goeth back in its unworthiness, being ashamed in the Presence of its fair
Love, and entereth into itself, feeling and acknowledging itself utterly unworthy to receive such a
231
Jewel. This is understood by those who are of our tribe and have tasted of this heavenly Gift, and
by none else. But the noble Sophia draweth near in the Essence of the Soul, and kisseth it in friendly
Manner, and tinctureth its dark Fire with her Rays of Love, and shineth through it with her bright
and powerful Influence. Penetrated with the strong Sense and Feeling of which, the Soul skippeth
in its Body for great Joy, and in the strength of this Virgin Love exulteth, and praiseth the great
God for his blest Gift of Grace. I will set down here a short description how it is when the Bride
thus embraceth the Bridegroom, for the consideration of the Reader, who perhaps hath not yet been
in this wedding chamber. It may be he will be desirous to follow us, and to enter into the Inner
Choir, where the Soul joineth hands and danceth with Sophia, or the Divine Wisdom.
476
473
See Ruysbroeck, De Calculo, cap. vii. The metaphor is an ancient one and occurs in many patristic and mediaeval writers.
474
The Epistles of Jacob Boehme, p. 19.
475
Theologia Germanica, cap. vii.
476
Jacob Boehme, The Way to Christ, pt. i. p. 23 (vol. iv. of the complete English translation of Boehmes works).
167
232
I n illumination we come to that state of consciousness which is popularly supposed to be peculiar
to the mystic: a form of mental life, a kind of perception, radically different from that of normal
men. His preceding adventures and experiences cannot be allowed this quality. His awakening to
consciousness of the Absolutethough often marked by a splendour and intensity which seem to
distinguish it from other psychic upheavals of that kinddoes but reproduce upon higher levels
those characteristic processes of conversion and falling in love which give depth and actuality to
the religious and passional life. The purification to which he then sets himselfthough this possesses
as a rule certain features peculiar to mystical developmentis again closely related to the disciplines
and mortifications of ascetic, but not necessarily mystical, piety. It is the most exalted form with
which we are acquainted of that catharsis that pruning and training of the human plantwhich
is the essence of all education, and a necessary stage in every kind of transcendence. Here, the
mystic does but adopt in a more drastic form the principles which all who would live with an intense
life, all seekers after freedom, all true lovers must accept: though he may justly claim with Ophelia
233
that these wear their rue with a difference.
477
But in the great swing back into sunshine which is the reward of that painful descent into
the cell of self-knowledge, he parts company with these other pilgrims. Those who still go with
him a little waycertain prophets, poets, artists, dreamers do so in virtue of that mystical genius,
that instinct for transcendental reality, of which all seers and creators have some trace. The initiates
of beauty or of wisdom, as the great mystic is the initiate of love, they share in some degree the
experiences of the way of illumination. But the mystic has now a veritable foothold in that
transcendental world into which they penetrate now and again: enjoys a certain fellowshipnot
yet unionwith the great life of the All, and thence draws strength and peace. Really and actually,
as one whose noviciate is finished, he has entered the Inner Choir, where the Soul joineth hands
and danceth with Sophia, the Divine Wisdom: and, keeping time with the great rhythms of the
spiritual universe, feels that he has found his place.
This change of consciousness, however abrupt and amazing it may seem to the self which
experiences it, seems to the psychologist a normal phase in that organic process of development
which was initiated by the awakening of the transcendental sense. Responding to the intimations
received in that awakening, ordering itself in their interest, concentrating its scattered energies on
this one thing, the self emerges from long and varied acts of purification to find that it is able to
apprehend another order of reality. It has achieved consciousness of a world that was always there,
and wherein its substantial beingthat Ground which is of Godhas always stood. Such a
consciousness is Transcendental Feeling in excelsis : a deep, intuitional knowledge of the secret
plan.
We are like a choir who stand round the conductor, says Plotinus, but do not always sing
in tune, because their attention is diverted by looking at external things. So we always move round
the Oneif we did not, we should dissolve and cease to existbut we do not always look towards
the One. Hence, instead of that free and conscious co-operation in the great life of the All which
alone can make personal life worth living, we move like slaves or marionettes, and, oblivious of
the whole to which our little steps contribute, fail to observe the measure whereto the worlds keep
time. Our minds being distracted from the Corypheus in the midst the energetic Word who sets
the rhythm, we do not behold Him. We are absorbed in the illusions of sense; the eye which looks
477
For the relation between catharsis and poetic and mystical knowledge, see Bremond, Prire et Poesie, caps xvi. and xvii.
168
on Eternity is idle. But when we do behold Him, says Plotinus again, we attain the end of our
existence and our rest. Then we no longer sing out of tune, but form a truly divine chorus about
234
Him; in the which chorus dance the soul beholds the Fountain of life the Fountain of intellect, the
Principle of Being, the cause of good the root of soul.
478
Such a beholding, such a lifting of
consciousness from a self-centred to a God-centred world, is of the essence of illumination.
It will be observed that in these passages the claim of the mystic is not yet to supreme
communion; the Spiritual Marriage of the Christian mystic, or that flight of the Alone to the
Alone which is the Plotinian image for the utmost bliss of the emancipated soul. He has now got
through preliminaries; detached himself from his chief entanglements; re-orientated his instinctive
life. The result is a new and solid certitude about God, and his own souls relation to God: an
enlightenment in which he is adjusted to new standards of conduct and thought. In the traditional
language of asceticism he is proficient but not yet perfect. He achieves a real vision and knowledge,
a conscious harmony with the divine World of Becoming: not yet self-loss in the Principle of Life,
but rather a willing and harmonious revolution about Him, that in dancing he may know what is
done. This character distinguishes almost every first-hand description of illumination: and it is
this which marks it off from mystic union in all its forms. All pleasurable and exalted states of
mystic consciousness in which the sense of I-hood persists, in which there is a loving and joyous
relation between the Absolute as object and the self as subject, fall under the head of Illumination:
which is really an enormous development of the intuitional life at high levels. All veritable and
first-hand apprehensions of the Divine obtained by the use of symbols, as in the religious life; all
the degrees of prayer lying between meditation and the prayer of union; many phases of poetic
inspiration and glimpses of truth, are activities of the illuminated mind.
To see God in nature, to attain a radiant consciousness of the otherness of natural things,
is the simplest and commonest form of illumination. Most people, under the spell of emotion or of
beauty, have known flashes of rudimentary vision of this kind. Where such a consciousness is
recurrent, as it is in many poets,
479
there results that partial yet often overpowering apprehension
of the Infinite Life immanent in all living things, which some modern writers have dignified by the
235
name of nature-mysticism. Where it is raised to its highest denomination, till the veil is obliterated
by the light behind, and faith has vanished into sight, as sometimes happened to Blake, we reach
the point at which the mystic swallows up the poet.
Dear Sir, says that great genius in one of his most characteristic letters, written immediately
after an onset of the illuminated vision which he had lost for many years, excuse my enthusiasm,
or rather madness, for I am really drunk with intellectual vision whenever I take a pencil or graver
into my hand.
480
Many a great painter, philosopher, or poet, perhaps every inspired musician, has
known this indescribable inebriation of Reality in those moments of transcendence in which his
masterpieces were conceived. This is the saving madness of which Plato speaks in the Phaedrus;
478
Plotinus, Ennead vi. 9. Compare with this image of the rhythmic dance of things about a divine Corypheus in the midst,
those passages in the Apocryphal Hymn of Jesus where the Logos or Christ, standing within the circle of disciples, says, I
am the Word who did play and dance all things, Now answer to My dancing, Understand by dancing what I do. Again,
Who danceth not knoweth not what is being done. I would pipe, dance ye all! and presently the rubric declares, All whose
Nature is to dance, doth dance! (See Dr. M. R. James, Apocrypha Anecdota, series 2; and G. R. S. Mead, Echoes from the
Gnosis: the Dance of Jesus. Compare supra, p. 134.)
479
For instance, Keats Shelley, Wordsworth, Tennyson, Browning, Whitman.
480
169
the ecstasy of the God-intoxicated man, the lover, the prophet, and the poet drunk with life.
When the Christian mystic, eager for his birthright, says Sanguis Christi, inebria me! he is asking
for just such a gift of supernal vitality, a draught of that Wine of Absolute Life which runs in the
arteries of the world. Those to whom that cup is given attain to an intenser degree of vitality, hence
to a more acute degree of perception, a more vivid consciousness, than that which is enjoyed by
other men. For though, as Ruysbroeck warns us, this is not God, yet it is for many selves the
Light in which we see Him.
481
Blake conceived that it was his vocation to bring this mystical illumination, this heightened
vision of reality, within the range of ordinary men: to cleanse the doors of perception of the race.
They thought him a madman for his pains.
. . . I rest not upon my great task
To open the Eternal Worlds, to open the immortal Eyes
Of Man inwards into the Worlds of Thought: into Eternity
Ever expanding in the Bosom of God, the Human Imagination.
O Saviour, pour upon me thy Spirit of meekness and love,
Annihilate the Selfhood in me: be thou all my life.
482
The Mysteries of the antique world appear to have been attemptsoften by way of a merely
magical initiationto open the immortal eyes of man inwards: exalt his powers of perception
until they could receive the messages of a higher degree of reality. In spite of much eager theorizing,
it is impossible to tell how far they succeeded in this task. To those who had a natural genius for
the Infinite, symbols and rituals which were doubtless charged with ecstatic suggestions, and often
236
dramatized the actual course of the Mystic Way, may well have brought some enhancement of
consciousness:
483
though hardly that complete rearrangement of character which is an essential of
the mystics entrance on the true Illuminated State. Hence Plato only claims that he whose initiation
is recent can see Immortal Beauty under mortal veils.
O blessd he in all wise,
Who hath drunk the Living Fountain
Whose life no folly staineth
And whose soul is near to God:
Whose sins are lifted pall-wise
As he worships on the Mountain.
484
Thus sang the initiates of Dionysus; that mystery-cult in which the Greeks seem to have expressed
all they knew of the possible movement of consciousness through rites of purification to the ecstasy
of the Illuminated Life. The mere crude rapture of illumination has seldom been more vividly
expressed. With its half-Oriental fervours, its self-regarding glory in personal purification achieved,
and the spiritual superiority conferred by adeptship, may be compared the deeper and lovelier
experience of the Catholic poet and saint, who represents the spirit of Western mysticism at its
best. His sins, too, had been lifted pall-wise as a cloud melts in the sunshine of Divine Love: but
481
Ruysbroeck, De vera Contemplatione, cap. xi.
482
Jerusalem, cap. i.
483
Compare E. Rhode, Psyche, and J. E. Harrison, Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion, caps, ix., x., and xi.; a
work which puts the most favourable construction possible on the meaning of Orphic initiation.
484
The Bacchae of Euripides (translated by Gilbert Murray), p. 83.
170
here the centre of interest is not the little self which has been exalted, but the greater Self which
deigns thus to exalt.
O burn that burns to heal!
O more than pleasant wound!
And O soft hand, O touch most delicate
That dost new life reveal
That dost in grace abound
And, slaying, dost from death to life translate.
485
Here the joy is as passionate, the consciousness of an exalted life as intense: but it is
dominated by the distinctive Christian concepts of humility, surrender, and intimate love.
We have seen that all real artists, as well as all pure mystics, are sharers to some degree in
the Illuminated Life. They have drunk, with Blake, from that cup of intellectual vision which is the
chalice of the Spirit of Life: know something of its divine inebriation whenever Beauty inspires
237
them to create. Some have only sipped it. Some, like John of Parma, have drunk deep, accepting
in that act the mystic heritage with all its obligations. But to all who have seen Beauty face to face,
the Grail has been administered; and through that sacramental communion they are made participants
in the mystery of the world.
In one of the most beautiful passages of the Fioretti it is told how Brother Jacques of la
Massa, unto whom God opened the door of His secrets, saw in a vision this Chalice of the Spirit
of Life delivered by Christ into the hands of St. Francis, that he might give his brothers to drink
thereof.
Then came St. Francis to give the chalice of life to his brothers. And he gave it first to
Brother John of Parma: who, taking it drank it all in haste, devoutly; and straightway he became
all shining like the sun. And after him St. Francis gave it to all the other brothers in order: and there
were but few among them that took it with due reverence and devotion and drank it all. Those that
took it devoutly and drank it all, became straightway shining like the sun; but those that spilled it
all and took it not devoutly, became black, and dark, and misshapen and horrible to see; but those
that drank part and spilled part, became partly shining and partly dark, and more so or less according
to the measure of their drinking or spilling thereof. But the aforesaid Brother John was resplendent
above all the rest; the which had more completely drunk the chalice of life, whereby he had the
more deeply gazed into the abyss of the infinite light divine .
486
No image, perhaps, could suggest so accurately as this divine picture the conditions of
perfect illumination: the drinking deeply, devoutly, and in hastethat is, without prudent and
self-regarding hesitationof the heavenly Wine of Life; that wine of which Rolle says that it fulfils
the soul with a great gladness through a sweet contemplation.
487
John of Parma, the hero of those
Spiritual Franciscans in whose interest this exquisite allegory was composed, stands for all the
mystics, who, having completely drunk, have attained the power of gazing into the abyss of the
infinite light divine. In those imperfect brothers who dared not drink the cup of sacrifice to the
dregs, but took part and spilled part, so that they became partly shining and partly dark, according
to the measure of their drinking or spilling thereof, we may see an image of the artist, musician,
485
St. John of the Cross, Llama de Amor Viva (translated by Arthur Symons).
486
Fioretti, cap. xlviii. (Arnolds translation).
487
Horstman, Richard Rolle of Hampole, vol. ii. p. 79.
171
prophet, poet, dreamer, more or less illuminated according to the measure of courage and
self-abandonment in which he has drunk the cup of ecstasy: but always in comparison with the
radiance of the pure contemplative, partly shining and partly dark. Hinder me not, says the
238
soul to the senses in Mechthild of Magdeburgs vision, I would drink for a space of the unmingled
wine.
488
In the artist, the senses have somewhat hindered the perfect inebriation of the soul.
We have seen that a vast tract of experienceall the experience which results from contact
between a purged and heightened consciousness and the World of Becoming in which it is immersed;
and much, too, of that which results from contact set up between such a consciousness and the
Absolute Itselfis included in that stage of growth which the mystics call the Illuminative Way.
This is the largest and most densely populated province of the mystic kingdom. Such different
visionaries as Suso and Blake, Boehme and Angela of Foligno, Mechthild of Magdeburg, Fox,
Rolle, St. Teresa, and countless others have left us the record of their sojourn therein. Amongst
those who cannot be called pure mystics we can detect in the works of Plato and Heracleitus,
Wordsworth, Tennyson, and Walt Whitman indications that they too were acquainted, beyond most
poets and seers, with the phenomena of the illuminated life. In studying it then, we shall be
confronted by a mass of apparently irreconcilable material: the results of the relation set up between
every degree of lucidity, every kind of character, and the suprasensible world.
To say that God is Infinite is to say that He may be apprehended and described in an infinity
of ways. That Circle whose centre is everywhere and whose circumference is nowhere, may be
approached from every angle with a certainty of being found. Mystical history, particularly that
which deals with the Illuminative Way, is a demonstration of this fact. Here, in the establishment
of the first mystic life, of conscious correspondence with Reality, the self which has oscillated
between two forms of consciousness, has alternately opposed and embraced its growing intuitions
of the Absolute, comes for a time to rest. To a large extent, the discordant elements of character
have been purged away. Temporally at least the mind has unified itself upon high levels, and
attained, as it believes, a genuine consciousness of the divine and veritable world. The depth and
richness of its own nature will determine how intense that consciousness shall be.
Whatever its scope, however, this new apprehension of reality generally appears to the
illuminated Self as final and complete. As the true lover is always convinced that he has found in
his bride the one Rose of the World, so the mystic, in the first glow of his initiation, is sure that his
quest is now fulfilled. Ignorant as yet of that consummation of love which overpasses the proceedings
of the inward eye and ear, he exclaims with entire assurance Beati oculi qui exterioribus clausi,
239
interioribus autem sunt intenti,
489
and, absorbed in this new blissful act of vision, forgets that it
belongs to those who are still in via . He has yet to pass through that night of the senses in which
he learns to distinguish the substance of Reality from the accidents under which it is perceived; to
discover that the heavenly food here given cannot satisfy his hunger for the Absolute.
490
His true
goal lies far beyond this joyful basking in the sunbeams of the Uncreated Light. Only the greatest
souls learn this lesson, and tread the whole of that Kings Highway which leads man back to his
Source. For the many that come to Bethlehem, there be few that will go on to Calvary. The rest
488
Das Fliessende Licht der Gottheit, pt. i. cap. 43.
489
De Imitatione Christi, I. iii. cap. i.
490
For the decisive character of this night of the senses, see St. John of the Cross, Noche escura del Alma, I. i.
172
stay here, in this Earthly Paradise, these flowery fields; where the liberated self wanders at will,
describing to us as well as it can now this corner, now that of the Country of the Soul.
It is in these descriptions of the joy of illuminationin the outpourings of love and rapture
belonging to this statethat we find the most lyrical passages of mystical literature. Here poet,
mystic, and musician are on common ground: for it is only by the oblique methods of the artist, by
the use of aesthetic suggestion and musical rhythm, that the wonder of that vision can be expressed.
When essential goodness, truth, and beautyLight, Life, and Loveare apprehended by the heart,
whether the heart be that of poet, painter, lover, or saint, that apprehension can only be communicated
in a living, that is to say, an artistic form. The natural mind is conscious only of succession: the
special differentia of the mystic is the power of apprehending simultaneity. In the peculiarities of
the illuminated consciousness we recognize the effort of the mind to bridge the gap between
Simultaneity and Succession: the characters of Creator and Creation. Here the successive is called
upon to carry the values of the Eternal.
Here, then, genius and sanctity kiss one another; and each, in that sublime encounter, looks
for an instant through the others eyes. Hence it is natural and inevitable that the mystic should
here call into play all the resources of artistic expression: the lovely imagery of Julian and Mechthild
of Magdeburg, Susos poetic visions, St. Augustines fire and light, the heavenly harmonies of St.
Francis and Richard Rolle. Symbols, too, play a major part, not only in the description, but also in
the machinery of illumination: the intuitions of many mystics presenting themselves directly to the
surface-mind in a symbolic form. We must therefore be prepared for a great variety and fluidity of
240
expression, a constant and not always conscious recourse to symbol and image, in those who try
to communicate the secret of this state of consciousness. We must examine, and even classify so
far as possible, a wide variety of experiencesome which is recognized by friends and foes alike
as purely mystical, some in which the operation of poetic imagination is clearly discernible, some
which involves psychic phenomena and other abnormal activities of the mindrefusing to be
frightened away from investigation by the strange, and apparently irreconcilable character of our
material.
There are three main types of experience which appear again and again in the history of
mysticism; nearly always in connection with illumination, rather than any other phase of mystical
development. I think that they may fairly be regarded as its main characteristics, though the
discussion of them cannot cover all the ground. In few forms of spiritual life is the spontaneity of
the individual so clearly seen as here: and in few is the ever-deadly process of classification attended
with so many risks.
These three characteristics are:
1. A joyous apprehension of the Absolute: that which many ascetic writers call the practice
of the Presence of God. This, however, is not to be confused with that unique consciousness of
union with the divine which is peculiar to a later stage of mystical development. The self, though
purified, still realizes itself as a separate entity over against God. It is not immersed in its Origin,
but contemplates it. This is the betrothal rather than the marriage of the soul.
2. This clarity of vision may also be enjoyed in regard to the phenomenal world. The actual
physical perceptions seem to be strangely heightened, so that the self perceives an added significance
and reality in all natural things: is often convinced that it knows at last the secret of the world.
173
In Blakes words the doors of perception are cleansed so that everything appears to man as it
is , infinite.
491
In these two forms of perception we see the growing consciousness of the mystic stretching
in two directions, until it includes in its span both the World of Being and the World of Becoming;
492
that dual apprehension of reality as transcendent yet immanent which we found to be one of the
distinguishing marks of the mystic type.
3. Along with this two-fold extension of consciousness, the energy of the intuitional or
transcendental self may be enormously increased. The psychic upheavals of the Purgative Way
have tended to make it central for life: to eliminate from the character all those elements which
241
checked its activity. Now it seizes upon the ordinary channels of expression; and may show itself
in such forms as (a) auditions, (b) dialogues between the surface consciousness and another
intelligence which purports to be divine, (c) visions, and sometimes (d) in automatic writings. In
many selves this automatic activity of those growing but still largely subconscious powers which
constitute the New Man, increases steadily during the whole of the mystic life.
Illumination, then, tends to appear mainly under one or all of these three forms. Often all
are present; though, as a rule, one is dominant. The balance of characteristics will be conditioned
in each case by the selfs psychic make-up; its temperamental leaning towards pure contemplation,
lucid vision, or automatic expression; emanation or immanence, the metaphysical, artistic, or
intimate aspects of truth. The possible combinations between these various factors are as innumerable
as the possible creations of Life itself.
In the wonderful rhapsodies of St. Augustine, in St. Bernards converse with the Word, in
Angela of Folignos apprehensions of Deity, in Richard Rolles state of song, when sweetest
heavenly melody he took, with him dwelling in mind, or in Brother Lawrences practice of the
Presence of God, we may see varied expressions of the first type of illuminated consciousness.
Jacob Boehme is rightly looked upon as a classic example of the second; which is also found in
one of its most attractive forms in St. Francis of Assisi. Suso and St. Teresa, perhaps, may stand
for the third, since in them the visionary and auditory phenomena were peculiarly well marked. A
further study of each characteristic in order, will help us to disentangle the many threads which go
to the psychical make-up of these great and complex mystic types. The rest of this chapter will,
then, be given to the analysis of the two chief forms of illuminated consciousness: the selfs
perception of Reality in the eternal and temporal worlds. The important subject of voices and visions
demands a division to itself.
I. The Consciousness of the Absolute, or Sense of the Presence of God
This consciousness, in its various forms and degrees, is perhaps the most constant
characteristic of Illumination; and makes it, for the mystic soul, a pleasure-state of the intensest
kind. I do not mean by this that the subject passes months or years in a continuous ecstasy of
communion with the Divine. Intermittent periods of spiritual fatigue or aridityrenewals of the
temperamental conflicts experienced in purgationthe oncoming gloom of the Dark Nightall
491
The Marriage of Heaven and Hell, xxii.
492
Vide supra, pp. 42-50 .
174
242
these may be, and often are, experienced at intervals during the Illuminated Life; as flashes of
insight, indistinguishable from illumination, constantly break the monotony of the Purgative Way.
But a deep certitude of the Personal Life omnipresent in the universe has been achieved; and this
can never be forgotten, even though it be withdrawn. The spirit stretching towards God declares
that it has touched Him; and its normal condition henceforth is joyous consciousness of His Presence
with many privy touchings of sweet spiritual sights and feeling, measured to us as our simpleness
may bear it.
493
Where he prefers less definite or more pantheistic language, the mystics perceptions
may take the form of harmony with the Infinitethe same divine music transposed to a lower
key.
This sense of God is not a metaphor. Innumerable declarations prove it to be a
consciousness as sharp as that which other men have, or think they have, of colour, heat, or light.
It is a well-known though usually transitory experience in the religious life: like the homing instinct
of birds, a fact which can neither be denied nor explained. How that presence is felt, it may better
be known by experience than by any writing, says Hilton, for it is the life and the love, the might
and the light, the joy and the rest of a chosen soul. And therefore he that hath soothfastly once felt
it he may not forbear it without pain; he may not undesire it, it is so good in itself and so comfortable.
. . . He cometh privily sometimes when thou art least aware of Him, but thou shalt well know Him
or He go; for wonderfully He stirreth and mightily He turneth thy heart into beholding of His
goodness, and doth thine heart melt delectably as wax against the fire into softness of His love.
494
Modern psychologists have struggled hard to discredit this sense of the presence;
sometimes attributing it to the psychic mechanism of projection, sometimes to wish-fulfilments
of a more unpleasant origin.
495
The mystics, however, who discriminate so much more delicately
than their critics between true and false transcendental experience, never feel any doubt about its
validity. Even when their experience seems inconsistent with their theology, they refuse to be
disturbed.
Thus St. Teresa writes of her own experience, with her usual simplicity and directness, In
the beginning it happened to me that I was ignorant of one thingI did not know that God was in
all things: and when He seemed to me to be so near, I thought it impossible. Not to believe that He
243
was present was not in my power; for it seemed to me, as it were, evident that I felt there His very
presence. Some unlearned men used to say to me, that He was present only by His grace. I could
not believe that, because, as I am saying, He seemed to me to be present Himself: so I was distressed.
A most learned man, of the Order of the glorious Patriarch St. Dominic, delivered me from this
doubt, for he told me that He was present, and how He communed with us: this was a great comfort
to me.
496
Again, An interior peace, and the little strength which either pleasures or displeasures have
to remove this presence (during the time it lasts) of the Three Persons, and that without power to
doubt of it, continue in such a manner that I clearly seem to experience what St. John says, That
493
Julian of Norwich, Revelations, cap. xliii.
494
The Scale of Perfection, bk. ii. cap. xli.
495
See Delacroix, tudes sur le Mysticisme, Appendix I. Sentiment de Prsence. For a balanced view, Marchal, Studies
in the Psychology of the Mystics, p. 55. See also Poulain, Les Grces dOraison, cap. v.
496
Vida, cap. xviii. 20.
175
He will dwell in the soul, and this not only by grace, but that He will also make her perceive this
presence.
497
St. Teresas strong immanental bent comes out well in this passage.
Such a sense of the divine presence may go side by side with the daily life and normal
mental activities of its possessor; who is not necessarily an ecstatic or an abstracted visionary,
remote from the work of the world. It is true that the transcendental consciousness has now become,
once for all, his centre of interest, its perceptions and admonitions dominate and light up his daily
life. The object of education, in the Platonic sense, has been achieved: his soul has wheeled round
from the perishing world to the contemplation of the real world and the brightest part thereof.
498
But where vocation and circumstances require it, the duties of a busy outward life continue to
be fulfilled with steadiness and success: and this without detriment to the souls contemplation of
the Real.
In many temperaments of the unstable or artistic type, however, this intuitional consciousness
of the Absolute becomes ungovernable: it constantly breaks through, obtaining forcible possession
of the mental field and expressing itself in the psychic phenomena of ecstasy and rapture. In
others, less mobile, it wells up into an impassioned apprehension, a flame of love in which the
self seems to meet God in the ground of the soul. This is pure contemplation: that state of deep
orison in which the subject seems to be seeing, feeling and thinking all at once. By this spontaneous
exercise of all his powers under the dominion of love, the mystic attains that Vision of the Heart
244
which, more interior, perhaps, than the visions of dream or ecstasy,
499
stretches to the full those
very faculties which it seems to be holding in suspense; as a top sleeps when it is spinning fast.
Ego dormio et cor meum vigilat . This act of contemplation, this glad surrender to an overwhelming
consciousness of the Presence of God, leaves no sharp image on the mind: only a knowledge that
we have been lifted up, to a veritable gazing upon That which eye hath not seen.
St. Bernard gives in one of his sermons a simple, ingenuous and obviously personal account
of such privy touchings, such convincing but elusive contacts of the soul with the Absolute. Now
bear with my foolishness for a little, he says, for I wish to tell you, as I have promised, how such
events have taken place in me. It is, indeed, a matter of no importance. But I put myself forward
only that I may be of service to you; and if you derive any benefit I am consoled for my egotism.
If not, I shall but have displayed my foolishness. I confess, then, though I say it in my foolishness,
that the Word has visited me, and even very often. But, though He has frequently entered into my
soul, I have never at any time been sensible of the precise moment of His coming. I have felt that
He was present, I remember that He has been with me; I have sometimes been able even to have a
presentiment that He would come: but never to feel His coming nor His departure. For whence He
came to enter my soul, or whither He went on quitting it, by what means He has made entrance or
departure, I confess that I know not even to this day; according to that which is said, Nescis unde
veniat aut quo vadat . Nor is this strange, because it is to Him that the psalmist has said in another
place, Vestigia tua non cognoscentur .
It is not by the eyes that He enters, for He is without form or colour that they can discern;
nor by the ears, for His coming is without sound; nor by the nostrils, for it is not with the air but
with the mind that He is blended. . . . By what avenue then has He entered? Or perhaps the fact
497
Letters of St. Teresa (1581), Daltons translation, No. VII.
498
Republic, vii. 518.
499
Rcjac, Fondements de la Connaissance Mystique, p. 151.
176
may be that He has not entered at all, nor indeed come at all from outside: for not one of these
things belongs to outside. Yet it has not come from within me, for it is good, and I know that in me
dwelleth no good thing. I have ascended higher than myself, and lo! I have found the Word above
me still. My curiosity has led me to descend below myself also, and yet I have found Him still at
a lower depth. If I have looked without myself, I have found that He is beyond that which is outside
of me, and if within, He was at an inner depth still. And thus have I learned the truth of the words
245
I have read, In ipso enim vivimus et movemur et sumus .
500
Such a lifting up, such a condition of consciousness as that which St. Bernard is here trying
to describe, seems to snatch the spirit for a moment into a state which it is hard to distinguish from
that of true union. This is what the contemplatives call passive or infused contemplation, or
sometimes the orison of union: a brief foretaste of the Unitive State, often enjoyed for short
periods in the Illuminative Way, which reinforces their conviction that they have now truly attained
the Absolute. It is but a foretaste, however, of that attainment: the precocious effort of a soul still
in that stage of Enlightening which the Theologia Germanica declares to be belonging to such
as are growing.
501
This distinction between the temporary experience of union and the achievement of the
Unitive Life is well brought out in a fragment of dialogue between Soul and Self in Hugh of St.
Victors mystical tract, De Arrha Animae.
The Soul says, Tell me, what can be this thing of delight that merely by its memory touches
and moves me with such sweetness and violence that I am drawn out of myself and carried away,
I know not how? I am suddenly renewed: I am changed: I am plunged into an ineffable peace. My
mind is full of gladness, all my past wretchedness and pain is forgot. My soul exults: my intellect
is illuminated: my heart is afire: my desires have become kindly and gentle: I know not where I
am, because my Love has embraced me. Also, because my Love has embraced me I seem to have
become possessed of something, and I know not what it is; but I try to keep it, that I may never
lose it. My soul strives in gladness that she may not be separated from That which she desires to
hold fast for ever: as if she had found in it the goal of all her desires. She exults in a sovereign and
ineffable manner, seeking nought, desiring nought, but to rest in this. Is this, then, my Beloved?
Tell me that I may know Him, and that if He come again I may entreat Him to leave me not, but
to stay with me for ever.
Man says, It is indeed thy Beloved who visits thee; but He comes in an invisible shape,
He comes disguised, He comes incomprehensibly. He comes to touch thee, not to be seen of thee:
to arouse thee, not to be comprehended of thee. He comes not to give Himself wholly, but to be
tasted by thee: not to fulfil thy desire, but to lead upwards thy affection. He gives a foretaste of His
delights, brings not the plenitude of a perfect satisfaction: and the earnest of thy betrothal consists
chiefly in this, that He who shall afterwards give Himself to be seen and possessed by thee
perpetually, now permits Himself to be sometimes tasted, that thou mayest learn how sweet He is.
246
This shall console thee for His absence: and the savour of this gift shall keep thee from all despair.
502
500
St. Bernard, Cantica Canticorum, Sermon lxxiv.
501
Theologia Germanica, cap. xiv.
502
Hugh of St. Victor, De Arrha Animae (Migne, Patrologia Latina, vol. clxxvi.).
177
The real distinction between the Illuminative and the Unitive Life is that in Illumination
the individuality of the subjecthowever profound his spiritual consciousness, however close his
apparent communion with the Infiniteremains separate and intact. His heightened apprehension
of reality lights up rather than obliterates the rest of his life: and may even increase his power of
dealing adequately with the accidents of normal existence. Thus Brother Lawrence found that his
acute sense of reality, his apprehension of the Presence of God, and the resulting detachment and
consciousness of liberty in regard to mundane things, upheld and assisted him in the most unlikely
tasks; as, for instance, when he was sent into Burgundy to buy wine for his convent, which was
a very unwelcome task to him, because he had no turn for business, and because he was lame, and
could not go about the boat but by rolling himself over the casks. That, however, he gave himself
no uneasiness about it, nor about the purchase of the wine. That he said to God, It was His business
he was about: and that he afterwards found it very well performed. . . . So likewise in his business
in the kitchen, to which he had naturally a great aversion.
503
The mind, concentrated upon a higher object of interest, is undistracted by its own anxieties,
likes, or dislikes; and hence performs the more efficiently the work that is given it to do. Where it
does not do so, then the normal make-up or imperfect discipline of the subject, rather than its
mystical proclivities, must be blamed. St. Catherine of Genoa found in this divine companionship
the power which made her hospital a success. St. Teresa was an administrator of genius and an
admirable housewife, and declared that she found her God very easily amongst the pots and pans.
504
Appearances notwithstanding, Mary would probably have been a better cook than Martha, had
circumstances required of her this form of activity.
In persons of feeble or diffuse intelligence, however, and above all in victims of a
self-regarding spirituality, this deep absorption in the sense of Divine Reality may easily degenerate
into monoideism. Then the shady side of Illumination, a selfish preoccupation with transcendental
joys, the spiritual gluttony condemned by St. John of the Cross, comes out. I made many
247
mistakes, says Madame Guyon pathetically, through allowing myself to be too much taken up
by my interior joys. . . . I used to sit in a corner and work, but I could hardly do anything, because
the strength of this attraction made me let the work fall out of my hands. I spent hours in this way
without being able to open my eyes or to know what was happening to me: so simply, so peacefully,
so gently that sometimes I said to myself, Can heaven itself be more peaceful than I?
505
Here we see Madame Guyon basking like a pious tabby cat in the beams of the Uncreated
Light, and already leaning to the extravagances of Quietism, with its dangerous double character
of passivity and beatitude. The heroic aspect of the mystic vocation is in abeyance. Those mystical
impressions which her peculiar psychic make-up permitted her to receive, have been treated as a
source of personal and placid satisfactions; not as a well-spring, whence new vitality might be
drawn for great and self-giving activities.
It has been claimed by the early biographers of St. Catherine of Genoa, that she passed in
the crisis of her conversion directly through the Purgative to the Unitive Life; and never exhibited
the characteristics of the Illuminative Way. This has been effectually disproved by Baron von
503
The Practice of the Presence of God, Second Conversation.
504
St. Teresa, Las Fundaciones, cap, v. p. 8.
505
Vie, pt. i. cap. xvii.
178
Hgel,
506
though he too is inclined in her case to reject the usual sequence of the mystic states. Yet
the description of Catherines condition after her four great penitential years were ended, as given
in cap. vi. of the Vita e Dottrina, is an almost perfect picture of healthy illumination of the inward
or immanental type; and makes an effective foil to the passage which I have quoted from Madame
Guyons life.
No doubt there were hours in which St. Catherines experience, as it were, ran ahead; and
she felt herself not merely lit up by the Indwelling Light, but temporally merged in it. These moments
are responsible for such passages as the beautiful fragment in cap. v.; which does, when taken
alone, seem to describe the true unitive state. Sometimes, she said, I do not see or feel myself
to have either soul, body, heart, will or taste, or any other thing except Pure Love.
507
Her normal
condition of consciousness, however, was clearly not yet that which Julian of Norwich calls being
oned with bliss; but rather an intense and continuous communion with an objective Reality which
was clearly realized as distinct from herself. After the aforesaid four years, says the next chapter
of the Vita, there was given unto her a purified mind, free, and filled with God: insomuch that
248
no other thing could enter into it. Thus, when she heard sermons or Mass, so much was she absorbed
in her interior feelings, that she neither heard nor saw that which was said or done without. But
within, in the sweet divine light, she saw and heard other things, being wholly absorbed by that
interior light: and it was not in her power to act otherwise. St. Catherine, then, is still a spectator
of the Absolute, does not feel herself to be one with it. And it is a marvellous thing that with so
great an interior recollection, the Lord never permitted her to go beyond control. But when she was
needed, she always came to herself: so that she was able to reply to that which was asked of her:
and the Lord so guided her, that none could complain of her. And she had her mind so filled by
Love Divine, that conversation became hard to her: and by this continuous taste and sense of God,
several times she was so greatly transported, that she was forced to hide herself, that she might not
be seen. It is clear, however, that Catherine herself was aware of the transitory and imperfect
nature of this intensely joyous state. Her growing transcendental self, unsatisfied with the sunshine
of the Illuminative Way, the enjoyment of the riches of God, already aspired to union with the
Divine. With her, as with all truly heroic souls, it was love for love, not love for joy. She cried to
God because He gave her so many consolations, Non voglio quello che esce da te, ma sol voglio
te, O dolce Amore !
508
Non voglio quello che esce da te. When the growing soul has reached this level of desire,
the Illuminative Way is nearly at an end. It has seen the goal, that Country which is no mere vision,
but a home,
509
and is set upon the forward march. So Rabia, the Moslem saint: O my God, my
concern and my desire in this world, is that I should remember thee above all the things of this
world, and in the next that out of all who are in that world, I should meet with thee alone.
510
So
Gertrude More: No knowledge which we can here have of thee can satisfy my soul seeking and
506
Mystical Element of Religion, vol. i. p. 105.
507
Vita e Dottrina loc. cit.
508
I desire not that which comes forth from Thee; but only I desire Thee, O sweetest Love! (Vita e Dottrina, cap. vi ).
509
Aug. Conf., bk. vii. cap. xx. Compare St. Teresa: Rapture is a great help to recognize our true home and to see that we are
pilgrims here; it is a great thing to see what is going on there, and to know where we have to live, for if a person has to go and
settle in another country, it is a great help to him in undergoing the fatigues of his journey that he has discovered it to be a country
where he may live in the most perfect peace (Vida, cap. xxxviii., 8).
510
M. Smith, Rabia the Mystic, p. 30.
179
longing without ceasing after thee. . . . Alas, my Lord God, what is all thou canst give to a loving
soul which sigheth and panteth after thee alone, and esteemeth all things as dung that she may gain
thee? What is all I say, whilst thou givest not thyself, who art that one thing which is only necessary
249
and which alone can satisfy our souls? Was it any comfort to St. Mary Magdalen, when she sought
thee, to find two angels which presented themselves instead of thee? verily I cannot think it was
any joy unto her. For that soul that hath set her whole love and desire on thee can never find any
true satisfaction but only in thee.
511
What is the nature of this mysterious mystic illumination? Apart from the certitude it imparts,
what is the form which it most usually assumes in the consciousness of the self? The illuminatives
seem to assure us that its apparently symbolic name is really descriptive; that they do experience
a kind of radiance, a flooding of the personality with new light. A new sun rises above the horizon,
and transfigures their twilit world. Over and over again they return to light-imagery in this
connection. Frequently, as in their first conversion, they report an actual and overpowering
consciousness of radiant light, ineffable in its splendour, as an accompaniment of their inward
adjustment.
Sopr onne lengua amore,
bont senza figura,
lume fuor di mesura
resplende nel mio core,
512
sang Jacopone da Todi. Light rare, untellable! said Whitman. The flowing light of the
Godhead, said Mechthild of Magdeburg, trying to describe what it was that made the difference
between her universe and that of normal men. Lux vixens dicit, said St. Hildegarde of her
revelations, which she described as appearing in a special light, more brilliant than the brightness
round the sun.
513
It is an infused brightness, says St. Teresa, a light which knows no night; but
rather, as it is always light, nothing ever disturbs it.
514
De subito parve giorno a giorno
essere aggiunto!
exclaims Dante, initiated into the atmosphere of heaven; Lume lassis his constant
declaration:
Cio ch io dico un semplice lume,
his last word, in the effort to describe the souls apprehension of the Being of God.
515
It really seems as though the mystics attainment of new levels of consciousness did bring
with it the power of perceiving a splendour always there, but beyond the narrow range of our poor
250
sight; to which it is only a luminous darkness at the best. In Eternal Nature, or the kingdom of
Heaven, said Law, materiality stands in life and light.
516
The cumulative testimony on this point
511
Spiritual Exercises, pp. 26 and 174.
512
Love above all language, goodness unimagined, light without measure shines in my heart (Jacopone da Todi. Lauda xci.).
513
Pitra, Analecta S. Hildegardis opera, p. 332.
514
St. Teresa, Vida, cap. xxviii. 7, 8.
515
Par. i. 61, xxx. 100, xxxiii. 90.
516
An Appeal to All who Doubt. I give the whole passage below, p. 263.
180
is such as would be held to prove, in any other department of knowledge, that there is indeed an
actual light, lighting the very light and awaiting the recognition of men.
517
Consider the accent of realism with which St. Augustine speaks of his own experience of
Platonic contemplation; a passage in which we seem to see a born psychologist desperately struggling
by means of negations to describe an intensely positive state. I entered into the secret closet of
my soul, led by Thee; and this I could do because Thou wast my helper. I entered, and beheld with
the mysterious eye of my soul the Light that never changes, above the eye of my soul, above my
intelligence. It was not the common light which all flesh can see, nor was it greater yet of the same
kind, as if the light of day were to grow brighter and brighter and flood all space. It was not like
this, but different: altogether different from all such things. Nor was it above my intelligence in the
same way as oil is above water, or heaven above earth; but it was higher because it made me, and
I was lower because made by it. He who knoweth the truth knoweth that Light: and who knoweth
it, knoweth eternity. Love knoweth it.
518
Here, as in the cases of St. Teresa, St. Catherine of Genoa, and Jacopone da Todi, we have
a characteristically immanental description of the illuminated state. The self, by the process which
mystics call introversion, the deliberate turning inwards of its attention, its conative powers,
discerns Reality within the heart: the rippling tide of love which flows secretly from God into the
soul, and draws it mightily back into its source.
519
But the opposite or transcendental tendency is
not less frequent. The cosmic vision of Infinity, exterior to the subjectthe expansive, outgoing
movement towards a Divine Light,
Che visible face
lo Creatore a quella creatura,
che solo in lui vedere ha la sua pace,
520
251
wholly other than anything the earth-born creature can conceivethe strange, formless
absorption in the Divine Dark to which the soul is destined to ascendall these modes of perception
are equally characteristic of the Illuminative Way. As in conversion, so here Reality may be
apprehended in either transcendent or immanent, positive or negative terms. It is both near and far;
closer to us than our most inward part, and higher than our highest;
521
and for some selves that
which is far is easiest to find. To a certain type of mind, the veritable practice of the Presence of
God is not the intimate and adorable companionship of the personal Comrade or the Inward Light,
but the awestruck contemplation of the Absolute, the naked Godhead, source and origin of all
that Is. It is an ascent to the supernal plane of perception, where the simple, absolute and
unchangeable mysteries of heavenly Truth lie hidden in the dazzling obscurity of the secret Silence,
517
It is, of course, arguable that the whole of this light-imagery is ultimately derived from the Prologue of the Fourth Gospel:
as the imagery of the Spiritual Marriage is supposed to be derived from the Song of Songs. Some hardy commentators have even
found in it evidence of the descent of Christian Mysticism from sun-worship. (See H. F. Dunbar, Symbolism in Mediaeval
Thought.) But it must be remembered that mystics are essentially realists, always seeking for language adequate to their vision
of truth: hence their adoption of this imagery is most simply explained by the fact that it represent something which they know
and are struggling to describe.
518
519
Mechthild of Magdeburg, op. cit ., pt. vii. 45.
520
Par. xxx. 100, Which makes visible the creator to that creature who only in beholding Him finds its peace.
521
Aug. Conf., bk. iii. cap. 6.
181
outshining all brilliance with the intensity of their darkness, and surcharging our blinded intellects
with the utterly impalpable and invisible fairness of glories which exceed all beauty.
522
With such an experience of eternity, such a vision of the triune all-including Absolute which
binds the Universe with love, Dante ends his Divine Comedy: and the mystic joy with which
its memory fills him is his guarantee that he has really seen the Inviolate Rose, the flaming heart
of things.
O abbondante grazia, ond io presunsi
ficcar lo viso per la luce eterna
tanto che la veduta vi consunsi!
Nel suo profondo vidi che s interna,
legato con amore in un volume,
ci che per luniverso si squaderna;
Sustanzia ed accidenti, e lor costume,
quasi conflati insieme per tal modo
che ci ch io dico un semplice lume.
La forma universal di questo nodo
credo ch io vidi, perch pi di largo,
dicendo questo, mi sento ch io godo.
. . . . .
O, quanto corto il dire, e come fioco
al mio concetto! e questo, a quel ch io vidi,
tanto che non basta a dicer poco.
O luce eterna, che sola in te sidi,
sola t intendi, e, da te intelletta
ed intendente te, ami ed arridi!
523
252
In Dante, the transcendent and impersonal aspect of illumination is seen in its most exalted
form. It seems at first sight almost impossible to find room within the same system for this expansive
vision of the Undifferentiated Light and such intimate and personal apprehensions of Deity as Lady
Julians conversations with her courteous and dearworthy Lord, or St. Catherines companionship
with Love Divine. Yet all these are really reports of the same psychological state: describe the
attainment by selves of different types, of the same stage in the souls progressive apprehension of
reality.
In a wonderful passage, unique in the literature of mysticism, Angela of Foligno has reported
the lucid vision in which she perceived this truth: the twofold revelation of an Absolute at once
522
Dionysius the Areopagite, De Mystica Theologia, i. 1. (Rolts translation.)
523
Par. xxxiii. 82, 121:
O grace abounding! wherein I presumed to fix my gaze on the eternal light so long that I consumed my sight thereon!
In its depths I saw ingathered the scattered leaves of the universe, bound into one book by love.
Substance and accident and their relations: as if fused together in such a manner that what I tell of is a simple light.
And I believe that I saw the universal form of this complexity; because, as I say this, I feel that I rejoice more deeply. . . .
Oh, but how scant the speech and how faint to my concept! and that to what I saw is such, that it suffices not to call it little.
O Light Eternal, Who only in Thyself abidest, only Thyself dost comprehend, and, of Thyself comprehended and Thyself
comprehending, dost love and smile!
182
humble and omnipotent, personal and transcendentthe unimaginable synthesis of unspeakable
power and deep humility.
The eyes of my soul were opened, and I beheld the plenitude of God, wherein I did
comprehend the whole world, both here and beyond the sea, and the abyss and ocean and all things.
In all these things I beheld naught save the divine power, in a manner assuredly indescribable; so
that through excess of marvelling the soul cried with a loud voice, saying This whole world is full
of God!
524
Wherefore I now comprehended how small a thing is the whole world, that is to say
both here and beyond the seas, the abyss, the ocean, and all things; and that the Power of God
exceeds and fills all. Then He said unto me: I have shown thee something of My Power, and I
understood, that after this I should better understand the rest. He then said Behold now My humility.
Then was I given an insight into the deep humility of God towards man. And comprehending that
unspeakable power and beholding that deep humility, my soul marvelled greatly, and did esteem
itself to be nothing at all.
525
It must never be forgotten that all apparently one-sided descriptions of illuminationmore,
all experiences of itare governed by temperament. That Light whose smile kindles the Universe
253
is ever the same; but the self through whom it passes, and by whom we must receive its report,
has already submitted to the moulding influences of environment and heredity, Church and State.
The very language of which that self avails itself in its struggle for expression, links it with half a
hundred philosophies and creeds. The response which it makes to Divine Love will be the same in
type as the response which its nature would make to earthly love: but raised to the n th degree. We,
receiving the revelation, receive with it all those elements which the subject has contributed in spite
of itself. Hence the souls apprehension of Divine Reality may take almost any form, from the
metaphysical ecstasies which we find in Dionysius, and to a less degree in St. Augustine, to the
simple, almost common-sense statements of Brother Lawrence, the emotional ardours of St.
Gertrude, or the lovely intimacies of Julian or Mechthild.
Sometimesso rich and varied does the nature of the great mystic tend to bethe exalted
and impersonal language of the Dionysian theology goes, with no sense of incongruity, side by
side with homely parallels drawn from the most sweet and common incidents of daily life. Suso,
in whom illumination and purgation existed side by side for sixteen years, alternately obtaining
possession of the mental field, and whose oscillations between the harshest mortification and the
most ecstatic pleasure-states were exceptionally violent and swift, is a characteristic instance of
such an attitude of mind. His illumination was largely of the intimate and immanental type; but, as
we might expect in a pupil of Eckhart, it was not without touches of mystical transcendence, which
break out with sudden splendour side by side with those tender and charming passages in which
the Servitor of the Eternal Wisdom tries to tell his love.
Thus, he describes in one of the earlier chapters of his life how whilst he was thinking,
according to his custom, of the most lovable Wisdom, he questioned himself, and interrogated his
heart, which sought persistently for love, saying, O my heart, whence comes this love and grace,
whence comes this gentleness and beauty, this joy and sweetness of the heart? Does not all this
flow forth from the Godhead, as from its origin? Come! let my heart, my senses and my soul
immerse themselves in the deep Abyss whence come these adorable things. What shall keep me
524
The Latin is more vivid: Est iste mundus pregnans de Deo.
525
Ste. Angle de Foligno, Le Livre de lExprience des Vrais Fidles, p. 124 (English translation, p. 172).
183
back? To-day I will embrace you, even as my burning heart desires to do. And at this moment
there was within his heart as it were an emanation of all good, all that is beautiful, all that is lovable
and desirable was there spiritually present, and this in a manner which cannot be expressed. Whence
came the habit that every time he heard Gods praises sung or said, he recollected himself in the
254
depths of his heart and soul, and thought on that Beloved Object, whence comes all love. It is
impossible to tell how often, with eyes filled with tears and open heart, he has embraced his sweet
Friend, and pressed Him to a heart overflowing with love. He was like a baby which a mother holds
upright on her knees, supporting it with her hands beneath its arms. The baby, by the movements
of its little head, and all its little body, tries to get closer and closer to its dear mother, and shows
by its little laughing gestures the gladness in its heart. Thus did the heart of the Servitor ever seek
the sweet neighbourhood of the Divine Wisdom, and thus he was as it were altogether filled with
delight.
526
2. The Illuminated Vision of the World
Closely connected with the sense of the Presence of God, or power of perceiving the
Absolute, is the complementary mark of the illuminated consciousness; the vision of a new heaven
and a new earth, or an added significance and reality in the phenomenal world. Such words as
those of Julian, God is all thing that is good as to my sight, and the goodness that all thing hath,
it is He,
527
seem to supply the link between the two. Here again we must distinguish carefully
between vaguely poetic languagethe light that never was, every common bush afire with
Godand descriptions which can be referred to a concrete and definite psychological experience.
This experience, at its best, balances and completes the experience of the Presence of God at its
best. That is to say, its note is sacramental, not ascetic. It entails the expansion rather than the
concentration of consciousness; the discovery of the Perfect One self-revealed in the Many, not
the forsaking of the Many in order to find the One. Its characteristic expression is
The World is charged with the grandeur of God;
It will flame out, like shining from shook foil,
not turn thy thoughts into thy own soul, where He is hid. It takes, as a rule, the form of an
enhanced mental lucidityan abnormal sharpening of the senseswhereby an ineffable radiance,
a beauty and a reality never before suspected, are perceived by a sort of clairvoyance shining in
the meanest things.
From the moment in which the soul has received the impression of Deity in infused orison,
says Malaval, she sees Him everywhere, by one of loves secrets which is only known of those
255
who have experienced it. The simple vision of pure love, which is marvellously penetrating, does
not stop at the outer husk of creation: it penetrates to the divinity which is hidden within.
528
Thus Browning makes David declare
I but open my eyes,and perfection, no more and no less
In the kind I imagined full-fronts me, and God is seen God
In the star, in the stone, in the flesh, in the soul and the clod.
529
526
Suso, Leben, cap. iv.
527
Revelations, cap. viii.
528
Malaval, De lOraison Ordinaire (La Pratique de la Vraye Theologie Mystique, vol. i. p. 342).
529
Saul, xvii.
184
Blakes To see a world in a grain of sand, Tennysons Flower in the crannied wall,
Vaughans Each bush and oak doth know I AM, and the like, are exact though over-quoted reports
of things seen in this state of consciousness, this simple vision of pure love: the value of which
is summed up in Eckharts profound saying, The meanest thing that one knows in Godfor
instance if one could understand a flower as it has its Being in Godthis would be a higher thing
than the whole world!
530
Mystical poets of the type of Wordsworth and Walt Whitman seem to
possess in a certain degree this form of illumination. It is this which Bucke, the American
psychologist, analysed under the name of Cosmic Consciousness.
531
It is seen at its full
development in the mystical experiences of Boehme, Fox, and Blake.
We will take first the experience of Jacob Boehme, a mystic who owed little or nothing to
the influence of tradition, and who furnishes one of the best recorded all-round examples of mystical
illumination; exhibiting, along with an acute consciousness of divine companionship, all those
phenomena of visual lucidity, automatism, and enhanced intellectual powers which properly belong
to it, but are seldom developed simultaneously in the same individual.
In Boehmes life, as described in the Introduction to the English translation of his collected
works,
532
there were three distinct onsets of illumination; all of the pantheistic and external type.
In the first, which seems to have happened whilst he was very young, we are told that he was
surrounded by a divine Light for seven days, and stood in the highest contemplation and Kingdom
of Joy. This we may perhaps identify with mystical awakening, of the kind experienced by Suso.
About the year 1600 occurred the second illumination, initiated by a trance-like state of
consciousness, the result of gazing at a polished disc. To this I have already referred.
533
This
256
experience brought with it that peculiar and lucid vision of the inner reality of the phenomenal
world in which, as he says, he looked into the deepest foundations of things. He believed that
it was only a fancy, and in order to banish it from his mind he went out upon the green. But here
he remarked that he gazed into the very heart of things, the very herbs and grass, and that actual
Nature harmonized with what he had inwardly seen.
534
Of this same experience and the clairvoyance
which accompanied it, another biographer says, Going abroad in the fields to a green before Neys
Gate, at Grlitz, he there sat down, and, viewing the herbs and grass of the field in his inward light,
he saw into their essences, use and properties, which were discovered to him by their lineaments,
figures and signatures. . . . In the unfolding of these mysteries before his understanding, he had a
great measure of joy, yet returned home and took care of his family and lived in great peace and
silence, scarce intimating to any these wonderful things that had befallen him.
535
So far as we can tell from his own scattered statements, from this time onwards Boehme
must have enjoyed a frequent and growing consciousness of the transcendental world: though there
is evidence that he, like all other mystics, knew seasons of darkness, many a shrewd Repulse,
and times of struggle with that powerful contrarium the lower consciousness. In 1610perhaps
as the result of such intermittent strugglesthe vivid illumination of ten years before was repeated
in an enhanced form: and it was in consequence of this, and in order that there might be some record
530
Meister Eckhart (Mystische Schriften, p. 137).
531
Vide supra, pt. II. Cap. II., the cases of Richard Jefferies, Brother Lawrence, and others.
532
The Works of Jacob Boehme, 4 vols., 1764, vol. i. pp. xii., etc.
533
Supra , p. 58.
534
Martensen, Jacob Boehme, p. 7.
535
Life of Jacob Boehme, pp. xiii. and xiv. in vol. i. of his Collected Works, English translation.
185
of the mysteries upon which he had gazed, that he wrote his first and most difficult book, the
Aurora, or Morning Redness. The passage in which the inspired shoemaker has tried to tell
us what his vision of Reality was like, to communicate something of the grave and enthusiastic
travail of his being, the unspeakable knowledge of things which he attained, is one of those which
arouse in all who have even the rudiments of mystical perception the sorrow and excitement of
exiles who suddenly hear the accents of home. Like absolute music, it addresses itself to the whole
being, not merely to the intellect. Those who will listen and be receptive will find themselves repaid
by a strange sense of extended life, an exhilarating consciousness of truth. Here, if ever, is a man
who is struggling to speak as he saw: and it is plain that he saw muchas much, perhaps, as
Dante, though he lacked the poetic genius which was needed to give his vision an intelligible form.
The very strangeness of the phrasing, the unexpected harmonies and dissonances which worry
257
polite and well-regulated minds, are earnests of the Spirit of Life crying out for expression from
within. Boehme, like Blake, seems drunk with intellectual visiona God-intoxicated man.
In this my earnest and Christian Seeking and Desire, he says, (wherein I suffered many
a shrewd Repulse, but at last resolved rather to put myself in Hazard, than give over and leave off)
the Gate was opened to me, that in one Quarter of an Hour I saw and knew more than if I had been
many years together at an University, at which I exceedingly admired, and thereupon turned my
Praise to God for it. For I saw and knew the Being of all Beings, the Byss and the Abyss, and the
Eternal Generation of the Holy Trinity, the Descent and Original of the World, and of all creatures
through the Divine Wisdom: knew and saw in myself all the three Worlds, namely, The Divine,
angelical and paradisical; and the dark World, the Original of the Nature to the Fire; and then,
thirdly, the external; and visible World, being a Procreation or external Birth from both the internal
and spiritual Worlds. And I saw and knew the whole working Essence in the Evil and the Good,
and the Original and Existence of each of them; and likewise how the fruitful bearing Womb of
Eternity brought forth. . . . Yet however I must begin to labour in these great mysteries, as a Child
that goes to School. I saw it as in a great Deep in the Internal. For I had a thorough view of the
Universe, as in a Chaos, wherein all things are couched and wrapped up, but it was impossible for
me to explain the same. Yet it opened itself to me, from Time to Time, as in a Young Plant; though
the same was with me for the space of twelve years, and as it was as it were breeding, and I found
a powerful Instigation within me, before I could bring it forth into external Form of Writing: and
whatever I could apprehend with the external Principle of my mind, that I wrote down.
536
Close to this lucid vision of the reality of thingsthis sudden glimpse of the phenomenal
in the light of the intelligible worldis George Foxs experience at the age of twenty-four, as
recorded in his Journal.
537
Here, as in Boehmes case, it is clear that a previous and regrettable
acquaintance with the doctrine of signatures has to some extent determined the language and
symbols under which he describes his intuitive vision of actuality as it exists in the Divine Mind.
Now was I come up in spirit through the flaming sword into the Paradise of God. All things
were new: and all the creation gave another smell unto me than before, beyond what words can
utter. . . . The creation was opened to me; and it was showed me how all things had their names
536
Op. cit ., p. xv.
537
Vol. I. cap. ii.
186
258
given them, according to their nature and virtue. And I was at a stand in my mind whether I should
practise physic for the good of mankind, seeing the nature and virtue of the creatures were so opened
to me by the Lord. . . . Great things did the Lord lead me unto, and wonderful depths were opened
unto me beyond what can by words be declared; but as people come into subjection to the Spirit
of God, and grow up in the image and power of the Almighty, they may receive the word of wisdom
that opens all things, and come to know the hidden unity in the Eternal Being.
To know the hidden unity in the Eternal Beingknow it with an invulnerable certainty,
in the all-embracing act of consciousness with which we are aware of the personality of those we
truly loveis to live at its fullest the Illuminated Life, enjoying all creatures in God and God in
all creatures. Lucidity of this sort seemes to be an enormously enhanced form of the poetic
consciousness of otherness in natural thingsthe sense of a unity in separateness, a mighty and
actual Life beyond that which eye can see, a glorious reality shining through the phenomenal
veilfrequent in those temperaments which are at one with life. The self then becomes conscious
of the living reality of that World of Becoming, the vast arena of the Divine creativity, in which
the little individual life is immersed. Alike in howling gale and singing cricket it hears the crying
aloud of that Word which is through all things everlastingly. It participates, actively and open-eyed,
in the mighty journey of the Son towards the Fathers heart: and seeing with purged sight all things
and creatures as they are in that transcendent order, detects in them too that striving of Creation to
return to its centre which is the secret of the Universe.
A harmony is thus set up between the mystic and Life in all its forms. Undistracted by
appearance, he sees, feels, and knows it in one piercing act of loving comprehension. And the
bodily sight stinted, says Julian, but the spiritual sight dwelled in mine understanding, and I abode
with reverent dread joying in that I saw.
538
The heart outstrips the clumsy senses, and seesperhaps
for an instant, perhaps for long periods of blissan undistorted and more veritable world. All things
are perceived in the light of charity, and hence under the aspect of beauty: for beauty is simply
Reality seen with the eyes of love. As in the case of another and more beatific Vision, essere in
caritate qui necesse
539
For such a reverent and joyous sight the meanest accidents of life are
radiant. The London streets are paths of loveliness; the very omnibuses look like coloured archangels,
259
their laps filled full of little trustful souls.
Often when we blame our artists for painting ugly things, they are but striving to show us
a beauty to which we are blind. They have gone on ahead of us, and attained that state of fourfold
vision to which Blake laid claim; in which the visionary sees the whole visible universe transfigured,
because he has put off the rotten rags of sense and memory, and put on Imagination uncorrupt.
540
In this state of lucidity symbol and reality, Nature and Imagination, are seen to be One: and in
it are produced all the more sublime works of art, since these owe their greatness to the impact of
Reality upon the artistic mind. I know, says Blake again, that this world is a world of imagination
and vision. I see everything I paint in this world, but everybody does not see alike. To the eye of
a miser a guinea is far more beautiful than the sun and a bag worn with the use of money has more
beautiful proportions than a vine filled with grapes. The tree which moves some to tears of joy is
in the eyes of others only a green thing which stands in the way. Some see Nature all ridicule and
538
Revelations, cap. viii.
539
Par. iii. 77.
540
187
deformity, and by these I shall not regulate my proportions; and some scarce see Nature at all. But
to the eyes of the man of imagination Nature is Imagination itself. As a man is, so he sees. As the
eye is formed, such are its powers. You certainly mistake, when you say that the visions of fancy
are not to be found in this world. To me this world is all one continued vision of fancy or imagination,
and I feel flattered when I am told so.
541
If the Mystic Way be considered as an organic process of transcendence, this illuminated
apprehension of things, this cleansing of the doors of perception, is surely what we might expect
to occur as man moves towards higher centres of consciousness. It marks the selfs growth towards
free and conscious participation in the Absolute Life; its progressive appropriation of that life by
means of the contact which exists in the deeps of mans beingthe ground or spark of the
soulbetween the subject and the transcendental world. The surface intelligence, purified from
the domination of the senses, is invaded more and more by the transcendent personality; the New
Man who is by nature a denizen of the independent spiritual world, and whose destiny, in mystical
language, is a return to his Origin. Hence an inflow of new vitality, a deeper and wider
apprehension of the mysterious world in which man finds himself, an exaltation of his intuitive
powers.
In such moments of clear sight and enhanced perception as that which Blake and Boehme
describe, the mystic and the artist do really see sub specie aeternitatis the Four-fold River of
Lifethat World of Becoming in which, as Erigena says, Every visible and invisible creature is
260
a theophany or appearance of God as all perhaps might see it, if prejudice, selfhood, or other
illusion did not distort our sight. From this loving vision there comes very often that beautiful
sympathy with, that abnormal power over, all living natural things, which crops up again and again
in the lives of the mystical saints; to amaze the sluggish minds of common men, barred by the
torrent of Use and Wont
542
from all free and deep communion alike with their natural and
supernatural origin.
Yet it is surely not very amazing that St. Francis of Assisi, feeling and knowingnot merely
believingthat every living creature was veritably and actually a theophany or appearance of
God, should have been acutely conscious that he shared with these brothers and sisters of his the
great and lovely life of the All. Nor, this being so, can we justly regard him as eccentric because
he acted in accordance with his convictions, preached to his little sisters the birds,
543
availed himself
of the kindly offices of the falcon,
544
enjoyed the friendship of the pheasant,
545
soothed the captured
turtledoves, his simple-minded sisters, innocent and chaste,
546
or persuaded his Brother Wolf to
a better life.
547
The true mystic, so often taunted with a denial of the world, does but deny the narrow
and artificial world of self: and finds in exchange the secrets of that mighty universe which he
shares with Nature and with God. Strange contacts, unknown to those who only lead the life of
sense, are set up between his being and the being of all other things. In that remaking of his
541
Op. cit., p. 62.
542
Aug. Conf., bk. I. cap. xvi.
543
Fioretti, cap. xiv.
544
Ibid., Delle Istimate, 2, and Thomas of Celano, Vita Secunda, cap, xccvii.
545
Thomas of Celano, op. cit., cap. cxxix.
546
Fioretti, cap. xxii.
547
Ibid., cap. xxi.
188
consciousness which follows upon the mystical awakening, the deep and primal life which he
shares with all creation has been roused from its sleep. Hence the barrier between human and
non-human life, which makes man a stranger on earth as well as in heaven, is done away. Life now
whispers to his life: all things are his intimates, and respond to his fraternal sympathy.
Thus it seems quite a simple and natural thing to the Little Poor Man of Assisi, whose friend
the pheasant preferred his cell to the haunts more natural to its state, that he should be ambassador
from the terrified folk of Gubbio to his formidable brother the Wolf. The result of the interview,
reduced to ordinary language, could be paralleled in the experience of many persons who have
possessed this strange and incommunicable power over animal life.
O wondrous thing! whereas St. Francis had made the sign of the Cross, right so the terrible
261
wolf shut his jaws and stayed his running: and when he was bid, came gently as a lamb and laid
him down at the feet of St. Francis. . . . And St. Francis stretching forth his hand to take pledge of
his troth, the wolf lifted up his right paw before him and laid it gently on the hand of St. Francis,
giving thereby such sign of good faith as he was able. Then quoth St. Francis, Brother Wolf, I bid
thee in the name of Jesu Christ come now with me, nothing doubting, and let us go stablish this
peace in Gods name. And the wolf obedient set forth with him, in fashion as a gentle lamb; whereat
the townsfolk made mighty marvel, beholding. . . . And thereafter this same wolf lived two years
in Agobio; and went like a tame beast in and out the houses from door to door, without doing hurt
to any, or any doing hurt to him, and was courteously nourished by the people; and as he passed
thus wise through the country and the houses, never did any dog bark behind him. At length after
a two years space, brother wolf died of old age: whereat the townsfolk sorely grieved, sith marking
him pass so gently through the city, they minded them the better of the virtue and the sanctity of
St. Francis.
548
In another mystic, less familiar than St. Francis to English readersRose of Lima, the
Peruvian saintthis deep sympathy with natural things assumed a particularly lovely form. To St.
Rose the whole world was a holy fairyland, in which it seemed to her that every living thing turned
its face towards Eternity and joined in her adoration of God. It is said in her biography that when
at sunrise, she passed through the garden to go to her retreat, she called upon nature to praise with
her the Author of all things. Then the trees were seen to bow as she passed by, and clasp their leaves
together, making a harmonious sound. The flowers swayed upon their stalks, and opened their
blossoms that they might scent the air; thus according to their manner praising God. At the same
time the birds began to sing, and came and perched upon the hands and shoulders of Rose. The
insects greeted her with a joyous murmur, and all which had life and movement joined in the concert
of praise she addressed to the Lord.
549
Againand here we catch an echo of the pure Franciscan spirit, the gaiety of the Troubadours
of Godduring her last Lent, each evening at sunset a little bird with an enchanting voice came
and perched upon a tree beside her window, and waited till she gave the sign to him to sing. Rose,
as soon as she saw her little feathered chorister, made herself ready to sing the praises of God, and
548
Fioretti, cap. xxi (Arnolds translation). Perhaps I may be allowed to remind the incredulous reader that the discovery of
a large wolfs scull in Gubbio close to the spot in which Brother Wolf is said to have lived in a cave for two years after his taming
by the Saint, has done something to vindicate the truth of this beautiful story.
549
De Bussierre, Le Prou et Ste. Rose de Lime, p. 256.
189
262
challenged the bird to this musical duel in a song which she had composed for this purpose. Begin,
dear little bird, she said, begin thy lovely song! Let thy little throat, so full of sweet melodies,
pour them forth: that together we may praise the Lord. Thou dost praise thy Creator, I my sweet
Saviour: thus we together bless the Deity. Open thy little beak, begin and I will follow thee: and
our voices shall blend in a song of holy joy.
At once the little bird began to sing, running through his scale to the highest note. Then
he ceased, that the saint might sing in her turn . . . thus did they celebrate the greatness of God, turn
by turn, for a whole hour: and with such perfect order, that when the bird sang Rose said nothing,
and when she sang in her turn the bird was silent, and listened to her with a marvellous attention.
At last, towards the sixth hour, the saint dismissed him, saying, Go, my little chorister, go, fly far
away. But blessed be my God who never leaves me!
550
The mystic whose illumination takes such forms as these, who feels with this intensity and
closeness the bond of love which binds in one book the scattered leaves of all the universe, dwells
in a world unknown to other men. He pierces the veil of imperfection, and beholds Creation with
the Creators eye. The Pattern is shown him in the Mount. The whole consciousness, says
Rcjac, is flooded with light to unknown depths, under the gaze of love, from which nothing
escapes. In this stage, intensity of vision and sureness of judgment are equal: and the things which
the seer brings back with him when he returns to common life are not merely partial impressions,
or the separate knowledge of science or poetry. They are rather truths which embrace the world,
life and conduct: in a word, the whole consciousness .
551
It is curious to note in those diagrams of experience which we have inherited from the more
clear-sighted philosophers and seers, indications that they have enjoyed prolonged or transitory
periods of this higher consciousness; described by Rcjac as the marriage of imaginative vision
with moral transcendence. I think it at least a reasonable supposition that Platos doctrine of Ideas
owed something to an intuition of this kind; for a philosophy, though it may claim to be the child
of pure reason, is usually found to owe its distinctive character to the philosophers psychological
experience. The Platonic statements as to the veritable existence of the Idea of a house, a table, or
a bed, and other such concrete and practical applications of the doctrine of the ideal, which have
annoyed many metaphysicians, become explicable on such a psychological basis. That illuminated
vision in which all things are made new can afford to embrace the homeliest as well as the
263
sublimest things; and, as a matter of experience, it does do this, seeing all objects, as Monet saw
the hayrick, as modes of light. Blake said that his cottage at Felpham was a shadow of the angels
houses,
552
and I have already referred to the converted Methodist who saw his horses and hogs on
the ideal plane.
553
Again, when Plotinus, who is known to have experienced ecstatic states, speaks with the
assurance of an explorer of an intelligible world, and asks us, What other fire could be a better
image of the fire which is there, than the fire which is here? Or what other earth than this, of the
earth which is there?
554
we seem to detect behind the language of Neoplatonic philosophy a hint
of the same type of first-hand experience. The minds to whom we owe the Hebrew Kabalah found
550
De Bussierre, Le Prou et Ste. Rose de Lime, p. 415.
551
552
Letters, p. 75.
553
Vide supra, p. 192.
554
Ennead ii. 9. 4.
190
room for it too in their diagram of the souls ascent towards Reality. The first Sephira above
Malkuth, the World of Matter, or lowest plane upon that Tree of Life which is formed by the ten
emanations of the Godhead is, they say, Yesod, the archetypal universe. In this are contained
the realities, patterns, or Ideas, whose shadows constitute the world of appearance in which we
dwell. The path of the ascending soul upon the Tree of Life leads him first from Malkuth to Yesod:
i.e. , human consciousness in the course of its transcendence passes from the normal illusions of
men to a deeper perception of its environmenta perception which is symbolized by the archetypal
plane or world of Platonic Ideas. Everything in temporal nature, says William Law, is descended
out of that which is eternal, and stands as a palpable visible outbirth of it, so when we know how
to separate the grossness, death, and darkness of time from it, we find what it is in its eternal state.
. . . In Eternal Nature, or the Kingdom of Heaven, materiality stands in life and light; it is the lights
glorious Body, or that garment wherewith light is clothed, and therefore has all the properties of
light in it, and only differs from light as it is its brightness and beauty, as the holder and displayer
of all its colours, powers, and virtues.
555
When Law wrote this, he may have believed that he was
interpreting to English readers the unique message of his master, Jacob Boehme. As a matter of
fact he was reiterating truths which a long line of practical mystics had been crying for centuries
into the deaf ears of mankind. He was saying in the eighteenth century what Gregory of Nyssa had
said in the fourth and Erigena in the ninth; telling the secret of that Inviolate Rose which can
264
never be profaned because it can only be seen with the eyes of love.
That serene and illuminated consciousness of the relation of things inward and outwardof
the Hidden Treasure and its Casket, the energizing Absolute and its expression in Time and
Spacewhich we have been studying in this chapter, is at its best a state of fine equilibrium; a
sane adjustment of the inner and outer life. By that synthesis of love and will which is the secret
of the heart, the mystic achieves a level of perception in which the whole world is seen and known
in God, and God is seen and known in the whole world. It is a state of exalted emotion: being
produced by love, of necessity it produces love in its turn. The sharp division between its inlooking
and outlooking forms which I have adopted for convenience of description, is seldom present to
the minds which achieve it. They, cleansed, fed, and sanctified, are initiated into a spiritual
universe where such clumsy distinctions have little meaning. All is alike part of the new life of
peaceful charity: and that progressive abolition of selfhood which is of the essence of mystical
development, is alone enough to prevent them from drawing a line between the inward personal
companionship and outward impersonal apprehension of the Real. True Illumination, like all real
and vital experience, consists rather in the breathing of a certain atmosphere, the living at certain
levels of consciousness, than in the acquirement of specific information. It is, as it were, a
resting-place upon the steep stairway of love; where the self turns and sees all about it a
transfigured universe, radiant with that same Light Divine which nests in its own heart and leads
it on.
When mans desires are fixed immovably on his Maker as far as for deadliness and
corruption of the flesh he is let, says Rolle of the purified soul which has attained the illuminated
state, then it is no marvel that his strength manly using, first as it were heaven being opened, with
his understanding he beholds high heavenly citizens; and afterwards sweetest heat, as it were burning
fire, he feels. Then with marvellous sweetness he is taught, and so forth in songful noise he is joyed.
555
An Appeal to All who Doubt (Liberal and Mystical Writings of William Law, p. 52).
191
This, therefore, is perfect charity, which no man knows but he that hath it took. And he that it has
taken, it never leaves: sweetly he lives and sickerly he shall die.
556
Sweetly, it is true, the illuminated mystic may live; but not, as some think, placidly.
Enlightenment is a symptom of growth: and growth is a living process, which knows no rest. The
spirit, indeed, is invaded by a heavenly peace; but it is the peace, not of idleness, but of ordered
activity. A rest most busy, in Hiltons words: a progressive appropriation of the Divine. The
urgent push of an indwelling spirit, aspiring to its home in the heart of Reality, is felt more and
265
more, as the invasion of the normal consciousnesss by the transcendental personalitythe growth
of the New Manproceeds towards its term.
Therefore the great seekers for reality are not as a rule long delayed by the exalted joys of
Illumination. Intensely aware now of the Absolute Whom they adore, they are aware too that though
known He is unachieved. Even whilst they enjoy the rapture of the Divine Presenceof life in a
divine, ideal worldsomething, they feel, makes default. Sol voglio Te, O dolce Amore. Hence for
them that which they now enjoy, and which passes the understanding of other men, is not a static
condition; often it coexists with that travail of the heart which Tauler has called stormy love. The
greater the mystic, the sooner he realizes that the Heavenly Manna which has been administered
to him is not yet That with which the angels are full fed. Nothing less will do: and for him the
progress of illumination is a progressive consciousness that he is destined not for the sunny shores
of the spiritual universe, but for the vast and stormy sea of the divine.
Here, says Ruysbroeck of the soul which has been lit by the Uncreated Light, there
begins an eternal hunger, which shall never more be satisfied. It is the inward craving and hankering
of the affective power and created spirit after an Uncreated Good. And as the spirit longs for fruition,
and is invited and urged thereto by God, she must always desire to attain it. Behold! here begin an
eternal craving and continual yearning in eternal insatiableness! These men are poor indeed: for
they are hungry and greedy, and their hunger is insatiable! Whatsoever they eat and drink they shall
never be satisfied, for this hunger is eternal. . . . Here are great dishes of food and drink, of which
none know but those who taste them; but full satisfaction in fruition is the one dish that lacks them,
and this is why their hunger is ever renewed. Nevertheless in this contact rivers of honey full of all
delight flow forth; for the spirit tastes these riches under every mode that it can conceive or
apprehend. But all this is according to the manner of the creatures, and is below God: and hence
there remains an eternal hunger and impatience. If God gave to such a man all the gifts which all
the saints possess, and all that He is able to give, but without giving Himself, the craving desire of
the spirit would remain hungry and unsatisfied.
557
266
W e now come to that eternal battle-ground, the detailed discussion of those abnormal psychic
phenomena which appear so persistently in the history of the mystics. That is to say, visions,
auditions, automatic script, and those dramatic dialogues between the Self and some other factorthe
Soul, Love, Reason, of the Voice of Godwhich seem sometimes to arise from an exalted and
uncontrolled imaginative power, sometimes to attain the proportions of auditory hallucination.
556
Rolle, The Fire of love, bk. i. cap. xix.
557
De Ornatu Spiritalium Nuptiarum, I. ii. cap, liii.
192
Here, moderate persons are like to be hewn in pieces between the two great powers who
have long disputed this territory. On the one hand we have the strangely named rationalists, who
feel that they have settled the matter once for all by calling attention to the obvious parallels which
exist between the bodily symptoms of acute spiritual stress and the bodily symptoms of certain
forms of disease. These considerations, reinforced by those comfortable words auto-suggestion
psychosensorial hallucination and association neurosiswhich do but reintroduce mystery in
another and less attractive formenable them to pity rather than blame the peculiarities of the great
267
contemplatives. French psychology, in particular, revels in this sort of thing: and would, if it had
its way, fill the wards of the Salptrire with patients from the Roman Calendar. The modern
interpreter, says Rufus Jones, finds in the stigmata of St. Francis of Assisi a point of weakness
rather than a point of strength: not the marks of a saint, but the marks of emotional and physical
abnormality.
558
This is a very moderate statement of the rational position, by a writer who is in
actual sympathy with certain aspects of mysticism. Yet it may well be doubted whether that flame
of living love which could, for one dazzling instant, weld body and soul in one, was really a point
of weakness in a saint: whether Blake was quite as mad as some of his interpreters, or the powers
of St. Paul and St. Teresa are fully explained on a basis of epilepsy or hysteria: whether, finally, it
is as scientific as it looks, to lump together all visions and voicesfrom Wandering Willy to the
Apocalypse of St. Johnas examples of unhealthy cerebral activity.
As against all this, the intransigeant votaries of the supernatural seem determined to play
into the hands of their foes. They pin themselves, for no apparent reason, to the objective reality
and absolute value of visions, voices, and other experiences which would be classed, in any other
department of life, as the harmless results of a vivid imagination: and claim as examples of
miraculous interference with natural law psychic phenomena which may well be the normal if
rare methods by which a certain type of intuitive genius actualizes its perceptions of the spiritual
world.
559
Materialistic piety of this kind, which would have us believe that St. Anthony of Padua
really held the Infant Christ in his arms, and that the Holy Ghost truly told the Blessed Angela of
Foligno that He loved her better than any other woman in the Vale of Spoleto, and she knew Him
more intimately than the Apostles themselves,
560
is the best friend the rationalists possess. It
turns dreams into miracles and drags down the symbolic visions of genius to the level of pious
hallucination. Even the profound and beautiful significance of St. Margaret Mary Alacoques vision
of the Sacred Hearta pictured expression of one of the deepest intuitions of the human soul,
caught up to the contemplation of Gods lovehas been impaired by the grossly material
interpretation which it has been forced to bear. So, too, the beautiful reveries of Suso, the divine
268
visitations experienced by Francis, Catherine, Teresa and countless other saints, have been degraded
in the course of their supposed elevation to the sphere called supernaturala process as fatal to
their truth and beauty as the stuffing of birds.
561
558
Studies in Mystical Religion, p. 165. Those who wish to study the rationalist argument in an extreme form are directed
to Prof. Janet, LAutomatisme psychologique and Ltat mentale des hysteriques, and Prof. Leuba, Introduction to the
Psychology of Religious Mysticism.
559
On the difference in this respect between the normal and the average, see Granger, The Soul of a Christian, p. 12.
560
See St. Angle de Foligno, op. cit ., p. 130 (English translation, p. 245).
561
Poulain, Les Graces dOraison, cap. xx. Farges, Mystical Phenomena, and Ribets elaborate work, La Mystique
Divine, well represent the supernaturalist position. As against the rationalistic theory of stigmatization already described,
193
All this, too, is done in defiance of the great mystics themselves, who are unanimous in
warning their disciples against the danger of attributing too much importance to visions and
voices, or accepting them at their face value as messages from God. Nevertheless, these visions
and voices are such frequent accompaniments of the mystic life, that they cannot be ignored. The
messengers of the invisible world knock persistently at the doors of the senses: and not only at
those which we refer to hearing and to sight. In other words, supersensual intuitionsthe contact
between mans finite being and the Infinite Being in which it is immersedcan express themselves
by means of almost any kind of sensory automatism. Strange sweet perfumes and tastes, physical
sensations of touch, inward fires, are reported over and over again in connection with such spiritual
adventures.
562
Those symbols under which the mystic tends to approach the Absolute easily become
objectivized, and present themselves to the consciousness as parts of experience, rather than as
modes of interpretation. The knowledge which is obtained in such an approach is wholly
transcendental. It consists in an undifferentiated act of the whole consciousness, in which under
the spur of love life draws near to Life. Thought, feeling, vision, touchall are hopelessly inadequate
to it: yet all, perhaps, may hint at that intense perception of which they are the scattered parts. And
we shall endlessly be all had in God, says Julian of this supreme experience, Him verily seeing
and fully feeling, Him spiritually hearing and Him delectably smelling and sweetly swallowing.
563
All those so-called hallucinations of the senses which appear in the history of mysticism
must, then, be considered soberly, frankly, and without prejudice in the course of our inquiry into
the psychology of mans quest of the Real. The question for their critics must really be this: do
269
these automatisms, which appear so persistently as a part of the contemplative life, represent merely
the dreams and fancies, the old digested percepts of the visionary, objectivized and presented to
his surface-mind in a concrete form; or, are they ever representationssymbolic, if you likeof
some fact, force, or personality, some triumphing spiritual power, external to himself? Is the
vision only a pictured thought, an activity of the dream imagination: or, is it the violent effort of
the self to translate something impressed upon its deeper being, some message received from
without,
564
which projects this sharp image and places it before the consciousness?
The answer seems to be that the voice or vision may be either of these two things: and that
pathology and religion have both been over-hasty in their eagerness to snatch at these phenomena
for their own purposes. Manyperhaps mostvoices do but give the answer which the subject
has already suggested to itself;
565
manyperhaps mostvisions are the picturings of dreams and
one feels that this last-named writer hardly advances his own cause when he insists on attributing equal validity ( a ) to the
Stigmata as marks of the Divine, ( b ) to the imprint of a toad, bat, spider ou de tout autre objet exprimant labjection on the
bodies of those who have had commerce with the devil (tome iii. p. 482).
562
Vide infra, quotations from Hilton and St. John of the Cross. Also Rolle The Fire of Love, Prologue. E. Gardner, St.
Catherine of Siena, p. 15. Von Hgel, The Mystical Element of Religion, vol. i. pp. 178-181.
563
Revelations of Divine Love, cap. xliii. I have restored the bold language of the original, which is somewhat toned down
in modern versions.
564
Here as elsewhere the reader will kindly recollect that all spatial language is merely symbolic when used in connection
with spiritual states.
565
For instance when Margaret Ebner, the celebrated Friend of God, heard a voice telling her that Tauler, who was the object
of great veneration in the circle to which she belonged, was the man whom God loved best and that He dwelt in him like melodious
music (see Rufus Jones, op. cit ., p. 257).
194
desires.
566
Some are morbid hallucinations: some even symptoms of insanity. All probably borrow
their shape, as apart from their content, from suggestions already present in the mind of the seer.
567
But there are some, experienced by minds of great power and richness, which are crucial
for those who have them. These bring wisdom to the simple and ignorant, sudden calm to those
who were tormented by doubts. They flood the personality with new light: accompany conversion,
or the passage from one spiritual state to another: arrive at moments of indecision, bringing with
them authoritative commands or counsels, opposed to the inclination of the self: confer a convinced
knowledge of some department of the spiritual life before unknown. Such visions, it is clear, belong
to another and higher plane of experience from the radiant appearances of our Lady, the piteous
exhibitions of the sufferings of Christ, which swarm in the lives of the saints, and contain no feature
which is not traceable to the subjects religious enthusiasms or previous knowledge.
568
These, in
270
the apt phrase of Godfernaux, are but images floating on the moving deeps of feeling,
569
not
symbolic messages from another plane of consciousness. Some test, then, must be applied, some
basis of classification discovered, if we are to distinguish the visions and voices which seem to be
symptoms of real transcendental activity from those which are only due to imagination raised to
the n th power, to intense reverie, or to psychic illness. That test, I think, must be the same as that
which we shall find useful for ecstatic states; namely, their life-enhancing quality.
Those visions and voices which are the media by which the seeing self truly approaches
the Absolute; which are the formula under which ontological perceptions are expressed; are found
by that self to be sources of helpful energy, charity, and, courage. They infuse something new in
the way of strength, knowledge, direction; and leave itphysically, mentally, or spirituallybetter
than they found it. Those which do not owe their inception to the contact of the soul with external
realityin theological language, do not come from Goddo not have this effect. At best, they
are but the results of the selfs turning over of her treasures: at worst, they are the dreamssometimes
the diseased dreamsof an active, rich, but imperfectly controlled subliminal consciousness.
Since it is implicit in the make-up of the mystical temperament, that the subliminal
consciousness should be active and richand since the unstable nervous organization which goes
with it renders it liable to illness and exhaustionit is not surprising to find that the visionary
experience even of the greatest mystics is mixed in type. Once automatism has established itself
in a person, it may as easily become the expression of folly as of wisdom. In the moments when
inspiration has ebbed, old forgotten superstitions may take its place. When Julian of Norwich in
her illness saw the horrible showing of the Fiend, red with black freckles, which clutched at her
throat with its paws:
570
when St. Teresa was visited by Satan, who left a smell of brimstone behind,
or when she saw him sitting on the top of her breviary and dislodged him by the use of holy water:
566
There are persons to be met with, says St. Teresa, and I have known them myself, who have so feeble a brain and
imagination that they think they see whatever they are thinking about, and this is a very dangerous condition. (El Castillo
Interior, Moradas Cuartas, cap. iii.)
567
The dream-theory of vision is well and moderately stated by Pratt: The Religious Consciousness, cap. xviii, pp. 402 seq.
But his statement (loc. cit.) that the visions of the mystics are determined in content by their belief, and are due to the dream
imagination working upon the mass of theological material which fills the mind is far too absolute.
568
The book of Angela of Foligno, already cited, contains a rich series of examples.
569
Sur la psychologie du Mysticisme ( Revue Philosophique, February, 1902 ).
570
Revelations of Divine Love, cap. lxvi.
195
571
it is surely reasonable to allow that we are in the presence of visions which tend towards the
psychopathic type, and which are expressive of little else but an exhaustion and temporary loss of
balance on the subjects part, which allowed her intense consciousness of the reality of evil to
271
assume a concrete form.
572
Because we allow this, however, it does not follow that all the visionary experience of such
a subject is morbid: any more than Oedipus Tyrannus invalidates Prometheus Unbound, or
occasional attacks of dyspepsia invalidate the whole process of nutrition. The perceptive power
and creative genius of mystics, as of other great artists, sometimes goes astray. That visions or
voices should sometimes be the means by which the soul consciously assimilates the nourishment
it needs, is conceivable: it is surely also conceivable that by the same means it may present to the
surface-intelligence things which are productive of unhealthy rather than of healthy reactions.
If we would cease, once for all, to regard visions and voices as objective, and be content to
see in them forms of symbolic expression, ways in which the subconscious activity of the spiritual
self reaches the surface-mind, many of the disharmonies noticeable in visionary experience, which
have teased the devout, and delighted the agnostic, would fade away. Visionary experience isor
at least may bethe outward sign of a real experience. It is a picture which the mind constructs,
it is true, from raw materials already at its disposal: as the artist constructs his picture with canvas
and paint. But, as the artists paint and canvas picture is the fruit, not merely of contact between
brush and canvas, but also of a more vital contact between his creative genius and visible beauty
or truth; so too we may see in vision, where the subject is a mystic, the fruit of a more mysterious
contact between the visionary and a transcendental beauty or truth. Such a vision, that is to say, is
the accident which represents and enshrines a substance unseen: the paint and canvas picture
which tries to show the surface consciousness that ineffable sight, that ecstatic perception of good
or evilfor neither extreme has the monopolyto which the deeper, more real soul has attained.
The transcendental powers take for this purpose such material as they can find amongst the hoarded
beliefs and memories of the self.
573
Hence Plotinus sees the Celestial Venus, Suso the Eternal
272
Wisdom, St. Teresa the Humanity of Christ, Blake the strange personages of his prophetic books:
others more obviously symbolic objects. St. Ignatius Loyola, for instance, in a moment of lucidity,
saw the most Holy Trinity as it were under the likeness of a triple plectrum or of three spinet keys
and on another occasion the Blessed Virgin without distinction of members.
574
Visions and voices, then, may stand in the same relation to the mystic as pictures, poems,
and musical compositions stand to the great painter, poet, musician. They are the artistic expressions
571
Vida, cap. xxxi. 5 and 10.
572
Thus too in the case of St. Catherine of Siena, the intense spiritual strain of that three years retreat which I have already
described (supra, Pt. II, Cap 1.) showed itself towards the end of the period by a change in the character of her visions. These,
which had previously been wholly concerned with intuitions of the good and beautiful, now took on an evil aspect and greatly
distressed her (Vita (Acta SS.), i. xi. 1; see E. Gardner, St. Catherine of Siena, p. 20). We are obliged to agree with Pratt that
such visions as these are pathological phenomena quite on a level with other hallucinations.(The Religious Consciousness,
p 405.)
573
An excellent example of such appropriation of material is related without comment by Huysmans (Sainte Lyndwine de
Schiedam, p. 258): Lydwine found again in heaven those forms of adoration, those ceremonial practices of the divine office,
which she had known here below during her years of health. The Church Militant had been, in fact, initiated by the inspiration
of its apostles, its popes, and its saints into the liturgic joys of Paradise. In this same vision, which occurred on Christmas Eve,
when the hour of the Nativity was rung from the belfries of heaven, the Divine Child appeared on His Mothers knee: just as the
crche is exhibited in Catholic churches the moment that Christmas has dawned.
574
Testament, cap. iii.
196
and creative results ( a ) of thought, ( b ) of intuition, ( c ) of direct perception. All would be ready
to acknowledge how conventional and imperfect of necessity are those transcripts of perceived
Goodness, Truth, and Beauty which we owe to artistic genius: how unequal is their relation to
reality. But this is not to say that they are valueless or absurd. So too with the mystic, whose
proceedings in this respect are closer to those of the artist than is generally acknowledged. In both
types there is a constant and involuntary work of translation going on, by which Reality is interpreted
in the terms of appearance. In both, a peculiar mental make-up conduces to this result.
In artistic subjects, the state of reverie tends easily to a visionary character: thought becomes
pictorial, auditory or rhythmic as the case may be. Concrete images, balanced harmonies, elusive
yet recognizable, surge up mysteriously without the intervention of the will, and place themselves
before the mind. Thus the painter really sees his impainted picture, the novelist hears the conversation
of his characters, the poet receives his cadences ready-made, the musician listens to a veritable
music which pipes to the spirit ditties of no tone. In the mystic, the same type of activity constantly
appears. Profound meditation takes a pictorial or dramatic form. Apt symbols which suggest
themselves to his imagination become objectivized. The message that he longs for is heard within
his mind. Hence, those interior voices and imaginary visions which are sometimesas in
Susoindistinguishable from the ordinary accompaniments of intense artistic activity.
Where, however, artistic automatisms spend themselves upon the artists work, mystical
automatisms in their highest forms have to do with that transformation of personality which is
the essence of the mystic life. They are media by which the self receives spiritual stimulus; is
reproved, consoled, encouraged and guided on its upward way. Moreover, they are frequently
coordinated. The voice and the vision go together: corroborate one another, and work out right
273
in relation to the life of the self. Thus St. Catherine of Sienas mystic marriage was preceded by
a voice, which ever said in answer to her prayers, I will espouse thee to Myself in faith; and the
vision in which that union was consummated was again initiated by a voice saying, I will this day
celebrate solemnly with thee the feast of the betrothal of thy soul, and even as I promised I will
espouse thee to Myself in faith.
575
Such automatisms as these, says Delacroix, are by no means
scattered and incoherent. They are systematic and progressive: they are governed by an interior
aim; they have, above all, a teleological character. They indicate the continuous intervention of a
being at once wiser and more powerful than the ordinary character and reason; they are the
realization, in visual and auditory images, of a secret and permanent personality of a superior type
to the conscious personality. They are its voice, the exterior projection of its life. They translate to
the conscious personality the suggestions of the subconscious: and they permit the continuous
penetration of the conscious personality by these deeper activities. They establish a communication
between these two planes of existence, and, by their imperative nature, they tend to make the inferior
subordinate to the superior.
576
Audition
The simplest and as a rule the first way in which automatism shows itself, is in voices or
auditions. The mystic becomes aware of Something which speaks to him either clearly or implicitly;
giving him abrupt and unexpected orders and encouragements. The reality of his contact with the
575
E. Gardner St. Catherine of Siena, p. 25.
576
Delacroix, tudes sur le Mysticisme, p. 114.
197
Divine Life is thus brought home to him by a device with which the accidents of human intercourse
have made him familiar. His subliminal mind, open as it now is to transcendental impressions, at
one with the Absolute, irradiated by the Uncreated Light, but still dissociated from the surface
intelligence which it is slowly educating, seems to that surface self like another being. Hence its
messages are often heard, literally, as Voices: either (1) the immediate or inarticulate voice,
which the auditive mystic knows so well, but finds it so difficult to define; (2) the distinct interior
voice, perfectly articulate, but recognized as speaking only within the mind; (3) by a hallucination
which we have all experienced in dream or reverie, the exterior voice, which appears to be speaking
externally to the subject and to be heard by the outward ear. This, the traditional classification of
auditions, also answers exactly to she three main types of vision(1) intellectual, (2) imaginary,
274
(3) corporeal.
Of these three kinds of voices the mystics are unanimous in their opinion that the first and
least marvellous is by far the best: belonging indeed to an entirely different plane of consciousness
from the uttered interior or exterior word, which few of the great contemplatives are willing to
accept without scrutiny as a message from God. The articulate word is inevitably subject to some
degree of illusion, even at the best; since so far as it possesses transcendental content it represents
the translation of the simultaneous into successive speech.
Let Thy good Spirit enter my heart and there be heard without utterance, and without the
sound of words speak all truth, says a prayer attributed to St. Ambrose,
577
exactly describing the
function of these unmediated or intellectual words. Dynamic messages of this kind, imperative
intuitions which elude the containing formula of speech, are invariably attributed by the self to the
direct action of the Divine. They are indeed their own guarantee, bringing with them an infusion
of new knowledge or new life. Their character is less that of messages than of actual invasions
from beyond the threshold; transcending succession and conveying all at once fresh truth or
certitude. Intellectual words, in fact, are a form of inspiration. Eternal truth bursts in upon the
temporally-conditioned human mind. Thus St. Hildegarde tells us that each of her great revelations
was received in an instant and St. Bridget of Sweden that the whole substance of her 5th Book
was given in a flash.
578
Distinct interior words, on the other hand, lack this character of simultaneity. Nor are
they invariably authoritative for those who hear them. St. Teresa, whose brilliant self-criticisms
are our best source of information on mystical auditions, considers that, though they often come
from God, they are not due to direct contact with the Divine; and agrees with all the great mystics
on the need of subjecting them to criticism. She hesitated long before obeying the Voice which
told her to leave the Convent of the Incarnation and make the first foundation of her Reform.
Genuine locutions may however be distinguished from those words which result merely from
voluntary activity of the imagination, as much by the sense of certitude, peace and interior joy
which they produce, as by the fact that they force themselves upon the attention in spite of its
resistance, and bring with them knowledge which was not previously within the field of
consciousness. That is to say, they are really automatic presentations of the result of mystic intuition,
577
Missale Romanum. Praeparatio ad Missam; Die Dominica.
578
Given in Poulain: Les Grces dOraison, p. 318.
198
275
not mere rearrangements of the constituents of thought.
579
Hence they bring to the surface-self
new conviction or material: have a positive value for life.
Those purely self-created locutions, or rearrangements of thought which the mind
self-recollected forms and fashions within itselfoften difficult to distinguish from true automatic
auditionare called by Philip of the trinity, St. John of the Cross and other mystical theologians
successive words. They feel it to be of the highest importance that the contemplative should learn
to distinguish such hallucinations from real transcendental perceptions presented in auditive form.
I am really terrified, says St. John of the Cross, with his customary blunt common sense,
by what passes among us in these days. Anyone who has barely begun to meditate, if he becomes
conscious of words of this kind during his self-recollection, pronounces them forthwith to be the
work of God;
580
and, convinced that they are so, goes about proclaiming God has told me this,
or I have had that answer from God. But all is illusion and fancy; such an one has only been
speaking to himself. Besides, the desire for these words, and the attention they give to them, end
by persuading men that all the observations which they address to themselves are the responses of
God.
581
These are the words of one who was at once the sanest of saints and the most penetrating
of psychologists: words which our modern unruly amateurs of the subconscious might well take
to heart.
True auditions are usually heard when the mind is in a state of deep absorption without
conscious thought: that is to say, at the most favourable of all moments for contact with the
transcendental world. They translate into articulate language some aspect of that ineffable
apprehension of Reality which the contemplative enjoys: crystallize those clairvoyant intuitions,
those prophetic hints which surge in on him so soon as he lays himself open to the influence of the
supra-sensible. Sometimes, however, mystical intuition takes the form of a sudden and ungovernable
uprush of knowledge from the deeps of personality. Then, auditions may break in upon the normal
activities of the self with startling abruptness. It is in such cases that their objective and uncontrollable
character is most sharply felt. However they may appear, they are, says St. Teresa, very distinctly
formed; but by the bodily ear they are not heard. They are, however, much more clearly understood
than if they were heard by the ear. It is impossible not to understand them, whatever resistance we
may offer. . . . The words formed by the understanding effect nothing, but when our Lord speaks,
276
it is at once word and work. . . . The human locution [ i.e. , the work of imagination] is as something
we cannot well make out, as if we were half asleep: but the divine locution is a voice so clear, that
not a syllable of its utterance is lost. It may occur, too, when the understanding and the soul are so
troubled and distracted that they cannot form one sentence correctly: and yet grand sentences,
perfectly arranged such as the soul in its most recollected state never could have formed, are uttered:
and at the first word, as I have said, change it utterly.
582
St. Teresas mystic life was governed by voices: her active career as a foundress was much
guided by them. They advised her in small things as in great. Often they interfered with her plans,
ran counter to her personal judgment, forbade a foundation on which she was set, or commanded
one which appeared imprudent or impossible. They concerned themselves with journeys, with the
579
El Castillo Interior. Moradas Sextas, cap. iii.
580
Subida del Monte Carmelo, I. ii. cap. xxvii.
581
Subida del Monte Carmelo, I. ii. cap. xxvii.
582
Vida. cap. xxv. 2, 5, 6. See also for a detailed discussion of all forms of auditions St. John of the Cross, op. cit ., I. ii.
caps. xxviii. to xxxi.
199
purchase of houses; they warned her of coming events.
583
As her mystical life matured, Teresa
seems to have learned to discriminate those locutions on which action should properly be based.
She seldom resisted them, though it constantly happened that the action on which they insisted
seemed the height of folly: and though they frequently involved her in hardships and difficulties,
she never had cause to regret this reliance upon decrees which she regarded as coming direct from
God, and which certainly did emanate from a life greater than her own. So too St. Hildegarde, when
she prefaced her prophecies and denunciations by Thus saith the Living Light was not making
use of a poetic metaphor. She lived under the direction of a Power which was precise and articulate
in its communications, and at her peril disobeyed its commands.
So far from mere vague intuitions are the distinct interior words which the mystic hears
within his mind, that Suso is able to state that the hundred meditations on the Passion thus revealed
to him were spoken in German and not in Latin.
584
St. Teresas own auditions were all of this
interior kindsome distinct and some substantial or inarticulateas her corresponding visions
were nearly all of the intellectual or imaginary sort: that is to say, she was not subject to sensible
hallucination. Often, however, the boundary is overpassed, and the locution seems to be heard by
the mystics outward ear; as in the case of those voices which guided the destinies of St. Joan of
277
Arc, or the Figure upon the Cross which spoke to St. Francis of Assisi. We then have the third
formexterior wordswhich the mystics for the most part regard with suspicion and dislike.
Sometimes audition assumes a musical rather than a verbal character: a form of perception
which probably corresponds to the temperamental bias of the self, the ordered sweetness of Divine
Harmony striking responsive chords in the music-loving soul. The lives of St. Francis of Assisi,
St. Catherine of Siena, and Richard Rolle provide obvious instances of this:
585
but Suso, in whom
automatism assumed its richest and most varied forms, has also given in his autobiography some
characteristic examples.
One day . . . whilst the Servitor was still at rest, he heard within himself a gracious melody
by which his heart was greatly moved. And at the moment of the rising of the morning star, a deep
sweet voice sang within him these words, Stella Maria maris, hodie processit ad ortum . That is
to say, Mary Star of the Sea is risen today. And this song which he heard was so spiritual and so
sweet, that his soul was transported by it and he too began to sing joyously. . . . And one dayit
was in carnival timethe Servitor had continued his prayers until the moment when the bugle of
the watch announced the dawn. Therefore he said to himself, Rest for an instant, before you salute
the shining Morning Star. And, whilst that his senses were at rest, behold! angelic spirits began to
sing the fair Respond: Illuminare, illuminare, Jerusalem !And this song was echoed with a
marvellous sweetness in the deeps of his soul. And when the angels had sung for some time his
soul overflowed with joy: and his feeble body being unable to support such happiness, burning
tears escaped from his eyes.
586
Closely connected on the one hand with the phenomena of automatic words, on the other
with those of prophecy and inspiration, is the prevalence in mystical literature of revelations which
take the form of dialogue: intimate colloquies between Divine Reality and the Soul. The Revelations
583
El Libro de las Fundaciones is full of instances.
584
Suso, Buchlein von der ewigen Weisheit, Prologue.
585
Fioretti, Delle Istimate, 2.; E. Gardner, St. Catherine of Siena. p. 15; Rolle, The Fire of Love, bk. i. cap. xvi., and
other places.
586
Leben, cap. vi.
200
of Julian of Norwich and St. Catherine of Siena, and many of those of the Blessed Angela of Foligno
and of the modern mystic Lucie-Christine appear to have been received by them in this way. We
seem as we read them to be present at veritable outpourings of the Divine Mind, crystallized into
verbal form on their way through the human consciousness. We feel on the one hand a one-ness
with the Absolute on the part of the mystic which has made her really, for the time being, the
voice of God: whilst on the other we recognize in her the persistence of the individualexalted,
278
but not yet wholly absorbed in the Divinewhose questions, here and there, break in upon the
revelation which is mediated by the deeper mind.
Duologues of this sort are reported with every appearance of realism and good faith by
Suso, Tauler, Mechthild of Magdeburg, Angela of Foligno, St. Teresa, and countless other mystics.
The third book of the Imitation of Christ contains some conspicuously beautiful examples, which
may or may not be due to literary artifice. The self, wholly absorbed by the intimate sense of divine
companionship, receives its messages in the form of distinct interior words; as of an alien voice,
speaking within the mind with such an accent of validity and spontaneity as to leave no room for
doubt as to its character. Often, as in Julians Revelations, the discourses of the Divine Voice,
its replies to the eager questions of the self, are illustrated by imaginary visions. Since these dialogues
are, on the whole, more commonly experienced in the illuminative than the unitive way, that
selfretaining a clear consciousness of its own separateness, and recognizing the Voice as personal
and distinct from its own soulnaturally enters into a communion which has an almost
conversational character, replies to questions or asks others in its turn: and in this dramatic style
the content of its intuitions is gradually expressed. We have then an extreme form of that dissociation
which we all experience in a slight degree when we argue with ourselves. But in this case one
of the speakers is become the instrument of a power other than itself, and communicates to the
mind new wisdom and new life.
The peculiar rhythmical language of genuine mystic dialogue of this kindfor often enough,
as in Susos Book of the Eternal Wisdom, it is deliberately adopted as a literary deviceis an
indication of its automatic character.
587
Expression, once it is divorced from the critical action of
the surface intelligence, always tends to assume a dithyrambic form. Measure and colour, exaltation
of language, here take a more important place than the analytic intellect will generally permit. This
feature is easily observable in prophecy, and in automatic writing. It forms an interesting link with
poetry; whichin so far as it is genuine and spontaneousis largely the result of subliminal activity.
Life, which eludes language, can yetwe know not whybe communicated by rhythm: and the
mystic fact is above all else the communication of a greater Life. Hence we must not take it amiss
if the voice of the Absolute, as translated to us by those mystics who are alone capable of hearing
279
it, often seems to adopt the grand manner.
We pass from the effort of mans deeper mind to speak truth to his surface-intelligence, to
the effort of the same mysterious power to show truth: in psychological language, from auditory
to visual automatism. Vision, that vaguest of words, has been used by the friends and enemies
of the mystics to describe or obscure a wide range of experience: from formless intuition, through
crude optical hallucination, to the voluntary visualizations common to the artistic mind. In it we
must include that personal and secret vision which is the lovers glimpse of Perfect Love, and the
great pictures seen by clairvoyant prophets acting in their capacity as eyes of the race. Of these,
587
Compare p. 80.
201
the two main classes of vision, says Denis the Carthusian, the first kind are to be concealed, the
second declared. The first are more truly mystic, the second prophetic: but excluding prophetic
vision from our inquiry, a sufficient variety of experience remains in the purely mystical class. St.
Teresas fluid and formless apprehension of the Trinity, her concrete visions of Christ, Mechthild
of Madeburgs poetic dreams, Susos sharply pictured allegories, even Blakes soul of a flea, all
come under this head.
Since no one can know what it is really like to have a vision but the visionaries themselves,
it will be interesting to see what they have to say on this subject: and notice the respects in which
these self-criticisms agree with the conclusions of psychology. We forget, whilst arguing on these
matters, that it is as impossible for those who have never heard a voice or seen a vision to discuss
these experiences with intelligence, as it is for stay-at-homes to discuss the passions of the battle-field
on the material supplied by war correspondents. No second-hand account can truly report the
experience of the person whose perceptions or illusions present themselves in this form. We
cannot, says Rcjac, remind ourselves too often that the mystic act consists in relations between
the Absolute and Freedom which are incommunicable. We shall never know, for instance, what
was the state of consciousness of some citizen of the antique world when he gave himself without
reserve to the inspiring suggestions of the Sacred Fire, or some other image which evoked the
infinite.
588
Neither shall we ever know, unless it be our good fortune to attain to it, the secret of
that consciousness which is able to apprehend the Transcendent in visionary terms.
The first thing we notice when we come to this inquiry is that the mystics are all but
280
unanimous in their refusal to attribute importance to any kind of visionary experience.
589
The
natural timidity and stern self-criticism with which they approach auditions is here greatly increased:
and this, if taken to heart, might well give pause to their more extreme enemies and defenders. If
it be so, says Hilton of automatisms in general, that thou see any manner of light or brightness
with thy bodily eye or in imagining, other than every man may see; or if thou hear any merry
sounding with thy ear, or in thy mouth any sweet sudden savour, other than of kind [nature], or any
heat in thy breast as it were fire, or any manner delight in any part of thy body, or if a spirit bodily
appeareth to thee as it were an angel, for to comfort thee and kiss thee, or any such feeling, which
thou wost well that it cometh not of thyself, nor of no bodily creature, be then wary in that time or
soon after, and wisely behold the stirrings of thy heart. If thou be stirred because of that liking that
thou feelest for to draw out thine heart . . . from the inward desire of virtues and of ghostly knowing
and feeling of God, for to set the sight of thy heart and thine affection, thy delight and thy rest,
principally therein, weening that bodily feeling should be a part of heavenly joy and of angels bliss
. . . this feeling is suspect and of the enemy. And therefore, though it be never so liking and
wonderful, refuse it, and assent not thereto.
590
Nearly every master of the contemplative life has
spoken to the same effect: none, perhaps, more strongly than that stern and virile lover of the
invisible, St. John of the Cross, who was relentless in hunting down even the most spiritual
illusions, eager to purge mind as well as morals of all taint of the unreal.
588
Les Fondements de la Connaissance Mystique. p. 149.
589
Here the exception which proves the rule is Blake. But Blakes visions differed in some important respects from those of
his fellow-mystics. They seem to have been corporeal, not imaginary in type, and were regarded by him as actual perceptions
of that real and eternal world in which he held that it was mans privilege to dwell.
590
The Scale of Perfection, bk. i. cap. xi.
202
It often happens, he says that spiritual men are affected supernaturally by sensible
representations and objects. They sometimes see the forms and figures of those of another life,
saints or angels, good and evil, or certain extraordinary lights and brightness. They hear strange
words, sometimes seeing those who utter them and sometimes not. They have a sensible perception
at times of most sweet odours, without knowing whence they proceed. . . . Still, though all these
experiences may happen to the bodily senses in the way of God, we must never delight in them nor
encourage them; yea, rather we must fly from them, without seeking to know whether their origin
be good or evil. For, inasmuch as they are exterior and physical, the less is the likelihood of their
281
being from God. That which properly and generally comes from God is a purely spiritual
communication; wherein there is greater security and profit for the soul than through the senses,
wherein there is usually much danger and delusion, because the bodily sense decides upon, and
judges, spiritual things, thinking them to be what itself feels them to be, when in reality they are
as different as body and soul, sensuality and reason.
591
Again, in the high state of the union of love, God does not communicate Himself to the
soul under the disguise of imaginary visions, similitudes or figures, neither is there place for such,
but mouth to mouth. . . . The soul, therefore, that will ascend to this perfect union with God, must
be careful not to lean upon imaginary visions, forms, figures, and particular intelligible objects, for
these things can never serve as proportionate or proximate means towards so great an end; yea,
rather they are an obstacle in the way, and therefore to be guarded against and rejected.
592
So, too, St. Teresa. In such matters as these there is always cause to fear illusion; until we
are assured that they truly proceed from the Spirit of God. Therefore at the beginning it is always
best to resist them. If it is indeed God who is acting, the soul will but progress still more quickly,
for the trial will favour her advancement.
593
Vision, then, is recognized by the true contemplative as at best an imperfect, oblique, and
untrustworthy method of apprehension: it is ungovernable, capricious, liable to deception, and the
greater its accompanying hallucination the more suspicious it becomes. All, however, distinguish
different classes of visionary experience; and differentiate sharply between the value of the vision
which is felt rather than seen, and the true optical hallucination which is perceived, exterior to
the subject, by the physical sight.
We may trace in visions, as in voicesfor these, from the psychologists point of view, are
strictly parallel phenomenaa progressive externalization on the selfs part of those concepts or
intuitions which form the bases of all automatic states. Three main groups have been distinguished
by the mystics, and illustrated again and again from their experiences. These are (1) Intellectual
(2) Imaginary, and (3) Corporeal vision: answering to (1) Substantial or inarticulate, (2) Interior
and distinct, (3) Exterior words. With the first two we must now concern ourselves. As to corporeal
vision, it has few peculiarities of interest to the student of pure mysticism. Like the exterior word
282
it is little else than a more or less uncontrolled externalization of inward memories, thoughts, or
intuitionseven of some pious picture which has become imprinted on the mindwhich may, in
some subjects, attain the dimensions of true sensorial hallucination.
591
Subida del Monte Carmelo, I. ii. cap. xi. The whole chapter should be read in this connection.
592
Subida del Monte Carmelo, I. ii. cap. xvi.
593
El Castillo Interior, Moradas Sextas, cap. iii.
203
(1) Intellectual Vision. The intellectual vision, like the substantial word as described
to us by the mystics, is of so elusive, spiritual, and formless a kind that it is hard to distinguish it
from that act of pure contemplation in which it often takes its rise. These moods and apprehensions
of the soul are so closely linked togetherthe names applied to them are so often little more than
the struggles of different individuals to describe by analogy an experience which is one that we
risk a loss of accuracy the moment that classification begins. The intellectual vision, so far as we
can understand it, seems to be a something not sought but put before the mind, and seen or perceived
by the whole self by means of a sense which is neither sight nor feeling, but partakes of the character
of both. It is intimate but indescribable: definite, yet impossible to define. There is a passage in the
Revelations of Angela of Foligno which vividly describes the sequence of illuminated states leading
up to and including the intuitions which constitute the substance of this formless vision and its
complement the formless word: and this does far more towards making us realize its nature than
the most painstaking psychological analysis could ever do. At times God comes into the soul
without being called; and He instills into her fire, love, and sometimes sweetness; and the soul
believes this comes from God, and delights therein. But she does not yet know, or see, that He
dwells in her; she perceives His grace, in which she delights. And again God comes to the soul,
and speaks to her words full of sweetness, in which she has much joy, and she feels Him. This
feeling of God gives her the greatest delight; but even here a certain doubt remains; for the soul
has not the certitude that God is in her. . . . And beyond this the soul receives the gift of seeing
God. God says to her, Behold Me! and the soul sees Him dwelling within her. She sees Him more
clearly than one man sees another. For the eyes of the soul behold a plenitude of which I cannot
speak: a plenitude which is not bodily but spiritual, of which I can say nothing. And the soul rejoices
in that sight with an ineffable joy; and this is the manifest and certain sign that God indeed dwells
in her. And the soul can behold nothing else, because this fulfils her in an unspeakable manner.
This beholding, whereby the soul can behold no other thing, is so profound that it grieves me that
283
I can say nothing of it. It is not a thing which can be touched or imagined, for it is ineffable.
594
Intellectual vision, then, seems to be closely connected with that consciousness of the
Presence of God which we discussed in the last chapter: though the contemplatives themselves
declare that it differs from it.
595
It is distinguished apparently from that more or less diffused
consciousness of Divine Immanence by the fact that although unseen of the eyes, it can be exactly
located in space. The mystics general awareness of the divine is here focussed upon one pointa
point to which some theological or symbolic character is at once attached. The result is a sense of
presence so concrete defined, and sharply personal that, as St. Teresa says, it carries more conviction
than bodily sight. This invisible presence is generally identified by Christian mystics rather with
the Humanity of Christ than with the unconditioned Absolute. In the prayer of union and of quiet,
says St. Teresa, certain inflowings of the Godhead are present; but in the vision, the Sacred
Humanity also, together with them, is pleased to be our companion and to do us good.
596
A person
who is in no way expecting such a favour, she says again, nor has ever imagined herself worthy
of receiving it, is conscious that Jesus Christ stands by her side; although she sees Him neither with
594
St. Angels de Foligno, Livre de lExprience des Vrais Fidles, pp. 170 seq. (English translation, p. 24).
595
It is not like that presence of God which is frequently felt . . . this is a great grace . . . but it is not vision (St. Teresa, Vida,
cap, xxvii. 6).
596
Op. cit., loc. cit.
204
the eyes of the body nor of the soul. This is called an intellectual vision; I cannot tell why. This
vision, unlike an imaginary one, does not pass away quickly but lasts for several days and even
sometimes for more than a year. . . . Although I believe some of the former favours are more
sublime, yet this brings with it a special knowledge of God; a most tender love for Him results from
being constantly in His company while the desire of devoting ones whole being to His service is
more fervent than any hitherto described. The conscience is greatly purified by the knowledge of
His perpetual and near presence, for although we know that God sees all we do, yet nature inclines
us to grow careless and forgetful of it. This is impossible here, since our Lord makes the soul
conscious that He is close at hand.
597
In such a stateto which the term vision is barely applicableit will be observed that
consciousness is at its highest, and hallucination at its lowest point. Nothing is seen, even with the
eyes of the mind: as, in the parallel case of the substantial word, nothing is said. It is pure
apprehension: in the one case of Personality, in the other of knowledge. The immediate vision of
the naked Godhead, says Suso of this, is without doubt the pure truth: a vision is to be esteemed
284
the more noble the more intellectual it is, the more it is stripped of all image and approaches the
state of pure contemplation.
598
We owe to St. Teresa our finest first-hand account of this strange condition of awareness.
It came upon her abruptly, after a period of psychic distress, and seemed to her to be an answer to
her unwilling prayers that she might be led by some other way than that of interior words;
which were, in the opinion of her director, so suspicious. I could not force myself, she says,
to desire the change, nor believe that I was under the influence of Satan. Though I was doing all
I could to believe the one and to desire the other, it was not in my power to do so. She resolved
this divided state by making an act of total surrender to the will of God: and it seems to have been
as the result of this release of stress, this willing receptivity, that the new form of automatism
suddenly developed itself, reinforcing and justifying her auditions and bringing peace and assurance
to the distracted surface-self.
At the end of two years spent in prayer by myself and others for this end, namely, that our
Lord would either lead me by another way, or show the truth of thisfor now the locutions of our
Lord were extremely frequentthis happened to me. I was in prayer one dayit was the feast of
the glorious St. Peterwhen I saw Christ close by me, or, to speak more correctly, felt Him; for I
saw nothing with the eyes of the body, nothing with the eyes of the soul. He seemed to me to be
close beside me; and I saw, too, as I believe, that it was He who was speaking to me. As I was
utterly ignorant that such a vision was possible, I was extremely afraid at first, and did nothing but
weep; however, when He spoke to me but one word to reassure me, I recovered myself, and was,
as usual, calm and comforted, without any fear whatever. Jesus Christ seemed to be by my side
continually. As the vision was not imaginary, I saw no form, but I had a most distinct feeling that
He was always on my right hand, a witness of all I did; and never at any time, if I was but slightly
recollected, or not too much distracted, could I be ignorant of His near presence. I went at once to
my confessor in great distress, to tell him of it. He asked in what form I saw our Lord. I told him
I saw no form. He then said: How did you know that it was Christ? I replied that I did not know
how I knew it; but I could not help knowing that He was close beside me . . . there are no words
597
St. Teresa, El Castillo Interior, Moradas Sextas, cap. viii.
598
Leben, cap. liv.
205
whereby to explainat least, none for us women, who know so little; learned men can explain it
better.
For if I say that I see Him neither with the eyes of the body nor those of the soulbecause
285
it was not an imaginary visionhow is it that I can understand and maintain that He stand beside
me, and be more certain of it than if I saw Him ? If it be supposed that it is as if a person were blind,
or in the dark, and therefore unable to see another who is close to him, the comparison is not exact.
There is a certain likelihood about it, however, but not much, because the other senses tell him who
is blind of that presence: he hears the other speak or move, or he touches him; but in these visions
there is nothing like this. The darkness is not felt; only He renders Himself present to the soul by
a certain knowledge of Himself which is more clear than the sun. I do not mean that we now see
either a sun or any other brightness, only that there is a light not seen, which illumines the
understanding, so that the soul may have the fruition of so great a good. This vision brings with it
great blessings.
599
(2) In Imaginary Vision, as in interior words, there is again no sensorial hallucination.
The self sees sharply and clearly, it is true: but is perfectly aware that it does so in virtue of its most
precious organthat inward eye which is the bliss of solitude.
600
Imaginary Vision is the
spontaneous and automatic activity of a power which all artists, all imaginative people, possess.
So far as the machinery employed in it is concerned, there is little real difference except in degree
between Wordsworths imaginary vision of the dancing daffodils and Susos of the dancing
angels, who though they leapt very high in the dance, did so without any lack of gracefulness.
601
Both are admirable examples of passive imaginary vision: though in the first the visionary is
aware that the picture seen is supplied by memory, whilst in the second it arises spontaneously like
a dream from the subliminal region, and contains elements which may be attributed to love, belief,
and direct intuition of truth.
Such passive imaginary visionby which I mean spontaneous mental pictures at which the
self looks, but in the action of which it does not participatetakes in the mystics two main forms:
(a) symbolic, (b) personal.
(a) In the symbolic form there is no mental deception: the self is aware that it is being shown
truth under an image. Many of the visions of the great prophetic mysticse.g., St.
Hildegardehave so elaborate a symbolic character, that much intellectual activity is involved in
286
their interpretation. This interpretation is sometimes given with the vision. Rulman Merswins
Vision of Nine Rocks is thus described to us as being seen by him in a sharp picture, the allegorical
meaning of which was simultaneously presented to his mind. In Susos life these symbolic visions
abound: he seems to have lived always on the verge of such a world of imagination, and to have
imbibed truth most easily in this form. Thus: It happened one morning that the Servitor saw in a
vision that he was surrounded by a troop of heavenly spirits. He therefore asked one of the most
599
St. Teresa, Vida, cap. xxvii. 2-5.
600
For oft, when on my couch I lie
In vacant or in pensive mood,
They flash upon that inward eye
Which is the bliss of solitude:
And then my heart with pleasure fills
And dances with the daffodils.
Wordsworth , The Daffodils.
601
Leben, cap. vii.
206
radiant amongst these Princes of the Sky to show him how God dwelt in his soul. The angel said
to him, Do but fix your eyes joyously upon yourself, and watch how God plays the game of love
within your loving soul. And he looked quickly, and saw that his body in the region of his heart
was pure and transparent like crystal: and he saw the Divine Wisdom peacefully enthroned in the
midst of his heart, and she was fair to look upon. And by her side was the soul of the Servitor, full
of heavenly desires; resting lovingly upon the bosom of God, Who had embraced it, and pressed
it to His Heart. And it remained altogether absorbed and inebriated with love in the arms of God
its well-beloved.
602
In such a vision as this, we see the mystics passion for the Absolute, his intuition of Its
presence in his soul, combining with material supplied by a poetic imagination, and expressing
itself in an allegorical form. It is really a visualized poem, inspired by a direct contact with truth.
Of the same kind are many of those reconstructions of Eternity in which mystics and seers of the
transcendent and outgoing type actualized their profound apprehensions of reality. In such
experiences, as Beatrice told Dante when he saw the great vision of the River of Light, the thing
seen is the shadowy presentation of a transcendent Reality which the self is not yet strong enough
to see.
E vidi lume in forma di rivera
fulvido di fulgore, intra due rive
dipinte di mirabil primavera.
Di tal fiumana uscian faville vive,
e d ogni parte si mettean nei fiori,
quasi rubin che oro circonscrive.
Poi, come inebriate dagli odori,
riprofondavan s nel miro gurge,
e, suna entrava, un altra n uscia fuori.
. . . .
il sol degli occhi miei
anco soggiunse: Il fiume, e li topazii
ch entrano ed escono, e il rider dell erbe
287
son di lor vero ombriferi prefazii.
Non che da s sien queste cose acerbe:
ma difetto dalla parte tua,
che non hai viste ancor tanto superbe.
603
In the last two lines of this wonderful passage, the whole philosophy of vision is expressed.
It is an accommodation of the supra-sensible to our human disabilities, a symbolic reconstruction
of reality on levels accessible to sense. This symbolic reconstruction is seen as a profoundly
significant, vivid, and dramatic dream: and since this dream conveys transcendental truth, and
602
Suso, Leben, cap. vi.
603
Par. xxx. 61-81: And I saw light in the form of a river blazing with radiance, streaming between banks painted with a
marvellous spring. Out of that river issued living sparks and settled on the flowers on every side, like rubies set in gold. Then,
as it were inebriated by the perfume, they plunged again into the wondrous flood, and as one entered another issued forth. . . .
Then added the Sun of my eyes: The river, the topazes that enter and come forth, the smiling flowers are shadowy foretastes of
their reality. Not that these things are themselves imperfect; but on thy side is the defect, in that thy vision cannot rise so high.
This passage probably owes something to Mechthild of Magdeburgs concept of Deity as a Flowing Light.
207
initiates the visionary into the atmosphere of the Eternal, it may well claim precedence over that
prosaic and perpetual vision which we call the real world. In itas in the less significant dreams
of our common experiencevision and audition are often combined. Many of the visions of St.
Mechthild of Hackborn are of this complex type. ThusShe saw in the Heart of God, as it were
a virgin exceeding fair, holding a ring in her hand on which was a diamond: with which, incessantly,
she touched the Heart of God. Moreover, the soul asked why that virgin thus touched the Heart of
God. And the virgin answered, I am Divine Love, and this stone signifieth the sin of Adam. . . .
As soon as Adam sinned, I introduced myself and intercepted the whole of his sin, and by thus
ceaselessly touching the Heart of God and moving Him to pity, I suffered Him not to rest until the
moment when I took the Son of God from His Fathers Heart and laid him in the Virgin Mothers
womb. . . . Another time, she saw how Love, under the likeness of a fair Virgin, went round about
the consistory singing Alone I have made the circuit of heaven, and I have walked on the waves of
the sea. In these words she understood how Love had subjected to herself the Omnipotent Majesty
of God, had inebriated His Unsearchable Wisdom, had drawn forth all His most sweet goodness;
and, by wholly conquering His divine justice and changing it into gentleness and mercy, had moved
the Lord of all Majesty.
604
Imaginary vision of this kind is probably far more common than is generally supposed: and
288
can exist without any disturbance of that balance of faculties which is usually recognized as sane.
If, says Pratt, there be any truth in Freuds insistence upon the symbolic nature of normal dreams,
it is the less surprising that the dream imagination of the Christian mystic should work up visions
of a symbolic sort. . . . Our modern tendency to consider visions quite extraordinary and pathological
is probably mistaken.
605
It is certain that the meditations of those persons who are good visualizers
often take a pictorial form; and indeed St. Ignatius Loyola, the great teacher of meditation, advised
a deliberate effort so to visualize the subject dwelt upon. The picture may appear involuntarily, at
the summit of a train of thought, which it sometimes illustrates and sometimes contradicts. It may
show itself faintly against a background of mist; or start into existence sharply focussed, well-lighted,
and alive. It always brings with it a greater impression of reality than can be obtained by the
operations of the discursive mind.
( b ) The symbolic and artistic character of the visions we have been discussing is obvious.
There is, however, another form of imaginary vision which must be touched on with a gentler hand.
In this, the imagery seized upon by the subliminal powers, or placed before the mind by that
Somewhat Other of which the mystic is always conscious over against himself, is at once so vivid,
so closely related to the concrete beliefs and spiritual passions of the self, and so perfectly expresses
its apprehensions of God, that it is not always recognized as symbolic in kind. A simple example
of this is the vision of Christ at the moment of consecration at Mass, experienced by so many
Catholic ecstatics.
606
Another is St. Margaret Mary Alacoques vision of the Sacred Heart. St.
604
Mechthild of Hackborn, Liber Specialis Gratiae, I. ii. caps. xvii. and xxxv.
605
Pratt, The Religious Consciousness, p. 404.
606
For instance, the Blessed Angela of Foligno, who gives in her Revelations a complete series of such experiences, ranging
from an apprehension of Divine Beauty shining from within and surpassing the splendour of the sun (op. cit., p. 64, English
translation, p. 222)to a concrete vision of two eyes shining in the Host (loc. cit., English translation, p. 230).I saw Him most
plainly with the eyes of the mind, she says, first living, suffering, bleeding, crucified, and then dead upon the Cross (p. 326,
English translation p. 223).Another time I beheld the Child Christ in the consecrated Host. He Appeared beautiful and full of
majesty, He seemed as a child of twelve years of age (p. 67. English translation, p. 229).
208
Teresa is one of the few mystics who have detected the true character of automatisms of this sort:
which bring with themlike their purer forms, the intellectual visions of Goda vivid apprehension
of Personality, the conviction of a living presence, rather than the knowledge of new facts. Now
and then, she says of her own imaginary visions of Christ, it seemed to me that what I saw was
an image: but most frequently it was not so. I thought it was Christ Himself, judging by the brightness
289
in which He was pleased to show Himself. Sometimes the vision was so indistinct, that I thought
it was an image: but still, not like a picture, however well painted, and I have seen a good many
pictures. It would be absurd to suppose that the one bears any resemblance whatever to the other,
for they differ as a living person differs from his portrait, which, however well drawn, cannot be
lifelike, for it is plain that it is a dead thing.
607
The vision, she says in another place, passes as quickly as a flash of lightning, yet this
most glorious picture makes an impression on the imagination that I believe can never be effaced
until the soul at last sees Christ to enjoy Him for ever. Although I call it a picture, you must not
imagine that it looks like a painting; Christ appears as a living Person, Who sometimes speaks and
reveals deep mysteries.
608
It seems, then, that this swift and dazzling vision of Divine Personality may represent a true
contact of the soul with the Absolute Lifea contact immediately referred to the image under
which the self is accustomed to think of its God. Obviously in the case of Christian contemplatives
this image will most usually be the historical Person of Christ, as He is represented in sacred
literature and art.
609
The life-enhancing quality of such an abrupt apprehension, however, the
profound sense of reality which it brings, permit of its being classed not amongst vivid dreams, but
amongst those genuine mystic states in which the immanent God, formless, but capable of assuming
all forms, expresses Himself in vision as He had expressed Himself in words.
610
Certainty and
joy are the feeling-states accompanying this experience; which is as it were a love-letter received
by the ardent soul, bringing with it the very fragrance of personality, along with the sign-manual
of the beloved.
This concrete vision of Christ has the true mystic quality of ineffability, appearing to the
self under a form of inexpressible beauty, illuminated with that unearthly light which is so persistently
reported as a feature of transcendent experience. The artists exalted consciousness of Beauty as a
form of Truth is here seen operating on the transcendental plane. Thus when St. Teresa saw only
290
the Hands of God, she was thrown into an ecstasy of adoration by their shining loveliness.
611
If
I were to spend many years in devising how to picture to myself anything so beautiful, she says
of the imaginary vision of Christ, I should never be able, nor even know how, to do it; for it is
beyond the scope of any possible imagination here below: the whiteness and brilliancy alone are
inconceivable. It is not a brightness which dazzles, but a delicate whiteness, an infused brightness,
607
Vida, cap. xxviii. 11.
608
El Castillo Interior, Moradas Sextas, cap. ix.
609
On one of the feasts of St. Paul, while I was at Mass, there stood before me the most sacred Humanity as painters represent
Him after the resurrection (St. Teresa, Vida, cap. xxviii 4). So too the form assumed by many of the visions of Angela of
Foligno is obviously due to her familiarity with the frescoed churches of Assisi and the Vale of Spoleto. When I bent my knees
upon entering in at the door of the church, she says, I immediately beheld a picture of St. Francis lying in Christs bosom.
Then said Christ unto me, Thus closely will I hold thee and so much closer, that bodily eyes can neither perceive nor comprehend
it. (op. cit., p. 53. English translation, p. 165).
610
Delacroix. tudes sur le Mysticisme. p. 116.
611
Vida, cap. xxviii. 2.
209
giving excessive delight to the eyes, which are never wearied thereby nor by the visible brightness
which enables us to see a beauty so divine. It is a light so different from any light here below, that
the very brightness of the sun we see, in comparison with the brightness and light before our eyes,
seems to be something so obscure that no one would ever wish to open his eyes again. . . . In short,
it is such that no man, however gifted he may be, can ever in the whole course of his life arrive at
any imagination of what it is. God puts it before us so instantaneously, that we could not open our
eyes in time to see it, if it were necessary for us to open them at all. But whether our eyes be open
or shut, it makes no difference whatever: for when our Lord wills, we must see it, whether we will
or not.
612
There is another and highly important class of visual automatisms: those which I have
chosen to call Active Imaginary Visions. Whereas vision of the passive kind is the expression of
thought, perception, or desire on the part of the deeper self: active vision is the expression of a
change in that self, and generally accompanies some psychological crisis. In this vision, which
always has a dramatic character, the self seems to itself to act, not merely to look on. Such visions
may possess many of the characters of dreams; they may be purely symbolic; they may be
theologically realistic. They may entail a journey through Hell, Purgatory and Heaven, an excursion
into fairyland, a wrestling with the Angel in the Way. Whatever their outward form, they are always
connected with inward results. They are the automatic expressions of intense subliminal activity:
not merely the media by which the selfs awareness of the Absolute is strengthened and enriched,
but the outward and visible signs of its movement towards new levels of consciousness. Hence we
are not surprised to find that a dynamic vision of this sort often initiates the Unitive Life. Such are
the imaginary visions reported by St. Francis of Assisi and St. Catherine of Siena at the moment
291
of their stigmatization: the transverberation of St. Teresa; the heavenly visitor who announced to
Suso his passage from the lower school to the upper school of the Holy Spirit.
613
But perhaps
the most picturesque and convincing example of all such dramas of the soul, is that which is known
in art as the Mystic Marriage of St. Catherine of Siena.
We have seen that Catherine, who was subject from childhood to imaginary visions and
interior words, had long been conscious of a voice reiterating the promise of this sacred bretrothal;
and that on the last day of the Carnival, A.D. 1366, it said to her, I will this day celebrate solemnly
with thee the feast of the betrothal of thy soul, and even as I promised I will espouse thee to Myself
in faith. Then, says her legend, whilst the Lord was yet speaking, there appeared the most
glorious Virgin His Mother, the most blessed John, Evangelist, the glorious Apostle Paul, and the
most holy Dominic, father of her order; and with these the prophet David, who had the psaltery set
to music in his hands; and while he played with most sweet melody the Virgin Mother of God took
the right hand of Catherine with her most sacred hand, and, holding out her fingers towards the
Son, besought Him to deign to espouse her to Himself in faith. To which graciously consenting the
Only Begotten of God drew out a ring of gold, which had in its circle four pearls enclosing a most
beauteous diamond; and placing this ring upon the ring finger of Catherines right hand He said,
Lo, I espouse thee to Myself, thy Creator and Saviour in the faith, which until thou dost celebrate
612
St. Teresa, op. cit ., cap. xxviii. 7, 8. Angela of Foligno says of a similar vision of Christ, His beauty and adornment
were so great . . . and so great was my joy at the sight, that I think I shall never lose it. And so great was my certitude that I
cannot doubt it in any point (St. Angle de Foligno, op. cit ., p. 66. English translation, p. 229).
613
Leben, cap. xxi.
210
thy eternal nuptials with Me in Heaven thou wilt preserve ever without stain. Henceforth, my
daughter, do manfully and without hesitation those things which by the ordering of My providence
will be put into thy hands; for being now armed with the fortitude of the faith, thou wilt happily
overcome all thy adversaries. Then the vision disappeared, but that ring ever remained on her
finger, not indeed to the sight of others, but only to the sight of the virgin herself; for she often,
albeit with bashfulness, confessed to me that she always saw that ring on her finger, nor was there
292
any time when she did not see it.
614
It is not difficult to discern the materials from which this vision has been composed. As far
as its outward circumstances go, it is borrowed intact from the legendary history of St. Catherine
of Alexandria, with which her namesake must have been familiar from babyhood.
615
Caterina
Benincasa showed a characteristic artistic suggestibility and quickness in transforming the stuff of
this old story into the medium of a profound personal experience: as her contemporaries amongst
the Sienese painters took subject, method, and composition from the traditional Byzantine source,
yet forced them to become expressions of their overpowering individuality. The important matter
for us, however, is not the way in which the second Catherine adapted a traditional story to herself,
actualized it in her experience: but the fact that it was for her the sacramental form under which
she became acutely and permanently conscious of union with God. Long prepared by that growing
disposition of her deeper self which caused her to hear the reiterated promise of her Beloved, the
vision when it came was significant, not for its outward circumstances, but for its permanent effect
upon her life. In it she passed to a fresh level of consciousness; entering upon that state of spiritual
wedlock, of close and loving identification with the interests of Christ, which Richard of St. Victor
calls the Third Stage of Ardent Love.
Of the same active sort is St. Teresas great and celebrated vision, or rather experience, of
the Transverberation; in which imagery and feeling go side by side in their effort towards expressing
the anguish of insatiable love. I saw, she says, an angel close by me, on my left side, in bodily
form. This I am not accustomed to see unless very rarely. Though I have visions of angels frequently,
yet I see them only by an intellectual vision, such as I have spoken of before. It was our Lords will
that in this vision I should see the angel in this wise. He was not large, but small of stature, and
most beautifulhis face burning, as if he were one of the highest angels, who seem to be all of
fire: they must be those whom we call Cherubim. . . . I saw in his hand a long spear of gold, and
at the irons point there seemed to be a little fire. He appeared to me to be thrusting it at times into
my heart, and to pierce my very entrails; when he drew it out, he seemed to draw them out also and
to leave me all on fire with a great love of God. The pain was so great that it made me moan; and
yet so surpassing was the sweetness of this excessive pain that I could not wish to be rid of it. The
soul is satisfied now with nothing less than God. The pain is not bodily, but spiritual; though the
614
E. Gardner, St. Catherine of Siena, p. 25. Vita, i. xii. 1, 2 (Acta S.S., loc. cit .). In the ring which she always saw upon
her finger. we seem to have an instance of true corporeal vision; which finds a curiously exact parallel in the life of St. Teresa.
On one occasion when I was holding in my hand the cross of my rosary, He took it from me into His own hand. He returned
it, but it was then four large stones incomparably more precious than diamonds. He said to me that for the future that cross would
so appear to me always: and so it did. I never saw the wood of which it was made, but only the precious stones. They were seen,
however, by no one else (Vida, cap. xxix. 8). This class of experience, says Augustine Baker, particularly gifts of roses, rings,
and jewels, is much to be suspected, except in souls of a long-continued sanctity (Holy Wisdom. Treatise iii. iv. cap.
iii.).
615
Vide Legenda Aurea, Nov. xxv.
211
293
body has its share in it, even a large one. It is a caressing of love so sweet which now takes place
between the soul and God, that I pray God of His goodness to make him experience it who may
think that I am lying.
616
Finally it should be added that dynamic vision may assume a purely intellectual form; as
in the case of the Blessed Angela of Foligno. During last Lent I found myself, she says, altogether
in God, without knowing how, and in a way more exalted than was customary for me. I seemed to
be in the midst of the Trinity in a more exalted way than I had ever been before for greater than
usual were the blessings I received, and I enjoyed these blessings without interruption. And thus
to be absorbed in God filled me with joy and with delight. And feeling myself to be in this beatitude
and this great and unspeakable delight, which were above all I had experienced before, such ineffable
divine operations took place in my soul, as neither saint nor angel could describe or explain. And
I see and understand that these divine operations, that unfathomable abyss, no angel or other creature
howsoever great or wise, could comprehend; and all I say now of it seemeth to me so ill said that
it is blasphemy.
617
Automatic Script
The rarest of the automatic activities reported to us in connection with mysticism is that of
automatic writing. This form of subliminal action has already been spoken of in an earlier chapter;
618
where two of the most marked examplesBlake and Madame Guyonare discussed. As with
voice and vision, so this power of automatic composition may and does exist in various degrees of
intensity: ranging from that inspiration, that irresistible impulse to write, of which all artists are
aware, to the extreme form in which the hand of the conscious self seems to have become the agent
of another personality. We are not here in the presence of phenomena which require a supernatural
explanation. From the point of view of the psychologist, the inspirational writing of the mystics
differs in degree rather than in kind from such poetic creation as that described by de Russet: it is
not work, it is listening; it is as if some unknown person were speaking in your ear.
619
Such
subliminal activity is probably present to some extent in all the literary work of the great mystics,
whose creative power, like that of most poets, is largely dissociated from the control of the will
and the surface intelligence.
St. Catherine of Siena, we are told, dictated her great Dialogue to her secretaries whilst in
294
the state of ecstasy: which may mean no more than the absorbed state of recollection in which the
creative faculty works most freely, or may have been a condition of consciousness resembling the
trance of mediums, in which the deeper mind governs the tongue. Had she been more accustomed
to the use of the penshe did not learn writing until after the beginning of her apostolic lifethat
deeper mind would almost certainly have expressed itself by means of automatic script. As it is, in
the rhythm and exaltation of its periods, the Dialogue bears upon it all the marks of true automatic
composition of the highest type. The very discursiveness of its style, its loose employment of
metaphor, the strangely mingled intimacy and remoteness of its tone, link it with prophetic literature;
616
Vida, cap. xxix. 16, 17.
617
St. Angle de Foligno op. cit ., p. 232 (English translation, p. 186).
618
P. 66.
619
Quoted by Prescott, The Poetic Mind, p. 102.
212
and are entirely characteristic of subliminal energy of a rich type, dissociated from the criticism
and control of the normal consciousness.
620
So too the writings of Rulman Merswin, if we accept the ingenious and interesting theory
of his psychic state elaborated by M. Jundt,
621
were almost wholly of this kind. So Blake insisted
that he was under the direction of Messengers from Heaven, Daily and Nightly,
622
and stated on
his deathbed that the credit for all his works belonged not to himself, but to his celestial friends,
623
i.e. , to the inspiration of a personality which had access to levels of truth and beauty unknown
to his surface mind.
St. Teresa was of much the same opinion in respect of her great mystical works: which
were, she said, like the speech of a parrot repeating, though he cannot understand, the things which
his master has taught him. There is little doubt that her powers of compositionas we might expect
in one so apt at voice and visionwere largely of the uncontrolled, inspired, or automatic kind.
She wrote most usually after the reception of Holy Communionthat is to say, when her mystic
consciousness was in its most active stateand always swiftly, without hesitations or amendments.
Ideas and images welled up from her rich and active subliminal region too quickly, indeed, for her
eager, hurrying pen: so that she sometimes exclaimed, Oh, that I could write with many hands, so
that none were forgotten!
624
In Teresas unitive state, a slight suggestion was enough to change
the condition of her consciousness, place her under the complete domination of her deeper mind.
Often, she said, when composing the Interior Castle, her work reacted upon herself. She would
295
suddenly be caught up into the very degree of contemplation which she was trying to describe,
and continued to write in this absorbed or entranced condition, clearly perceiving that her pen was
guided by a power not her own, and expressed ideas unknown to her surface mind, which filled
her with astonishment.
In the evidence given during the process for St. Teresas beatification, Maria de San Francisco
of Medina, one of her early nuns, stated that on entering the saints cell whilst she was writing this
same Interior Castle she found her so absorbed in contemplation as to be unaware of the external
world. If we made a noise close to her, said another, Maria del Nacimiento, she neither ceased
to write nor complained of being disturbed. Both these nuns, and also Ana de la Encarnacion,
prioress of Granada, affirmed that she wrote with immense speed, never stopping to erase or to
correct: being anxious, as she said, to write what the Lord had given her, before she forgot it.
They and many others declared that when she was thus writing she seemed like another being: and
that her face, excessively beautiful in expression, shone with an unearthly splendour which afterwards
faded away.
625
As for Madame Guyon, whose temperament had in it almost as much of the medium as of
the mystic, and whose passion for quietism and mental passivity left her almost wholly at the mercy
of subconscious impulses, she exhibits by turns the phenomena of clairvoyance, prophecy, telephathy,
and automatic writing, in bewildering profusion.
620
On this point I must respectfully differ from Mr. E. Gardner. See his St. Catherine of Siena, p. 354.
621
Supra , p. 185.
622
Quoted by M. Wilson, Life of William Blake, p. 135.
623
Berger, William Blake, p. 54.
624
G. Cunninghame Graham. Santa Teresa. vol. i, pp. 202.
625
G. Cunninghame Graham. Santa Teresa. vol. i, pp. 203-4.
213
I was myself surprised, she says, at the letters which Thou didst cause me to write, and
in which I had no part save the actual movement of my hand: and it was at this time that I received
that gift of writing according to the interior mind, and not according to my own mind, which I had
never known before. Also my manner of writing was altogether changed, and every one was
astonished because I wrote with such great facility.
626
Again, . . . Thou didst make me write with so great a detachment that I was obliged to
leave off and begin again as Thou didst choose. Thou didst try me in every way: suddenly Thou
wouldst cause me to write, then at once to cease, and then to begin again. When I wrote during the
day, I would be suddenly interrupted, and often left words half written, and afterwards Thou wouldst
give me whatever was pleasing to Thee. Nothing of that which I wrote was in my mind: my mind,
in fact, was so wholly at liberty that it seemed a blank, I was so detached from that which I wrote
that it seemed foreign to me. . . . All the faults in my writings come from this: that being
296
unaccustomed to the operations of God, I was often unfaithful to them, thinking that I did well to
continue writing when I had time, without being moved thereto, because I had been told to finish
the work. So that it is easy to distinguish the parts which are fine and sustained, and those which
have neither savour nor grace. I have left them as they are; so that the difference between the Spirit
of God and the human or natural spirit may be seen. . . . I continued always to write, and with an
inconceivable swiftness, for the hand could hardly keep up with the dictating spirit: and during this
long work, I never changed my method, nor did I make use of any book. The scribe could not,
however great his diligence, copy in five days that which I wrote in a single night. . . . I will add
to all that I have been saying on my writings, that a considerable part of the book on Judges was
lost. Being asked to complete it, I rewrote the lost portions. Long afterwards, when I was moving
house, these were found in a place where no one could have imagined that they would be; and the
old and new versions were exactly alikea circumstance which greatly astonished those persons
of learning and merit who undertook its verification.
627
A far greater and stronger mystic than Madame Guyon, Jacob Boehme, was also in his
literary composition the more or less helpless tool of some power other than his normal surface-mind.
It is clear from his own words that his first book, the Aurora, produced after the great illumination
which he received in the year 1610, was no deliberate composition, but an example of inspired or
automatic script. This strange work, full of sayings of a deep yet dazzling darkness, was condemned
by the local tribunal; and Boehme was forbidden to write more. For seven years he obeyed. Then
a new motion from on high seized him, and under the pressure of this subliminal impulsewhich,
characteristically, he feels as coming from without not from withinhe began to write again.
This second outburst of composition, too, was almost purely automatic in type. The
transcendental consciousness was in command, and Boehmes surface-intellect could exert but
little control. Art, he says of it himself, has not wrote here, neither was there any time to consider
how to set it punctually down, according to the Understanding of the Letters, but all was ordered
according to the Direction of the Spirit, which often went in haste, so that in many words Letters
may be wanting, and in some Places a Capital Letter for a Word; so that the Penmans Hand, by
626
Vie, pt. ii. cap. ii.
627
Vie, pt. ii. cap. xxi. Those who wish to compare this vivid subjective account of automatic writing with modern attested
instances may consult Myers, Human Personality, and Oliver Lodge, The Survival of Man.
214
297
reason he was not accustomed to it, did often shake. And though I could have wrote in a more
accurate, fair and plain Manner, yet the Reason was this, that the burning Fire often forced forward
with Speed and the Hand and Pen must hasten directly after it, for it comes and goes as a sudden
shower.
628
No description could give more vividly than this the spontaneous and uncontrollable character
of these automatic states; the welling-up of new knowledge, the rapid formation of sentences: so
quick, that the hand of the subject can hardly keep pace with that burning Fire, the travail of his
inner mind. As in vision, so here, the contents of that inner mind, its hoarded memories will influence
the form of the message. Hence, in Boehmes works, the prevalence of that obscure Kabalistic and
Alchemical imagery which baffles even his most eager readers, and which is the result of an earlier
acquaintance with the works of Paracelsus, Weigel, and Sebastian Franck.
629
Such language,
however, no more discredits the power behind the pen, than the form under which St. Catherine
of Siena apprehended the mystic marriage discredits her attainment of the unitive life. In the fruit
of such automatic travail, such a wrestling with the Angel in the way, the mystic offers to our
common humanity the chalice of the Spirit of Life. We may recognize the origins of the ornament
upon the chalice: but we cannot justly charge him with counterfeiting the Wine.
We have been dealing throughout this section with means rather than with ends: means
snatched at by the struggling self which has not yet wholly shaken itself free from image, in its
efforts to seize somehowactualize, enjoy, and adorethat Absolute which is the sum of its
desires. No one will ever approach an understanding of this phase of the mystical consciousness,
who brings to it either a contempt for the minds which could thus simply and sometimes childishly
objectivize the Divine, or a superstitious reverence for the image, apart from the formless Reality
at which it hints. Between these two extremes lies our hope of grasping the true place of automatisms
on the Mystic Way: of seeing in them instances of the adaptation of those means by which we
obtain consciousness of the phenomenal world, to an apprehension of that other world whose
attainment is humanitys sublimest end.
298
I n our study of the First Mystic Life, its purification and illumination, we have been analysing and
considering a process of organic development; an evolution of personality. We may treat this either
as a movement of consciousness towards higher levels, or as a remaking of consciousness consequent
on the emergence and growth of a factor which is dormant in ordinary man, but destined to be
supreme in the full-grown mystic type. We have seen the awakening of this factorthis spark of
the soulwith its innate capacity for apprehending the Absolute. We have seen it attack and conquer
the old sense-fed and self-centred life of the normal self, and introduce it into a new universe, lit
up by the Uncreated Light. These were the events which, taken together, constituted the First
Mystic Life; a complete round upon the spiral road which leads from man to God.
What we have been looking at, then, is a life-process, the establishment of a certain harmony
between the created self and that Reality whose invitation it has heard: and we have discussed this
life-process rather as if it contained no elements which were not referable to natural and spontaneous
628
Works of Jacob Boehme (English translation, vol. i. p. xiv.).
629
See E. Boutroux, Le Philosophe Allemand, Jacob Boehme.
215
299
growth, to the involuntary adjustments of the organism to that extended or transcendental universe
of which it gradually becomes aware. But side by side with this organic growth there always goes
a specific kind of activity which is characteristic of the mystic: an education which he is called to
undertake, that his consciousness of the Infinite may be stabilized, enriched and defined. Already
once or twice we have been in the presence of this activity, have been obliged to take its influence
into account: as, were we studying other artistic types, we could not leave on one side the medium
in which they work.
Contemplation is the mystics medium. It is an extreme form of that withdrawal of attention
from the external world and total dedication of the mind which also, in various degrees and ways,
conditions the creative activity of musician, painter and poet: releasing the faculty by which he can
apprehend the Good and Beautiful, enter into communion with the Real. As voice or vision is
often the way in which the mystical consciousness presents its discoveries to the surface-mind, so
contemplation is the way in which it makes those discoveries, perceives the suprasensible over
against itself. The growth of the mystics effective genius, therefore, is connected with his growth
in this art: and that growth is largely conditioned by education.
The painter, however great his natural powers, can hardly dispense with some technical
training; the musician is wise if he acquaint himself at least with the elements of counterpoint. So
too the mystic. It is true that he sometimes seems to spring abruptly to the heights, to be caught
into ecstasy without previous preparation: as a poet may startle the world by a sudden masterpiece.
But unless they be backed by discipline, these sudden and isolated flashes of inspiration will not
long avail for the production of great works. Ordina quest amore, o tu che mami is the imperative
demand made by Goodness, Truth, and Beauty, by every aspect of Reality, upon the human soul.
Lover and philosopher, saint, artist, and scientist, must alike obey or fail.
Transcendental genius, then, obeys the laws which govern all other forms of genius, in
being susceptible of culture: and, indeed, cannot develop its full powers without an educative
process of some kind. This strange art of contemplation, which the mystic tends to practise during
the whole of his careerwhich develops step by step with his vision and his lovedemands of
the self which undertakes it the same hard dull work, the same slow training of the will, which lies
behind all supreme achievement, and is the price of all true liberty. It is the want of such
trainingsuch supersensual drillwhich is responsible for the mass of vague, ineffectual, and
300
sometimes harmful mysticism which has always existed: the dilute cosmic emotion and limp
spirituality which hang, as it were, on the skirts of the true seekers of the Absolute, and bring
discredit upon their science.
In this, as in all the other and lesser arts which have been developed by the race, education
consists largely in a humble willingness to submit to the discipline, and profit by the lessons, of
the past. Tradition runs side by side with experience; the past collaborates with the present. Each
new and eager soul rushing out towards the only end of Love passes on its way the landmarks left
by others upon the pathway to Reality. If it be wise it observes them: and finds in them rather helps
towards attainment than hindrances to that freedom which is of the essence of the mystic act. This
act, it is true, is in the last resort a solitary experience, the flight of the Alone to the Alone; even
though no achievement of the soul truly takes place in vacao, or leaves the universe of souls
unchanged. At the same time, here as elsewhere, man cannot safely divorce his personal history
from that of the race. The best and truest experience does not come to the eccentric and individual
pilgrim whose intuitions are his only law: but rather to him who is willing to profit by the culture
216
of the spiritual society in which he finds himself, and submit personal intuition to the guidance
afforded by the general history of the mystic type. Those who refuse this guidance expose themselves
to all the dangers which crowd about the individualist: from heresy at one end of the scale to madness
at the other. Vae Soli! Nowhere more clearly than in the history of mysticism do we observe the
essential solidarity of mankind, the penalty paid by those who will not acknowledge it.
The education which tradition has ever prescribed for the mystic, consists in the gradual
development of an extraordinary faculty of concentration, a power of spiritual attention. It is not
enough that he should naturally be aware of the Absolute, unless he be able to contemplate it:
just as the mere possession of eyesight or hearing, however acute, needs to be supplemented by
trained powers of perception and reception, if we are really to appreciatesee or hear to any
purposethe masterpieces of Music or of Art. More, Nature herself reveals little of her secret to
those who only look and listen with the outward ear and eye. The condition of all valid seeing and
hearing, upon every plane of consciousness, lies not in the sharpening of the senses, but in a peculiar
attitude of the whole personality: in a self-forgetting attentiveness, a profound concentration, a
self-merging, which operates a real communion between the seer and the seenin a word, in
Contemplation.
Contemplation, then, in the most general sense is a power which we mayand often
301
mustapply to the perception, not only of Divine Reality, but of anything. It is a mental attitude
under which all things give up to us the secret of their life. All artists are of necessity in some
measure contemplative. In so far as they surrender themselves without selfish preoccupation, they
see Creation from the point of view of God.
630
Innocence of eye is little else than this: and only
by its means can they see truly those things which they desire to show the world. I invite those to
whom these statements seem a compound of cheap psychology and cheaper metaphysics to clear
their minds of prejudice and submit this matter to an experimental test. If they will be patient and
honestand unless they belong to that minority which is temperamentally incapable of the simplest
contemplative actthey will emerge from the experiment possessed of a little new knowledge as
to the nature of the relation between the human mind and the outer world.
All that is asked is that we shall look for a little time, in a special and undivided manner, at
some simple, concrete, and external thing. This object of our contemplation may be almost anything
we please: a picture, a statue, a tree, a distant hillside, a growing plant, running water, little living
things. We need not, with Kant, go to the starry heavens. A little thing the quantity of an hazel
nut will do for us, as it did for Lady Julian long ago.
631
Remember, it is a practical experiment on
which we are set; not an opportunity of pretty and pantheistic meditation.
Look, then, at this thing which you have chosen. Wilfully yet tranquilly refuse the messages
which countless other aspects of the world are sending; and so concentrate your whole attention
on this one act of loving sight that all other objects are excluded from the conscious field. Do not
think, but as it were pour out your personality towards it: let your soul be in your eyes. Almost at
once, this new method of perception will reveal unsuspected qualities in the external world. First,
630
The contemplative and the artist, says Maritain, are in a position to sympathize. . . . The contemplative, having for object
the causa altissima from which all else depends, knows the place and value of art, and understands the artist. The artist as such,
cannot judge the contemplative, but he can divine his greatness. If he indeed loves Beauty, and if some moral vice does not chain
his heart to dulness, going over to the side of the contemplative he will recognize Love and Beauty (J. Maritain, Art et
Scholastique, p. 139).
631
Revelations of Divine Love, cap. v.
217
you will perceive about you a strange and deepening quietness; a slowing down of our feverish
mental time. Next, you will become aware of a heightened significance, an intensified existence
in the thing at which you look. As you, with all your consciousness, lean out towards it, an answering
current will meet yours. It seems as though the barrier between its life and your own, between
302
subject and object, had melted away. You are merged with it, in an act of true communion: and
you know the secret of its being deeply and unforgettably, yet in a way which you can never hope
to express.
Seen thus, a thistle has celestial qualities: a speckled hen a touch of the sublime. Our greater
comrades, the trees, the clouds, the rivers, initiate us into mighty secrets, flame out at us like
shining from shook foil. The eye which looks upon Eternity has been given its opportunity. We
have been immersed for a moment in the life of the All: a deep and peaceful love unites us with
the substance of all things, a Mystic Marriage has taken place between the mind and some aspect
of the external world. Cor ad cor loquitur :Life has spoken to life, but not to the surface-intelligence.
That surface-intelligence knows only that the message was true and beautiful: no more.
The price of this experience has been a stilling of that surface-mind, a calling in of all our
scattered interests: an entire giving of ourselves to this one activity, without self-consciousness,
without reflective thought. To reflect is always to distort: our minds are not good mirrors. The
contemplative, on whatever level his faculty may operate, is contented to absorb and be absorbed:
and by this humble access he attains to a plane of knowledge which no intellectual process can
come near.
I do not suggest that this simple experiment is in any sense to be equated with the
transcendental contemplation of the mystic. Yet it exercises on a small scale, and in regard to visible
Nature, the same natural faculties which are taken up and usedit is true upon other levels, and
in subjection to the transcendental sensein his apprehension of the Invisible Real. Though it is
one thing to see truthfully for an instant the flower in the crannied wall, another to be lifted up to
the apprehension of eternal Truth, true Love and loved Eternity, yet both according to their
measure are functions of the inward eye, operating in the suspension of the mind.
This humble receptiveness, this still and steady gazing, in which emotion, will, and thought
are lost and fused, is the secret of the great contemplative on fire with love of that which he has
been allowed to see. But whilst the contemplation of Nature entails an outgoing towards somewhat
indubitably external to us, and has as its material the world of sensible experience: the contemplation
of Spirit, as it seems to those who practise it, requires a deliberate refusal of the messages of the
senses, an ingoing or introversion of our faculties, a journey towards the centre. The Kingdom
of God, they say, is within you: seek it, then, in the most secret habitations of the soul. The mystic
303
must learn so to concentrate all his faculties, his very self, upon the invisible and intangible, that
all visible things are forgot: to bring it so sharply into focus that everything else is blurred. He must
call in his scattered faculties by a deliberate exercise of the will, empty his mind of its swarm of
images, its riot of thought. In mystical language he must sink into his nothingness: into that blank
abiding place where busy, clever Reason cannot come. The whole of this process, this gathering
up and turning inwards of the powers of the self, this gazing into the ground of the soul, is that
which is called Introversion.
Introversion is an art which can be acquired, as gradually and as certainly, by the born
mystic, as the art of piano-playing can be acquired by the born musician. In both cases it is the
genius of the artist which makes his use of the instrument effective: but it is also his education in
218
the use of the instrument which enables that genius to express itself in an adequate way. Such
mystical education, of course, presumes a something that can be educated: the New Birth, the
awakening of the deeper self, must have taken place before it can begin. It is a psychological process,
and obeys psychological laws. There is in it no element of the unexpected or the abnormal. In
technical language, we are here concerned with ordinary not extraordinary contemplation.
In its early stages the practice of introversion is voluntary, difficult, and deliberate; as are
the early stages of learning to read or write. But as reading or writing finally becomes automatic,
so as the mystics training in introversion proceeds, habits are formed: and those contemplative
powers which he is educating establish themselves amongst his normal faculties. Sometimes they
wholly dominate these faculties, escape the control of the will, and appear spontaneously, seizing
upon the conscious field. Such violent and involuntary invasions of the transcendental powers,
when they utterly swamp the surface-consciousness and the subject is therefore cut off from his
ordinary external world, constitute the typical experience of rapture or ecstasy. It is under the
expansive formula of such abrupt ecstatic perception, not by gradual steps, but by sudden ecstatic
flights soaring aloft to the glorious things on high,
632
that the mystical consciousness of Divine
Transcendence is most clearly expressed. Those wide, exalted apprehensions of the Godhead which
we owe to the mystics have usually been obtained, not by industrious meditation, but by a
transcending of all creatures, a perfect going forth from oneself: by standing in an ecstasy of mind.
633
Hence the experiences peculiar to these ecstatic states have a great value for the student of
304
mysticism. It will be our duty to consider them in detail in a later section of this book. The normal
and deliberate practice of introversion, on the contrary, is bound up with the sense of Divine
Immanence. Its emphasis is on the indwelling God Who may be found by a journey towards the
centre: on the conviction indeed that angels and archangels are with us, but He is more truly our
own who is not only with us but in us .
634
Contemplationtaking that term in its widest sense, as embracing all the degrees and kinds
of mystical prayerestablishes communion between the soul and the Absolute by way of these
complementary modes of apprehending that which is One. A. The usually uncontrollable, definitely
outgoing, ecstatic experience; the attainment of Pure Being, or flight to God. B. The more
controllable ingoing experience; the breaking down of the barrier between the surface-self and
those deeper levels of personality where God is met and known in our nothingness, and a
mysterious fusion of divine and human life takes place. The one, says the Christian mystic, is the
going forth to the Father; the other is the marriage with the Son. Both are operated by the Spirit
whose dwelling is in the spark of the soul. Yet it is probable, in spite of the spatial language
which the mystics always use concerning them, that these two experiences, in their most sublime
forms, are but opposite aspects of one whole: the complementary terms of a higher synthesis beyond
our span. In that consummation of love which Ruysbroeck has called the peace of the summits
they meet: then distinctions between inward and outward, near and far, cease to have any meaning,
in the dim silence where lovers lose themselves. To mount to God, says the writer of De
632
St. Bernard, De Consideratione, bk. v. cap. iii.
633
De Imitatione Christi, I. iii. cap. xxxi.
634
St. Bernard, op. cit ., bk. v. cap. v. So Lady Julian, We are all in Him enclosed and He is enclosed in us (Revelations of
Divine Love, cap. lvii.).
219
Adhaerando Deo, is to enter into ones self. For he who inwardly entereth and intimately
penetrateth into himself, gets above and beyond himself and truly mounts up to God.
635
Says Tauler of this ineffable meeting-place, which is to the intellect an emptiness, and to
the heart a fulfillment of all desire, All there is so still and mysterious and so desolate: for there
is nothing there but God only, and nothing strange. . . . This Wilderness is the Quiet Desert of the
Godhead, into which He leads all who are to receive this inspiration of God, now or in Eternity.
636
From this quiet desert, this still plane of being, so near to her though she is far from it, the
normal self is separated by all the unquiet desert of sensual existence. Yet it stretches through
and in her, the stuff of Reality, the very Ground of her being, since it is, in Julians words, the
305
Substance of all that is: linking that being at once with the universe and with God. God is near
us, but we are far from Him, God is within, we are without, God is at home, we are in the far
country, said Meister Eckhart, struggling to express the nature of this intelligible where.
637
Clearly, if the self is ever to become aware of it, definite work must be undertaken, definite powers
of perception must be trained: and the consciousness which has been evolved to meet the exigencies
of the World of Becoming must be initiated into that World of Being from which it came forth.
Plato long ago defined the necessity of such a perception, and the nature of that art of
contemplation by which the soul can feed upon the Real, when he said in one of his most purely
mystical passages, When the soul returns into itself and reflects, it passes into . . . the region of
that which is pure and everlasting, immortal and unchangeable: and, feeling itself kindred thereto,
it dwells there under its own control, and has rest from its wanderings.
638
In the contemplation
of Plato and of the Platonic Schools generally, however, the emphasis lies at least as much on
intellect as on intuition: with him the head and not the heart is the meeting-place between man and
the Real. Anciently, says Augustine Baker, there was a certain kind of false contemplation,
which we may call philosophical, practised by some learned heathens of old, and imitated by some
in these days, which hath for its last and best end only the perfection of knowledge, and a delightful
complacency in it. . . . To this rank of philosophical contemplations may be referred those scholastic
wits which spend much time in the study and subtle examination of the mysteries of faith, and have
not for their end the increasing of divine love in their hearts.
639
We cannot long read the works of the mystics without coming across descriptionsoften
first-hand descriptions of great psychological interestof the processes through which the self
must pass, the discipline which it must undertake, in the course of acquiring the art of contemplation.
Most of these descriptions differ in detail; in the divisions adopted, the emotions experienced, the
number of degrees through which the subject passes, from the first painful attempt to gather up
its faculties to the supreme point at which it feels itself to be lost in God. In each there is that
quality of uniqueness which is inherent in every expression of life: in each the temperamental bias
and analytical powers of the writer have exerted a further modifying influence. All, however,
describe a connected experience, the progressive concentration of the entire self under the spur of
635
Op. cit ., cap. vii.
636
Third Instruction (The Inner Way, p. 323).
637
Eckhart, Pred. lxix.
638
Phaedo, 79c.
639
Holy Wisdom. Treatise iii. iv.cap. i.
220
306
love upon the contemplation of transcendental reality. As the Mystic Way involves transcendence
of character, the sublimation of the instinctive life and movement of the whole man to higher levels
of vitality, his attainment of freedom, so the ascent of the ladder of contemplation involves such a
transcendence, or movement to high levels of liberty, of his perceptive powers.
The steps of the ladder, the substance of the progressive exercises undertaken by the
developing self, its education in the art of contemplation, are usually know by the Christian mystics
as the degrees of prayer or orison. But the common implications of the word prayer, with
its suggestions of formal devotion, detailed petitiona definite something asked for, and a definite
duty done, by means of extemporary or traditional allocutionsdo not really suggest the nature of
those supersensual activities which the mystics mean to express in their use of this term.
Mystical prayer, or orisonthe term which I propose for the sake of clearness to use
herehas nothing in common with petition. It is not articulate; it has no forms. It is, says The
Mirror of St. Edmund, naught else but yearning of soul.
640
the expression of mans
metaphysical thirst. In it, says Grou, the soul is united to God in its ground, the created intelligence
to the Intelligence Increate, without the intervention of imagination or reason, or of anything but
a very simple attention of the mind and an equally simple application of the will.
641
On the
psychological side its development involves a steady discipline of the mystics rich subliminal
mind, slowly preparing the channels in which the deeper consciousness is to flow. This discipline
reduces to some sort of order, makes effective for life, those involuntary states of passivity, rapture
and intuition which are the characteristic ways in which an uncontrolled, uncultivated genius for
the Absolute breaks out. To the subject himself, however, his orison seems rather a free and mutual
act of love; a supernatural intercourse between the soul and the divine, or some aspect of the divine,
sometimes full of light and joy, sometimes dark and bare.
642
In some of its degrees it is a placid,
trustful waiting upon messages from without. In others, it is an inarticulate communion, a wordless
rapture, a silent gazing upon God. The mystics have exhausted all the resources of all tongues in
307
their efforts to tell us of the rewards which await those who will undertake this most sublime and
difficult of arts.
As we come to know our friends better by having intercourse with them, so by this deliberate
intercourse the self enters more and more deeply into the Heart of Reality. Climbing like Dante
step by step up the ladder of contemplation, it comes at last to the Empyrean, ivi perfetta, matura
ed intera ciascuna disianza.
643
The true end of orison, like the true end of that mystical life within
which it flowers, is the supreme meeting between Lover and Beloved, between God and the soul.
Its method is the method of the mystic life, transcendence: a gradual elimination of sensible image,
and bit by bit approximation of the contemplative self to reality, gradually producing within it those
conditions in which union can take place. This entails a concentration, a turning inwards, of all
those faculties which the normal self has been accustomed to turn outwards, and fritter upon the
manifold illusions of daily life. It means, during the hours of introversion, a retreat from and refusal
640
Cap. xvii.
641
J. N. Grou, LEcole de Jsus, vol. ii., p. 8.
642
I discover all truths in the interior of my soul, says Antoinette Bourignan, especially when I am recollected in my solitude
in a forgetfulness of all Things. Then my spirit communicates with Another Spirit, and they entertain one another as two friends
who converse about serious matters. And this conversation is so sweet that I have sometimes passed a whole day and a night in
it without interruption or standing in need of meat or drink (MacEwen, Antoinette Bourignan, Quietist, p. 109).
643
Par. xxii. 64.
221
of the Many, in order that the mind may be able to apprehend the One. Behold, says Boehme,
if thou desirest to see Gods Light in thy Soul, and be divinely illuminated and conducted, this is
the short way that thou art to take; not to let the Eye of thy Spirit enter into Matter or fill itself with
any Thing whatever, either in Heaven or Earth, but to let it enter by a naked faith into the Light of
the Majesty.
644
What this opening of the ghostly eye is, says Hilton, the greatest clerk on earth could
not imagine by his wit, nor show fully by his tongue. For it may not be got by study nor through
mans travail only, but principally by grace of the Holy Ghost and with travail of man. I dread
mickle to speak aught of it, for me thinketh I cannot; it passeth mine assay, and my lips are unclean.
Nevertheless, for I expect love asketh and love biddeth, therefore I shall say a little more of it as I
hope love teacheth. This opening of the ghostly eye is that lighty murkness and rich nought that I
spake of before, and it may be called: Purity of spirit and ghostly rest, inward stillness and peace
of conscience, highness of thought and onlyness of soul, a lively feeling of grace and privily of
heart, the waking sleep of the spouse and tasting of heavenly savour burning in love and shining
in light, entry of contemplation and reforming in feeling . . . they are divers in showing of words,
nevertheless they are all one in sense of soothfastness.
645
Human industry, says Hilton here, must be joined to grace. If the spiritual eye is to be
opened, definite work must be done. So long as the eye which looks upon Time fills itself with
308
things and usurps the conscious field, that spiritual eye which looks upon Eternity can hardly
act at all: and this eye must not only be opened, it must be trained, so that it may endure to gaze
steadfastly at the Uncreated Light. This training and purging of the transcendental sight is described
under many images; diverse in showing of words, one in sense and soothfastness. Its essence is
a progressive cleaning of the mirror, a progressive self-emptying of all that is not real the attainment
of that unified state of consciousness which will permit a pure, imageless apprehension of the final
Reality which hath no image to be received by the self. Naked orison, emptiness,
nothingness, entire surrender, peaceful love in life naughted, say the mystics again and again.
Where apprehension of the divine comes by way of vision or audition, this is but a concession to
human weakness; a sign, they think, that sensitive nature is not yet wholly transcended. It is a
translation of the true tongue of angels into a dialect that the normal mind can understand. A steady
abolition of sense imagery, a cutting off of all possible sources of illusion, all possible
encouragements of selfhood and pridethe most fertile of all sources of deceptionthis is the
condition of pure sight; and the degrees of orison, the steep stairs of love which they climb so
painfully, are based upon this necessity.
The terms used by individual mystics, the divisions which they adopt in describing the selfs
progress in contemplation, are bewildering in their variety. Here, more than elsewhere, the mania
for classification has obsessed them. We find, too, when we come to compare one with another,
that the language which they employ is not always so exact as it seems: nor are traditional terms
always used in the same sense. Sometimes by the word contemplation they intend to describe
the whole process of introversion: sometimes they reserve it for the orison of union, sometimes
identify it with ecstasy. It has been pointed out by Delacroix that even St. Teresas classification
644
Dialogues of the Supersensual Life, p. 66.
645
Hilton, The Scale of Perfection, bk. ii., cap. xi.
222
of her own states is far from lucid, and varies in each of her principal works.
646
Thus in the Life
she appears to treat Recollection and Quiet as synonymous, whilst in The Way of Perfection
these conditions are sharply differentiated. In The Interior Castle she adopts an entirely different
system; the prayer of quiet being there called tasting of God.
647
Finally, Augustine Baker, in
treating of the Prayer of Interior Silence and Quiet, insists that by the term Quiet St. Teresa
309
did not mean this at all, but a form of supernatural contemplation.
648
Thus we are gradually forced to the conclusion that the so-called degrees of orison so
neatly tabulated by ascetic writers are largely artificial and symbolic: that the process which they
profess to describe is really, like life itself, one and continuousnot a stairway but a slopeand
the parts into which they break it up are diagrammatic. Nearly every mystic makes these breaks in
a different place, though continuing to use the language of his predecessors. In his efforts towards
self-analysis he divides and subdivides, combines and differentiates his individual moods. Hence
the confusion of mind which falls upon those who try to harmonize different systems of
contemplation: to identify St. Teresas Four Degrees
649
with Hugh of St. Victors other four,
650
and with Richard of St. Victors four steps of ardent love:
651
or to accommodate upon this diagram
Hiltons simple and poetic three steps of contemplationsKnowing, Loving, and
Knowing-and-Lovingwhere the adventurer rather than the map-maker speaks. Such fine shades,
says Augustine Baker in this connection, are nicely distinguished by the author rather out of a
particular experience of the effects passing in his own soul
652
which perhaps are not the same in
all than for any more general reason.
653
Some diagram, however, some set scheme, the writer on introversion must have, if he is to
describe with lucidity the normal development of the contemplative consciousness: and so long as
the methodological nature of this diagram is kept in mind, there can be little objection to the use
of it. I propose then to examine under three divisions that continuous and orderly growth, that
gradual process of change, by which the mystical consciousness matures, and develops its
apprehension of God. We will give to these three divisions names familiar to all readers of ascetic
literature: Recollection, Quiet, and Contemplation. Each of these three parts of the introversive
experience may be discerned in embryo in that little experiment at which the reader has been invited
to assist: the act of concentration, the silence, the new perception which results. Each has a
characteristic beginning which links it with its predecessor, and a characteristic end which shades
off into the next state. Thus Recollection commonly begins in Meditation and develops into the
Orison of Inward Silence or Simplicity, which again melts into the true Quiet. Quiet as it
310
becomes deeper passes into Ordinary Contemplation: and this grows through Contemplation proper
to that Orison of Passive Union which is the highest of the non-ecstatic introversive states. Merely
to state the fact thus is to remind ourselves how smoothly continuous is this life-process of the soul.
646
647
Vida, cap. xiv.; Camino do Perfeccion, cap. xxxi.; El Castillo Interior, Moradas Cuartas, cap. ii.
648
Holy Wisdom, Treatise iii. ii. cap. vii.
649
Meditation, Quiet, a nameless intermediate degree, and the Orison of Union (Vida, cap. xi.).
650
Meditation, Soliloquy, Consideration, Rapture (Hugh of St. Victor, De Contemplatione).
651
De Quatuor Gradibus Violentae Charitatis. Vide supra, p. 139.
652
The Scale of Perfection, bk. I. caps. iv. to viii.
653
Holy Wisdom, loc. cit ., ii. cap. i.
223
It is the object of contemplative prayer, as it is the object of all education, to discipline and
develop certain growing faculties. Here, the faculties are those of the transcendental self, the
new manall those powers which we associate with the spiritual consciousness. The Sons
of God, however, like the sons of men, begin as babies; and their first lessons must not be too
hard. Therefore the educative process conforms to and takes advantage of every step of the natural
process of growth: as we, in the education of our children, make the natural order in which their
faculties develop the basis of our scheme of cultivation. Recollection, Quiet, and Contemplation,
then, answer to the order in which the mystics powers unfold. Roughly speaking, we shall find
that the form of spiritual attention which is called Meditative or Recollective goes side by side
with the Purification of the Self; that Quiet tends to be characteristic of Illumination; that
Contemplation properat any rate in its higher formsis most fully experienced by those who
have attained, or nearly attained, the Unitive Way. At the same time, just as the self in its first
mystic life, before it has passed through the dark night of the spirit, often seems to run through
the whole gamut of spiritual states, and attain that immediate experience of the Absolute which it
seeksthough as a fact it has not reached those higher levels of consciousness on which true and
permanent union takes placeso too in its orison. At any point in its growth it may experience for
brief periods that imageless and overpowering sense of identity with the Absolute Lifethat loving
and exalted absorption in Godwhich is called passive union, and anticipates the consciousness
which is characteristic of the unitive life. Over and over again in its prayerful process it
recapitulates in little the whole great process of its life. It runs up for an instant to levels where it
is not yet strong enough to dwell: seeks God in its ground and finds that which it seeks. Therefore
we must not be too strict in our identification of the grades of education with the stages of growth.
This education, rightly understood, is one coherent process: it consists in a steady and
voluntary surrender of the awakened consciousness, its feeling, thought, and will, to the play of
those transcendental influences, that inflowing vitality, which it conceives of as divine. In the
preparative process of Recollection, the unruly mind is brought into subjection. In Quiet the eager
311
will is silenced, the wheel of imagination is stilled. In Contemplation, the heart at last comes to
its ownCor ad cor loquitur . In their simplest forms, these three states involve the deliberate
concentration upon, the meek resting in, the joyous communing with, the ineffable Object of mans
quest. They require a progressive concentration of the mystics powers, a gradual handing over of
the reins from the surface intelligence to the deeper mind; that essential self which alone is capable
of God. In Recollection the surface-mind still holds, so to speak, the leading strings: but in Quiet
it surrenders them wholly, allowing consciousness to sink into that blissful silence in which God
works and speaks. This act of surrender, this deliberate negation of thought, is an essential
preliminary of the contemplative state. Lovers put out the candles and draw the curtains when
they wish to see the god and the goddess; and in the higher communion the night of thought is the
light of perception.
654
The education of the self in the successive degrees of orison has been compared by St.
Teresa, in a celebrated passage in her Life, to four ways of watering the garden of the soul so that
it may bring forth its flowers and fruits.
655
The first and most primitive of these ways is meditation.
This, she says, is like drawing water by hand from a deep well: the slowest and most laborious of
654
Coventry Patmore, The Rod, the Root, and the Flower, Aurea Dicta, xiii.
655
Vida, cap. xi. 10 and 11.
224
all means of irrigation. Next to this is the orison of quiet, which is a little better and easier: for here
soul seems to receive some help, i.e. , with the stilling of the senses the subliminal faculties are
brought into play. The well has now been fitted with a windlassthat little Moorish water-wheel
possessed by every Castilian farm. Hence we get more water for the energy we expend: more sense
of reality in exchange for our abstraction from the unreal. Also the water is higher, and accordingly
the labour is much less than it was when the water had to be drawn out of the depths of the well. I
mean that the water is nearer to it, for grace now reveals itself more distinctly to the soul. In the
third stage, or orison of union, we leave all voluntary activities of the mind: the gardener no longer
depends on his own exertions, contact between subject and object is established, there is no more
stress and strain. It is as if a little river now ran through our garden and watered it. We have but to
direct the stream. In the fourth and highest stage, God Himself waters our garden with rain from
heaven drop by drop. The attitude of the self is now that of perfect receptivity, passive
contemplation, loving trust. Individual activity is sunk in the great life of the All.
656
312
The measure of the mystics real progress is and must always be his progress in love; for
his apprehension is an apprehension of the heart. His education, his watering of the garden of the
soul, is a cultivation of this one flowerthis Rosa Mystica which has its root in God. His advance
in contemplation, then, will be accompanied step by step by those exalted feeling-states which
Richard of St. Victor called the Degrees of Ardent Love. Without their presence, all the drill in the
world will not bring him to the time contemplative state; though it may easily produce abnormal
powers of perception of the kind familiar to students of the occult.
Thus our theory of mystic education is in close accord with our theory of mystic life. In
both, there is a progressive surrender of selfhood under the steady advance of conquering love; a
stilling of that I, Me, and Mine, which is linked by all the senses, and by all its own desires, to
the busy world of visible things. This progressive surrender usually appears in the practice of orison
as a progressive inward retreat from circumference to centre, to that ground of the soul, that
substantial somewhat in man, deep buried for most of us beneath the great rubbish heap of our
surface-interests, where human life and divine life meet. To clear away the rubbish-heap so that he
may get down to this treasure-house is from one point of view the initial task of the contemplative.
This clearing away is the first part of introversion: that journey inwards to his own centre where,
stripped of all his cleverness and merit, reduced to his nothingness, he can meet God without
intermediary. This ground of the soul, this strange inward sanctuary to which the normal man so
seldom penetrates, is, says Eckhart, immediately receptive of the Divine Being, and no one can
move it but God alone.
657
There the finite self encounters the Infinite; and, by a close and loving
communion with and feeding on the attributes of the Divine Substance, is remade in the interests
of the Absolute Life. This encounter, the consummation of mystical culture, is what we mean by
contemplation in its highest form. Here we are on the verge of that great self-merging act which is
of the essence of pure love: which Reality has sought of us, and we have unknowingly desired of
It. Here contemplation and union are one. Thus do we grow, says Ruysbroeck, and, carried
above ourselves, above reason, into the very heart of love, there do we feed according to the spirit;
656
The detailed analysis of these four degrees fills caps. xii.xviii. of the Vida .
657
Pred. i. This doctrine of mans latent absoluteness, expressed under a multitude of different symbols, is the central dogma
of mysticism, and the guarantee of the validity of the contemplative process. In its extreme form, it can hardly be defended from
the charge of pantheism; but the Christian mystics are usually careful to steer clear of this danger.
225
and taking flight for the Godhead by naked love, we go to the encounter of the Bridegroom, to the
313
encounter of His Spirit, which is His love; and thus we are brought forth by God, out of our selfhood,
into the immersion of love, in which we possess blessedness and are one with God.
658
Recollection
The beginning of the process of introversion, the first deliberate act in which the self turns
towards the inward path, will not merely be the yielding to an instinct, the indulgence of a natural
taste for reverie; it will be a voluntary and purposeful undertaking. Like conversion, it entails a
break with the obvious, which must, of necessity, involve and affect the whole normal consciousness.
It will be evoked by the mystics love, and directed by his reason; but can only be accomplished
by the strenuous exercise of his will. These preparatory labours of the contemplative lifethese
first steps upon the ladderare, says St. Teresa, very hard, and require greater courage than all the
rest.
659
All the scattered interests of the self have here to be collected; there must be a deliberate
and unnatural act of attention, a deliberate expelling of all discordant images from the consciousness
a hard and ungrateful task. Since the transcendental faculties are still young and weak, the senses
not wholly mortified, it needs a stern determination, a wilful choice, if we are to succeed in
concentrating our attention upon the whispered messages from within, undistracted by the loud
voices which besiege us from without.
How, says the Disciple to the Master in one of Boehmes Dialogues, am I to seek in
the Centre this Fountain of Light which may enlighten me throughout and bring my properties into
perfect harmony? I am in Nature, as I said before, and which way shall I pass through Nature and
the light thereof, so that I may come into the supernatural and supersensual ground whence this
true Light, which is the Light of Minds, doth arise; and this without the destruction of my nature,
or quenching the Light of it, which is my reason?
Master. Cease but from thine own activity, steadfastly fixing thine Eye upon one Point. .
. . For this end, gather in all thy thoughts, and by faith press into the Centre, laying hold upon the
Word of God, which is infallible and which hath called thee. Be thou obedient to this call, and be
silent before the Lord, sitting alone with Him in thy inmost and most hidden cell, thy mind being
centrally united in itself, and attending His Will in the patience of hope. So shall thy Light break
forth as the morning, and after the redness thereof is passed, the Sun himself, which thou waitest
for, shall arise unto thee, and under his most healing wings thou shalt greatly rejoice: ascending
314
and descending in his bright and health-giving beams. Behold, this is the true Supersensual Ground
of Life.
660
In this short paragraph Boehme has caught and described the psychological state in which
all introversion must begin: the primary simplification of consciousness, steadfastly fixing the
souls eye upon one point, and the turning inwards of the whole conative powers for a purpose
rather believed in than known, by faith pressing into the centre.
The unfortunate word Recollection, which the hasty reader is apt to connect with
remembrance, is the traditional term by which mystical writers define just such a voluntary
concentration, such a first collecting or gathering in of the attention of the self to its most hidden
658
Ruysbroeck, De Calculo (condensed).
659
Vida, cap. xi. 17.
660
Dialogues of the Supersensual Life, p. 56.
226
cell. That self is as yet unacquainted with the strange plane of silence which so soon becomes
familiar to those who attempt even the lowest activities of the contemplative life, where the self is
released from succession, the noises of the world are never heard, and the great adventures of the
spirit take place. It stands here between the two planes of its being; the Eye of Time is still awake.
It knows that it wants to enter the inner world, that interior palace where the King of Kings is
guest:
661
but it must find some device to help it over the thresholdrather, in the language of
psychology, to shift that threshold and permit its subliminal intuition of the Absolute to emerge.
This device is as a rule the practice of meditation, in which the state of Recollection usually
begins: that is to say, the deliberate consideration of and dwelling upon some one aspect of
Realityan aspect most usually chosen from amongst the religious beliefs of the self. Thus Hindu
mystics will brood upon a sacred word, whilst Christian contemplatives set before their minds one
of the names or attributes of God, a fragment of Scripture, an incident of the life of Christ; and
allowindeed encouragethis consideration and the ideas and feelings which flow from it, to
occupy the whole mental field. This powerful suggestion, kept before the consciousness by an act
of will, overpowers the stream of small suggestions which the outer world pours incessantly upon
the mind. The self, concentrated upon this image or idea, dwelling on it more than thinking about
itas one may gaze upon a picture that one lovesfalls gradually and insensibly into the condition
of reverie; and, protected by this holy day-dream from the more distracting dream of life, sinks into
itself, and becomes in the language of asceticism recollected or gathered together. Although it
is deliberately ignoring the whole of its usual external universe, its faculties are wide awake: all
315
have had their part in the wilful production of this state of consciousness: and this it is which marks
off meditation and recollection from the higher or infused degrees of orison.
Such meditation as this, says Richard of St. Victor, is the activity proper to one who has
attained the first degree of ardent love. By it, God enters into the mind, and the mind also enters
into itself; and thus receives in its inmost cell the first visit of the Beloved. It is a kind of half-way
house between the perception of Appearance and the perception of Reality. To one in whom this
state is established consciousness seems like a blank field, save for the one point in its centre,
the subject of the meditation. Towards this focus the introversive self seems to press inwards from
every side; still faintly conscious of the buzz of the external world outside its ramparts, but refusing
to respond to its appeals. Presently the subject of meditation begins to take on a new significance;
to glow with life and light. The contemplative suddenly feels that he knows it; in the complete,
vital, but indescribable way in which one knows a friend. More, through it hints are coming to him
of mightier, nameless things. It ceases to be a picture, and becomes a window through which the
mystic peers out into the spiritual universe, and apprehends to some extentthough how, he knows
notthe veritable presence of God.
In these meditative and recollective states, the self still feels very clearly the edge of its own
personality: its separateness from the Somewhat Other, the divine reality set over against the soul.
It is aware of that reality: the subject of its meditation becomes a symbol through which it receives
a distinct message from the transcendental world. But it is still operating in a natural wayas
mystical writers would say, by means of the faculties. There is yet no conscious fusion with a
greater Life; no resting in the divine atmosphere, as in the Quiet; no involuntary and ecstatic
lifting up of the soul to direct apprehension of truth, as in contemplation. Recollection is a definite
661
St. Teresa, Camino de Perfeccion, cap. xxx.
227
psychic condition, which has logical psychic results. Originally induced by meditation, or absorbed
brooding upon certain aspects of the Real, it develops in the Self, by way of the strenuous control
exercised by the will over the understanding, a power of cutting its connection with the external
world, and retreating to the inner world of the spirit.
True recollection, says St. Teresa, has characteristics by which it can be easily recognized.
It produces a certain effect which I do not know how to explain, but which is well understood by
those who have experienced it. . . . It is true that recollection has several degrees, and that in the
316
beginning these great effects are not felt, because it is not yet profound enough. But support the
pain which you first feel in recollecting yourself, despise the rebellion of nature, overcome the
resistance of the body, which loves a liberty which is its ruin, learn self-conquest, persevere thus
for a time, and you will perceive very clearly the advantages which you gain from it. As soon as
you apply yourself to orison, you will at once feel your senses gather themselves together: they
seem like bees which return to the hive and there shut themselves up to work at the making of
honey: and this will take place without effort or care on your part. God thus rewards the violence
which your soul has been doing to itself; and gives to it such a domination over the senses that a
sign is enough when it desires to recollect itself, for them to obey and so gather themselves together.
At the first call of the will, they come back more and more quickly. At last, after countless exercises
of this kind, God disposes them to a state of utter rest and of perfect contemplation.
662
This description makes it clear that recollection is a form of spiritual gymnastics; less
valuable for itself than for the training which it gives, the powers which it develops. In it, says St.
Teresa again, the soul enters with its God into that Paradise which is within itself, and shuts the
door behind it upon all the things of the world. You should know, my daughters, she continues,
that this is no supernatural act, but depends upon our will, and that therefore we can do it with
that ordinary assistance of God which we need for all our acts and even for our good thoughts. For
here we are not concerned with the silence of the faculties, but with a simple retreat of these powers
into the ground of the soul. There are various ways of arriving at it, and these ways are described
in different books. There it is said that we must abstract the mind from exterior things, in order that
we may inwardly approach God: that even in our work we ought to retire within ourselves, though
it be only for a moment: that this remembrance of a God who companions us within, is a great help
to us; finally, that we ought little by little to habituate ourselves to gentle and silent converse with
Him, so that He may make us feel His presence in the soul.
663
Quiet
More important for us, because more characteristically mystical, is the next great stage of
orison: that curious and extremely definite mental state which mystics call the Prayer of Quiet or
317
Simplicity, or sometimes the Interior Silence. This represents the result for consciousness of a
further degree of that inward retreat which Recollection began.
Out of the deep, slow brooding and pondering on some mystery, some incomprehensible
link between himself and the Real, or the deliberate practice of loving attention to God, the
contemplativeperhaps by way of a series of moods and acts which his analytic powers may cause
him nicely to distinguishglides, almost insensibly, on to a plane of perception for which human
662
Camino de Perfeccion, cap. xxx.
663
Op. cit ., cap. xxxi.
228
speech has few equivalents. It is a plane which is apparently characterized by an immense increase
in the receptivity of the self and by an almost complete suspension of the reflective powers. The
strange silence which is the outstanding quality of this statealmost the only note in regard to it
which the surface-intelligence can secureis not describable. Here, as Samuel Rutherford said of
another of lifes secrets, Come and see willtell you much: come nearer will say more. Here the
self passes beyond the stage at which its perceptions are capable of being dealt with by thought. It
can no longer take notes: can only surrender itself to the stream of an inflowing life, and to the
direction of a larger will. Discursive thought would only interfere with this process: as it interferes
with the vital processes of the body if it once gets them under its control. That thought, then, already
disciplined by Recollection, gathered up, and forced to work in the interests of the transcendental
mind, is now to be entirely inhibited.
As Recollection becomes deeper, the self slides into a certain dim yet vivid consciousness
of the Infinite. The door tight shut on the sensual world, it becomes aware that it is immersed in a
more real world which it cannot define. It rests quietly in this awareness: quite silent, utterly at
peace. In the place of the struggles for complete concentration which mark the beginning of
Recollection, there is now a living, somehow self-acting recollectionwith God, His peace, power,
and presence, right in the midst of this rose of spiritual fragrance.
664
With this surrender to
something bigger, as with the surrender of conversion, comes an immense relief of strain. This is
Quiet in its most perfect form: this sinking, as it were, of the little child of the Infinite into its
Fathers arms. The giving up of I-hood, the process of self-stripping, which we have seen to be the
essence of the purification of the self, finds its parallel in this phase of the contemplative experience.
Here, in this complete cessation of mans proud effort to do somewhat of himself, Humility, who
rules the Fourth Degree of Love, begins to be known in her paradoxical beauty and power.
Consciousness loses to find, and dies that it may live. No longer, in Rolles pungent phrase, is it a
318
Raunsaker of the myghte of Godd and of His Majeste.
665
Thus the act by which it passes into
the Quiet is a sacrament of the whole mystic quest: of the turning from doing to being, the abolition
of separateness in the interests of the Absolute Life.
The state of Quiet, we have said, entails suspension of the surface-consciousness: yet
consciousness of the subjects personality remains. It follows, generally, on a period of deliberate
and loving recollection, of a slow and steady withdrawal of the attention from the channels of sense.
To one who is entering this state, the external world seems to get further and further away: till at
last nothing but the paramount fact of his own existence remains. So startling, very often, is the
deprivation of all his accustomed mental furniture, of the noise and flashing of the transmitting
instruments of sense, that the negative aspect of his condition dominates consciousness; and he can
but describe it as a nothingness, a pure passivity, an emptiness, a naked orison. He is there, as it
were poised, resting, waiting, he does not know for what: only he is conscious that all, even in this
utter emptiness, is well. Presently, however, he becomes aware that Something fills this emptiness;
something omnipresent, intangible, like sunny air. Ceasing to attend to the messages from without,
he begins to notice That which has always been within. His whole being is thrown open to its
influence: it permeates his consciousness.
664
F. von Hgel. Letters to a Niece, p. 140.
665
Prose Treatises of Richard Rolle (E.E.T.S. 20), p. 42.
229
There are, then, two aspects of the Orison of Quiet: the aspect of deprivation, of emptiness
which begins it, and the aspect of acquisition, of something found, in which it is complete. In its
description, all mystics will be found to lean to one side or the other, to the affirmative or negative
element which it contains. The austere mysticism of Eckhart and his followers, their temperamental
sympathy with the Neoplatonic language of Dionysius the Areopagite, caused them to describe it
and also very often the higher state of contemplation to which it leadsas above all things an
emptiness, a divine dark, an ecstatic deprivation. They will not profane its deep satisfactions by
the inadequate terms proper to earthly peace and joy: and, true to their school, fall back on the
paradoxically suggestive powers of negation. To St. Teresa, and mystics of her type, on the other
hand, even a little and inadequate image of its joy seems better than none. To them it is a sweet
calm, a gentle silence, in which the lover apprehends the presence of the Beloved: a God-given
state over which the self has little control.
In Eckharts writings enthusiastic descriptions of the Quiet, of inward silence and passivity
as the fruit of a deliberate recollection, abound. In his view, the psychical state of Quiet is
319
preeminently that in which the soul of man begins to be united with its ground, Pure Being. It
marks the transition from natural to supernatural prayer. The emptying of the field of
consciousness, its cleansing of all imageseven of those symbols of Reality which are the objects
of meditationis the necessary condition under which alone this encounter can take place.
The soul, he says, with all its powers, has divided and scattered itself in outward things,
each according to its functions: the power of sight in the eye, the power of hearing in the ear, the
power of taste in the tongue, and thus they are the less able to work inwardly, for every power
which is divided is imperfect. So the soul, if she would work inwardly, must call home all her
powers and collect them from all divided things to one inward work. . . . If a man will work an
inward work, he must pour all his powers into himself as into a corner of the soul, and must hide
himself from all images and forms, and then he can work. Then he must come into a forgetting and
a not-knowing. He must be in a stillness and silence, where the Word may be heard. One cannot
draw near to this Word better than by stillness and silence: then it is heard and understood in utter
ignorance. When one knows nothing, it is opened and revealed. Then we shall become aware of
the Divine Ignorance, and our ignorance will be ennobled and adorned with supernatural knowledge.
And when we simply keep ourselves receptive, we are more perfect than when at work.
666
The psychic state of Quiet has a further value for the mystic, as being the intellectual
complement and expression of the moral state of humility and receptivity: the very condition, says
Eckhart, of the New Birth. It may be asked whether this Birth is best accomplished in Man when
he does the work and forms and thinks himself into God, or when he keeps himself in Silence,
stillness and peace, so that God may speak and work in him; . . . the best and noblest way in which
thou mayst come into this work and life is by keeping silence, and letting God work and speak.
When all the powers are withdrawn from their work and images, there is this word spoken.
667
Eckharts view of the primary importance of Quiet as essentially the introverted state is
shared by all those mediaeval mystics who lay stress on the psychological rather than the objective
aspect of the spiritual life. They regard it as the necessary preliminary of all contemplation; and
666
Meister Eckhart, Pred. ii.
667
Ibid. , Pred. i.
230
describe it as a normal phase of the inner experience, possible of attainment by all those who have
sufficiently disciplined themselves in patience, recollection, and humility.
320
In an old English mystical tract by the author of The Cloud of Unknowing there is a
curious and detailed instruction on the disposition of mind proper to this orison of silence. It clearly
owes much to the teaching of the Areopagite, and something surelyif we may judge by its vivid
and exact instructionsto personal experience. When thou comest by thyself, says the master
to the disciple for whom this pystle was composed, think not before what thou shalt do after:
but forsake as well good thoughts as evil thoughts, and pray not with thy mouth, but lift thee right
well. . . . And look that nothing live in thy working mind but a naked intent stretching unto God,
not clothed in any special thought of God in thyself, how He is in Himself or in any of His works,
but only that He is as He is. Let Him be so, I pray thee, and make Him on none otherwise speech,
nor search in Him by subtilty of wit: but believe by thy ground. This naked intent freely fastened
and grounded by very belief, shall be nought else to thy thought and thy feeling but a naked thought
and a blind feeling of thine own being. . . . That darkness be thy mirror and thy mind whole. Think
no further of thyself than I bid thee do of thy God, so that thou be oned with Him in spirit as in
thought, without departing and scattering, for He is thy being and in Him thou art that thou art: not
only by cause and by being, but also He is in thee both thy cause and thy being. And therefore think
on God as in this work as thou dost on thyself, and on thyself as thou dost on God, that He is as He
is, and thou art as thou art, and that thy thought be not scattered nor departed but privied in Him
that is All.
668
Let Him be so, I pray thee! It is an admonition against spiritual worry, an entreaty to the
individual, already at work twisting experience to meet his own conceptions, to let things be as
they are, to receive and be content. Leave off doing, that you may be. Leave off analysis, that you
may know. That meek darkness be thy mirrorhumble receptivity is the watchword of this state.
In this, says Eckhart finely, the soul is of equal capacity with God. As God is boundless in
giving, so the soul is boundless in receiving. And as God is almighty in His work, se the soul is an
abyss of receptivity: and so she is formed anew with God and in God. . . . The disciples of St.
Dionysius asked him why Timotheus surpassed them all in perfection. Then said Dionysius,
Timotheus is receptive of God. And thus thine ignorance is not a defect but thy highest perfection,
and thine inactivity thy highest work. And so in this work thou must bring all thy works to nought
321
and all thy powers into silence, if thou wilt in truth experience this birth within thyself.
669
It is interesting to contrast these descriptions of the Quiet with St. Teresas subjective account
of the same psychological state. Where the English mystics teaching is full of an implied appeal
to the will, the Spanish saint is all for the involuntary, or, as she would call it, the supernatural
actions of the soul. This true orison of quiet, she says, has in it an element of the supernatural.
We cannot, in spite of all our efforts, procure it for ourselves. It is a sort of peace in which the soul
establishes herself, or rather in which God establishes the soul, as He did the righteous Simeon.
All her powers are at rest. She understands, but otherwise than by the senses, that she is already
near her God, and that if she draws a little nearer, she will become by union one with Him. She
does not see this with the eyes of the body, nor with the eyes of the soul. . . . It is like the repose
668
An Epistle of Private Counsel (B.M. Harl. 674). Printed, with slight textual variations, in The Cloud of Unknowing, and
other Treatises, edited by Dom Justin McCann.
669
Eckhart, Pred. ii.
231
of a traveller who, within sight of the goal stops to take breath, and then continues with new strength
upon his way. One feels a great bodily comfort, a great satisfaction of soul: such is the happiness
of the soul in seeing herself close to the spring, that even without drinking of the waters she finds
herself refreshed. It seems to her that she wants nothing more: the faculties which are at rest would
like always to remain still, for the least of their movements is able to trouble or prevent her love.
Those who are in this orison wish their bodies to remain motionless, for it seems to them that at
the least movement they will lose this sweet peace . . . they are in the palace close to their King,
and they see that He begins to give them His kingdom. It seems to them that they are no longer in
the world, and they wish neither to hear nor to see it, but only God. . . . There is this difference
between the orison of quiet and that in which the whole soul is united to God; that in this last the
soul has not to absorb the Divine Food. God deposits it with her, she knows not how. The orison
of quiet, on the other hand, demands, it seems to me, a slight effort; but it is accompanied by so
much sweetness that one hardly feels it.
670
A slight effort, says St. Teresa. A naked intent stretching, says the Pystle of Private
Counsel. These words mark the frontier between the true and healthy mystic state of Quiet and
its morbid perversion in Quietism: the difference between the tense stillness of the athlete and
the limp passivity of the sluggard, who is really lazy, though he looks resigned. True Quiet is a
means, not an end: is actively embraced, not passively endured. It is a phase in the selfs growth
in contemplation; a bridge which leads from its old and uncoordinated life of activity to its new
322
unified life of deep actionthe real mystic life of man. This state is desired by the mystic, not
in order that consciousness may remain a blank, but in order that the Word which is Alive may
be written thereon. Too often, however, this fact has been ignored; and the Interior Silence has
been put by wayward transcendentalists to other and less admirable use.
Quiet is the danger-zone of introversion. Of all forms of mystical activity, perhaps this
has been the most abused, the least understood. Its theory, seized upon, divorced from its context,
and developed to excess, produced the foolish and dangerous exaggerations of Quietism: and these,
in their turn, caused a wholesale condemnation of the principle of passivity, and made many
superficial persons regard naked orison as an essentially heretical act.
671
The accusation of
Quietism has been hurled at mystics whose only fault was a looseness of language which laid them
open to misapprehension. Others, however, have certainly contrived, by a perversion and isolation
of the teachings of great contemplatives on this point, to justify the deliberate production of a
half-hypnotic state of passivity. With this meaningless state of absorption in nothing at all they
were content; claiming that in it they were in touch with the divine life, and therefore exempt from
the usual duties and limitations of human existence. Quietism, usually, and rather unfairly,
regarded as the special folly of Madame Guyon and her disciples, already existed in a far more
dangerous form in the Middle Ages: and was described and denounced by Ruysbroeck, one of the
greatest masters of true introversion whom the Christian world has known.
Such quietude, he says, is nought else but idleness, into which a man has fallen, and in
which he forgets himself and God and all things in all that has to do with activity. This repose is
wholly contrary to the supernatural repose one possesses in God; for that is a loving self-mergence
670
Camino de Perfeccion, cap. xxxiii. The whole chapter, which is a marvel of subtle analysis, should be read in this
connection.
671
Note, for instance, the cautious language of Holy Wisdom, Treatise iii. III. cap. vii.
232
and simple gazing at the Incomprehensible Brightness; actively sought with inward desire, and
found in fruitive inclination. . . . When a man possesses this rest in false idleness, and all loving
adherence seems a hindrance to him, he clings to himself in his quietude and lives contrary to the
first way in which man is united with God; and this is the beginning of all ghostly error.
672
There can be no doubt that for selves of a certain psychical constitution, such a false
idleness is only too easy of attainment. They can by wilful self-suggestion deliberately produce
this emptiness, this inward silence, and luxuriate in its peaceful effects. To do this from self-regarding
323
motives, or to do it to excessto let peaceful enjoyment swamp active loveis a mystical
vice: and this perversion of the spiritual faculties, like perversion of the natural faculties, brings
degeneration in its train. It leads to the absurdities of holy indifference, and ends in the complete
stultification of the mental and moral life. The true mystic never tries deliberately to enter the orison
of quiet: with St. Teresa, he regards it as a supernatural gift, beyond his control, though fed by his
will and love. That is to say, where it exists in a healthy form, it appears spontaneously, as a phase
in normal development; not as a self-induced condition, a psychic trick.
The balance to be struck in this stage of introversion can only be expressed, it seems, in
paradox. The true condition of quiet according to the great mystics, is at once active and passive:
it is pure surrender, but a surrender which is not limp self-abandonment, but rather the free and
constantly renewed self-giving and self-emptying of a burning love. The departmental intellect is
silenced, but the totality of character is flung open to the influence of the Real. Personality is not
lost: only its hard edge is gone. A rest most busy, says Hilton. Like the soaring of an eagle, says
Augustine Baker, when the flight is continued for a good space with a great swiftness, but withal
with great stillness, quietness and ease, without any waving of the wings at all, or the least force
used in any member, being in as much ease and stillness as if she were reposing in her nest.
673
According to the unanimous teaching of the most experienced and explicit of the specifically
Theistic and Christian mystics, says Von Hgel, the appearance, the souls own impression, of
a cessation of life and energy of the soul in periods of special union with God, or of great advance
in spirituality, is an appearance only. Indeed this, at such times strong, impression of rest springs
most certainly from an unusually large amount of actualized energy, an energy which is now
penetrating, and finding expression by ever pore and fibre of the soul. The whole moral and spiritual
creature expands and rests, yes; but this very rest is produced by Action, unperceived because so
fleet, so near, so all-fulfilling.
674
The great teachers of Quietism, having arrived at and experienced the psychological state
of quiet: having known the ineffable peace and certainty, the bliss which follows on its act of
complete surrender, its utter and speechless resting in the Absolute Life, believed themselves to
have discovered in this halfway house the goal of the mystic quest. Therefore, whilst much of their
teaching remains true, as a real description of a real and valid state experienced by almost all
324
contemplatives in the course of their development, the inference which they drew from it, that in
this mere blank abiding in the deeps the soul had reached the end of her course, was untrue and
bad for life.
672
Ruysbroeck, De Ornatu Spiritalium Nuptiarum, I. ii. caps. lxvi. (condensed).
673
Holy Wisdom, Treatise iii. iii. cap. vii.
674
Von Hgel, The Mystical Element of Religion, vol. ii. p. 132.
233
Thus Molinos gives in the Spiritual Guide many unexceptional maxims upon Interior
Silence: By not speaking nor desiring, and not thinking, he says justly enough of the contemplative
spirit, she arrives at the true and perfect mystical silence wherein God speaks with the soul,
communicates Himself to it, and in the abyss of its own depth teaches it the most perfect and exalted
wisdom. He calls and guides it to this inward solitude and mystical silence, when He says that He
will speak to it alone in the most secret and hidden part of the heart. Here Molinos speaks the
language of all mystics, yet the total result of his teaching was to suggest to the ordinary mind that
there was a peculiar virtue in doing nothing at all, and that all deliberate spiritual activities were
bad.
675
Much of the teaching of modern mystical cults is thus crudely quietistic. It insists on the
necessity of going into the silence, and even, with a strange temerity, gives preparatory lessons
in subconscious meditation: a proceeding which might well provoke the laughter of the saints. The
faithful, being gathered together, are taught by simple exercises in recollection the way to attain
the Quiet. By this mental trick the modern transcendentalist naturally attains to a state of vacant
placidity, in which he rests: and remaining in a distracted idleness and misspending the time in
expectation of extraordinary visits, believeswith a faith which many of the orthodox might
envythat he is here united with his Principle. But, though the psychological state which
contemplatives call the prayer of quiet is a common condition of mystical attainment, it is not by
itself mystical at all. It is a state of preparation: a way of opening the door. That which comes in
when the door is opened will be that which we truly and passionately desire. The will makes plain
the way: the heartthe whole manconditions the guest. The true contemplative, coming to this
plane of utter stillness, does not desire extraordinary favours and visitations, but the privilege of
breathing for a little while the atmosphere of Love. He is about that which St. Bernard called the
business of all businesses: goes, in perfect simplicity, to the encounter of Perfection, not to the
development of himself.
So, even at this apparently passive stage of his progress, the mystics operations are found
on analysis to have a dynamic and purposive character: his very repose is the result of stress. He
is a pilgrim that still seeks his country. Urged by his innate tendency to transcendence, he is on his
325
way to higher levels, more sublime fulfilments, greater self-giving acts. Though he may have
forsaken all superficial activity, deep, urgent action still remains. The possession of God, says
Ruysbroeck, demands and supposes active love. He who thinks or feels otherwise is deceived. All
our life as it is in God is immersed in blessedness: all our life as it is in ourselves is immersed in
active love. And though we live wholly in ourselves and wholly in God, it is but one life, but it is
twofold and opposite according to our feelingrich and poor hungry and fulfilled, active and
quiet.
676
The essential difference between this true active Quiet and Quietism of all kinds has
been admirably expressed by Baron von Hgel. Quietism, the doctrine of the One Act; passivity
in a literal sense, as the absence or imperfection of the power or use of initiative on the souls part,
in any and every state; these doctrines were finally condemned, and most rightly and necessarily
condemned, the Prayer of Quiet and the various states and degrees of an ever-increasing
predominance of Action over Activityan action which is all the more the souls very own, because
675
He goes so far as to say in one of his condemned propositions , Oportet hominem suas potentias anshilare, and velle
operari active est Deum offendere.
676
De Calculo, cap. ix.
234
the more occasioned, directed and informed by Gods action and stimulationthese and the other
chief lines of the ancient experience and practice remain as true, correct, and necessary as ever.
677
The ever-increasing predominance of Action over Activitythe deep and vital movement
of the whole self, too utterly absorbed for self-consciousness, set over against its fussy
surface-energieshere is the true ideal of orison. This must inform all the souls aspiration towards
union with the absolute Life and Love which waits at the door. It is an ideal which includes Quiet,
as surely as it excludes Quietism.
As for that doctrine of the One Act here mentioned, which was preached by the more extreme
quietists; it, like all else in this movement, was the perversion of a great mystical truth. It taught
that the turning of the soul towards Reality, the merging of the will in God, which is the very heart
of the mystic life, was One Act, never to be repeated. This done, the self had nothing more to do
but to rest in the Divine Life, be its unresisting instrument. Pure passivity and indifference were
its ideal. All activity was forbidden it, all choice was a negation of its surrender, all striving was
unnecessary and wrong. It needed only to rest for evermore and let God work and speak in the
silence. This doctrine is so utterly at variance with all that we know of the laws of life and growth,
that it hardly seems to stand in need of condemnation. Such a state of indifferencewhich the
326
quietists strove in vain to identify with that state of Pure Love which seeketh not its own in
spiritual thingscannot coexist with any of those degrees of ardent charity through which mans
spirit must pass on its journey to the One: and this alone is enough to prove its non-mystical
character.
It is only fair to Madame Guyon to say that she cannot justly be charged with preaching
this exaggeration of passivity, though a loose and fluid style has allowed many unfortunate inferences
to be drawn from her works. Some persons, she says, when they hear of the prayer of quiet,
falsely imagine that the soul remains stupid, dead, and inactive. But unquestionably it acteth therein,
more nobly and more extensively than it had ever done before, for God Himself is the Mover and
the soul now acteth by the agency of His Spirit. . . . Instead, then, of promoting idleness we promote
the highest activity, by inculcating a total dependence on the Spirit of God as our moving principle,
for in Him we live and move and have our being. . . . Our activity should therefore consist in
endeavouring to acquire and maintain such a state as may be most susceptible of divine impressions,
most flexile to all the operations of the Eternal Word. Whilst a tablet is unsteady, the painter is
unable to delineate a true copy: so every act of our own selfish and proper spirit is productive of
false and erroneous lineaments, it interrupts the work and defeats the design of this Adorable Artist.
678
The true mystics, in whom the Orison of Quiet develops to this state of receptivity, seldom
use in describing it the language of holy indifference. Their love and enthusiasm will not let them
do that. It is true, of course, that they are indifferent to all else save the supreme claims of love: but
then, it is of love that they speak. Ego dormio et cor meum vigilat . This, says St. Teresa, is a
sleep of the powers of the soul, which are not wholly lost, nor yet understanding how they are at
work. . . . To me it seems to be nothing else than a death, as it were, to all the things of this world,
677
The Mystical Element of Religion, vol. ii. p. 143.
678
Moyen Court, cap. xxi. Madame Guyons vague and shifting language, however, sometimes lays her open to other and
more strictly quietistic interpretations.
235
and a fruition of God. I know of no other words whereby to describe it or explain it; neither does
the soul then know what to dofor it knows not whether to speak or be silent, whether it should
laugh or weep. It is a glorious folly, a heavenly madness wherein true wisdom is acquired; and to
the soul a kind of fruition most full of delight. . . . The faculties of the soul now retain only the
power of occupying themselves wholly with God; not one of them ventures to stir, neither can we
move one of them without making great efforts to distract ourselvesand, indeed, I do not think
327
we can do it at all at this time.
679
Here, then, we see the Orison of Silence melting into true contemplation: its stillness is
ruffled by its joy. The Quiet reveals itself as an essentially transitional state, introducing the self
into a new sphere of activity.
The second degree of ardent love, says Richard of St. Victor, binds , sothat the soul which
is possessed by it is unable to think of anything else: it is not only insuperable, but also
inseparable.
680
He compares it to the souls bridal; the irrevocable act, by which permanent union
is initiated. The feeling-state which is the equivalent of the Quiet is just such a passive and joyous
yielding-up of the virgin soul to its Bridegroom; a silent marriage-vow. It is ready for all that may
happen to it, all that may be asked of itto give itself and lose itself, to wait upon the pleasure of
its Love. From this inward surrender the self emerges to the new life, the new knowledge which is
mediated to it under the innumerable forms of Contemplation.
328
W e must now consider under the general name of Contemplation those developed states of
introversion in which the mystic attains somewhat: the results and rewards of the discipline of
Recollection and Quiet. If this course of spiritual athletics has done its work, he has now brought
to the surface, trained and made efficient for life, a form of consciousnessa medium of
communication with realitywhich remains undeveloped in ordinary men. Thanks to this faculty,
he is now capable of the characteristic mystic experience: temporary union with that spiritual fount
closed to all reactions from the world of sense, where, without witnesses of any kind, God and our
Freedom meet.
681
The degrees of Recollection trained the self in spiritual attention: and at the same time lifted
it to a new level of perception where, by means of the symbol which formed the gathering-point
of its powers, it received a new inflow of life. In the degrees of Quiet it passed on to a state
characterized by a tense stillness, in which it rested in that Reality at which, as yet, it dared not
look. Now, in Contemplation, it is to transcend alike the stages of symbol and of silence; and
329
energize enthusiastically on those high levels which are dark to the intellect but radiant to the
heart. We must expect this contemplative activity to show itself in many different ways and take
many different names since its character will be largely governed by individual temperament. It
appears under the forms which ascetic writers call ordinary and extraordinary, infused or
passive Contemplation; and as that orison of union which we have already discussed.
682
Sometimes, too, it shows itself under those abnormal psycho-physical conditions in which the
679
Vida, cap. xvi. 1 and 4.
680
De Quatuor Gradibus Violentae Charitatis (Migne, Patrologia Latina, vol. cxcvi. col. 1215 b).
681
Rcjac, Fondements de la Connaissance Mystique, p. 176.
682
Supra , p. 245.
236
intense concentration of the self upon its transcendental perceptions results in the narrowing of the
field of consciousness to a point at which all knowledge of the external world is lost, all the messages
of the senses are utterly ignored. The subject then appears to be in a state of trance, characterized
by physical rigidity and more or less complete anaesthesia. These are the conditions of Rapture or
Ecstasy: conditions of which the physical resemblances to certain symptoms of hysteria have so
greatly reassured the enemies of mysticism.
Rapture and Ecstasy differ from Contemplation proper in being wholly involuntary states.
Rapture, says St. Teresa who frequently experienced it, is absolutely irresistible; we cannot hinder
it. Whereas the orison of union, which is one of the forms in which pure Contemplation appears at
its highest point of development, is still controlled to a large extent by the will of the subject, and
may be hindered, although that resistance be painful and violent.
683
There is thus a sharp
distinctiona distinction both physical and psychicalbetween the contemplative and the ecstatic
states: and we shall do well to avail ourselves of it in examining their character.
First, then, as to Contemplation proper: what is it? It is a supreme manifestation of that
indivisible power of knowing which lies at the root of all our artistic and spiritual satisfactions.
In it, mans made Trinity of thought, love, and will, becomes a Unity: and feeling and perception
are fused, as they are in all our apprehensions of beauty, our best contacts with life. It is an act, not
of the Reason, but of the whole personality working under the stimulus of mystic love. Hence, its
results feed every aspect of that personality: minister to its instinct for the Good the Beautiful, and
the True. Psychologically it is an induced state, in which the field of consciousness is greatly
contracted: the whole of the self, its conative powers, being sharply focussed, concentrated upon
one thing. We pour ourselves out or, as it sometimes seems to us, in towards this over-powering
330
interest: seem to ourselves to reach it and be merged with it. Whatever the thing may be, in this
act it is given to us and we know it, as we cannot know it by the ordinary devices of thought.
The turning of our attention from that crisp and definite world of multiplicity, that
cinematograph-show, with which intelligence is accustomed and able to deal, has loosed new
powers of perception which we never knew that we possessed. Instead of sharply perceiving the
fragment, we apprehend, yet how we know not, the solemn presence of the whole. Deeper levels
of personality are opened up, and go gladly to the encounter of the universe. That universe, or some
Reality hid between it and ourselves, responds to the true lovely will of our heart. Our ingoing
concentration is balanced by a great outgoing sense of expansion, of new worlds made ours, as we
receive the inflow of its life. So complete is the selfs absorption that it is for the time unconscious
of any acts of mind or will; in technical language, its faculties are suspended. This is the ligature
frequently mentioned by teachers of contemplative prayer, and often regarded as an essential
character of mystical states.
Delacroix has described with great subtlety the psychological character of pure
contemplation.
When contemplation appears, he says: ( a ) It produces a general condition of indifference,
liberty, and peace, an elevation above the world, a sense of beatitude. The Subject ceases to perceive
himself in the multiplicity and division of his general consciousness. He is raised above himself.
A deeper and a purer soul substitutes itself for the normal self. ( b ) In this state, in which
consciousness of I-hood and consciousness of the world disappear, the mystic is conscious of being
683
St. Teresa, Vida, cap. xx. 1 and 3.
237
in immediate relation with God Himself; of participating in Divinity. Contemplation installs a
method of being and of knowing. Moreover, these two things tend at bottom to become one. The
mystic has more and more the impression of being that which he knows, and of knowing that which
he is.
684
Temporally rising, in fact, to levels of freedom, he knows himself real, and therefore
knows Reality.
Now, the object of the mystics contemplation is always some aspect of the Infinite Life:
of God, the one Reality. Hence, that enhancement of vitality which artists or other unselfconscious
observers may receive from their communion with scattered manifestations of Goodness, Truth,
and Beauty, is in him infinitely increased. His uniformly rapturous language is alone enough to
prove this. In the contemplative act, his whole personality, directed by love and will, transcends
the sense-world, casts off its fetters, and rises to freedom: becoming operative on those high levels
331
where, says Tauler, reason cannot come. There it apprehends the supra-sensible by immediate
contact, and knows itself to be in the presence of the Supplier of true Life. Such
Contemplationsuch positive attainment of the Absoluteis the whole act of which the visions
of poets, the intuition of philosophers, give us hints.
It is a brief act. The greatest of the contemplatives have been unable to sustain the brilliance
of this awful vision for more than a little while. A flash, an instant, the space of an Ave Maria,
they say. My mind, says St. Augustine, in his account of his first purely contemplative glimpse
of the One Reality, withdrew its thoughts from experience, extracting itself from the contradictory
throng of sensuous images, that it might find out what that light was wherein it was bathed. . . .
And thus with the flash of one hurried glance, it attained to the vision of That Which Is. And then
at last I saw Thy invisible things understood by means of the things that are made, but I could not
sustain my gaze: my weakness was dashed back, and I was relegated to my ordinary experience,
bearing with me only a loving memory, and as it were the fragrance of those desirable meats on
the which as yet I was not able to feed.
685
This fragrance, as St. Augustine calls it, remains for ever with those who have thus been
initiated, if only for a moment, into the atmosphere of the Real: and thisthe immortal and
indescribable memory of their communion with That Which Isgives to their work the perfume
of the Inviolate Rose, and is the secret of its magic power. But they can never tell us in exact and
human language what it was that they attained in their ecstatic flights towards the thought of God:
their momentary mergence in the Absolute Life.
That Which Is, says St. Augustine; The One, the Supplier of true Life, says Plotinus;
the energetic Word, says St. Bernard; Eternal Light, says Dante; the Abyss, says Ruysbroeck;
Pure Love, says St. Catherine of GenoaPoor symbols of Perfection at the best. But, through
and by these oblique utterances, they give us the assurance that the Object of their discovery is one
with the object of our quest.
William James considered ineffability and noetic quality to be the constant characteristics
of the contemplative experience.
686
Those who have seen are quite convinced: those who have not
seen, can never be told. There is no certitude to equal the mystics certitude: no impotence more
complete than that which falls on those who try to communicate it. Of these most excellent and
684
685
Aug. Conf., bk. vii. cap. xvii.
686
Varieties of Religious Experience, p. 380.
238
332
divine workings in the soul, when God doth manifest Himself, says Angela of Foligno, we can
in no wise speak, or even stammer.
687
Nevertheless, the greater part of mystical literature is
concerned with the attempts of the mystics to share their discoveries. Under a variety of images,
by a deliberate exploitation of the musical and suggestive qualities of wordsoften, too, by the
help of desperate paradoxes, those unfailing stimulants of mans intuitive powerthey try to tell
others somewhat of that veritable country which eye hath not seen. Their successpartial though
it becan only be accounted for upon the supposition that somewhere within us lurks a faculty, a
spark, a fine point of spirit which has known this country from its birth; which dwells in it,
partakes of Pure Being, and can under certain conditions be stung to consciousness. Then
transcendental feeling, waking from its sleep, acknowledges that these explorers of the Infinite
have really gazed upon the secret plan.
Contemplation is not, like meditation, one simple state, governed by one set of psychic
conditions. It is a general name for a large group of states, partly governedlike all other forms
of mystical activityby the temperament of the subject, and accompanied by feeling-states which
vary from the extreme of quietude or peace in life naughted to the rapturous and active love in
which thought into song is turned. Some kinds of Contemplation are inextricably entwined with
the phenomena of intellectual vision and inward voices. In others we find what seems to be a
development of the Quiet: a state which the subject describes as a blank absorption, a darkness,
or contemplation in caligine.
688
Sometimes the contemplative tells us that he passes through this
darkness to the light:
689
sometimes it seems to him that he stays for ever in the beneficent dark.
690
In some cases the soul says that even in the depths of her absorption, she knows her own bliss:
in others she only becomes aware of it when contemplation is over and the surface-intelligence
reassumes the reins.
In this welter of personal experiences, it becomes necessary to adopt some basis of
classification, some rule by which to distinguish true Contemplation from other introversive states.
Such a basis is not easy to find. I think, however, that there are two marks of the real condition:
(A) The Totality and Givenness of the Object. (B) Self-Mergence of the subject. These we may
333
safely use in our attempt to determine its character.
(A) Whatever terms he may employ to describe it, and however faint or confused his
perceptions may be, the mystics experience in Contemplation is the experience of the All, and this
experience seems to him to be given rather than attained. It is indeed the Absolute which is revealed
to him: not, as in meditation or vision, some partial symbol or aspect thereof.
(B) This revealed Reality is apprehended by way of participation, not by way of observation.
The passive receptivity of the Quiet is here developed into an active, outgoing self-donation, which
is the selfs response to the Divine initiative. By a free act, independent of mans effort, God is
self-disclosed to the soul; and that soul rushes out willingly to lose itself in Him. Thus a give and
takea divine osmosisis set up between the finite and the Infinite life. That dreadful
consciousness of a narrow and limiting I-hood which dogs our search for freedom and full life, is
687
St. Angle de Foligno, Le Livre de lExprience des Vrais Fidles, p. 238 (English translation, p. 189).
688
Compare Baker, Holy Wisdom, Treatise iii. iv. cap. iv.
689
See Hilton, The Scale of Perfection, bk. ii. cap. xxv.
690
Vide infra , p. 347.
239
done away. For a moment, at least, the independent spiritual life is achieved. The contemplative is
merged in it like a bird in the air, like a fish in the sea: loses to find and dies to live.
We must, says Dionysius the Areopagite, be transported wholly out of ourselves and
given unto God.
691
This is the passive union of Contemplation: a temporary condition in which
the subject receives a double conviction of ineffable happiness and ultimate reality. He may try to
translate this conviction into something said or something seen: but in the end he will be found
to confess that he can tell nothing, save by implication. The essential fact is that he was there: as
the essential fact for the returning exile is neither landscape nor language, but the homely spirit of
place.
To see and to have seen that Vision, says Plotinus in one of his finest passages, is reason
no longer. It is more than reason, before reason, and after reason, as also is the vision which is seen.
. . . And perhaps we should not here speak of sight: for that which is seen is not discerned by the
seerif indeed it is possible here to distinguish seer and seen as separate things. . . .Therefore this
vision is hard to tell of: for how can a man describe as other than himself that which, when he
discerned it, seemed not other, but one with himself indeed?
692
Ruysbroeck, who continued in the mediaeval world the best traditions of Neoplatonic
mysticism, also describes a condition of supreme insight, a vision of Truth, which is closely related
to the Plotinian ecstasy. Contemplation, he says, places us in a purity and a radiance which is
far above our understanding . . . and none can attain to it by knowledge, by subtlety, or by any
334
exercise whatsoever: but he whom God chooses to unite to Himself, and to illuminate by Himself,
he and no other can contemplate God. . . . But few men attain to this divine contemplation, because
of our incapacity and of the hiddenness of that light in which one sees. And this is why none by
his own knowledge, or by subtle consideration, will ever really understand these things. For all
words and all that one can learn or understand in a creaturely way, are foreign to the truth that I
mean and far below it. But he who is united to God, and illumined by this truthhe can understand
Truth by Truth.
693
This final, satisfying knowledge of realitythis understanding of Truth by Truthis, at
bottom, that which all men desire. The saints thirst for God, the philosophers passion for the
Absolute; these are nothing else than the crying need of the spirit, variously expressed by the
intellect and by the heart. The guesses of science, the diagrams of metaphysics, the intuitions of
artists; all are pressing towards this. Adam sinned when he fell from Contemplation. Since then,
there has been division in man.
694
Mans soul, says Hilton, Feeleth well that there is somewhat above itself that it knoweth
not nor hath not yet, but it would have it, and burningly yearneth for it. And that is nought else but
the sight of Jerusalem without-forth, the which is like to a city that the prophet Ezechiel saw in his
visions.
He saith that he saw a city set upon an hill sloping to the south, that to his sight when it
was measured was no more of length and of breadth than a rood, that was six cubits and a palm of
length; but as soon as he was brought into the city and looked about him, then thought him that it
691
De Divinis Nominibus, vii. 1.
692
Ennead vi. 9, 10.
693
Ruysbroeck, De Ornatu Spiritalium Nuptiarum, I. iii. cap. i.
694
J. Maritain, Art et Scholastique, p. 141.
240
was wonder mickle, for he saw many halls and chambers both open and privy, he saw gates and
porches, outward and inward, and mickle more building than I say now, on length and on breadth
many hundred cubits. Then was this wonder to him, how this city within was so long and so large,
that was so little to his sight when he was without. This city betokeneth the perfect love of God,
set in the hill of contemplation; the which unto the sight of a soul that is without the feeling of it
and travaileth in desire toward, seemeth somewhat, but it seemeth but a little thing, no more than
a rood, that is six cubits and a palm in length. By six cubits is understood the perfection of mans
work, by the palm a little touching of contemplation. He seeth well that there is such a thing, that
passeth the desert of all working of man a little, as the palm passeth over the six cubits, but he seeth
335
not within what that is. Nevertheless, if he may come within the city of contemplation, then seeth
he mickle more than he saw first.
695
As in the case of vision, so here, all that we who without the feeling travail in desire can
really know concerning Contemplationits value for life, the knowledge it confersmust come
from those who have come within the city: have, in the metaphor of Plotinus, taken flight towards
the Thought of God. What, in effect, can they tell us about the knowledge of reality which they
attained in that brief communion with the Absolute?
They tell us chiefly, when we come to collate their evidence, two apparently contradictory
things. They speak, almost in the Same breath, of an exceeding joy, a Beatific Vision, an intense
communion, and a loving sight: and of an exceeding emptiness, a barren desert, an unfathomable
Abyss, a nescience, a Divine Dark. Again and again these pairs of opposites occur in all first-hand
descriptions of pure contemplation: Remoteness and Intimacy, Darkness and Light. Bearing in
mind that these four metaphors all describe the same process seen through a temperament, and
represent the reaction of that temperament upon Absolute Reality, we may perhaps by their
comparison obtain some faint idea of the totality of that indescribable experience at which they
hint.
Note first that the emotional accompaniments of his perceptions will always and necessarily
be the stuff from which the mystic draws suggestive language, by which to hint at his experience
of supernal things. His descriptions will always lean to the impressionistic rather than to the scientific
side. The deep yet dazzling darkness, the unfathomable abyss, the Cloud of Unknowing, the
embrace of the Beloved, all represent, not the Transcendent but his relation with the Transcendent;
not an object observed, but an overwhelming impression felt, by the totality of his being during his
communion with a Reality which is One.
It is not fair, however, to regard Contemplation on this account as pre-eminently a feeling
state; and hence attribute to it, as many modern writers do, a merely subjective validity. It is of
course accompanied, as all humanitys supreme and vital acts are accompanied, by feeling of an
exalted kind: and since such emotions are the least abnormal part of it, they are the part which the
subject finds easiest to describe. These elusive combinations of Fear, Amazement, Desire, and Joy
are more or less familiar to him. The accidents of sensual life have developed them. His language
336
contains words which are capable of suggesting them to other men. But his total experience
transcends mere feeling, just as it transcends mere intellect. It is a complete act of perception,
inexpressible by these departmental words: and its agent is the whole man, the indivisible personality
whose powers and nature are only partially hinted at in such words as Love, Thought, or Will.
695
The Scale of Perfection, bk. ii. cap. xxv.
241
The plane of consciousness, howeverthe objective somewhatof which this personality
becomes aware in contemplation, is not familiar to it; neither is it related to its systems of thought.
Man, accustomed to dwell amongst spatial images adapted to the needs of daily life, has no language
that will fit it. So, a person hearing for the first time some masterpiece of classical music, would
have no language in which to describe it objectively; but could only tell us how it made him feel.
This is one reason why feeling-states seem to preponderate in all descriptions of the mystic act.
Earthly emotions provide a parallel which enables the subject to tell us by implication something
of that which he felt: but he cannot describe to usfor want of standards of comparisonthat
Wholly Other which induced him thus to feel. His best efforts to fit words to this elusive but
objective experience generally result in the evaporation alike of its fragrance and of its truth. As
St. Augustine said of Time, he knows what it is until he is asked to define it.
How symbolic and temperamental is all verbal description of mystical activity, may be seen
by the aspect which contemplation took in the music-loving soul of Richard Rolle; who always
found his closest parallels with Reality, not in the concepts of intimate union, or of self-loss in the
Divine Abyss, but in the idea of the souls participation in a supernal harmonythat sweet minstrelsy
of God in which thought into song is turned. To me, he says, it seems that contemplation is
joyful song of Gods love taken in mind, with sweetness of angels praise. This is jubilation, that
is the end of perfect prayer and high devotion in this life. This is that mirth in mind, had ghostily
by the lover everlastingly, with great voice outbreaking. . . . Contemplative sweetness not without
full great labour is gotten, and with joy untold it is possessed. Forsooth, it is not mans merit but
Gods gift; and yet from the beginning to this day never might man be ravished in contemplation
of Love Everlasting, but if he before parfitely all the worlds vanity had forsaken.
696
We must, then, be prepared to accept, sift, and use many different descriptions of evoked
337
emotion in the course of our inquiry into the nature of the contemplatives perceptions of the
Absolute. We find on analysis that these evoked emotions separate themselves easily into two
groups. Further, these two groups answer to the two directions in which the mystic consciousness
of Reality is extended, and to the pairs of descriptions of the Godhead which we have found to be
characteristic of mystical literature: i.e. , the personal and spatial, immanental and transcendental,
indwelling Life and Unconditioned Source; ( a ) the strange, dark, unfathomable Abyss of Pure
Being always dwelt upon by mystics of the metaphysical type, and ( b ) the divine and loved
Companion of the soul, whose presence is so sharply felt by those selves which lean to the concept
of Divine Personality.
A. The Contemplation of Transcendence. The first group of feeling-states, allied to those
which emphasize the theological idea of Divine Transcendence, is born of the mystics sense of
his own littleness, unworthiness, and incurable ignorance in comparison with the ineffable greatness
of the Absolute Godhead which he has perceived, and in which he desires to lose himself; of the
total and incommunicable difference in kind between the Divine and everything else. Awe and
self-abasement, and the paradoxical passion for self-loss in the All, here govern his emotional state.
All affirmative statements seem to him blasphemous, so far are they from an ineffable truth which
is more than reason, before reason, and after reason. To this group of feelings, which usually go
with an instinctive taste for Neoplatonism, an iconoclastic distrust of personal imagery, we owe all
negative descriptions of supreme Reality. For this type of self, God is the Unconditioned, the Wholly
696
Richard Rolle, The Mending of Life, cap. xii.
242
Other for whom we have no words, and whom all our poor symbols insult. To see Him is to enter
the Darkness, the Cloud of Unknowing, and know only that we know nought. Nothing else
can satisfy this extreme spiritual humility; which easily degenerates into that subtle form of pride
which refuses to acquiesce in the limitations of its own creaturely state.
There is none other God but He that none may know, which may not be known, says this
contemplative soul. No, soothly no! Without fail, No, says she. He only is my God that none can
one word of say, nor all they of Paradise one only point attain nor understand, for all the knowing
that they have of Him.
697
When they try to be geographically exact, to define and describe their apprehension of, and
contact with, the Unconditioned One who is the only Country of the Soul, contemplatives of this
338
type become, like their great master the Areopagite, impersonal and remote. They seem to have
been caught up to some measureless height, where the air is too rarefied for the lungs of common
men. When we ask them the nature of the life on these summits, they are compelled as a rule to
adopt the Dionysian concept of Divine Darkness, or the parallel idea of the fathomless Abyss, the
Desert of the Godhead, the Eckhartian still wilderness where no one is at home.
Oddly enough, it is in their language concerning this place or plane of reality, in which
union with the Super-essential Godhead takes placethis lightsome darkness and rich
noughtthat they come nearer to distinct affirmation, and consequently offer more surprises to
sentimental and anthropomorphic piety, than in any other department of their work. Unquestionably
this language, with its constant reference to a still desert, a vast sea, an unplumbed abyss in
which the emptiness, the nothing, the Dark on which the self entered in the Orison of Quiet
is infinitely increased, yet positive satisfaction is at last attained, does correspond with a definite
psychological experience. It is not merely the convention of a school. These descriptions, incoherent
as they are, have a strange note of certainty, a stranger note of passion, an odd realism of their own:
which mean, wherever we meet them, that experience not tradition is their source. Driven of necessity
to a negation of all that their surface-minds have ever knownwith language, strained to the
uttermost, failing them at every turnthese contemplatives are still able to communicate to us a
definite somewhat; news as to a given and actual Reality, an unchanging Absolute, and a beatific
union with it, most veritably attained. They agree in their accounts of it, in a way which makes it
obvious that all these reporters have sojourned in the same land, and experienced the same spiritual
state. Moreover, our inmost minds bear witness for them. We meet them half-way. We know
instinctively and irrefutably that they tell true; and they rouse in us a passionate nostalgia, a bitter
sense of exile and of loss.
One and all, these explorers of the Infinite fly to language expressive of great and boundless
spaces. In their withdrawal from the busy, fretful sense-world they have sunk down to the ground
of the soul and of the apparent universe: Being, the Substance of all that Is. Multiplicity is resolved
into Unity: a unity with which the perceiving self is merged. Thus the mystic, for the time of this
union with the Divine, does find himself, in Taulers words, to be simply in God.
697
The Mirror of Simple Souls, Div. iii. cap. xiii.
243
The great wastes to be found in this divine ground, says that great master, have neither
339
image nor form nor condition, for they are neither here nor there. They are like unto a fathomless
Abyss, bottomless and floating in itself. Even as water ebbs and flows, up and down; now sinking
into a hollow, so that it looks as if there were no water there, and then again in a little while rushing
forth as if it would engulf everything, so does it come to pass in this Abyss. This, truly, is much
more Gods Dwelling-place than heaven or man. A man who verily desires to enter will surely find
God here, and himself simply in God; for God never separates Himself from this ground. God will
be present with him, and he will find and enjoy Eternity here. There is no past nor present here,
and no created light can reach unto or shine into this divine Ground; for here only is the
dwelling-place of God and His sanctuary.
Now this Divine Abyss can be fathomed by no creatures; it can be filled by none, and it
satisfies none, God only can fill it in His Infinity. For this abyss belongs only to the Divine Abyss
of which it is written: Abysses abyssum invocal . He who is truly conscious of this ground, which
shone into the powers of his soul, and lighted and inclined its lowest and highest powers to turn to
their pure Source and true Origin, must diligently examine himself, and remain alone, listening to
the voice which cries in the wilderness of this ground. This ground is so desert and bare that no
thought has ever entered there. None of all the thoughts of man which, with the help of reason,
have been devoted to meditation on the Holy Trinity (and some men have occupied themselves
much with these thoughts) have ever entered this ground. For it is so close and yet so far off, and
so far beyond all things, that it has neither time nor place. It is a simple and unchanging condition.
A man who really and truly enters, feels as though he had been here throughout eternity, and as
though he were one therewith.
698
Many other mystics have written to the same effect: have described with splendour the
ineffable joys and terrors of the Abyss of Being where man existed in God from all Eternity, the
souls adventures when, stripped of its very life, it sails the wild billows of the sea divine. But
their words merely amaze the outsider and give him little information. The contemplative self who
has attained this strange country can only tell an astonished and incredulous world that here his
greatest deprivation is also his greatest joy; that here the extremes of possession and surrender are
the same, that ignorance and knowledge, light and dark, are One. Love has led him into that timeless,
spaceless world of Being which is the peaceful ground, not only of the individual striving spirit,
340
but also of the striving universe; and he can but cry with Philip, It is enough.
Here, says Maeterlinck, we stand suddenly at the confines of human thought, and far
beyond the Polar circle of the mind. It is intensely cold here; it is intensely dark, and yet you will
find nothing but flames and light. But to those who come without having trained their souls to these
new perceptions, this light and these flames are as dark and as cold as if they were painted. Here
we are concerned with the most exact of sciences: with the exploration of the harshest and most
uninhabitable headlands of the divine Know thyself: and the midnight sun reigns over that rolling
sea where the psychology of man mingles with the psychology of God.
699
On one hand flames and lightthe flame of living and creative love which fills the
universeon the other the quiet desert of Godhead, transcending all succession and dark to the
698
Tauler, Sermon on St. John the Baptist (The Inner Way, pp. 97-99).
699
Maeterlinck, Introduction to Ruysbroecks LOrnement des Noces Spirituelles, p. v. Theologians will recognize here a
poetic account of the souls contact with that aspect of Divine Reality emphasized in the work of Rudolf Otto and of Karl Barth.
244
single sight of earth-born men. Under these two metaphors, one affirmative, one negative, resumed
in his most daring paradox nearly the whole of mans contemplative experience of the Absolute
can be and is expressed. We have considered his negative description of Utmost Transcendence:
that confession of divine ignorance which is a higher form of knowledge. But this is balanced,
in a few elect spirits, by a positive contemplation of truth; an ecstatic apprehension of the secret
plan.
Certain rare mystics seem able to describe to us a Beatific Vision experienced here and
now: a knowledge by contact of the flaming heart of Reality, which includes in one great whole
the planes of Being and Becoming, the Simultaneous and the Successive, the Eternal Father, and
His manifestation in the energetic Word. We saw something of this power, which is characteristic
of mystical genius of a high order, in studying the characteristics of Illumination. Its finest literary
expression is found in that passage of the Paradiso where Dante tells us how he pierced, for an
instant, the secret of the Empyrean. Already he had enjoyed a symbolic vision of two-fold Reality
as the moving River of Light and the still white Rose.
700
Now these two aspects vanished, and he
saw the One.
. . . la mia vista, venendo sincera
e pi e pi entrava per lo raggio
dell alta luce, che da s vera.
Da quinci innanzi il mio veder fu maggio
che il parlar nostro ch a tal vista cede,
341
e cede la memoria a tanto oltraggio.
Qual colui che somniando vede,
ch dopo il sogno la passione impressa
rimane, e l altro alla mente non riede;
cotal son io, che quasi tutta cessa
mia visione, ed ancor mi distilla
nel cor lo dolce che nacque da essa.
. . . .
Io credo, per l acume ch io soffersi
del vivo raggio, ch io sarei smarrito,
se gli occhi miei da lui fossero aversi.
E mi ricorda ch io fui pi ardito
per questo a sostener tanto ch io giunsi
l aspetto mio col valor infinito.
Cos la mente mia, tutta sospesa,
mirava fissa, immobile ed attenta,
e sempre del mirar faceasi accesa.
A quella luce cotal si diventa,
che volgersi da lei per altro aspetto
impossibil che mai si consenta.
Per che il Ben, ch del volere obbietto,
700
Par. xxx. 61-128. Compare p. 286.
245
tutto saccoglie in lei, e fuor di quella
difettivo cio che l perfetto.
701
Intermediate between the Dantesque apprehension of Eternal Reality and the contemplative
communion with Divine Personality, is the type of mystic whose perceptions of the suprasensible
are neither wholly personal nor wholly cosmic and transcendental in type. To him, God is
pre-eminently the PerfectGoodness, Truth, and Beauty, Light, Life, and Lovediscovered in a
moment of lucidity at the very door of the seeking self. Here the symbols under which He is
perceived are still the abstractions of philosophy; but in the hands of the mystic these terms cease
to be abstract, are stung to life. Such contemplatives preserve the imageless and ineffable character
of the Absolute, but are moved by its contemplation to a joyous and personal love.
342
Thus, in a striking passage of her revelations, Angela of Foligno suddenly exclaims, I saw
God! And I, the writing brother, says her secretary, asked her what she saw, how she saw, and
if she saw any bodily thing. She replied thus: I beheld a fullness and a clearness, and felt them
within me so abundantly that I cannot describe it, or give any likeness thereof. I cannot say I saw
anything corporeal. It was as though it were in heaven: a beauty so great that I can say nought
concerning it, save that it was supreme Beauty and sovereign Good. Again, I beheld the ineffable
fullness of God: but I can relate nothing of it, save that I have seen in it the Sovereign Good.
702
B. The Contemplation of Immanence. The second group of contemplatives is governed
by that Love which casteth out fear: by a predominating sense of the nearness, intimacy, and
sweetness, rather than the strangeness and unattainable transcendence, of that same Infinite Life at
whose being the first group could only hint by amazing images which seem to be borrowed from
the poetry of metaphysics. These are, says Hilton, in a lovely image, Feelingly fed with the savour
of His invisible blessed Face.
703
All the feelings which flow from joy, confidence, and affection,
rather than those which are grouped about rapture and awethough awe is always present in some
measure, as it is always present in all perfect lovehere contribute towards a description of the
Truth.
These contemplatives tell us of their attainment of That which Is, as the closest and most
joyous of all communions; a coming of the Bridegroom; a rapturous immersion in the Uncreated
Light. Nothing more profitable, nothing merrier than grace of contemplation! cries Rolle, that
lifts us from this low and offers to God. What is grace of contemplation but beginning of joy? what
is parfiteness of joy but grace confirmed?
704
In such bright contemplation as this, says The
Mirror of Simple Souls, the soul is full gladsome and jolly. Utter peace and wild delight, every
701
Par. xxxiii. 52-63, 76-81, 97-105. My vision, becoming purified, entered deeper and deeper into the ray of that Supernal
Light which in itself is true. Thenceforth my vision was greater than our language, which fails such a sight; and memory too
fails before such excess. As he who sees in a dream, and after the dream is gone the impression or emotion remains, but the rest
returns not to the mind, such am I for nearly the whole of my vision fades, and yet there still wells within my heart the sweetness
born therefrom. . . . I think that by the keenness of the living ray which I endured I had been lost, had I once turned my eyes
aside. And I remember that for this I was the bolder so long to sustain my gaze, as to unite it with the Power Infinite. . . . Thus
did my mind, wholly in suspense, gaze fixedly, immovable and intent, ever enkindled by its gazing. In the presence of that Light
one becomes such, that never could one consent to turn from it to any other sight. Because the Good, which is the object of the
will, is therein wholly gathered; and outside of this, that is defective which therein is perfect.
702
St. Angle de Foligno, Le Livre de lExprience des Vrais Fidles, pp. 78 and 116 (English translation, here very imperfect,
pp. 169, 174).
703
The Scale of Perfection, bk. ii. cap. xli.
704
The Mending of Life, cap. xii.
246
pleasure-state known to mans normal consciousness, are inadequate to the description of her joy.
She has participated for an instant in the Divine Life; knows all, and knows nought. She has learnt
the worlds secret, not by knowing, but by being: the only way of really knowing anything.
Where the dominant emotion is that of intimate affection, and where the training or
disposition of the mystic inclines him to emphasize the personal and Incarnational rather than the
abstract and Trinitarian side of Christianity, the contemplative of this type will always tend to
343
describe his secret to us as above all things an experience of adorable Friendship. Reality is for
him a Person, not a State. In the orison of union it seems to him that an actual communion, a
merging of his self with this other and strictly personal Self takes place. God, he says, then meets
the soul in her Ground: i.e. , in that secret depth of personality where she participates in the Absolute
Life. Clearly, the degree of contemplation, the psychological state, is here the same as that in
which the mystic of the impersonal type attained the Abyss. But from the point of view of the
subject, this joyful and personal encounter of Lover and Beloved will be a very different experience
from the souls immersion in that desert of Deity, as described by Eckhart and his school. In
this oning, says Hilton, is the marriage made betwixt God and the soul, that shall never be broken.
705
St. Teresa is the classic example of this intimate and affective type of contemplation: but
St. Gertrude, Suso, Julian, Mechthild of Magdeburg, and countless others, provide instances of its
operation. We owe to it all the most beautiful and touching expressions of mystic love. Julians I
saw Him and sought Him: and I had Him, I wanted Him expresses in epigram its combination of
rapturous attainment and insatiable desire: its apprehension of a Presence at once friendly and
divine. So too does her description of the Tenth Revelation of Love, when with this sweet enjoying
He showed unto mine understanding in part the blessed Godhead, stirring then the poor soul to
understand, as it may be said; that is, to think on the endless Love that was without beginning, and
is, and shall be ever. And with this our good Lord said full blissfully, Lo, how that I loved thee, as
if He had said, My darling, behold and see thy Lord, thy God that is thy Matter, and thine endless
joy.
706
The eyes of her soul were opened, says the scribe to whom Angela of Foligno dictated
her revelations. And she saw Love advancing gently towards her; and she saw the beginning, but
not the end, for it was continuous. And there was no colour to which she could compare this Love;
but directly it reached her she beheld it with the eyes of the soul, more clearly than she might do
with the eyes of the body, take as towards her the semblance of a sickle. Not that there was any
actual and measurable likeness, but this love took on the semblance of a sickle, because it first
withdrew itself, not giving itself so fully as it had allowed itself to be understood and she had
344
understood it; the which caused her to yearn for it the more.
707
It is to Mechthild of Magdeburg, whose contemplation was emphatically of the intimate
type, that we owe the most perfect definition of this communion of the mystic with his Friend.
Orison, she says, draws the great God down into the small heart: it drives the hungry soul out
705
Scale of Perfection, bk. i. cap. viii.
706
Fevelations of Divine Love, cap. xxiv.
707
St. Angle, op. cit ., p. 156 (English translations p. 178).
247
to the full God. It brings together the two lovers, God and the soul, into a joyful room where they
speak much of love.
708
We have already seen that the doctrine of the Trinity makes it possible for Christian mystics,
and, still more, for Christian mysticism as a whole, to reconcile this way of apprehending Reality
with the negative and impersonal perception of the ineffable One; the Absolute which hath no
image. Though they seem in their extreme forms to be so sharply opposed as to justify Eckharts
celebrated distinction between the unknowable totality of the Godhead and the knowable personality
of God, the image and the circle yet represent diverse apprehensions of one whole. All the
mystics feeland the German school in particular have expressedDantes conviction that these
two aspects of reality, these two planes of being, however widely they seem to differ, are One .
709
Both are ways of describing mans partial contacts with that Absolute Truth, present yet absent,
near, yet far, that Triune Fact, di tre colori e d una continenza , which is God. Both are necessary
if we are to form any idea of that complete Reality, imperfect as any such idea must be: as, when
two men go together to some undiscovered country, one will bring home news of its great spaces,
its beauty of landscape, another of its geological formation, or the flora and fauna that express its
life, and both must be taken into account before any just estimate of the real country can be made.
Since it is of the essence of the Christian religion to combine personal and metaphysical
truth, a transcendent and an incarnate God,
710
it is not surprising that we should find in Christianity
a philosophic and theological basis for this paradox of the contemplative experience. Most often,
though not always, the Christian mystic identifies the personal and intimate Lover of the soul, of
whose elusive presence he is so sharply aware, with the person of Christ; the unknowable and
transcendent Godhead with that eterna luce, the Undifferentiated One in Whom the Trinity of
Persons is resumed. Temperamentally, most practical contemplatives lean to either one or other of
these apprehensions of Reality: to a personal and immanental meeting in the ground of the soul,
or to the austere joys of the naughted soul abased before an impersonal Transcendence which no
345
language but that of negation can define. In some, however, both types of perception seem to exist
together: and they speak alternately of light and darkness, of the rapturous encounter with Love
and of supreme self-loss in the naked Abyss, the desert of the Essence of God. Ruysbroeck is the
perfect example of this type of contemplative; and his works contain numerous and valuable passages
descriptive of that synthetic experience which resumes the personal and transcendental aspects of
the mystic fact.
When we have become seeing, he saysthat is to say, when we have attained to spiritual
luciditywe are able to contemplate in joy the eternal coming of the Bridegroom; and this is the
second point on which I would speak. What, then, is this eternal coming of our Bridegroom? It is
a perpetual new birth and a perpetual new illumination: for the ground whence the Light shines
and which is Itself the Light, is life-giving and fruitful: and hence the manifestation of the Eternal
Light is renewed without interruption in the hiddenness of the spirit. Behold! here all human works
and active virtues must cease; for here God works alone at the apex of the soul. Here there is nought
else but an eternal seeing and staring at that Light, by the Light and in the Light. And the coming
of the Bridegroom is so swift, that He comes perpetually, and He dwells within us with His abysmal
708
Das Fliessende Licht der Gottheit, pt. v. cap. 13.
709
Par. xxxiii. 137.
710
Compare supra , Pt. I. Cap. V.
248
riches, and He returns to us anew in His Person without interruption; with such new radiance, that
He seems never to have come to us before. For His coming consists, outside all Time, in an Eternal
Now, always welcomed with new longing and new joy. Behold! the delights and the joys which
this Bridegroom brings in His coming are fathomless and limitless, for they are Himself: and this
is why the eyes by which the spirit contemplates the Bridegroom, are opened so widely that they
can never close again. . . . Now this active meeting, and this loving embrace, are in their essence
fruitive and unconditioned; for the infinite Undifferentiation of the Godhead is so dark and so naked
of all image, that it conceals within itself all the divine qualities and works, all the attributes of the
Persons, in the all-enfolding richness of the Essential Unity, and brings about a divine fruition in
the Abyss of the Ineffable. And here there is a death in fruition, and a melting and dying into the
nudity of Pure Being; where all the Names of God, and all conditions, and all the living images
which are reflected in the mirror of divine truth, are absorbed into the Ineffable Simplicity, the
Absence of image and of knowledge. For in this limitless Abyss of Simplicity, all things are embraced
in the bliss of fruition; but the Abyss itself remains uncomprehended, except by the Essential Unity.
346
The Persons and all that which lives in God, must give place to this. For there is nought else here
but an eternal rest in the fruitive embrace of an outpouring love: and this is the wayless Being that
all interior souls have chosen above all other things. This is the dim silence where all lovers lose
themselves.
711
Here Ruysbroeck, beginning with a symbol of the Divine Personality as Bridegroom of the
Soul, which would have been congenial to the mind of St. Catherine of Siena, ends upon the summits
of Christian metaphysics; with a description of the loving immersion of the self in that Unconditioned
One who transcends the Persons of theology and beggars human speech. We seem to see him
desperately clutching at words and similes which may, he hopes, give some hint of the souls fruition
of Reality: its immeasurable difference in kind from the dreams and diagrams of anthropomorphic
religion. His strange statements in respect of this Divine Abyss are on a par with those which I
have already quoted from the works of other contemplatives, who, refusing to be led away by the
emotional aspect of their experience, have striven to tell usas they thoughtnot merely what
they felt but what they beheld. Ruysbroecks mystical genius, however, the depth and wholeness
of his intuition of Reality, does not allow him to be satisfied with a merely spatial or metaphysical
description of the Godhead. The active meeting and the loving embrace are, he sees, an integral
part of the true contemplative act. In the dim silence where lovers lose themselves, a Person
meets a person: and this it is, not the philosophic Absolute, which all interior souls have chosen
above all other thing.
We must now look more closely at the method by which the contemplative attains to his
unique communion with the Absolute Life: the kind of activity which seems to him to characterize
his mergence with Reality. As we might expect, that activity, like its result, is of two kinds; personal
and affirmative, impersonal and negative. It is obvious that where Divine Perfection is conceived
as the souls companion, the Bridegroom, the Beloved, the method of approach will be very different
from that which ends in the selfs immersion in the paradoxical splendour of the Abyss, the still
wilderness where no one is at home. It is all the difference between the preparations for a wedding
and for an expedition to the Arctic Seas. Hence we find, at one end of the scale, that extreme form
of personal and intimate communionthe going forth of lover to belovedwhich the mystics call
711
Ruysbroeck, De Ornatu Spiritalium Nuptiarum, bk. iii. caps. ii. and iv.
249
the orison of union: and at the other end, the dark contemplation, by which alone selves of the
347
transcendent and impersonal type claim that they draw near to the Unconditioned One.
Of the dim and ineffable contemplation of Unnameable Transcendence, the imageless
absorption in the Absolute, Dionysius the Areopagite of course provides the classic example. It
was he who gave to it the name of Divine Darkness: and all later mystics of this type borrow their
language from him. His directions upon the subject are singularly explicit: his descriptions, like
those of St. Augustine, glow with an exultant sense of a Reality attained, and which others may
attain if they will but follow where he leads.
As for thee, dear Timothy, he says, I counsel that in the earnest exercise of mystical
contemplation thou leave the senses and the operations of the intellect and all things that the senses
or the intellect can perceive, and all things in this world of nothingness or that world of being; and
that, thine understanding being laid to rest, thou ascend (so far as thou mayest) towards union with
Him whom neither being nor understanding can contain. For by the unceasing and absolute
renunciation of thyself and all things, thou shalt in pureness cast all things aside, and be released
from all, and so shalt be led upwards to the Ray of that Divine Darkness which exceetedth all
existence.
712
Again, The Divine Dark is nought else but that inaccessible light wherein the Lord
is said to dwell. Although it is invisible because of its dazzling splendours and unsearchable because
of the abundance of its supernatural brightness, nevertheless, whosoever deserves to see and know
God rests therein; and, by the very fact that he neither sees nor knows, is truly in that which surpasses
all truth and all knowledge.
713
It has become a commonplace with writers on mysticism to say, that all subsequent
contemplatives took from Dionysius this idea of Divine Darkness, and entrance therein as the
souls highest privilege: took it, so to speak, ready-made and on faith, and incorporated it in their
tradition. To argue thus is to forget that mystics are above all things practical people. They do not
write for the purpose of handing on a philosophical scheme, but in order to describe something
348
which they have themselves experienced; something which they feel to be of transcendent
importance for humanity. If, therefore, they persistand they do persistin using this simile of
darkness to describe their experience in contemplation, it can only be because it fits the facts.
No Hegelian needs to be told that we shall need the addition of its opposite before we can hope to
approach the truth: and it is exactly the opposite of this dim ignorance which is offered us by
mystics of the joyous or intimate type, who find their supreme satisfaction in the positive
experience of union, the mystical marriage of the soul.
What, then, do those who use this image of the dark really mean by it? They mean this:
that God in His absolute Reality is unknowableis darkto mans intellect: which is, as Bergson
has reminded us, adapted to other purposes than those of divine intuition. When, under the spur of
mystic love, the whole personality of man comes into contact with that Reality, it enters a plane of
712
Dionysius the Areopagite, De Mystica Theologia, i. 1.
713
Ibid., Letter to Dorothy the Deacon. This passage seems to be the source of Vaughans celebrated verse in The Night
There is in God, some say
A deep but dazzling darkness, as men here
Say it is late and dusky because they
See not all clear.
O for that Night! where I in Him
Might live invisible and dim.
250
experience to which none of the categories of the intellect apply. Reason finds itself, in a most
actual sense, in the darkimmersed in the Cloud of Unknowing. This dimness and lostness of
the mind, then, is a necessary part of the mystics ascent to the Absolute. That Absolutethe
Mysterium tremendum et fascinans
714
willnot be known of the heart until we acknowledge
that It is unknown of the intellect; and obey the Dionysian injunction to leave the operations of
the understanding on one side. The movement of the contemplative must be a movement of the
whole man: he is to precipitate himself, free and unfettered, into the bosom of Reality. Only when
he has thus transcended sight and knowledge, can he be sure that he has also transcended the world
with which these faculties are competent to deal; and is in that Wholly Other which surpasses all
image and all idea.
This is Love: to fly heavenward,
To rend, every instant, a hundred veils,
The first moment, to renounce life;
The last step, to fare without feet.
To regard this world as invisible,
Not to see what appears to oneself.
715
This acknowledgment of our intellectual ignorance, this humble surrender, is the entrance
into the Cloud of Unknowing: the first step towards mystical knowledge of the Absolute. For
349
Truth and Humility are full true sisters, says Hilton, fastened together in love and charity, and
there is no distance of counsel betwixt them two.
716
Thou askest me and sayest, says the author of The Cloud of Unknowing, How shall
I think on Himself and what is He? and to this I cannot answer thee but thus: I wot not.
For thou hast brought me with thy question, into that same darkness and into that same
cloud of unknowing that I would thou wert in thyself. For of all other creatures and their works,
yea and of the works of Gods self may a man through grace have fulhead of knowledge, and well
he can think of them; but of God Himself can no man think. And therefore I will leave all that thing
that I can think, and choose to my love that thing that I cannot think. For why; He may well be
loved, but not thought. By love may He be gotten and holden, but by thought never. . . . Smite upon
that thick cloud of unknowing with a sharp dart of longing love; and go not thence for thing that
befalleth.
717
So long, therefore, as the object of the mystics contemplation is amenable to thought, is
something which he can know, he may be quite sure that it is not the Absolute; but only a partial
image or symbol of the Absolute. To find that final Reality, he must enter into the cloud of
unknowingmust pass beyond the plane on which the intellect can work.
When I say darkness, says the same great mystic, I mean thereby a lack of knowing. . .
. And for this reason it is not called a cloud of the air, but a cloud of unknowing, that is between
thee and thy God.
718
714
R. Otto, The Idea of the Holy, caps. iii. and iv. The whole of this work should be studied in its bearing on the contemplation
of supra-rational Reality.
715
Jalalu d Din, Selected Poems from the Divan, p. 137.
716
The Scale of Perfection, bk. ii. cap. xiii.
717
The Cloud of Unknowing, cap. vi.
718
Ibid ., cap. iv.
251
The business of the contemplative, then, is to enter this cloud: the good dark, as Hilton
calls it. The deliberate inhibition of discursive thought and rejection of images, which takes place
in the orison of quiet, is one of the ways in which this entrance is effected: personal surrender,
or self-naughting, is another. He who, by dint of detachment and introversion, enters the
nothingness or ground of the soul, enters also into the Dark: a statement which seems simple
enough until we try to realize what it means.
O where, says the bewildered disciple in one of Boehmes dialogues, is this naked Ground
of the Soul void of all Self? And how shall I come at the hidden centre, where God dwelleth and
not man? Tell me plainly, loving Sir, where it is, and how it is to be found of me, and entered into?
Master. There where the soul hath slain its own Will and willeth no more any Thing as
350
from itself. . . .
Disciple. But how shall I comprehend it?
Master. If thou goest about to comprehend it, then it will fly away from thee, but if thou
dost surrender thyself wholly up to it, then it will abide with thee, and become the Life of thy Life,
and be natural to thee.
719
The author of The Cloud of Unknowing is particularly explicit as to the sense of dimness
and confusion which overwhelms the self when it first enters this Dark; a proceeding which is
analogous to that annihilation of thought in the interests of passive receptivity which we have
studied in the Quiet.
At the first time when thou dost it, he says of the neophytes first vague steps in
contemplation, thou findest but a darkness, and as it were a cloud of unknowing thou knowest not
what, saving that thou feelest in thy will a naked intent unto God. This darkness and this cloud is,
howsoever thou dost, betwixt thee and thy God, and letteth thee, that thou mayest neither see Him
clearly by light of understanding in thy reason, nor feel Him in sweetness of love in thine affection.
And therefore shape thee to bide in this darkness as long as thou mayest, evermore crying after
Him that thou lovest. For if ever thou shalt feel Him or see Him as it may be here, it behoveth
always to be in this cloud and this darkness.
720
From the same century, but from a very different country and temperament, comes another
testimony as to the supreme value of this dark contemplation of the Divine: this absorption, beyond
the span of thought or emotion, in the substance of all that Is. It is one of the most vivid and
detailed accounts of this strange form of consciousness which we possess; and deserves to be
compared carefully with the statements of The Cloud of Unknowing, and of St. John of the Cross.
We owe it to that remarkable personality, the Blessed Angela of Foligno, who was converted from
a life of worldliness to become not only a Franciscan, but also a Platonic mystic. In it we seem to
hear the voice of Plotinus speaking from the Vale of Spoleto.
Whilst I was questioning her, says her secretary, Christs faithful one was suddenly rapt
in spirit and seemed not to understand my words. And then was given her a wondrous grace. After
a short time . . . she began to tell me what follows. My soul has just been rapt to a state in which
I tasted unspeakable joy. I knew all I longed to know, possessed all I longed to possess. I saw all
Good. She said further: In this state the soul cannot believe that this Good will ever depart from
719
Boehme, Three Dialogues of the Supersensual Life, p. 71.
720
The Cloud of Unknowing, cap. iii.
252
351
her, or that she will depart from it, or that she will again be separated from it. But she delights
herself in that Sovereign Good. My soul sees nothing whatever that can be told of the lips or the
heart, she sees nothing, and she sees All . . . No good that can be described or conceived is now
the object of my hope; for I have put all my hope in a secret Good, most hid and secret, which I
apprehend in great darkness. And as I, the brother, could not receive or understand this dark,
Christs faithful one wishing to explain said: If I see it in the dark, it is because it surpasses all
good. All, all the rest is but darkness. All which the soul or heart can reach is inferior to this Good.
That which I have told hitherto, namely, all the soul grasps when she sees all creatures filled with
God, when she sees the divine power, and when she sees the divine will, is inferior to this most
secret Good; because this Good which I see in the darkness is the All, and all other things are but
parts. And she added, Though inexpressible, these other things bring delight; but this vision of
God in darkness brings no smile to the lips, no devotion or fervour of love to the soul. . . . All the
countless and unspeakable favours God has done to me, all the words He has said to me, all you
have written are, I know, so far below the Good I see in that great darkness that I do not put in them
my hope . . . Christs faithful one told me that her mind had been uplifted but three times to this
most high and ineffable mode of beholding God in great darkness, and in a vision so marvellous
and complete. Certainly she had seen the Sovereign Good countless times and always darkly; yet
never in such a high manner and through such great dark.
721
These words, and indeed the whole idea which lies at the bottom of dark contemplation,
will perhaps be better understood in the light of Baron von Hgels deeply significant saying Souls
loving God in His Infinite Individuality will necessarily love Him beyond their intellectual
comprehension of Him; the element of devoted trust, of free self-donation to One fully known only
through and in such an act, will thus remain to man for ever.
722
Hence, the contemplative act,
which is an act of loving and self-forgetting concentration upon the Divinethe outpouring of
mans little and finite personality towards the Absolute Personality of Godwill, in so far as it
transcends thought, mean darkness for the intellect; but it may mean radiance for the heart.
Psychologically, it will mean the necessary depletion of the surface-consciousness, the stilling of
the mechanism of thought, in the interests of another centre of consciousness. Since this new centre
makes enormous demands on the selfs stock of vitality its establishment must involve, for the time
352
that it is active, the withdrawal of energy from other centres. Thus the night of thought becomes
the strictly logical corollary of the light of perception.
No one has expressed this double character of the Divine Darkits nothingness for the
dissecting knife of reason, its supreme fruitfulness for expansive, active lovewith so delicate an
insight as St. John of the Cross. In his work the Christian touch of personal rapture vivifies the
exact and sometimes arid descriptions of the Neoplatonic mystics. A great poet as well as a great
mystic, in his poem on the Obscure Night, he brings to bear on the actual and ineffable experience
of the introverted soul all the highest powers of artistic expression, all the resources of musical
rhythm, the suggestive qualities of metaphor.
Upon an obscure night
Fevered with Loves anxiety
721
St. Angle, loc. cit ., pp. 210-12 (English translation, p. 181).
722
The Mystical Element of Religion, vol. ii. p. 257.
253
I went, none seeing me,
Forth from my house, where all things quiet be.
By night, secure from sight
And by a secret stair, disguisedly,
By night, and privily
Forth from my house, where all things quiet be.
Blest night of wandering
In secret, when by none might I be spied,
Nor I see anything:
Without a light to guide
Save that which in my heart burnt in my side.
That light did lead me on,
More surely than the shining of noontide
Where well I knew that One
Did for my coming bide;
Where He abode might none but He abide.
O night that didst lead thus
O night more lovely than the dawn of light;
O night that broughtest us,
Lover to lovers sight,
Lover to loved, in marriage of delight!
Upon my flowery breast
Wholly for Him and save Himself for none,
There did I give sweet rest
To my beloved one:
353
The fanning of the cedars breathed thereon.
723
Observe in these verses the perfect fusion of personal and metaphysical imagery; each
contributing by its suggestive qualities to a total effect which conveys to us, we hardly know how,
the obscure yet flaming rapture of the mystic, the affirmation of his burning love and the
accompanying negation of his mental darkness and quietthat hapless, happy plight. All is here:
the secrecy of the contemplatives true life, unseen of other men his deliberate and active
abandonment of the comfortable house of the senses, the dim, unknown plane of being into which
his ardent spirit must plungea night more lovely than the dawn of lightthe Inward Light, the
fire of mystic love, which guides his footsteps more surely than the shining of noon-tide: the
self-giving ecstasy of the consummation wholly for Him, and save Himself for none, in which
lover attains communion with Beloved in marriage of delight.
In his book, The Dark Night of the Soul, St. John has commented upon the opening lines
of this poem; and the passages in which he does this are amongst the finest and most subtle
descriptions of the psychology of contemplation which we possess.
723
En una Noche Escura. This translation, by Mr. Arthur Symons, will be found in vol. ii. of his Collected Poems.
254
The soul, he says, calls the dim contemplation, by which it ascends to the union of love,
a secret stair; and that because of two properties of this contemplation which I shall explain
separately. First, this dark contemplation is called secret, because it is, as I have said before, the
mystical theology which theologians call secret wisdom, and which according to St. Thomas is
infused into the soul more especially by love. This happens in a secret hidden way, in which the
natural operations of the understanding and the other powers have no share. . . . The soul can neither
discern nor give it a name, neither desires so to do; and besides, it can discover no way nor apt
comparison by which to make known a knowledge so high, a spiritual impression so delicate and
infused. Sothat even if the soul felt the most lively desire to explain itself, and heaped up
explanations, the secret would remain a secret still. Because this interior wisdom is so simply,
general, and spiritual, that it enters not into the understanding under the guise of any form or image
perceptible to sense. Therefore the senses and the imaginationwhich have not served as
intermediaries, and have perceived no sensible form or colourcannot account for it, nor form any
conception of it, so as to speak about it; though the soul be distinctly aware that it feels and tastes
this strange wisdom. The soul is like a man who sees an object for the first time, the like of which
he has never seen before; he perceives it and likes it, yet he cannot say what it is, nor give it a name,
do what he will, though it be even an object cognisable by the senses. How much less, then can
354
that be described which does not enter in by the senses. . . . Inexpressible in its natures as we have
said, it is rightly called secret. And for yet another reason it is so called; for this mystical wisdom
has the property of hiding the soul within itself. For beside its ordinary operation, it sometimes
happens that this wisdom absorbs the soul and plunges it in a secret abyss wherein it sees itself
distinctly as far away, and separated from, all created things; it looks upon itself as one that is
placed in a profound and vast solitude whither no creature can come, and which seems an immense
Wilderness without limits. And this solitude is the more delicious, sweet, and lovely, the more it
is deep, vast, and empty. There the soul is the more hidden, the more it is raised up above all created
things.
This abyss of wisdom now lifts up and enlarges the soul, giving it to drink at the very
sources of the science of love. Thereby it perceives how lowly is the condition of all creatures in
respect to the supreme knowledge and sense of the Divine. It also understands how low, defective,
and, in a certain sense, improper, are all the words and phrases by which in this life we discuss
divine things; that they escape the best efforts of human art and science, and that only the mystical
theology can know and taste what these things are in their reality.
724
In this important passage we have a reconciliation of the four chief images under which
contemplation has been described: the darkness and the light, the wilderness and the union of love.
That is to say, the selfs paradoxical sense of an ignorance which is supreme knowledge, and of a
solitude which is intimate companionship. On the last of these antitheses, the wilderness that is
more delicious, sweet, and lovely, the more it is wide, vast, and empty, I cannot resist quoting, as
a gloss upon the dignified language of the Spanish mystic, the quaint and simple words of Richard
Rolle.
724
St. John of the Cross, Noche Escura del Alma, I. ii. cap. xvii. It is perhaps advisable to warn the reader that in this work
St. John applies the image of darkness to three absolutely different things: i.e ., to a purgation of mind which he calls the night
of sense, to dim contemplation, or the Dionysian Divine Dark, and to the true dark night of the soul, which he calls the
night of the spirit. The result has been a good deal of confusion, in modern writers on mysticism upon the subject of the Dark
Night.
255
In the wilderness . . . speaks the loved to the heart of the lover, as it were a bashful lover,
that his sweetheart before men entreats not, nor friendly-wise but commonly and as a stranger he
kisses. A devout soul safely from worldly business in mind and body departed . . . anon comes
heavenly joy, and it marvellously making merry melody, to her springs; whose token she takes,
355
that now forward worldly sound gladly she suffers not. This is ghostly music, that is unknown to
all that with worldly business lawful or unlawful are occupied. No man there is that this has known,
but he that has studied to God only to take heed.
725
Doubtless the dark transcendence reported and dwelt upon by all mystics of the Dionysian
type, is nearest the truth of all our apprehensions of God:
726
though it can be true only in the
paradoxical sense that it uses the suggestive qualities of negationthe Dark whose very existence
involves that of Lightto hint at the infinite Affirmation of All that Is. But the nearer this language
is to the Absolute, the further it is from ourselves. Unless care be taken in the use of it, the elimination
of falsehood may easily involve for us the elimination of everything else. Man is not yet pure spirit,
has not attained the Eternal. He is in via and will never arrive if impatient amateurs of Reality insist
on cutting the ground from under his feet. Like Dante, he needs a ladder to the stars, a ladder which
goes the whole way from the human to the divine. Therefore the philosophic exactitude of these
descriptions of the dark must be balanced, as they are in St. John of the Cross, by the personal,
human, and symbolic affirmations of Love, if we would avoid a distorted notion of the Reality
which the contemplative attains in his supreme flights towards God. Consciousness has got to
be helped across the gap which separates it from its Home.
The wilderness, the dread Abyss, must be made homely by the voice of the lover that
His sweetheart before men entreats not. Approximate as we know such an image of our communion
with the Absolute to be, it represents a real aspect of the contemplative experience which eludes
the rule and compass of metaphysical thought. Blake, with true mystic insight, summed up the
situation as between the two extreme forms of contemplation when he wrote:
727
God appears, and God is Light
To those poor souls who dwell in night:
But doth a human form display
To those who dwell in realms of day.
In the orison of union and the Spiritual Marriage, those contemplatives whose
temperament inclines them to dwell in realms of day receive just such a revelation of the human
forma revelation which the Christian dogma of the Incarnation brings to a point. They apprehend
the personal and passionate aspect of the Infinite Life; and the love, at once intimate and expansive,
356
all-demanding and all-renouncing, which plays like lightning between it and the desirous soul.
Thou saidst to me, my only Love, that Thou didst will to make me Thyself; and that Thou wast
all mine, with all that Thou hadst and with all Paradise, and that I was all Thine. That I should leave
all, or rather the nothing; and that (then) thou wouldst give me the all. And that Thou hadst given
me this nameat which words I heard within me dedi te in lucem gentiumnot without good
reason. And it seemed then, as though I had an inclination for nothing except the purest Union,
without any means, in accordance with that detailed sight which Thou hadst given me. So then I
725
The Fire of Love, bk. ii. cap. vii.
726
Compare Baker, Holy Wisdom, Treatise iii. iv. cap iv.
727
Auguries of Innocence.
256
said to Thee: These other things, give them to whom Thou wilt; give me but this most pure Union
with Thee, free from every means.
728
Our work is the love of God, cries Ruysbroeck. Our satisfaction lies in submission to
the Divine Embrace. This utter and abrupt submission to the Divine Embrace is the essence of
that form of contemplation which is called the Orison of Union. Surrender is its secret: a personal
surrender, not only of finite to Infinite, but of bride to Bridegroom, heart to Heart. This surrender,
in contemplatives of an appropriate temperament, is of so complete and ecstatic a type that it
involves a more or less complete suspension of normal consciousness, an entrancement; and often
crosses the boundary which separates contemplation from true ecstasy, producing in its subject
physical as well as psychical effects. In this state, says St. Teresa, There is no sense of anything:
only fruition, without understanding what that may be the fruition of which is granted. It is
understood that the fruition is of a certain good, containing in itself all good together at once; but
this good is not comprehended. The senses are all occupied in this fruition in such a way, that not
one of them is at liberty so as to be able to attend to anything else, whether outward or inward. . .
. But this state of complete absorption, together with the utter rest of the imaginationfor I believe
that the imagination is then wholly at restlasts only for a short time; though the faculties do not
so completely recover themselves as not to be for some hours afterwards as if in disorder. . . . He
who has had experience of this will understand it in some measure, for it cannot be more clearly
described, because what then takes place is so obscure. All I am able to say is, that the soul is
represented as being close to God; and that there abides a conviction thereof so certain and strong
that it cannot possibly help believing so. All the faculties fail now, and are suspended in such a
357
way that, as I said before, their operations cannot be traced. . . . The will must be fully occupied
in loving, but it understands not how it loves; the understanding, if it understands, does not
understand how it understands. It does not understand, as it seems to me, because, as I said just
now, this is a matter which cannot be understood.
729
Clearly, the psychological situation here is
the same as that in which mystics of the impersonal type feel themselves to be involved in the Cloud
of Unknowing, or Divine Dark.
Do not imagine, says St. Teresa in another place, that this orison, like that which went
before [ i.e. , the quiet] is a sort of drowsiness: (I call it drowsiness, because the soul seems to
slumber being neither thoroughly asleep, nor thoroughly awake). In the prayer of union the soul is
asleep; fast asleep as regards herself and earthly things. In fact, during the short time that this state
lasts she is deprived of all feeling, and though she wishes it, she can think of nothing. Thus she
needs no effort in order to suspend her thoughts; if the soul can loveshe knows not how or when
she loves, nor what she desires . . . she is, as it were, entirely dead to the world, the better to live
in God.
730
It may be asked, in what way does such contemplation as this differ from unconsciousness.
The difference, according to St. Teresa, consists in the definite somewhat which takes place during
this inhibition of the surface-consciousness: a somewhat of which that surface-consciousness
becomes aware when it awakes. True contemplation, as the mystics are constantly assuring us,
must always be judged by its fruits. If it be genuine, work has been done during the period of
728
Colloquies of Battista Vernazza: quoted by Von Hgel, The Mystical Element of Religion, vol. i. p. 350.
729
Vida, cap. xviii. 2, 17, 19.
730
El Castillo Interior, Moradas Quintas, cap. i.
257
apparent passivity. The deeper self has escaped, has risen to freedom, and returns other than it was
before. We must remember that Teresa is speaking from experience, and that her temperamental
peculiarities will modify the form which this experience takes. The soul, she says, neither sees,
hears, nor understands anything while this state lasts; but this is usually a very short time, and seems
to the soul even shorter than it really is. God visits the soul in a way that prevents it doubting when
it comes to itself that is has been in God and God in it; and so firmly is it convinced of this truth
that, though years may pass before this state recurs, the soul can never forget it nor doubt its reality.
. . . But you will say, how can the soul see and comprehend that she is in God and God in her, if
during this union she is not able either to see or understand? I reply, that she does not see it at the
time, but that afterwards she perceives it clearly: not by a vision, but by a certitude which remains
in the heart which God alone can give.
731
358
S ince the object of all contemplation is the production of that state of intimate communion in which
the mystics declare that the self is in God and God is in her, it might be supposed that the orison
of union represented the end of mystical activity, in so far as it is concerned with the attainment of
a transitory but exalted consciousness of oneness with the Absolute. Nearly all the great
contemplatives, however, describe as a distinct, and regard as a more advanced phase of the spiritual
consciousness, the group of definitely ecstatic states in which the concentration of interest on the
Transcendent is so complete, the gathering up and pouring out of life on this one point so intense,
that the subject is more or less entranced, and becomes, for the time of the ecstasy, unconscious of
the external world. In ordinary contemplation he refused to attend to that external world: it was
there, a blurred image, at the fringe of his conscious field, but he deliberately left it on one side. In
ecstasy he cannot attend to it. None of its messages reach him: not even those most insistent of all
messages which are translated into the terms of bodily pain.
All mystics agree in regarding such ecstasy as an exceptionally favourable state; the one in
which mans spirit is caught up to the most immediate union with the divine. The word has become
359
a synonym for joyous exaltation, for the inebriation of the Infinite. The induced ecstasies of the
Dionysian mysteries, the metaphysical raptures of the Neoplatonists, the voluntary or involuntary
trance of Indian mystics and Christian saintsall these, however widely they may differ in
transcendental value, agree in claiming such value, in declaring that this change in the quality of
consciousness brought with it a valid and ineffable apprehension of the Real. Clearly, this
apprehension will vary in quality and content with the place of the subject in the spiritual scale.
The ecstasy is merely the psycho-physical condition which accompanies it. It is hardly a paradox
to say, says Myers, that the evidence for ecstasy is stronger than the evidence for any other
religious belief. Of all the subjective experiences of religion, ecstasy is that which has been most
urgently, perhaps to the psychologist most convincingly asserted; and it is not confined to any one
religion. . . . From the medicine man of the lowest savages up to St. John, St. Peter, and St. Paul,
with Buddha and Mahomet on the way, we find records which, though morally and intellectually
much differing, are in psychological essence the same.
732
731
Op. cit., loc. cit.
732
Human Personality and its Survival of Bodily Death, vol. ii. p. 260.
258
There are three distinct aspects under which the ecstatic state may be studied: ( a ) the
physical, ( b ) the psychological, ( c ) the mystical. Many of the deplorable misunderstandings and
still more deplorable mutual recriminations which surround its discussion come from the refusal
of experts in one of these three branches to consider the results arrived at by the other two.
A. Physically considered, ecstasy is a trance; more or less deep, more or less prolonged.
The subject may slide into it gradually from a period of absorption in, or contemplation of, some
idea which has filled the field of consciousness: or, it may come on suddenly, the appearance of
the ideaor even some word or symbol suggesting the ideaabruptly throwing the subject into
an entranced condition. This is the state which some mystical writers call Rapture. The distinction,
however, is a conventional one: and the works of the mystics describe many intermediate forms.
During the trance, breathing and circulation are depressed. The body is more or less cold
and rigid, remaining in the exact position which it occupied at the oncoming of the ecstasy, however
difficult and unnatural this pose may be. Sometimes entrancement is so deep that there is complete
anaesthesia, as in the case which I quote from the life of St. Catherine of Siena.
733
Credible witnesses
report that Bernadette, the visionary of Lourdes, held the flaming end of a candle in her hand for
360
fifteen minutes during one of her ecstasies. She felt no pain, neither did the flesh show any marks
of burning. Similar instances of ecstatic anesthesia abound in the lives of the saints, and are also
characteristic of certain pathological states.
734
The trance includes, according to the testimony of the ecstatics, two distinct phases( a )
the short period of lucidity and ( b ) a longer period of complete unconsciousness, which may pass
into a death like catalepsy, lasting for hours; or, as once with St. Teresa, for days. The difference
between union and trance, says Teresa, is this: that the latter lasts longer and is more visible
outwardly, because the breathing gradually diminishes, so that it becomes impossible to speak or
to open the eyes. And though this very thing occurs when the soul is in union, there is more violence
in a trance, for the natural warmth vanishes, I know not how, when the rapture is deep, and in all
these kinds of orison there is more or less of this. When it is deep, as I was saying, the hands become
cold and sometimes stiff and straight as pieces of wood; as to the body if the rapture comes on
when it is standing or kneeling it remains so; and the soul is so full of the joy of that which Our
Lord is setting before it, that it seems to forget to animate the body and abandons it. If the rapture
lasts, the nerves are made to feel it.
735
Such ecstasy as this, so far as its physical symptoms go, is not of course the peculiar privilege
of the mystics. It is an abnormal bodily state, caused by a psychic state: and this causal psychic
state may be healthy or unhealthy, the result of genius or disease. It is common in the little understood
type of personality called sensitive or mediumistic: it is a well-known symptom of certain mental
and nervous illnesses. A feeble mind concentrated on one idealike a hypnotic subject gazing at
one spoteasily becomes entranced; however trivial the idea which gained possession of his
consciousness. Apart from its content, then, ecstasy carries no guarantee of spiritual value. It merely
indicates the presence of certain abnormal psycho-physical conditions: an alteration of the normal
equilibrium, a shifting of the threshold of consciousness, which leaves the body, and the whole
usual external world outside instead of inside the conscious field, and even affects those physical
733
Vide infra, p. 365.
734
An interesting modern case is reported in the Lancet, 18 March, 1911.
735
Relaccion, viii. 8.
259
functionssuch as breathingwhich are almost entirely automatic. Thus ecstasy, physically
considered, may occur in any person in whom (1) the threshold of consciousness is exceptionally
mobile and (2) there is a tendency to dwell upon one governing idea or intuition. Its worth depends
entirely on the objective value of that idea or intuition.
In the hysterical patient, thanks to an unhealthy condition of the centres of consciousness,
361
any trivial or irrational idea, any one of the odds and ends stored up in the subliminal region, may
thus become fixed, dominate the mind, and produce entrancement. Such ecstasy is an illness: the
emphasis is on the pathological state which makes it possible. In the mystic, the idea which fills
his life is so great a onethe idea of Godthat, in proportion as it is vivid, real, and intimate, it
inevitably tends to monopolize the field of consciousness. Here the emphasis is on the overpowering
strength of spirit, not on the feeble and unhealthy state of body or mind.
736
This true ecstasy, says
Godferneaux, is not a malady, but the extreme form of a state which must be classed amongst the
ordinary accidents of conscious life.
737
The mystics themselves are fully aware of the importance of this distinction. Ecstasies, no
less than visions and voices, must they declare, be subjected to unsparing criticism before they are
recognized as divine: whilst some are undoubtedly of God, others are no less clearly of the
devil. The great doctors of the mystic life, says Malaval, teach that there are two sorts of rapture,
which must be carefully distinguished. The first are produced in persons but little advanced in the
Way, and still full of selfhood; either by the force of a heated imagination which vividly apprehends
a sensible object, or by the artifice of the Devil. These are the raptures which St. Teresa calls, in
various parts of her works, Raptures of Feminine Weakness. The other sort of Rapture is, on the
contrary, the effect of pure intellectual vision in those who have a great and generous love for God.
To generous souls who have utterly renounced themselves, God never fails in these raptures to
communicate high things.
738
All the mystics agree with Malaval in finding the test of a true ecstasy, not in its outward
sign, but in its inward grace, its after-value: and here psychology would do well to follow their
example. The ecstatic states, which are supreme instances of the close connection between body
and soul, have bodily as well as mental results: and those results are as different and as characteristic
as those observed in healthy and in morbid organic processes. If the concentration has been upon
the highest centre of consciousness, the organ of spiritual perceptionif a door has really been
opened by which the self has escaped for an instant to the vision of That Which Isthe ecstasy
362
will be good for life. The entrancement of disease, on the contrary is always bad for life. Its
concentration being upon the lower instead of the higher levels of mentality, it depresses rather
than enhances the vitality, the fervour, or the intelligence of its subject: and leaves behind it an
enfeebled will, and often moral and intellectual chaos.
739
Ecstasies that do not produce considerable
profit either to the persons themselves or others, deserve to be suspected, says Augustine Baker,
736
St. Thomas proves ecstasies to be inevitable on just this psychological ground. The higher our mind is raised to the
contemplation of spiritual things, he says, the more it is abstracted from sensible things. But the final term to which contemplation
can possibly arrive is the divine substance. Therefore the mind that sees the divine substance must be totally divorced from the
bodily senses, either by death or by some rapture (Sultana contra Gentiles, I. iii. cap. xlvii., Rickabys translation).
737
Sur la Psychologie du Mysticisme (Revue Philosophique, February, 1902).
738
Malaval, La Pratique de la Vraye Thologie Mystique, vol. i. p. 89.
739
Pierre Janet (The Major Symptoms of Hysteria, p. 316) says that a lowering of the mental level in an invariable symptom
or stigma of hysteria.
260
and when any marks of their approaching are perceived, the persons ought to divert their minds
some other way.
740
It is the difference between a healthy appetite for nourishing food and a morbid
craving for garbage. The same organs of digestion are used in satisfying both: yet he would be a
hardy physiologist who undertook to discredit all nutrition by a reference to its degenerate forms.
Sometimes both kinds of ecstasy, the healthy and the psychopathic, are seen in the same
person. Thus in the cases of St. Catherine of Genoa and St. Catherine of Siena it would seem that
as their health became feebler and the nervous instability always found in persons of genius increased,
their ecstasies became more frequent; but these were not healthy ecstasies, such as those which
they experienced in the earlier stages of their careers, and which brought with them an access of
vitality. They were the results of increasing weakness of body, not of the overpowering strength
of the spirit: and there is evidence that Catherine of Genoa, that acute self-critic, was conscious of
this. Those who attended on her did not know how to distinguish one state from the other. And
hence on coming to; she would sometimes say, Why did you let me remain in this quietude, from
which I have almost died?
741
Her earlier ecstasies, on the contrary, had in a high degree the
positive character of exaltation and life-enhancement consequent upon extreme concentration on
the Absolute; as well as the merely negative character of annihilation of the surface-consciousness.
She came from them with renewed health and strength, as from a resting in heavenly places and a
feeding on heavenly food: and side by side with this ecstatic life, fulfilled the innumerable duties
of her active vocation as hospital matron and spiritual mother of a large group of disciples. Many
times, says her legend, she would hide herself in some secret place and there stay: and being
sought she was found upon the ground, her face hidden in her hands, altogether beyond herself, in
such a state of joy as is beyond thought or speech: and being calledyea, even in a loud voiceshe
363
heard not. And at other times she would go up and down. . . . as if beyond herself, drawn by the
impulse of love, she did this. And certain other times she remained for the space of six hours as if
dead: but hearing herself called, suddenly she got up, and answering she would at once go about
all that needed to be done even the humblest things.
742
And in thus leaving the All, she went without
any grief, because she fled all selfhood (la propriet) as if it were the devil. And when she came
forth from her hiding-place her face was rosy as it might be a cherubs; and it seemed as if she
might have said, Who shall separate me from the love of God?
743
Very often, says St. Teresa,
describing the results of such rapturous communion with Pure Love as that from which St. Catherine
came joyous and rosy-faced, he who was before sickly and full of pain comes forth healthy and
even with new strength: for it is something great that is given to the soul in rapture.
744
B. Psychologically considered, all ecstasy is a formthe most perfect formof the state
which is technically called complete mono-ideism, That withdrawal of consciousness from
circumference to centre, that deliberate attention to one thing , which we discussed in Recollection,
is here pushedvoluntarily or involuntarilyto its logical conclusion. It is (1) always paid for by
740
Holy Wisdom, Treatise iii. iv. cap. iii.
741
Von Hgel, The Mystical Element of Religion, vol. i. p. 206 .
742
This power of detecting and hearing the call of duty, though she was deaf to everything else, is evidently related to the
peculiarity noticed by Ribot; who says that an ecstatic hears no sounds, save, in some cases, the voice of one specific person,
which is always able to penetrate the trance. (Les Maladies de la Volont, p. 125.)
743
744
Vida, cap. xx. 29.
261
psycho-physical disturbances; (2) rewarded in healthy cases by an enormous lucidity, a supreme
intuition in regard to the one thing on which the selfs interest has been set.
Such ecstasy, then, is an exalted form of contemplation, and might be expected in appropriate
subjects to develop naturally from that state. A simple difference of degree, says Maury, separates
ecstasy from the action of forcibly fixing an idea in the mind. Contemplation implies exercise of
will, and the power of interrupting the extreme tension of the mind. In ecstasy, which is
contemplation carried to its highest pitch, the will, although in the strictest sense able to provoke
the state, is nevertheless unable to suspend it.
745
In complete mono-ideism then, the attention to one thing and the inattention to all else,
is so entire that the subject is entranced. Consciousness has been withdrawn from those centres
which receive and respond to the messages of the external world: he neither sees, feels, nor hears.
The Ego dormio et cor meum vigilat of the contemplative ceases to be a metaphor, and becomes
364
a realistic description. It must be remembered that the whole trend of mystical education has been
toward the production of this fixity of attention. Recollection and Quiet lead up to it. Contemplation
cannot take place without it. All the mystics assure us that a unification of consciousness, in which
all outward things are forgot, is the necessary prelude of union with the Divine; for consciousness
of the Many and consciousness of the One are mutually exclusive states. Ecstasy, for the
psychologist, is such a unification in its extreme form. The absorption of the self in the one idea,
the one desire, is so profoundand in the case of the great mystics so impassionedthat everything
else is blotted out. The tide of life is withdrawn, not only from those higher centres which are the
seats of perception and of thought, but also from those lower centres which govern the physical
life. The whole vitality of the subject is so concentrated on the transcendental worldor, in a
morbid ecstatic, on the idea which dominates his mindthat body and brain alike are depleted of
their energy in the interests of this supreme act.
Since mystics have, as a rule, the extreme susceptibility to suggestions and impressions
which is characteristic of artistic and creative types, it is not surprising that their ecstasies are often
evoked, abruptly, by the exhibition of, or concentration upon, some loved and special symbol of
the divine. Such symbols form the rallying-points about which are gathered a whole group of ideas
and intuitions. Their presencesometimes the sudden thought of themwill be enough, in
psychological language, to provoke a discharge of energy along some particular path: that is to say,
to stir to life all those ideas and intuitions which belong to the selfs consciousness of the Absolute,
to concentrate vitality on them, and introduce the self into that world of perception of which they
are, as it were, the material keys. Hence the profound significance of symbols for some mystics:
their paradoxical clinging to outward forms, whilst declaring that the spiritual and intangible alone
is real.
For the Christian mystics, the sacraments and mysteries of faith have always provided such
a point dappui; and these often play a large part in the production of their ecstasies. For St. Catherine
of Siena, and also very often for her namesake of Genoa, the reception of Holy Communion was
the prelude to ecstasy. Julian of Norwich
746
and St. Francis of Assissi
747
became entranced whilst
gazing on the crucifix. We are told of Denis the Carthusian that towards the end of his life, hearing
745
A. Maury, Le Sommeil et les Rves, p. 235.
746
Revelations of Divine Love, cap. iii.
747
Vide supra, p. 181.
262
the Veni Creator or certain verses of the psalms, he was at once rapt in God and lifted up from the
365
earth.
748
Of St. Catherine of Siena, her biographer says that she used to communicate with such
fervour that immediately afterwards she would pass into the state of ecstasy, in which for hours
she would be totally unconscious. On one occasion, finding her in this condition, they (the Dominican
friars) forcibly threw her out of the church at midday, and left her in the heat of the sun watched
over by some of her companions till she came to her senses. Another, catching sight of her in the
church when she was in ecstasy, came down and pricked her in many places with a needle. Catherine
was not aroused in the least from her trance, but afterwards, when she came back to her senses, she
felt the pain in her body and perceived that she had thus been wounded.
749
It is interesting to compare with this objective description, the subjective account of ecstatic
union which St. Catherine gives in her Divine Dialogue. Here, the deeper self of the mystic is
giving in a dramatic form its own account of its inward experiences: hence we see the inward side
of that outward state of entrancement, which was all that onlookers were able to perceive. As usual
in the Dialogue, the intuitive perceptions of the deeper self are attributed by St. Catherine to the
Divine Voice speaking in her soul.
Oftentimes, through the perfect union which the soul has made with Me, she is raised from
the earth almost as if the heavy body became light. But this does not mean that the heaviness of
the body is taken away, but that the union of the soul with Me is more perfect than the union of the
body with the soul; wherefore the strength of the spirit, united with Me, raises the weight of the
body from the earth, leaving it as if immoveable and all pulled to pieces in the affection of the soul.
Thou rememberest to have heard it said of some creatures, that were it not for My Goodness, in
seeking strength for them, they would not be able to live; and I would tell thee that, in the fact that
the souls of some do not leave their bodies, is to be seen a greater miracle than in the fact that some
have arisen from the dead, so great is the union which they have with Me. I, therefore, sometimes
for a space withdraw from the union, making the soul return to the vessel of her body . . . from
which she was separated by the affection of love. From the body she did not depart, because that
cannot be except in death; the bodily powers alone departed, becoming united to Me through
affection of love. The memory is full of nothing but Me, the intellect, elevated, gazes upon the
object of My Truth; the affection, which follows the intellect, loves and becomes united with that
which the intellect sees. These powers being united and gathered together and immersed and
366
inflamed in Me, the body loses its feeling, so that the seeing eye sees not, and the hearing ear hears
not, and the tongue does not speak; except as the abundance of the heart will sometimes permit it,
for the alleviation of the heart and the praise and glory of My Name. The hand does not touch and
the feet walk not, because the members are bound with the sentiment of Love.
750
A healthy ecstasy so deep as this seems to be the exclusive prerogative of the mystics:
perhaps because so great a passion, so profound a concentration, can be produced by nothing smaller
than their flaming love of God. But as the technique of contemplation is employed more or less
consciously by all types of creative geniusby inventors and philosophers, by poets, prophets, and
musicians, by all the followers of the Triple Star, no less than by the mystic saintsso too this
748
D. A. Mougel, Denys le Chartreux, p. 32.
749
E. Gardner, St. Catherine of Siena, p. 50.
750
Dialogo, cap. lxxix.
263
apotheosis of contemplation, the ecstatic state, sometimes appears in a less violent form, acting
healthily and normally, in artistic and creative personalities at a complete stage of development. It
may accompany the prophetic intuitions of the seer, the lucidity of the great metaphysician, the
artists supreme perception of beauty or truth. As the saint is caught up to God, so these are
caught up to their vision: their partial apprehensions of the Absolute Life. Those joyous, expansive
outgoing sensations, characteristic of the ecstatic consciousness, are theirs also. Their greatest
creations are translations to us, not of something they have thought, but of something they have
known, in a moment of ecstatic union with the great life of the All.
We begin, then, to think that the pure mono-ideism, which the psychologist identifies
with ecstasy, though doubtless a part, is far from being the whole content of this state, True, the
ecstatic is absorbed in his one idea, his one love: he is in it and with it: it fills his universe. But this
unified state of consciousness does not merely pore upon something already possessed. When it
only does this, it is diseased. Its true business is pure perception. It is outgoing, expansive: its goal
is something beyond itself. The rearrangement of the psychic self which occurs in ecstasy is not
merely concerned with the normal elements of consciousness. It is rather a temporary unification
of consciousness round that centre of transcendental perception which mystics call the apex or
the spark of the soul. Those deeper layers of personality which normal life keeps below the
threshold are active in it: and these are fused with the surface personality by the governing passion,
the transcendent love which lies at the basis of all sane ecstatic states. The result is not merely a
367
mind concentrated on one idea nor a heart fixed on one desire, nor even a mind and a heart united
in the interests of a beloved thought: but a whole being welded into one, all its faculties, neglecting
their normal universe, grouped about a new centre, serving a new life, and piercing like a single
flame the barriers of the sensual world. Ecstasy is the psycho-physical state which may accompany
this brief synthetic act.
C. Therefore, whilst on its physical side ecstasy is an entrancement, on its mental side a
complete unification of consciousness, on its mystical side it is an exalted act of perception. It
represents the greatest possible extension of the spiritual consciousness in the direction of Pure
Being: the blind intent stretching here receives its reward in a profound experience of Eternal
Life. In this experience the departmental activities of thought and feeling the consciousness of
I-hood, of space and timeall that belongs to the World of Becoming and our own place thereinare
suspended. The vitality which we are accustomed to split amongst these various things, is gathered
up to form a state of pure apprehension: a vivid intuition ofor if you like conjunction withthe
Transcendent. For the time of his ecstasy the mystic is, for all practical purposes, as truly living in
the supersensual world as the normal human animal is living in the sensual world. He is experiencing
the highest and most joyous of those temporary and unstable statesthose passive unionsin
which his consciousness escapes the limitations of the senses, rises to freedom, and is united for
an instant with the great life of the All.
Ecstasy, then, from the contemplatives point of view, is the development and completion
of the orison of union, and he is not always at pains to distinguish the two degrees, a fact which
adds greatly to the difficulties of students.
751
In both statesthough he may, for want of better
language, describe his experience in terms of sightthe Transcendent is perceived by contact, not
751
In the case of Dante, for instance, we do not know whether his absorption in the Eternal light did or did not entail the
condition of trance.
264
by vision: as, enfolded in darkness with one whom we love, we obtain a knowledge far more
complete than that conferred by the sharpest sight the most perfect mental analysis. In Ecstasy, the
apprehension is perhaps more definitely beatific than in the orison of union. Such memory of his
feeling-state as the ecstatic brings back with him is more often concerned with an exultant
certaintya conviction that he has known for once the Reality which hath no image, and solved
the paradox of lifethan with meek self-loss in that Cloud of Unknowing where the contemplative
in union is content to meet his Beloved. The true note of ecstasy, however, its only valid distinction
368
from infused contemplation, lies in entrancement; in being ravished out of fleshly feeling, as
St. Paul caught up to the Third Heaven,
752
not in the lifting of mind unto God. This, of course,
is an outward distinction only, and a rough one at that, since entrancement has many degrees: but
it will be found the only practical basis of classification.
Probably none but those who have experienced these states know the actual difference
between them. Even St. Teresas psychological insight fails her here, and she is obliged to fall back
on the difference between voluntary and involuntary absorption in the divine: a difference, not in
spiritual values, but merely in the psycho-physical constitution of those who have perceived these
values. I wish I could explain with the help of God, she says, wherein union differs from rapture,
or from transport, or from flight of the spirit, as they call it, or from trance, which are all one. I
mean that all these are only different names for that one and the same thing, which is also called
ecstasy. It is more excellent than union, the fruits of it are much greater, and its other operations
more manifold, for union is uniform in the beginning, the middle, and the end, and is so also
interiorly; but as raptures have ends of a much higher kind, they produce effects both within and
without [ i.e. , both physical and psychical]. . . . A rapture is absolutely irresistible; whilst union,
inasmuch as we are then on our own ground, may be hindered, though that resistance be painful
and violent.
753
From the point of view of mystical psychology, our interest in ecstasy will centre in two
points. (1) What has the mystic to tell us of the Object of his ecstatic perception? (2) What is the
nature of the peculiar consciousness which he enjoys in his trance? That is to say, what news does
he bring us as to the Being of God and the powers of man?
It may be said generally that on both these points he bears out, amplifies, and expresses
under formulae of greater splendour, with an accent of greater conviction, the general testimony
of the contemplatives. In fact, we must never forget that an ecstatic is really nothing else than a
contemplative of a special kind, with a special psycho-physical make-up. Moreover, we have seen
that it is not always easy to determine the exact point at which entrancement takes place, and deep
contemplation assumes the ecstatic form. The classification, like all classifications of mental states,
is an arbitrary one. Whilst the extreme cases present no difficulty, there are others less complete,
which form a graduated series between the deeps of the Quiet and the heights of Rapture. We
shall never know, for instance, whether the ecstasies of Plotinus and of Pascal involved true bodily
369
entrancement, or only a deep absorption of the unitive kind. So, too, the language of many
Christian mystics when speaking of their raptures is so vague and metaphorical that it leaves us
in great doubt as to whether they mean by Rapture the abrupt suspension of normal consciousness,
or merely a sudden and agreeable elevation of soul.
752
2 Cor. xii. 1-6.
753
Vida, cap. xx. 1 and 3.
265
Ravishing, says Rolle, as it is showed, in two ways is to be understood. One manner,
forsooth, in which a man is ravished out of fleshly feeling; so that for the time of his ravishing
plainly he feels nought in flesh, nor what is done of his flesh, and yet he is not dead but quick, for
yet the soul to the body gives life. And on this manner saints sometime are ravished, to their profit
and other mens learning; as Paul ravished to the third heaven. And on this manner sinners also in
vision sometime are ravished, that they may see joys of saints and pains of damned for their
correction.
754
And many other as we read of. Another manner of ravishing there is, that is lifting
of mind into God by contemplation. And this manner of ravishing is in all that are perfect lovers
of God, and in none of them but that love God. And as well this is called a ravishing as the other;
for with a violence it is done, and as it were against nature.
755
It is, however, very confusing to the anxious inquirer whenas too oftenlifting of mind
by contemplation is as well called a ravishing as the other, and ecstasy is used as a synonym
for gladness of heart. Here, so far as is possible, these words will be confined to their strict meaning,
and not applied generally to the description of all the outgoing and expansive states of the
transcendental consciousness.
What does the mystic claim that he attains in this abnormal conditionthis irresistible
trance? The price that he pays is heavy, involving much psycho-physical wear and tear. He declares
that his rapture or ecstasy includes a momentoften a very short, and always an indescribable
momentin which he enjoys a supreme knowledge of or participation in Divine Reality. He tells
us under various metaphors that he then attains Pure Being, his Source, his Origin, his Beloved:
is engulphed in the very thing for which he longs, which is God.
756
Oh, wonder of wonders,
cries Eckhart, when I think of the union the soul has with God! He makes the enraptured soul to
370
flee out of herself, for she is no more satisfied with anything that can be named. The spring of
Divine Love flows out of the soul and draws her out of herself into the unnamed Being, into her
first source, which is God alone.
757
This momentary attainment of the Source, the Origin, is the theme of all descriptions of
mystic ecstasy. In Rulman Merswins Book of the Nine Rocks, that brief and overwhelming
rapture is the end of the pilgrims long trials and ascents. The vision of the Infinite lasted only for
a moment: when he came to himself he felt inundated with life and joy. He asked, Where have I
been? and he was answered, In the upper school of the Holy Spirit. There you were surrounded
by the dazzling pages of the Book of Divine Wisdom.
758
Your soul plunged therein with delight,
and the Divine Master of the school has filled her with an exuberant love by which even your
physical nature has been transfigured.
759
Another Friend of God, Ellina von Crevelsheim, who
was of so abnormal a psychic constitution that her absorption in the Divine Love caused her to
remain dumb for seven years, was touched by the Hand of God at the end of that period, and fell
into a five-days ecstasy, in which pure truth was revealed to her, and she was lifted up to an
754
Compare Dante, Letter to Can Grande, sect. 28, where he adduces this fact of the ravishing of sinners for their correction,
in support of his claim that the Divine Comedy is the fruit of experience, and that he had indeed navigated the great Sea of
Being of which he writes.
755
Richard Rolle, The Fire of Love, bk. ii. cap. vii.
756
Dante, loc. cit.
757
Eckhart, On the Steps of the Soul (Pfeiffer, p. 153).
758
Compare Par. xxxiii. 85 ( vide supra , p. 135).
759
Jundt, Rulman Merswin, p. 27. Note that this was a good ecstasy, involving healthful effects for life.
266
immediate experience of the Absolute. There she saw the interior of the Fathers heart, and was
bound with chains of love, enveloped in light, and filled with peace and joy.
760
In this transcendent act of union, the mystic sometimes says that he is conscious of nothing.
But it is clear that this expression is figurative, for otherwise he would not have known that there
had been an act of union: were his individuality abolished, it could not have been aware of its
attainment of God. What he appears to mean is that consciousness so changes its form as to be no
longer recognizable or describable in human speech. In the paradoxical language of Richard of St.
Victor, In a wondrous fashion remembering we do not remember, seeing we do not see,
understanding we not understand, penetrating we do not penetrate.
761
In this indescribable but
most actual state, the whole self, exalted and at white heat, is unified and poured out in one vivid
act of impassioned perception, which leaves no room for reflection or self-observation. That aloof
somewhat in us which watches all our actions, splits our consciousness, has been submerged.
371
The mystic is attending exclusively to Eternity, not to his own perception of Eternity. That he can
only consider when the ecstasy itself is at an end.
All things I then forgot,
My cheek on Him Who for my coming came,
All ceased, and I was not,
Leaving my cares and shame
Among the lilies, and forgetting them.
762
This is that perfect unity of consciousness, that utter concentration on an experience of love,
which excludes all conceptual and analytic acts. Hence, when the mystic says that his faculties
were suspended, that he knew all and knew nought, he really means that he was so concentrated
on the Absolute that he ceased to consider his separate existence: so merged in it that he could not
perceive it as an object of thought, as the bird cannot see the air which supports it, nor the fish the
ocean in which it swims. He really knows all but thinks nought: perceives all, but conceives
nought.
The ecstatic consciousness is not self-conscious: it is intuitive not discursive. Under the
sway of a great passion, possessed by a great Idea, it has become a single state of enormous
intensity.
763
In this state, it transcends our ordinary processes of knowledge, and plunges deep
into the Heart of Reality. A fusion which is the anticipation of the unitive life takes place: and the
ecstatic returns from this brief foretaste of freedom saying, I know, as having known, the meaning
of Existence; the sane centre of the universeat once the wonder and the assurance of the soul.
764
This utter transformation of the soul in God, says St. Teresa, describing the same experience
in the official language of theology, continues only for an instant: yet while it continues no faculty
of the soul is aware of it, or knows what is passing there. Nor can it be understood while we are
living on the earth; at least God will not have us understand it, because we must be incapable of
understanding it. I know is by experience.
765
Theutterances of those who know by experience are
760
Jundt, Les Amis de Dieu, p. 39. Given also by Rufus Jones, Studies in Mystical Religion, p. 271.
761
Benjamin Major.
762
St. John of the Cross, En una Noche Escura.
763
Ribot, Psychologie de lAttention, cap. iii.
764
B. P. Blood. See William James, A Pluralistic Mystic, in the Hibbert Journal, July, 1910 .
765
Vida, cap. xx. 24.
267
here of more worth than all the statements of psychology, which are concerned of necessity with
the outward signs of this inward and spiritual grace. To these we must go if we would obtain
some hint of that which ecstasy may mean to the ecstatic.
When the soul, forgetting itself, dwells in that radiant darkness, says Suso, it loses all
372
its faculties and all its qualities, as St. Bernard has said. And this, more or less completely, according
to whether the soulwhether in the body or out of the bodyis more or less united to God. This
forgetfulness of self is, in a measure, a transformation in God; who then becomes, in a certain
manner, all things for the soul, as Scripture saith. In this rapture the soul disappears, but not yet
entirely. It acquires, it is true, certain qualities of divinity, but does not naturally become divine. .
. . To speak in the common language, the soul is rapt, by the divine power of resplendent Being,
above its natural faculties, into the nakedness of the Nothing.
766
Here Suso is trying to describe his rapturous attainment of God in the negative terms of
Dionysian theology. It is probable that much of the language of that theology originated, not in the
abstract philosophizings, but in the actual ecstatic experience, of the Neoplatonists, whoChristian
and Pagan alikebelieved in, and sometimes deliberately induced, this condition as the supreme
method of attaining the One. The whole Christian doctrine of ecstasy, on its metaphysical side,
really descends from that great practical transcendentalist Plotinus: who is known to have been an
ecstatic, and has left in his Sixth Ennead a description of the mystical trance obviously based upon
his own experiences. Then, he says, the soul neither sees, nor distinguishes by seeing, nor
imagines that there are two things; but becomes as it were another thing, ceases to be itself and
belong to itself. It belongs to God and is one with Him, like two concentric circles: concurring they
are One; but when they separate, they are two. . . . Since in this conjunction with Deity there were
not two things, but the perceiver was one with the thing perceived, if a man could preserve the
memory of what he was when he mingled with the Divine, he would have within himself an image
of God. . . . For then nothing stirred within him, neither anger, nor desire, nor even reason, nor a
certain intellectual perception nor, in short, was he himself moved, if we may assert this; but being
in an ecstasy, tranquil and alone with God, he enjoyed an unbreakable calm.
767
Ecstasy, says
Plotinus in another part of the same treatise, is another mode of seeing, a simplification and
abandonment of oneself, a desire of contact, rest, and a striving after union. All the phases of the
contemplative experience seem to be summed up in this phrase.
It has been said by some critics that the ecstasy of Plotinus was different in kind from the
ecstasy of the Christian saints: that it was a philosophic rhapsody, something like Platos saving
madness, which is also regarded on somewhat insufficient evidence as being an affair of the head
373
and entirely unconnected with the heart. At first sight the arid metaphysical language in which
Plotinus tries to tell his love, offers some ground for this view. Nevertheless the ecstasy itself is a
practical matter; and has its root, not in reason, but in a deep-seated passion for the Absolute which
is far nearer to the mystics love of God than to any intellectual curiosity, however sublime. The
few passages in which it is mentioned tell us what his mystical genius drove him to do: and not
what his philosophical mind encouraged him to think or say. At once when we come to these
passages we notice a rise of temperature, an alteration of values. Plotinus the ecstatic is sure whatever
Plotinus the metaphysician may think, that the union with God is a union of hearts: that by love
766
Leben, cap. vl.
767
Ennead vi. 9
268
He may be gotten and holden, but by thought never. He, no less than the mediaeval contemplatives,
is convincedto quote his own wordsthat the Vision is only for the desirous; for him who has
that loving passion which causes the lover to rest in the object of his love.
768
The simile of
marriage, of conjunction as the souls highest bliss, which we are sometimes told that we owe in
part to the unfortunate popularity of the Song of Songs, in part to the sexual aberrations of celibate
saints, is found in the work of this hardheaded Pagan philosopher: who was as celebrated for his
practical kindness and robust common sense as for his transcendent intuitions of the One.
The greatest of the Pagan ecstatics then, when speaking from experience, anticipates the
Christian contemplatives. His words, too, when compared with theirs, show how delicate are the
shades which distinguish ecstasy such as this from the highest forms of orison. Tranquil and alone
with Godmingled for an instant of time like two concentric circles with the Divine Life,
perceiver and perceived made onethis is as near as the subtle intellect of Alexandria can come
to the reality of that experience in which the impassioned mono-ideism of great spiritual genius
conquers the rebellious senses, and becomes, if only for a moment, operative on the highest levels
accessible to the human soul. Self-mergence, thenthat state of transcendence in which, the barriers
of selfhood abolished, we receive the communication of Life and of Beatitude, in which all things
are consummated and all things are renewed
769
is the secret of ecstasy, as it was the secret of
contemplation. On their spiritual side the two states cannot, save for convenience of description,
be divided. Where contemplation becomes expansive, out-going, self-giving, and receives a definite
fruition of the Absolute in return, its content is already ecstatic. Whether its outward form shall be
374
so depends on the body of the mystic, not on his soul.
Se l atto della mente
tutto consopito,
en Dio stando rapito,
ch en s non se retrova.
. . . .
En mezo de sto mare
essendo s abissato,
gi non ce trova lato
onde ne possa uscire,
De s non pu pensare
n dir como formato,
per che, trasformato,
altro s ha vestire.
Tutto lo suo sentire
en ben s va notando,
belleza contemplando
la qual non ha colore.
770
768
Op. cit., loc. cit.
769
Ruysbroeck, De Calculo, cap. xii.
770
The activity of the mind is lulled to rest: rapt in God, It can no longer find itself. . . . Being so deeply engulphed in that
ocean, now it can find no place to issue therefrom. Of itself it cannot think, nor can it say what it is like: because transformed,
269
Thus sang Jacopone da Todi of the ecstatic soul: and here the descriptive powers of one who
was both a poet and a mystic bring life and light to the dry theories of psychology.
He continuesand here, in perhaps the finest of all poetic descriptions of ecstasy, he seems
to echo at one point Plotinus, at another Richard of St. Victor: at once to veil and reveal the utmost
secrets of the mystic life:
Aperte son le porte
facta ha conjunzione,
et e in possessione
de tutto quel de Dio.
Sente que non sentio,
que non cognove vede,
possede que non crede,
gusta senza sapere.
Per ch ha s perduto
tutto senza misura,
possede quel altura
de summa smesuranza.
Perch non ha tenuto
en s altra mistura,
quel ben senza figura
375
recere en abondanza.
771
This ineffable awareness, en dio stando rapito , this union with the Imageless Good, is
not the onlythough it is the purestform taken by ecstatic apprehension. Many of the visions
and voices described in a previous chapter were experienced in the entranced or ecstatic state;
generally when the first violence of the rapture was passed. St. Francis and St. Catherine of Siena
both received the stigmata in ecstasy: almost all the entrancements of Suso and many of those of
St. Teresa and Angela of Foligno, entailed symbolic vision, rather than pure perception of the
Absolute. More and more, then, we are forced to the opinion that ecstasy, in so far as it is not a
synonym for joyous and expansive contemplation, is really the name of the outward condition
rather than of any one kind of inward experience.
Rapture
In all the cases which we have been consideringand they are characteristic of a large
groupthe onset of ecstasy has been seen as a gradual, though always involuntary process. Generally
it has been the culminating point of a period of contemplation. The self, absorbed in the orison of
it hath another vesture. All its perceptions have gone forth to gaze upon the Good, and contemplate that Beauty which has no
likeness (Lauda xci.).
771
The doors are flung wide: conjoined to God, it possesses all that is in Him. It feels that which it felt not: sees that which
it knew not, possesses that which it believed not, tastes, though it savours not. Because it is wholly lost to itself, it possesses that
height of Unmeasured Perfection. Because it has not retained in itself the mixture of any other thing, it has received in abundance
that Imageless Good ( op. cit .).
270
quiet or of union, or some analogous concentration on its transcendental interests, has passed over
the limit of these states; and slid into a still ecstatic trance, with its outward characteristics of rigid
limbs, cold, and depressed respiration.
The ecstasy, however, instead of developing naturally from a state of intense absorption in
the Divine Vision, may seize the subject abruptly and irresistibly, when in his normal state of
consciousness. This is strictly what ascetic writers mean by Rapture. We have seen that the essence
of the mystic life consists in the remaking of personality: its entrance into a conscious relation with
the Absolute. This process is accompanied in the mystic by the development of an art expressive
of his peculiar genius: the art of contemplation. His practice of this art, like the practice of poetry,
music, or any other form of creation, may follow normal lines, at first amenable to the control of
his will, and always dependent on his own deliberate attention to the supreme Object of his quest;
that is to say, on his orison. His mystic states, however they may end, will owe their beginning to
some voluntary act upon his part: a deliberate response to the invitation of God, a turning from the
376
visible to the invisible world. Sometimes, however, his genius for the transcendent becomes too
strong for the other elements of character, and manifests itself in psychic disturbancesabrupt and
ungovernable invasions from the subliminal regionwhich make its exercise parallel to the fine
frenzy of the prophet, the composer, or the poet. Such is Rapture: a violent and uncontrollable
expression of genius for the Absolute, which temporarily disorganizes and may permanently injure
the nervous system of the self. Often, but not necessarily, Rapturelike its poetic equivalentyields
results of great splendour and value for life. But it is an accident, not an implicit of mystical
experience: an indication of disharmony between the subjects psychophysical make-up and his
transcendental powers.
Rapture, then, may accompany the whole development of selves of an appropriate type.
We have seen that it is a common incident in mystical conversion. The violent uprush of subliminal
intuitions by which such conversion is marked disorganizes the normal consciousness, overpowers
the will and the senses, and entails a more or less complete entrancement. This was certainly the
case with Suso and Rulman Merswin, and perhaps with Pascal: whose Certitude, Peace, Joy sums
up the exalted intuition of Perfection and Realitythe conviction of a final and unforgettable
knowledgewhich is characteristic of all ecstatic perception.
In her Spiritual Relations, St. Teresa speaks in some detail of the different phases or forms
of expression of these violent ecstatic states: trance, which in her system means that which we have
called ecstasy, and transport, or flight of the spirit, which is the equivalent of rapture. The
difference between trance and transport, she says, is this. In a trance the soul gradually dies to
outward things, losing the senses and living unto God. But a transport comes on by one sole act of
His Majesty, wrought in the innermost part of the soul with such swiftness that it is as if the higher
part thereof were carried away, and the soul were leaving the body.
772
Rapture, says St. Teresa in another place, comes in general as a shock, quick and sharp,
before you can collect your thoughts, or help yourself in any way; and you see and feel it as a cloud,
or a strong eagle rising upwards and carrying you away on its wings. I repeat it: you feel and see
yourself carried away, you know not whither.
773
This carrying-away sensation may even assume
the concrete form which is known as levitation: when the upward and outward sensations so dominate
772
Relaccion viii. 8 and 10.
773
Vida, cap. xx. 3.
271
the conscious field that the subject is convinced that she is raised bodily from the ground. It seemed
to me, when I tried to make some resistance, as if a great force beneath my feet lifted me up. I know
377
of nothing with which to compare it; but it was much more violent than the other spiritual visitations,
and I was therefore as one ground to pieces . . . And further, I confess that it threw me into a great
fear, very great indeed at first; for when I saw my body thus lifted up from the earth, how could I
help it? Though the spirit draws it upwards after itself, and that with great sweetness if unresisted,
the senses are not lost; at least I was so much myself as to be able to see that I was being lifted up
.
774
So Rulman Merswin said that in the rapture which accompanied his conversion, he was
carried round the garden with his feet off the ground:
775
and St. Catherine of Siena, in a passage
which I have already quoted, speaks of the strength of the spirit, which raises the body from the
earth.
776
The subjective nature of this feeling of levitation is practically acknowledged by St. Teresa
when she says, When the rapture was over, my body seemed frequently to be buoyant, as if all
weight had departed from it; so much so, that now and then I scarcely knew that my feet touched
the ground. But during the rapture the body is very often as it were dead, perfectly powerless. It
continues in the position it was in when the rapture came upon itif sitting, sitting. Obviously
here the outward conditions of physical immobility coexisted with the subjective sensation of being
lifted Up.
777
The selfs consciousness when in the condition of rapture may vary from the complete
possession of her faculties claimed by St. Teresa to a complete entrancement. However abrupt the
oncoming of the transport, it does not follow that the mystic instantly loses his surface-consciousness.
There remains the power of seeing and hearing; but it is as if the things heard and seen were at a
great distance far away.
778
They have retreated, that is to say, to the fringe of the conscious field,
but may still remain just within it. Though the senses may not be entirely entranced, however, it
seems that the power of movement is always lost. As in ecstasy, breathing and circulation are much
diminished.
By the command of the Bridegroom when He intends ravishing the soul, says St. Teresa,
the doors of the mansions and even those of the keep and of the whole castle are closed; for He
takes away the power of speech, and although occasionally the other faculties are retained rather
378
longer, no word can be uttered. Sometimes the person is at once deprived of all the senses, the
hands and body becoming as cold as if the soul had fled; occasionally no breathing can be detected.
This condition lasts but a short while, I mean in the same degree, for when this profound suspension
diminishes the body seems to come to itself and gain strength to return again to this death which
gives more vigorous life to the soul.
779
774
St. Teresa, op. cit., loc. cit., 7 and 9.
775
Supra , p. 186.
776
Dialogo, cap. lxxix.
777
Vida, cap, xx. 23. At the same time in the present state of our knowledge and in view of numerous attested cases of
levitation, it is impossible to dogmatise on this subject. The supernaturalist view is given in its extreme form by Farges, Mystical
Phenomena, pp. 536 seq.
778
Teresa, loc. cit.
779
St. Teresa, El Castillo Interior, Moradas Sextas, cap. iv.
272
This spiritual storm, then, in St. Teresas opinion, enhances the vitality of those who
experience it: makes them more living than before. It initiates them into heavenly secrets, and
if it does not do this it is no true rapture, but a physical weakness such as women are prone to
owing to their delicacy of constitution. Its sharpness and violence, however, leave considerable
mental disorder behind: This supreme state of ecstasy never lasts long, but although it ceases, it
leaves the will so inebriated, and the mind so transported out of itself that for a day, or sometimes
for several days, such a person is incapable of attending to anything but what excites the will to
the love of God; although wide awake enough to this, she seems asleep as regards all earthly
matters.
780
But when equilibrium is re-established, the true effects of this violent and beatific intuition
of the Absolute begin to invade the normal life. The self which has thus been caught up to awareness
of new levels of Reality, is stimulated to fresh activity by the strength of its impressions. It now
desires an eternal union with that which it has known; with which for a brief moment it seemed to
be merged. The peculiar talent of the mysticpower of apprehending Reality which his
contemplations have ordered and developed, and his ecstasies expresshere reacts upon his
life-process, his slow journey from the Many to the One. His nostalgia has been increased by a
glimpse of the homeland. His intuitive apprehension of the Absolute, which assumes in ecstasy its
most positive form, spurs him on towards that permanent union with the Divine which is his goal.
Such great graces, says St. Teresa, leave the soul avid of total possession of that Divine
Bridegroom who has conferred them.
781
Hence the ecstatic states do not merely lift the self to an abnormal degree of knowledge:
they enrich her life, contribute to the remaking of her consciousness, develop and uphold the strong
and stormy love which drives her home. They give her the clearest vision she can have of that
transcendent standard to which she must conform: entail her sharpest consciousness of the inflow
of that Life on which her little striving life depends. Little wonder, then, thatthough the violence
379
of the onset may often try his body to the fullthe mystic comes forth from a good ecstasy as
Pascal from the experience of the Fire, humbled yet exultant, marvellously strengthened; and ready,
not for any passive enjoyments, but rather for the struggles and hardships of the Way, the deliberate
pain and sacrifice of love.
In the third Degree of Ardent Love, says Richard of St. Victor, love paralyses action. Union
(copula) is the symbol of this state: ecstasy is its expression. The desirous soul, he says finely, no
longer thirsts for God but into God. The pull of its desire draws it into the Infinite Sea. The mind
is borne away into the abyss of Divine Light; and, wholly forgetful of exterior things, knows not
even itself, but passes utterly into its God. In this state, all earthly desire is absorbed in the heavenly
glory. Whilst the mind is separated from itself, and whilst it is borne away into the secret place
of the divine mystery and is surrounded on all sides by the fire of divine love, it is inwardly
penetrated and inflamed by this fire, and utterly puts off itself and puts on a divine love: and being
conformed to that Beauty which it has beheld, it passes utterly into that other glory.
782
Thus does the state of ecstasy contribute to the business of deification; of the remaking of
the souls susbtance in conformity with the Goodness, Truth, and Beauty which is God, Being
780
Op. cit., loc. cit .
781
St. Teresa, op. cit., cap. vi.
782
De Quatuor Gradibus Violentae Charitatis (paraphrase).
273
conformed to that Beauty which it has beheld, it passes utterly into that other glory; into the flaming
heart of Reality, the deep but dazzling darkness of its home.
380
W e have wandered during the last few chapters from our study of the mystical life-process in man,
the organic growth of his transcendental consciousness, in order to examine the byproducts of that
process, its characteristic forms of self-expression: the development of its normal art of
contemplation, and the visions and voices, ecstasies and raptures which are frequentthough not
essentialaccompaniments of its activity.
But the mystic, like other persons of genius, is man first and artist afterwards. We shall
make a grave though common mistake if we forget this and allow ourselves to be deflected from
our study of his growth in personality by the wonder and interest of his art. Being, not Doing, is
the first aim of the mystic; and hence should be the first interest of the student of mysticism. We
have considered for convenience sake all the chief forms of mystical activity at the half-way house
of the transcendental life: but these activities are not, of course, peculiar to any one stage of that
381
life. Ecstasy, for instance, is as common a feature of mystical conversion as of the last crisis, or
mystic marriage of the soul:
783
whilst visions and voicesin selves of a visionary or auditive
typeaccompany and illustrate every phase of the inward development. They lighten and explain
the trials of Purgation as often as they express the joys of Illumination, and frequently mark the
crisis of transition from one mystic state to the next.
One exception, however, must be made to this rule. The most intense period of that great
swing-back into darkness which usually divides the first mystic life, or Illuminative Way, from
the second mystic life, or Unitive Way, is generally a period of utter blankness and stagnation,
so far as mystical activity is concerned. The Dark Night of the Soul, once fully established, is
seldom lit by visions or made homely by voices. It is of the essence of its miseries that the
once-possessed power of orison or contemplation now seems wholly lost. The self is tossed back
from its hard-won point of vantage. Impotence, blankness, solitude, are the epithets by which those
immersed in this dark fire of purification describe their pains. It is this episode in the life-history
of the mystic type to which we have now come.
We have already noticed
784
the chief psychological characteristics of all normal mystical
development. We have seen that its essence consists in the effort to establish a new equilibrium,
to get, as it were, a firm foothold upon transcendent levels of reality; and that in its path towards
this consummation the self experiences a series of oscillations between states of pleasure and
states of pain. Put in another way, it is an orderly movement of the whole consciousness towards
higher centres, in which each intense and progressive affirmation fatigues the immature
transcendental powers, and is paid for by a negation; a swing-back of the whole consciousness, a
stagnation of intellect, a reaction of the emotions, or an inhibition of the will.
Thus the exalted consciousness of Divine Perfection which the self acquired in its mystical
awakening was balanced by a depressed and bitter consciousness of its own inherent imperfection,
and the clash of these two perceptions spurred it to that laborious effort of accommodation which
783
Vide supra , pp. 187 seq ., the cases of Suso and Pascal.
784
Pt. ii. cap. i.
274
constitutes the Purgative Way. The renewed and ecstatic awareness of the Absolute which resulted,
and which was the governing characteristic of Illumination, brought its own proper negation: the
awareness, that is to say, of the selfs continued separation from and incompatibility with that
Absolute which it has perceived. During the time in which the illuminated consciousness is fully
382
established, the self, as a rule, is perfectly content: believing that in its vision of Eternity, its intense
and loving consciousness of God, it has reached the goal of its quest. Sooner or later, however,
psychic fatigue sets in; the state of illumination begins to break up, the complementary negative
consciousness appears, and shows itself as an overwhelming sense of darkness and deprivation.
This sense is so deep and strong that it inhibits all consciousness of the Transcendent; and plunges
the self into the state of negation and misery which is called the Dark Night.
We may look at the Dark Night, as at most other incidents of the Mystic Way, from two
points of view: (1) We may see it, with the psychologist, as a moment in the history of mental
development, governed by the more or less mechanical laws which so conveniently explain to him
the psychic life of man: or (2) with the mystic himself, we may see it in its spiritual aspect as
contributing to the remaking of character, the growth of the New Man; his transmutation in
God.
(1) Psychologically considered, the Dark Night is an example of the operation of the law
of reaction from stress. It is a period of fatigue and lassitude following a period of sustained mystical
activity. It is one of the best established laws of the nervous system, says Starbuck, that it has
periods of exhaustion if exercised continuously in one direction, and can only recuperate by having
a period of rest.
785
However spiritual he may be, the mysticso long as he is in the bodycannot
help using the machinery of his nervous and cerebral system in the course of his adventures. His
development, on its psychic side, consists in the taking over of this machinery, the capture of its
centres of consciousness, in the interests of his growing transcendental life. In so far, then, as this
is so, that transcendental life will be partly conditioned by psychic necessities, and amenable to the
laws of reaction and of fatigue. Each great step forward will entail lassitude and exhaustion for that
mental machinery which he has pressed unto service and probably overworked. When the higher
centres have been submitted to the continuous strain of a developed illuminated life, with its
accompanying periods of intense fervour, lucidity, deep contemplationperhaps of visionary and
auditive phenomenathe swing-back into the negative state occurs almost of necessity.
This is the psychological explanation of those strange and painful episodes in the lives of
great saintsindeed, of many spiritual persons hardly to be classed as saintswhen, perhaps after
a long life passed in faithful correspondence with the transcendental order, growing consciousness
383
of the presence of God, the whole inner experience is suddenly swept away, and only a blind
reliance on past convictions saves them from unbelief.
786
The great contemplatives, those destined
to attain the full stature of the mystic, emerge from this period of destitution, however long and
drastic it may be, as from a new purification. It is for them the gateway to a higher state. But persons
of a less heroic spirituality, if they enter the Night at all may succumb to its dangers and pains. This
great negation is the sorting-house of the spiritual life. Here we part from the nature mystics,
785
Psychology of Religion, p. 24.
786
An example of this occurred in the later life of Ste. Jeanne Franoise de Chantal. See The Nuns of Port Royal, by M. E.
Lowndes, p. 284. Much valuable material bearing on the trials of the Dark Night as they appear in the experience of ordinary
contemplatives will be found in the letters of direction of De Caussade. See his LAbandon la Providence Divine, vol. ii.
275
the mystic poets, and all who shared in and were contented with the illuminated vision of reality.
Those who go on are the great and strong spirits, who do not seek to know, but are driven to be.
We are to expect, then, as a part of the conditions under which human consciousness appears
to work that for every affirmation of the mystic life there will be a negation waiting for the unstable
self. Progress in contemplation, for instance, is marked by just such an alternation of light and
shade: at first between consolation and aridity; then between dark contemplation and sharp
intuitions of Reality. So too in selves of extreme nervous instability, each joyous ecstasy entails a
painful or negative ecstasy. The states of darkness and illumination coexist over a long period,
alternating sharply and rapidly. Many seers and artists pay in this way, by agonizing periods of
impotence and depression, for each violent outburst of creative energy.
Rapid oscillations between a joyous and a painful consciousness seem to occur most often
at the beginning of a new period of the Mystic Way: between Purgation and Illumination, and again
between Illumination and the Dark Night: for these mental states are, as a rule, gradually not abruptly
established. Mystics call such oscillations the Game of Love in which God plays, as it were,
hide and seek with the questing soul. I have already quoted a characteristic instance from the life
of Rulman Merswin,
787
who passed the whole intervening period between his conversion and
entrance on the Dark Night, or school of suffering love in such a state of disequilibrium. Thus
too Madame Guyon, who has described with much elaboration of detail her symptoms and sufferings
during the oncoming and duration of the Nightor, as she calls its intensest period the Mystic
Deathtraces its beginning in short recurrent states of privation, or dullness of feeling, such as
ascetic writers call aridity: in which the self loses all interest in and affection for those divine
384
realities which had previously filled its life. This privation followed upon, or was the reaction
from, an illuminated period of extreme joy and security, in which, as she says, the presence of
God never left me for an instant. But how dear I paid for this time of happiness! For this possession,
which seemed to me entire and perfectand the more perfect the more it was secret, and foreign
to the senses, steadfast and exempt from changewas but the preparation for a total deprivation,
lasting many years, without any support or hope of its return.
788
As Madame Guyon never attempted
to control her states, but made a point of conforming to her own description of the resigned soul
as Gods weathercock, we have in her an unequalled opportunity of study.
I endured, she says, long periods of privation, towards the end almost continual: but still
I had from time to time inflowings of Thy Divinity so deep and intimate, so vivid and so penetrating,
that it was easy for me to judge that Thou wast but hidden from me and not lost. For although during
the times of privation it seemed to me that I had utterly lost Thee, a certain deep support remained,
though the soul knew it not: and she only became aware of that support by her subsequent total
deprivation thereof. Every time that Thou didst return with more goodness and strength, Thou didst
return also with greater splendour; so that in a few hours Thou didst rebuild all the ruins of my
unfaithfulness and didst make good to me with profusion all my loss.
789
Here we have, from the psychological point of view, a perfect example of the oscillations
of consciousness on the threshold of a new state. The old equilibrium, the old grouping round a
centre characterized by pleasure-affirmation, has been lost; the new grouping round a centre
787
Vide supra , p. 228.
788
Vie, pt. I. cap. xx.
789
Op. cit., cap. xxi.
276
characterized by pain-negation is not yet established. Madame Guyon is standing, or rather swinging,
between two worlds, the helpless prey of her own shifting and uncontrollable psychic and spiritual
states. But slowly the pendulum approaches its limit: the states of privation, become almost
continual, the reactions to illumination, become less. At last they cease entirely, the new state is
established, and the Dark Night has really set in.
The theory here advanced that the Dark Night is, on its psychic side, partly a condition
of fatigue, partly a state of transition, is borne out by the mental and moral disorder which seems,
in many subjects, to be its dominant character. When they are in it everything seems to go wrong
with them. They are tormented by evil thoughts and abrupt temptations, lose grasp not only of their
spiritual but also of their worldly affairs. Thus Lucie-Christine says: Often during my great
385
temptations to sadness I am plunged in such spiritual darkness that I think myself utterly lost in
falsehood and illusion; deceiving both myself and others. This temptation is the most terrible of
all.
790
The health of those passing through this phase often suffers, they become odd and their
friends forsake them; their intellectual life is at a low ebb. In their own words trials of every kind,
exterior and interior crosses, abound.
Now trials, taken en bloc , mean a disharmony between the self and the world with which
it has to deal. Nothing is a trial when we are able to cope with it efficiently. Things try us when we
are not adequate to them: when they are abnormally hard or we abnormally weak. This aspect of
the matter becomes prominent when we look further into the history of Madame Guyons
experiences. Thanks to the unctuous and detailed manner in which she has analysed her spiritual
griefs, this part of her autobiography is a psychological document of unique importance for the
study of the Dark Night as it appears in a devout but somewhat self-occupied soul.
As her consciousness of God was gradually extinguished, a mental and moral chaos seems
to have invaded Madame Guyon and accompanied the more spiritual miseries of her state. So
soon as I perceived the happiness of any state, or its beauty, or the necessity of a virtue, it seemed
to me that I fell incessantly into the contrary vice: as if this perception, which though very rapid
was always accompanied by love, were only given to me that I might experience its opposite. I was
given an intense perception of the purity of God; and so far as my feelings went, I myself became
more and more impure: for in reality this state is very purifying, but I was far from understanding
this. . . . My imagination was in a state of appalling confusion, and gave me no rest. I could not
speak of Thee, oh my God, for I became utterly stupid; nor could I even grasp what was said when
I heard Thee spoken of. . . . I found myself hard towards God, insensible to His mercies; I could
not perceive any good thing that I had done in my whole life. The good appeared to me evil;
andthat which is terribleit seemed to me that this state must last for ever.
791
This world as well as the next seemed leagued against her. Loss of health and friendship,
domestic vexations, increased and kept pace with her interior griefs. Self-control and power of
attention were diminished. She seemed stupefied and impotent, unable to follow or understand
even the services of the Church, incapable of all prayer and all good works; perpetually attracted
by those worldly things which she had renounced, yet quickly wearied by them. The neat edifice
790
Journal Spirituel, p. 233.
791
Vie, cap. xxiii.
277
386
of her first mystic life was in ruins, the state of consciousness which accompanied it was
disintegrated, but nothing arose to take its place.
It is an amazing thing, says Madame Guyon naively, for a soul that believed herself to
be advanced in the way of perfection, when she sees herself thus go to pieces all at once.
792
So, too, Suso, when he had entered the upper school of the spiritual life, was tormented
not only by temptations and desolations, but by outward trials and disabilities of every kind:
calumnies, misunderstandings, difficulties, pains. It seemed at this time as if God had given
permission both to men and demons to torment the Servitor, he says.
793
This sense of a generally
inimical atmosphere, and of the dimness and helplessness of the Ego oppressed by circumstances,
is like the vague distress and nervous sensibility of adolescence, and comes in part from the same
cause: the intervening period of chaos between the break-up of an old state of equilibrium and the
establishment of the new. The self, in its necessary movement towards higher levels of reality, loses
and leaves behind certain elements of its world, long loved but now outgrown: as children must
make the hard transition from nursery to school. Destruction and construction here go together: the
exhaustion and ruin of the illuminated consciousness is the signal for the onward movement of the
self towards other centres: the feeling of deprivation and inadequacy which comes from the loss
of that consciousness is an indirect stimulus to new growth. The self is being pushed into a new
world where it does not feel at home; has not yet reached the point at which it enters into conscious
possession of its second or adult life.
Thou hast been a child at the breast, a spoiled child, said the Eternal Wisdom to Suso.
Now I will withdraw all this. In the resulting darkness and confusion, when the old and known
supports are thus withdrawn, the self can do little but surrender itself to the inevitable process of
things: to the operation of that unresting Spirit of Life which is pressing it on towards a new and
higher state, in which it shall not only see Reality but be real.
Psychologically, then, the Dark Night of the Soul is due to the double fact of the exhaustion
of an old state, and the growth towards a new state of consciousness. It is a growing pain in the
organic process of the selfs attainment of the Absolute. The great mystics, creative geniuses in the
realm of character, have known instinctively how to turn these psychic disturbances to spiritual
profit. Parallel with the mental oscillations, upheavals and readjustments, through which an unstable
psycho-physical type moves to new centres of consciousness, run the spiritual oscillations of a
387
striving and ascending spiritual type. Gyrans gyrando vadit spiritus . The machinery of
consciousness, over-stretched, breaks up, and seems to toss the self back to an old and lower level,
where it loses its apprehensions of the transcendental world; as the child, when first it is forced to
stand alone, feels weaker than it did in its mothers arms.
For first He not only withdraws all comfortable observable infusions of light and grace,
but also deprives her of a power to exercise any perceptible operations of her superior spirit, and
of all comfortable reflections upon His love, plunging her into the depth of her inferior powers,
says Augustine Baker, the skilled director of souls, here anticipating the modern psychologist.
Here consequently, he continues, her former calmness of passions is quite lost, neither can she
introvert herself; sinful motions and suggestions do violently assault her, and she finds as great
difficulty (if not greater) to surmount them as at the beginning of a spiritual course. . . . If she would
792
Les Torrents, pt. i. cap. vii. 2.
793
Leben, cap. xxii.
278
elevate her spirit, she sees nothing but clouds and darkness. She seeks God, and cannot find the
least marks or footsteps of His Presence; something there is that hinders her from executing the
sinful suggestions within her but what that is she knows not, for to her thinking she has no spirit
at all, and, indeed, she is now in a region of all other most distant from spirit and spiritual
operationsI mean, such as are perceptible.
794
Such an interval of chaos and misery may last for months, or even for years, before the
consciousness again unifies itself and a new centre is formed. Moreover, the negative side of this
new centre, this new consciousness of the Absolute, often discloses itself first. The self realizes,
that is to say, the inadequacy of its old state, long before it grasps the possibility of a new and higher
state. This realization will take two forms; ( a ) Objective: the distance or absence of the Absolute
which the self seeks, ( b ) Subjective: the selfs weakness and imperfection. Both apprehensions
constitute a direct incentive to action. They present, as it were, a Divine Negation which the self
must probe, combat, resolve. The Dark Night, therefore, largely the product of natural causes, is
the producer in its turn of mystical energy; and hence of supernatural effects.
(2) So much for psychology. We have next to consider the mystical or transcendental aspects
of the Dark Night: see what it has meant for those mystics who have endured it and for those spiritual
specialists who have studied it in the interests of other men.
As in other phases of the Mystic Way, so here, we must beware of any generalization which
388
reduces the Dark Night to a uniform experience; a neatly defined state which appears under the
same conditions, and attended by the same symptoms, in all the selves who have passed through
its pains. It is a name for the painful and negative state which normally intervenes between the
Illuminative and the Unitive Lifeno more. Different types of contemplatives have interpreted it
to themselves and to us in different ways; each type of illumination being in fact balanced by its
own appropriate type of dark.
In some temperaments it is the emotional aspectthe anguish of the lover who has suddenly
lost the Belovedwhich predominates: in others, the intellectual darkness and confusion overwhelms
everything else. Some have felt it, with St. John of the Cross, as a passive purification, a state of
helpless misery, in which the self does nothing, but lets Life have its way with her. Others, with
Suso and the virile mysticism of the German school, have experienced it rather as a period of
strenuous activity and moral conflict directed to that total self-abandonment which is the essential
preparation of the unitive life. Those elements of character which were unaffected by the first
purification of the selfleft as it were in a corner when the consciousness moved to the level of
the illuminated lifeare here roused from their sleep, purged of illusion, and forced to join the
grooving stream.
The Dark Night, then, is really a deeply human process, in which the self which thought
itself so spiritual, so firmly established upon the supersensual plane, is forced to turn back, to leave
the Light, and pick up those qualities which it had left behind. Only thus, by the transmutation of
the whole man, not by a careful and departmental cultivation of that which we like to call his
spiritual side, can Divine Humanity be formed: and the formation of Divine Humanitythe
remaking of man according to the pattern showed him in the mountis the mystics only certain
ladder to the Real. My humanity, said the Eternal Wisdom to Suso, is the road which all must
794
Holy Wisdom, Treatise iii. iv. cap. v.
279
tread who would come to that which thou seekest.
795
This hard saying might almost be used as
a test by which to distinguish the genuine mystic life from its many and specious imitations. The
self in its first purgation has cleansed the mirror of perception; hence, in its illuminated life, has
seen Reality. In so doing it has transcended the normal perceptive powers of natural man, immersed
in the illusions of sense. Now, it has got to be reality: a very different thing. For this a new and
more drastic purgation is needednot of the organs of perception, but of the very shrine of self:
that heart which is the seat of personality, the source of its love and will. In the stress and anguish
389
of the Night, when it turns back from the vision of the Infinite to feel again the limitations of the
finite the self loses the power to Do; and learns to surrender its will to the operation of a larger
Life, that it may Be. At the end of such a long and cruel transition, says Lucie Christine, how
much more supple the soul feels itself to be in the Hand of God, how much more detached from
all that is not God! She sees clearly in herself the fruits of humility and patience, and feels her love
ascending more purely and directly to God in proportion as she has realized the Nothingness of
herself and all things.
796
We must remember in the midst of our analysis, that the mystic life is a life of love: that
the Object of the mystics final quest and of his constant intuition is an object of adoration and
supreme desire. With Thee, a prison would be a rose garden, oh Thou ravisher of hearts: with
Thee, Hell would be Paradise, oh Thou cheerer of souls, said Jalalu d Din.
797
Hence for the mystic
who has once known the Beatific Vision there can be no greater grief than the withdrawal of this
Object from his field of consciousness; the loss of this companionship, the extinction of this Light.
Therefore, whatever form the Dark Night assumes, it must entail bitter suffering: far worse than
that endured in the Purgative Way. Then the self was forcibly detached from the imperfect. Now
the Perfect is withdrawn, leaving behind an overwhelming yet impotent conviction of something
supremely wrong, some final Treasure lost. We will now look at a few of the characteristic forms
under which this conviction is translated to the surface-consciousness.
A. To those temperaments in which consciousness of the Absolute took the form of a sense
of divine companionship, and for whom the objective idea God had become the central fact of
life, it seems as though that God, having shown Himself, has now deliberately withdrawn His
Presence, never perhaps to manifest Himself again. He acts, says Eckhart, as if there were a
wall erected between Him and us.
798
The eye which looked upon Eternity has closed, the old
dear sense of intimacy and mutual love has given place to a terrible blank.
That which this anguished soul feels most deeply, says St. John of the Cross, is the
conviction that God has abandoned it, of which it has no doubt; that He has cast it away into darkness
as an abominable thing . . . the shadow of death and the pains and torments of hell are most acutely
390
felt, and this comes from the sense of being abandoned by God, being chastised and cast out by
His wrath and heavy displeasure. All this and even more the soul feels now, for a terrible
apprehension has come upon it that thus it will be with it for ever. It has also the same sense of
795
Buchlein von der ewigen Weisheit, cap. ii.
796
Journal Spirituel, p. 368.
797
From the Mesnevi. Quoted in the Appendix to The Flowers or Rose Garden of Sadi.
798
Meister Eckhart, Pred. lvii. So too St. Gertrude in one of her symbolic visions saw a thick hedge erected between herself
and Christ.
280
abandonment with respect to all creatures, and that it is an object of contempt to all, especially to
its friends.
799
So, too, Madame Guyon felt this loss of her intuitive apprehension of God as one of the
most terrible characteristics of the night. After Thou hadst wounded me so deeply as I have
described, Thou didst begin, oh my God, to withdraw Thyself from me: and the pain of Thy absence
was the more bitter to me, because Thy presence had been so sweet to me, Thy love so strong in
me. . . . Thy way, oh my God, before Thou didst make me enter into the state of death, was the way
of the dying life: sometimes to hide Thyself and leave me to myself in a hundred weaknesses,
sometimes to show Thyself with more sweetness and love. The nearer the soul drew to the state of
death, the more her desolations were long and weary, her weaknesses increased, and also her joys
became shorter, but purer and more intimate, until the time in which she fell into total privation.
800
When this total privation or mystic death is fully established, it involves not only the
personal Absence of God, but the apparent withdrawal or loss of that impersonal support, that
transcendent Ground or Spark of the soul, on which the self has long felt its whole real life to be
based. Hence, its very means of contact with the spiritual world vanishes; and as regards all that
matters, it does indeed seem to be dead. When we have reached this total deprivation, says De
Caussade, what shall we do? Abide in simplicity and peace, as Job on his ash heap, repeating,
Blessed are the poor in spirit; those who have nothing have all, since they have God. Quit all,
strip yourself of all, says the great Gerson, and you will have all in God. God felt, God tasted
and enjoyed, says Fnelon, is indeed God, but God with those gifts which flatter the soul. God
in darkness, in privation, in forsakenness, in insensibility, is so much God, that He is so to speak
God bare and alone. . . . Shall we fear this death, which is to produce in us the true divine life of
grace?
801
B. In those selves for whom the subjective idea Sanctitythe need of conformity between
the individual character and the Transcendenthas been central, the pain of the Night is less a
deprivation than a new and dreadful kind of lucidity. The vision of the Good brings to the self an
abrupt sense of her own hopeless and helpless imperfection: a black conviction of sin, far more
391
bitter than that endured in the Way of Purgation, which swamps everything else. That which
makes her pain so terrible is that she is, as it were, overwhelmed by the purity of God, and this
purity makes her see the least atoms of her imperfections as if they were enormous sins, because
of the infinite distance there is between the purity of God and the creature.
802
This, says St. John of the Cross again, is one of the most bitter sufferings of this purgation.
The soul is conscious of a profound emptiness in itself, a cruel destitution of the three kinds of
goods, natural, temporal, and spiritual, which are ordained for its comfort. It sees itself in the midst
of the opposite evils, miserable imperfections, dryness and emptiness of the understanding, and
abandonment of the spirit in darkness.
803
C. Often combined with the sense of sin and the absence of God is another negation, not
the least distressing part of the sufferings of the self suddenly plunged into the Night. This is a
799
Noche Escura del Alma, I. ii. cap. vi.
800
Vie, pt. i. cap. xxiii.
801
De Caussade, LAbandon la Providence Divine. vol. ii., p. 269.
802
Madame Guyon , Les Torrents, pt. i. cap, vii.
803
Noche Escura del Alma, loc. cit.
281
complete emotional lassitude: the disappearance of all the old ardours, now replaced by a callousness,
a boredom, which the self detests but cannot overcome. It is the dismal condition of spiritual ennui
which ascetic writers know so well under the name of aridity, and which psychologists look upon
as the result of emotional fatigue.
804
It seems incredible that the eager love of a Divine Companion,
so long the focus of the selfs whole being should have vanished: that not only the transcendent
vision should be withdrawn, but her very desire for, and interest in, that vision should grow cold.
Yet the mystics are unanimous in declaring that this is a necessary stage in the growth of the spiritual
consciousness.
When the sun begins to decline in the heavens, says Ruysbroeck, it enters the sign Virgo;
which is so called because this period of the year is sterile as a virgin. This is the autumn season
in the cycle of the soul, when the summer heat grows less. It perfects and fulfils the yearly travail
of the Sun. In the same manner, when Christ, that glorious sun, has risen to His zenith in the heart
of man, as I have taught in the Third degree, and afterwards begins to decline, to hide the radiance
of His divine sunbeams, and to forsake the man; then the heat and impatience of love grow less.
Now that occultation of Christ, and the withdrawal of His light and heat, are the first work and the
new coming of this degree. Now Christ says inwardly to this man, Go ye out in the manner which
I now show you: and the man goes out and finds himself to be poor, miserable, and abandoned.
392
Here all the storm, the fury, the impatience of his love, grow cool: glowing summer turns to autumn,
all its riches are transformed into a great poverty. And the man begins to complain because of his
wretchedness: for where now are the ardours of love, the intimacy, the gratitude, the joyful praise,
and the interior consolation, the secret joy, the sensible sweetness? How have all these things failed
him? And the burning violence of his love, and all the gifts which he felt before. How has all this
died in him? And he feels like some ignorant man who has lost all his learning and his works . . .
and of this misery there is born the fear of being lost, and as it were a sort of half-doubt: and this
is the lowest point at which a man can hold his ground without falling into despair.
805
D. This stagnation of the emotions has its counterpart in the stagnation of the will and
intelligence, which has been experienced by some contemplatives as a part of their negative state.
As regards the will, there is a sort of moral dereliction: the self cannot control its inclinations and
thoughts. In the general psychic turmoil, all the unpurified part of mans inheritance, the lower
impulses and unworthy ideas which have long been imprisoned below the threshold, force their
way into the field of consciousness. Every vice was re-awakened within me, says Angela of
Foligno, I would have chosen rather to be roasted than to endure such pains.
806
Where visual and
auditory automatism is established, these irruptions from the subliminal region often take the form
of evil visions, or of voices making coarse or sinful suggestions to the self. Thus St. Catherine of
Siena, in the interval between her period of joyous illumination and her spiritual marriage, was
tormented by visions of fiends, who filled her cell and with obscene words and gestures invited
her to lust. She fled from her cell to the church to escape them, but they pursued her there: and
she obtained no relief from this obsession until she ceased to oppose it. She cried, I have chosen
suffering for my consolation, and will gladly bear these and all other torments in the name of the
804
Instructive examples in De Caussade, op. cit., vol. ii., pp. 1-82.
805
Ruysbroeck, De Ornatu Spiritalium Nuptiarum, I. ii. cap. xxviii.
806
St. Angle de Foligno, op. cit ., p. 197 (English translation, p. 15).
282
Saviour, for as long as it shall please His Majesty. With this act of surrender, the evil vision fled:
Catherine swung back to a state of affirmation, and was comforted by a vision of the Cross.
807
An analogous psychological state was experienced by St. Teresa; though she fails to
recognize it as an episode in her normal development, and attributes it, with other spiritual adventures
for which she can find no other explanation, to the action of the Devil. The soul, she says, laid
in fetters, loses all control over itself, and all power of thinking of anything but the absurdities he
393
puts before it, which, being more or less unsubstantial, inconsistent, and disconnected, serve only
to stifle the soul, so that it has no power over itself; and accordinglyso it seems to methe devils
make a football of it, and the soul is unable to escape out of their hands. It is impossible to describe
the sufferings of the soul in this state. It goes about in quest of relief, and God suffers it to find
none. The light of reason, in the freedom of its will, remains, but it is not clear; it seems to me as
if its eyes were covered with a veil. . . . Temptations seem to press it down, and make it dull, so
that its knowledge of God becomes to it as that of something which it hears of far away. This
dullness and dimness extends to ordinary mental activity, which shares in the lassitude and disorder
of the inner life. If it seeks relief from the fire by spiritual reading, it cannot find any, just as if it
could not read at all. On one occasion it occurred to me to read the life of a saint, that I might forget
myself and be refreshed with the recital of what he had suffered. Four or five times, I read as many
lines, and though they were written in Spanish, I understood them less at the end than I did when
I began: so I gave it up. It so happened to me on more occasions than one.
808
If we are reminded
of anything here, it is of the phenomenon of dark contemplation. That dimness of mind which
we there studied, is here extended to the normal activities of the surface intelligence. The Cloud
of Unknowing, rolling up, seems to envelop the whole self. Contemplation, the way within the
way, has epitomized the greater process of the mystic life. In both, the path to Light lies through
a meek surrender to the confusion and ignorance of the Dark. The stress and exasperation felt in
this dark, this state of vague helplessness, by selves of an active and self-reliant type, is exhibited
by Teresa in one of her half-humorous self-revealing flashes. The Devil, she says of it, then
sends so offensive a spirit of bad temper that I think I could eat people up!
809
All these types of darkness, with their accompanying and overwhelming sensations of
impotence and distress, are common in the lives of the mystics. Suso and Rulman Merswin
experienced them: Tauler constantly refers to them: Angela of Foligno speaks of a privation worse
than hell. It is clear that even the joyous spirit of Mechthild of Magdeburg knew the sufferings of
the loss and absence of God. Lord, she says in one place, since Thou hast taken from me all that
I had of Thee, yet of Thy grace leave me the gift which every dog has by nature: that of being true
to Thee in my distress; when I am deprived of all consolation. This I desire more fervently than
Thy heavenly Kingdom!
810
In such a saying as this, the whole value for life of the Dark Night
394
is revealed to us: as an education in selfless constancy, a school of suffering love.
E. There is, however, another way in which the selfs sense of a continued imperfection in
its relation with the Absoluteof work yet remaining to be doneexpresses itself. In persons of
a very highly strung and mobile type, who tend to rapid oscillations between pain and pleasure
807
J. E. Gardner, St. Catherine of Siena, p. 20.
808
Vida, cap. xxx. 12 and 14.
809
Op. cit., loc. cit.
810
Das Fliessende Licht der Gottheit, pt. ii. cap. 25.
283
states, rather than to the long, slow movements of an ascending consciousness, attainment of the
Unitive Life is sometimes preceded by the abrupt invasion of a wild and unendurable desire to see
God, apprehend the Transcendent in Its fullness: which can only, they think, be satisfied by death.
As they begin to outgrow their illuminated consciousness, these selves begin also to realize how
partial and symbolic that consciousnesseven at its besthas been: and their movement to union
with God is foreshadowed by a passionate and uncontrollable longing for ultimate Reality. This
passion is so intense, that it causes acute anguish in those who feel it. It brings with it all the helpless
and desolate feelings of the Dark Night; and sometimes rises to the heights of a negative rapture,
an ecstasy of deprivation. St. Teresa is perhaps the best instance of this rare method of apprehending
the selfs essential separation from its home; which is also the subject of a celebrated chapter in
the Trait de lAmour de Dieu of St. Franois de Sales.
811
Thanks to her exceptionally mobile
temperament, her tendency to rush up and down the scale of feeling, Teresas states of joyous
rapture were often paid for by such a great desolationa dark ecstasy or pain of God. As
long as this pain lasts, she says, we cannot even remember our own existence; for in an instant
all the faculties of the soul are so fettered as to lie incapable of any action save that of increasing
our torture. Do not think I am exaggerating; on the contrary, that which I say is less than the truth,
for lack of words in which it may be expressed. This is a trance of the senses and the faculties, save
as regards all which helps to make the agony more intense. The understanding realizes acutely what
cause there is for grief in separation from God: and our Lord increases this sorrow by a vivid
manifestation of Himself. The pain thus grows to such a degree that in spite of herself the sufferer
gives vent to loud cries, which she cannot stifle, however patient and accustomed to pain she may
be, because this is not a pain which is felt in the body, but in the depths of the soul. The person I
speak of learned from this how much more acutely the spirit is capable of suffering than the body.
812
The intense and painful concentration upon the Divine Absence which takes place in this
395
dark rapture often induces all the psycho-physical marks of ecstasy. Although this state lasts
but a short time, the limbs seem to be disjointed by it. The pulse is as feeble as if one were at the
point of death; which is indeed the case, for whilst the natural heat of the body fails, that which is
supernatural so burns the frame that with a few more degrees God would satisfy the souls desire
for death. . . . You will say perhaps, that there is imperfection in this desire to see God: and ask
why this soul does not conform herself to His will, since she has so completely surrendered herself
to it. Hitherto she could do this, and consecrated her life to it; but now she cannot, for her reason
is reduced to such a state that she is no longer mistress of herself and can think of nothing but her
affliction. Far from her Sovereign Good, why should she desire to live? She feels an extraordinary
loneliness, finds no companionship in any earthly creature; nor could she I believe among those
who dwell in heaven, since they are not her Beloved. Meanwhile all company is torture to her. She
is like a person suspended in mid-air, who can neither touch the earth, nor mount to heaven. She
burns with a consuming thirst, and cannot reach the water. And this is a thirst which cannot be
borne, but one which nothing will quench: nor would she have it quenched with any other water
than that of which our Lord spoke to the Samaritan woman; and this water is denied her.
813
811
L. vi. cap. xiii.
812
El Castillo Interior, Moradas Sextas, cap. xi.
813
St. Teresa, op. cit., loc. cit. Compare the Vida, cap. xx. 11 to 14.
284
All these forms of the Dark Nightthe Absence of God, the sense of sin, the dark ecstasy,
the loss of the selfs old passion, peace, and joy, and its apparent relapse to lower spiritual and
mental levelsare considered by the mystics themselves to constitute aspects or parts of one and
the same process: the final purification of the will or stronghold of personality, that it may be merged
without any reserve in God where it was first. The function of this episode of the Mystic Way is
to cure the soul of the innate tendency to seek and rest in spiritual joys; to confuse Reality with the
joy given by the contemplation of Reality. It is the completion of that ordering of disordered loves,
that trans-valuation of values, which the Way of Purgation began. The ascending self must leave
these childish satisfactions; make its love absolutely disinterested, strong, and courageous, abolish
all taint of spiritual gluttony. A total abandonment of the individualistic standpoint, of that trivial
and egotistic quest of personal satisfaction which thwarts the great movement of the Flowing Light,
is the supreme condition of mans participation in Reality. Thus is true not only of the complete
participation which is possible to the great mystic, but of those unselfish labours in which the
396
initiates of science or of art become to the Eternal Goodness what his own hand is to a man.
Think not, says Tauler, that God will be always caressing His children, or shine upon their head,
or kindle their hearts as He does at the first. He does so only to lure us to Himself, as the falconer
lures the falcon with its gay hood. . . . We must stir up and rouse ourselves and be content to leave
off learning, and no more enjoy feeling and warmth, and must now serve the Lord with strenuous
industry and at our own cost.
814
This manly view of the Dark Night, as a growth in responsibilityan episode of
character-buildingin which, as The Mirror of Simple Souls has it, the soul leaves that pride
and play wherein it was full gladsome and jolly, is characteristic of the German mystics. We find
it again in Suso, to whom the angel of his tribulation gave no sentimental consolations; but only
the stern command, Viriliter agite Be a man! Then first, says Tauler again, do we attain
to the fullness of Gods love as His children, when it is no longer happiness or misery, prosperity
or adversity, that draws us to Him or keeps us back from Him. What we should then experience
none can utter; but it would be something far better than when we were burning with the first flame
of love, and had great emotion, but less true submission.
815
In Illumination, the soul, basking in the Uncreated Light, identified the Divine Nature with
the divine light and sweetness which it then enjoyed. Its consciousness of the transcendent was
chiefly felt as an increase of personal vision and personal joy. Thus, in that apparently selfless state,
the I, the Me, the Mine, though spiritualized, still remained intact. The mortification of the senses
was more than repaid by the rich and happy life which this mortification conferred upon the soul.
But before real and permanent union with the Absolute can take place: before the whole self can
learn to live on those high levels whereits being utterly surrendered to the Infinite Willit can
be wholly transmuted in God, merged in the great life of the All, this dependence on personal joys
must be done away. The spark of the soul, the fast-growing germ of divine humanity, must so
invade every corner of character that the self can only say with St. Catherine of Genoa, My me is
God: nor do I know my selfhood except in God.
816
814
Sermon for the 4th Sunday in Lent (Winkworths translation, p. 280).
815
Op. cit., loc. cit .
816
Vita e Dottrina, cap. xiv.
285
The various torments and desolations of the Dark Night constitute this last and drastic
purgation of the spirit; the doing away of separateness, the annihilation of selfhood, even though
all that self now claims for its own be the Love of God. Such a claimwhich is really a claim to
entire felicity, since the soul which possesses it needs nothing moreis felt by these great spirits
397
to sully the radiance of their self-giving love. All that I would here say of these inward delights
and enjoyments, says William Law, is only this; they are not holiness, they are not piety, they
are not perfection; but they are Gods gracious allurements and calls to seek after holiness and
spiritual perfection . . . and ought rather to convince us that we are as yet but babes, than that we
are ready men of God. . . . This alone is the true Kingdom of God opened in the soul when, stripped
of all selfishness, it has only one love and one will in it; when it has no motion or desire but what
branches from the Love of God, and resigns itself wholly to the Will of God. . . . To sum up all in
a word: Nothing hath separated us from God but our own will, or rather our own will is our separation
from God. All the disorder and corruption and malady of our nature lies in a certain fixedness of
our own will, imagination, and desire, wherein we live to ourselves, are our own centre and
circumference, act wholly from ourselves, according to our own will, imagination, and desires.
There is not the smallest degree of evil in us but what arises from this selfishness because we are
thus all in all to ourselves. . . . To be humble, mortified, devout, patient in a certain degree, and to
be persecuted for our virtues, is no hurt to this selfishness; nay, spiritual-self must have all these
virtues to subsist upon, and his life consists in seeing, knowing and feeling the bulk, strength, and
reality of them. But still, in all this show and glitter of virtue, there is an unpurified bottom on which
they stand, there is a selfishness which can no more enter into the Kingdom of Heaven than the
grossness of flesh and blood can enter into it. What we are to feel and undergo in these last
purifications, when the deepest root of all selfishness, as well spiritual as natural, is to be plucked
up and torn from us, or how we shall be able to stand in that trial, are both of them equally impossible
to be known by us beforehand.
817
The self, then, has got to learn to cease to be its own centre and circumference: to make
that final surrender which is the price of final peace. In the Dark Night the starved and tortured
spirit learns through an anguish which is itself an orison to accept lovelessness for the sake of
Love, Nothingness for the sake of the All; dies without any sure promise of life, loses when it hardly
hopes to find. It sees with amazement the most sure foundations of its transcendental life crumble
beneath it, dwells in a darkness which seems to hold no promise of a dawn. This is what the German
mystics call the upper school of true resignation or of suffering love; the last test of heroic
398
detachment, of manliness, of spiritual courage. Though such an experience is passive in the
sense that the self can neither enter nor leave it at will it is a direct invitation to active endurance,
a condition of stress in which work is done. Thus, when St. Catherine of Siena was tormented by
hideous visions of sin, she was being led by her deeper self to the heroic acceptance of this subtle
form of torture, almost unendurable to her chaste and delicate mind. When these trials had brought
her to the point at which she ceased to resist them, but exclaimed, I have chosen suffering for my
consolation, their business was done. They ceased. More significant still, when she asked, Where
wast Thou, Lord, when I was tormented by this foulness? the Divine Voice answered, I was in
thy heart.
818
817
Christian Regeneration (The Liberal and Mystical Writings of William Law, pp. 158-60).
818
286
In order to raise the soul from imperfection, said the Voice of God to St. Catherine in her
Dialogue, I withdraw Myself from her sentiment, depriving her of former consolations . . . which
I do in order to humiliate her, and cause her to seek Me in truth, and to prove her in the light of
faith, so that she come to prudence. Then, if she love Me without thought of self, and with lively
faith and with hatred of her own sensuality, she rejoices in the time of trouble, deeming herself
unworthy of peace and quietness of mind. Now comes the second of the three things of which I
told thee, that is to say: how the soul arrives at perfection, and what she does when she is perfect.
That is what she does. Though she perceives that I have withdrawn Myself, she does not, on that
account, look back; but perseveres with humility in her exercises, remaining barred in the house
of self-knowledge, and, continuing to dwell therein, awaits with lively faith the coming of the Holy
Spirit, that is of Me, who am the Fire of Love. . . . This is what the soul does in order to rise from
imperfection and arrive at perfection, and it is to this end, namely, that she may arrive at perfection,
that I withdraw from her, not by grace, but by sentiment. Once more do I leave her so that she may
see and know her defects, so that feeling herself deprived of consolation and afflicted by pain, she
may recognize her own weakness, and learn how incapable she is of stability or perseverance, thus
cutting down to the very root of spiritual self-love: for this should be the end and purpose of all her
self-knowledge, to rise above herself, mounting the throne of conscience, and not permitting the
sentiment of imperfect love to turn again in its death-struggle, but with correction and reproof
digging up the root of self-love with the knife of self-hatred and the love of virtue.
819
Digging up the root of self-love with the knife of self-hatredhere we see the mystical
reason of that bitter self-contempt and sense of helplessness which overwhelms the soul in the Dark
Night.
399
Such a sense of helplessness is really, the mystics say, a mark of progress: of deeper
initiation into that sphere of reality to which it is not yet acclimatized, and which brings with it a
growing consciousness of the appalling disparity between that Reality, that Perfection, and the
imperfect soul.
The self is in the dark because it is blinded by a Light greater than it can bearthat Divine
Wisdom which is not only night and darkness to the soul, but pain and torment too. The more
clear the light, the more does it blind the eyes of the owl, and the more we try to look at the sun
the feebler grows our sight and the more our weak eyes are darkened. So the divine light of
contemplation, when it beats on the soul not yet perfectly purified, fills it with spiritual darkness,
not only because of its brilliance, but because it paralyses the natural perception of the soul. The
pain suffered by the soul is like that endured by weak or diseased eyes when suddenly struck by a
strong light. Such suffering is intense when the yet unpurified soul finds itself invaded by this
cleansing light. For in this pure light, which attacks its impurities to expel them, the soul perceives
itself to be so unclean and miserable that it seems as if God had set Himself against it. . . . Wonderful
and piteous sight! so great are the weakness and imperfection of the soul that the hand of God, so
soft and so gentle, is felt to be so heavy and oppressive, though merely touching it, and that, too,
most mercifully; for He touches the soul, not to chastise it, but to load it with His graces.
820
The Dark Night then, whichever way we look at it, is a state of disharmony; of imperfect
adaptation to environment. The self, unaccustomed to that direct contact of the Absolute which is
819
Dialogo, cap. lxiii.
820
St. John of the Cross, Noche Escura del Alma, I. ii cap. v.
287
destined to become the Source of its vitality and its joy, feels the soft and gentle touch of the
Following Love as unbearable in its weight. The self-naughting or purification of the will,
which here takes place, is the struggle to resolve that disharmony; to purge away the somewhat
which still sets itself up in the soul as separate from the Divine, and makes the clear light of reality
a torment instead of a joy. So deeply has the soul now entered into the great stream of spiritual life,
so dominant has her transcendental faculty become, that this process is accomplished in her whether
she will or no: and in this sense it is, as ascetic writers sometimes call it, a passive purgation. So
long as the subject still feels himself to be somewhat, he has not yet annihilated selfhood and come
to that ground where his being can be united with the Being of God.
Only when he learns to cease thinking of himself at all, in however depreciatory a sense;
400
when he abolishes even such selfhood as lies in a desire for the sensible presence of God, will that
harmony be attained. This is the naughting of the soul, the utter surrender to the great movement
of the Absolute Life, which is insisted upon at such length by all writers upon mysticism. Here, as
in purgation, the condition of access to higher levels of vitality is a death: a deprivation, a detachment,
a clearing of the ground. Poverty leaps to the Cross: and finds there an utter desolation, without
promise of spiritual reward. The satisfactions of the spirit must now go the same way as the
satisfactions of the senses. Even the power of voluntary sacrifice and self-discipline is taken away.
A dreadful ennui, a dull helplessness, takes its place. The mystic motto, I am nothing, I have nothing,
I desire nothing, must now express not only the detachment of the senses, but the whole beings
surrender to the All.
The moral condition towards which the interior travail is directed is that of an utter humility.
Everything depends, says Tauler, on a fathomless sinking in a fathomless nothingness. He
continues, If a man were to say, Lord, who art Thou, that I must follow Thee through such deep,
gloomy, miserable paths? the Lord would reply, I am God and Man, and far more God. If a man
could answer then, really and consciously from the bottom of his heart. Then I am nothing and
less than nothing; all would be accomplished, for the Godhead has really no place to work in, but
ground where all has been annihilated.
821
As the schoolmen say, when a new form is to come into
existence, the old must of necessity be destroyed. . . . And so I say: If a man is to be thus clothed
upon with this Being, all the forms must of necessity be done away that were ever received by him
in all his powersof perception, knowledge, will, work, of subjection, sensibility and self-seeking.
When St. Paul saw nothing, he saw God. So also when Elias wrapped his face in his mantle, God
came. All strong rocks are broken here, all on which the spirit can rest must be done away. Then,
when all forms have ceased to exist, in the twinkling of an eye the man is transformed. Therefore
thou must make an entrance. Thereupon speaks the Heavenly Father to him: Thou shalt call Me
Father, and shalt never cease to enter in; entering ever further in, ever nearer, so as to sink the
deeper in an unknown and unnamed abyss; and, above all ways, images and forms, and above all
powers, to lose thyself, deny thyself, and even unform thyself. In this lost condition nothing is to
be seen but a ground which rests upon itself, everywhere one Being, one Life. It is thus, man may
say, that he becomes unknowing, unloving, and senseless.
822
821
I.e. , the pure essence of the soul, purged of selfhood and illusion.
822
Sermon on St. Matthew (The Inner Way. pp. 204, 205).
288
401
It is clear that so drastic a process of unselfing is not likely to take place without stress. It
is the negative aspect of deification: in which the self, deprived of perception, knowledge, will,
work, self-seekingthe I, the Me, the Mineloses itself, denies itself, unforms itself, drawing
ever nearer to the One, till nothing is to be seen but a ground which rests upon itselfthe
ground of the soul, in which it has union with God.
Everywhere one Being, one Lifethis is the goal of mystical activity; the final state of
equilibrium towards which the self is moving, or rather struggling, in the dimness and anguish of
the Dark Night. The soul, says Madame Guyon in a passage of unusual beauty, after many a
redoubled death, expires at last in the arms of Love; but she is unable to perceive these arms. . . .
Then, reduced to Nought, there is found in her ashes a seed of immortality, which is preserved in
these ashes and will germinate in its season. But she knows not this; and does not expect ever to
see herself living again. Moreover, the soul which is reduced to the Nothing, ought to dwell
therein; without wishing, since she is now but dust, to issue from this state, nor, as before, desiring
to live again. She must remain as something which no longer exists: and this, in order that the
Torrent may drown itself and lose itself in the Sea, never to find itself in its selfhood again: that it
may become one and the same thing with the Sea.
823
So Hilton says of the naughted soul, the less it thinketh that it loveth or seeth God, the
nearer it nigheth for to perceive the gift of the blessed love. For then is love master, and worketh
in the soul, and maketh it for to forget itself, and for to see and behold only how love doth. And
then is the soul more suffering than doing, and that is clean love.
824
The mystic death or Dark Night is therefore an aspect or incident of the transition from
multiplicity to Unity, of that mergence and union of the soul with the Absolute which is the whole
object of the mystical evolution of man. It is the last painful break with the life of illusion, the
tearing away of the self from that World of Becoming in which all its natural affections and desires
are rooted, to which its intellect and senses correspond; and the thrusting of it into that World of
Being where at first, weak and blinded, it can but find a wilderness, a dark. No transmutation
without fire, say the alchemists: No cross, no crown, says the Christian. All the great experts of the
spiritual life agreewhatever their creeds, their symbols, their explanationsin describing this
stress, tribulation, and loneliness, as an essential part of the way from the Many to the One; bringing
402
the self to the threshold of that completed life which is to be lived in intimate union with Reality.
It is the Entombment which precedes the Resurrection, say the Christian mystics; ever ready to
describe their life-process in the language of their faith. Here as elsewherebut nowhere else in
so drastic a sensethe self must lose to find and die to live.
The Dark Night, as we have seen, tends to establish itself gradually; the powers and intuitions
of the self being withdrawn one after another, the intervals of lucidity becoming rarer, until the
mystic death or state of total deprivation is reached. So, too, when the night begins to break down
before the advance of the new or Unitive Life, the process is generally slow, though it may be
markedas for instance in Rulman Merswins caseby visions and ecstasies.
825
One after another,
the miseries and disharmonies of the Dark Night give way: affirmation takes the place of negation:
the Cloud of Unknowing is pierced by rays of light.
823
Les Torrents pt. i. cap, viii.
824
The Scale of Perfection, bk. ii. cap. xxxv.
825
Jundt, Rulman Merswin p. 22.
289
The act of complete surrender then, which is the term of the Dark Night, has given the self
its footing in Eternity: its abandonment of the old centres of consciousness has permitted movement
towards the new. In each such forward movement, the Transcendental Self, that spark of the soul
which is united to the Absolute Life, has invaded more and more the seat of personality; stage by
stage the remaking of the self in conformity with the Eternal World has gone on. In the misery and
apparent stagnation of the Dark Nightthat dimness of the spiritual consciousness, that dullness
of its will and lovework has been done, and the last great phase of the inward transmutation
accomplished. The self which comes forth from the night is no separated self, conscious of the
illumination of the Uncreated Light, but the New Man, the transmuted humanity, whose life is one
with the Absolute Life of God. As soon as the two houses of the soul [the sensual and the spiritual],
says St. John of the Cross, are tranquil and confirmed and merged in one by this peace, and their
servants the powers, appetites and passions are sunk in deep tranquillity, neither troubled by things
above nor things below, the Divine Wisdom immediately unites itself to the soul in a new bond of
loving possession, and that is fulfilled which is written in the Book of Wisdom: While all things
were immersed in quiet silence, and the night was in the midway of her course, Thy omnipotent
Word sallied out of heaven from the royal seats (Wisdom xviii. 14). The same truth is set before
us in the Canticle, where the Bride, after passing by those who took her veil away and wounded
her, saith, When I had a little passed by them I found Him Whom my soul loveth (Cant. iii. 4).
826
* * * * *
403
So far, we have considered the Dark Night of the Soul from a somewhat academic point of
view. We have tried to dissect and describe it: have seen it through the medium of literature rather
than life. Such a method has obvious disadvantages when dealing with any organic process: and
when it is applied to the spiritual life of man, these disadvantages are increased. Moreover, our
chief example, from the life, Madame Guyon, valuable as her passion for self analysis makes
her to the student of mystic states cannot be looked upon as a satisfactory witness. Her morbid
sentimentalism, her absurd spiritual self-importance have to be taken into account and constantly
remembered in estimating the value of her psychological descriptions. If we want to get a true idea
of the Dark Night, as an episode in the history of a living soul, we must see it in its context, as part
of that souls total experience. We must study the reactions of a self which is passing through this
stage of development upon its normal environment the content of its diurnal existence; not only on
its intuition of the Divine.
As a pendant to this chapter, then, we will look at this state of pain as it expressed itself
in the life of a mystic whose ardent, impressionable, and poetic nature reacted to every aspect of
the contemplative experience, every mood and fluctuation of the soul. I choose this particular
casethe case of Suso(1) because it contains many interesting and unconventional elements;
showing us the Dark Night not as a series of specific moods and events, but as a phase of growth
largely conditioned by individual temperament: (2) because, being told at first hand, in the pages
of his singularly ingenuous autobiography, the record is comparatively free from the reverent and
corrupting emendations of the hagiographer.
From the 22nd chapter onwards, Susos Life is one of the most valuable documents we
possess for the study of this period of the Mystic Way. We see in itmore clearly perhaps than its
826
Noche Escura del Alma, I. ii, cap. xxiv.
290
author can have donethe remaking of his consciousness, his temperamental reactions to the
ceaseless travail of his deeper self: so different in type from those of St. Teresa and Madame Guyon.
There is a note of virile activity about these trials and purifications, an insistence upon the heroic
aspect of the spiritual life, far more attractive than Madame Guyons elaborate discourses on
resignation and holy passivity, or even St. Teresas dark ecstasies of insatiable desire.
The chapter in which Susos entrance into this Second Mystic Life of deprivation is
described is called How the Servitor was led into the School of True Resignation.
404
Characteristically, this inward experience expressed itself in a series of dramatic visions; visions
of that dynamic kind which we have noticed as a frequent accompaniment of the crisis in which
the mystic self moves to a new level of consciousness.
827
It followed the long period of constant
mortification and intermittent illumination which lasted, as he tells us, from his eighteenth to his
fortieth year: and constituted the first cycle of his spiritual life. At the end of that time, God showed
him that all this severity and these penances were but a good beginning, that by these he had
triumphed over the unruly sensual man: but that now he must exert himself in another manner if
he desired to advance in the Way.
828
In two of these visionsthese vivid interior dramaswe
seem to see Susos developed mystical consciousness running ahead of its experience, reading the
hidden book of its own future, probing its own spiritual necessities; and presenting the results to
the backward and unwilling surface-mind. This growing mystic consciousness is already aware of
fetters which the normal Suso does not feel. Its eyes open upon the souls true country, it sees the
path which it must tread to perfect freedom; the difference between the quality of that freedom,
and the spirituality which Suso thinks that he has attained. The first of these visions is that of the
Upper School; the second is that in which he is called to put upon him the armour of a knight.
One night after matins, the Servitor being seated in his chair, and plunged in deep thought,
he was rapt from his senses. And it seemed to him that he saw in a vision a magnificent young man
descend from Heaven before him, and say, thou hast been long enough in the Lower School, and
hast there sufficiently applied thyself. Come, then, with me; and I will introduce thee into the highest
school that exists in this world.
829
There, thou shalt apply thyself to the study of that science which
will procure thee the veritable peace of God; and which will bring thy holy beginning to a happy
end. Then the Servitor rose, full of joy; and it seemed to him that the young man took him by the
hand and led him into a spiritual country, wherein there was a fair house inhabited by spiritual men:
for here lived those who applied themselves to the study of this science. As soon as he entered it,
these received him kindly, and amiably saluted him. And at once they went to the supreme Master,
and told him that a man was come, who desired to be his disciple and to learn his science. And he
405
said, Let him come before me, that I may see whether he please me. And when the supreme
Master saw the Servitor, he smiled on him very kindly, and said, Know that this guest is able to
become a good disciple of our high science, if he will bear with patience the hard probation: for it
is necessary that he be tried inwardly.
827
828
Leben, cap. xx.
829
These expressions, the Upper and Lower School of the Holy Spirit, as applied to the first and second mystic life, were
common to the whole group of Friends of God, and appear frequently in their works. Vide supra , p.441, Rulman Merswins
Vision of Nine Rocks, where the man who has gazed upon his Origin is said to have been in the Upper School of the Holy
Spirit; i.e ., to have been united to God.
291
The Servitor did not then understand these enigmatic words. He turned toward the young
man who had brought him and asked, Well, my dear comrade, what then is this Upper School and
this science of which you have spoken to me? The young man replied thus: In this Upper School
they teach the science of Perfect Self-abandonment; that is to say, that a man is here taught to
renounce himself so utterly that, in all those circumstances in which God is manifested, either by
Himself or in His creatures, the man applies himself only to remaining calm and unmoved renouncing
so far as is possible all human frailty. And shortly after this discourse, the Servitor came to himself
. . . and, talking to himself, he said, Examine thyself inwardly and thou wilt see that thou hast still
much self-will: thou wilt observe, that with all thy mortifications which thou hast inflicted on
thyself, thou canst not yet endure external vexations. Thou art like a hare hiding in a bush, who is
frightened by the whispering of the leaves. Thou also art frightened every day by the griefs that
come to thee: thou dost turn pale at the sight of those who speak against thee: when thou doest fear
to succumb, thou takest flight; when thou oughtest to present thyself with simplicity, thou dost hide
thyself. When they praise thee, thou art happy: when they blame thee, thou art sad. Truly is it very
needful for thee that thou shouldst go to an Upper School.
830
Some weeks later, when he had been rejoicing in the new bodily comfort which resulted
from his relinquishment of all outward mortifications, Suso received a still more pointed lesson on
his need of moral courage. He was sitting on his bed and meditating on the words of Job Militia
est. The life of man upon the earth is like unto that of a knight:
831
and during this meditation,
he was once more rapt from his senses, and it seemed to him that he saw coming towards him a
fair youth of manly bearing, who held in his hands the spurs and the other apparel which knights
are accustomed to wear. And he drew near to the Servitor, and clothed him in a coat of mail, and
said to him, Oh, knight! hitherto thou hast been but a squire, but now it is Gods will that thou be
raised to knighthood. And the Servitor gazed at his spurs, and said with much amazement in his
heart, Alas, my God! what has befallen me? what have I become? must I indeed be a knight? I
406
had far rather remain in peace. Then he said to the young man, Since it is Gods will that I should
be a knight I had rather have won my spurs in battle; for this would have been more glorious. The
young man turned away and began to laugh: and said to him, Have no fear! thou shalt have battles
enough. He who would play a valiant part in the spiritual chivalry of God must endure more
numerous and more dreadful combats than any which were encountered by the proud heroes of
ancient days, of whom the world tells and sings the knightly deeds. It is not that God desires to free
thee from thy burdens; He would only change them and make them far heavier than they have ever
been. Then the Servitor said, Oh, Lord, show me my pains in advance, in order that I may know
them. The Lord replied, No, it is better that thou know nothing, lest thou shouldst hesitate. But
amongst the innumerable pains which thou wilt have to support, I will tell thee three. The first is
this. Hitherto it is thou who hast scourged thyself, with thine own hands: thou didst cease when it
seemed good to thee, and thou hadst compassion on thyself. Now, I would take thee from thyself,
and cast thee without defence into the hands of strangers who shall scourge thee. Thou shalt see
the ruin of thy reputation. Thou shalt be an object of contempt to blinded men; and thou shalt suffer
more from this than from the wounds made by the points of thy cross.
832
When thou didst give
830
Leben, cap. xxi.
831
Job vii. 1 (Vulgate).
832
During the years of purgation Suso had constantly worn a sharp cross, the points of which pierced his flesh.
292
thyself up to thy penances thou wert exalted and admired. Now thou shalt be abased and annihilated.
The second pain is this: Although thou didst inflict on thyself many cruel tortures, still by Gods
grace there remained to thee a tender and loving disposition. It shall befall thee, that there where
thou hadst thought to find a special and a faithful love, thou shalt find nought but unfaithfulness,
great sufferings, and great griefs. Thy trials shall be so many that those men who have any love for
thee shall suffer with thee by compassion. The third pain is this: hitherto thou hast been but a child
at the breast, a spoiled child. Thou hast been immersed in the divine sweetness like a fish in the
sea. Now I will withdraw all this. It is my will that thou shouldst be deprived of it, and that thou
suffer from this privation, that thou shouldst be abandoned of God and of man, that thou shouldst
be publicly persecuted by the friends of thine enemies. I will tell it thee in a word: all thou shalt
undertake, that might bring thee joy and consolation, shall come to nothing, and all that might make
thee suffer and be vexatious to thee shall succeed.
833
Observe here, under a highly poetic and visionary method of presentation, the characteristic
407
pains of the Dark Night as described by St. John of the Cross, Madame Guyon, De Caussade and
almost every expert who has written upon this state of consciousness. Desolation and loneliness,
abandonment by God and by man, a tendency of everything to go wrong, a profusion of unsought
trials and griefsall are here. Suso, naturally highly strung, sensitive and poetic, suffered acutely
in this mental chaos and multiplication of woes. He was tormented by a deep depression so that it
seemed as though a mountain weighed on his heart by doubts against faith: by temptations to
despair.
834
These miseries lasted for about ten years. They were diversified and intensified by
external trials, such as illnesses and false accusations; and relieved, as the years of purgation had
been, by occasional visions and revelations.
Susos natural tendency was to an enclosed life: to secret asceticism, reverie, outbursts of
fervent devotion, long hours of rapt communion with the Eternal Wisdom whom he loved. At once
artist and recluse, utterly unpractical, he had all the dreamers dread of the world of men. His deeper
self now ran counter to all these preferences. Like the angel which said to him in the hour of his
utmost prostration and misery, Viriliter agite!
835
it pressed him inexorably towards the more
manly part; pushing him to action, sending him out from his peaceful if uncomfortable cell to the
rough-and-tumble of the world. Poor Suso was little fitted by nature for that rough-and-tumble:
and a large part of his autobiography is concerned with the description of all that he endured therein.
The Dark Night for him was emphatically an active night; and the more active he was forced to
be, the darker and more painful it became. Chapter after chapter is filled with the troubles of the
unhappy Servitor; who, once he began to meddle with practical life, soon disclosed his native
simplicity and lost the reputation for wisdom and piety which he had gained during his years of
seclusion.
There was not in Suso that high-hearted gaiety, that child-like courage, which made the
early Franciscans delight to call themselves Gods fools. The bewildered lover of the Eternal
Wisdom suffered acutely from his loss of dignity; from the unfriendliness and contempt of other
men. He gives a long and dismal catalogue of the enemies that he made, the slanders which he
endured, in the slow acquirement of that disinterested and knightly valour which had been revealed
833
Leben, cap. xxii.
834
Leben, cap. xxiii.
835
Ibid. , cap. xxv.
293
to him as the essential virtue of the squire who would ride with the Eternal Wisdom in the lists.
836
408
Suso was a born romantic. This dream of a spiritual chivalry haunts him: again and again
he uses the language of the tournament in his description of the mystic life. Yet perhaps few ideals
seem less appropriate to this timid, highly-strung, unpractical Dominican friar: this ecstatic
minnesinger of the Holy Ghost, half-poet, half-metaphysician, racked by ill-health, exalted by
mystical ardours, instinctively fearing the harsh contact of his fellow-men.
There is no grim endurance about Suso: he feels every hard knock, and all the instincts of
his nature are in favour of telling his griefs. A more human transcendentalist has never lived. Thanks
to the candour and completeness with which he takes his readers into his confidence, we know him
far more intimately than we do any of the other great contemplatives. There is one chapter in his
life in which he describes with the utmost ingenuousness how he met a magnificent knight whilst
crossing the Lake of Constance; and was deeply impressed by his enthusiastic descriptions of the
glories and dangers of the lists. The conversation between the tough man at arms and the
hypersensitive mystic is full of revealing touches. Suso is exalted and amazed by the stories of hard
combats, the courage of the knights, and the ring for which they contend: but most astounded by
the fortitude which pays no attention to its wounds.
And may not one weep, and show that one is hurt, when one is hit very hard? he says.
The knight replies, No, even though ones heart fails, as happens to many, one must never
show that one is distressed. One must appear gay and happy; otherwise one is dishonoured, and
loses at the same time ones reputation and the Ring.
These words made the Servitor thoughtful; and he was greatly moved, and inwardly sighing
he said, Oh Lord, if the knights of this world must suffer so much to obtain so small a prize, how
just it is that we should suffer far more if we are to obtain an eternal recompense! Oh, my sweet
Lord, if only I were worthy of being Thy spiritual knight!
Arrived at his destination, however, Suso was visited by fresh trials: and soon forgetting
his valiant declarations, he began as usual to complain of his griefs. The result was a visionary
ecstasy, in which he heard the voice of that deeper self to which he always attributed a divine
validity, inquiring with ill-concealed irony, Well, what has become of that noble chivalry? Who
is this knight of straw, this rag-made man? It is not by making rash promises and drawing back
when suffering comes, that men win the Ring of Eternity which you desire.
Alas! Lord, said Suso plaintively, the tournaments in which one must suffer for Thee
409
last such a very long time!
The voice replied, But the reward, the honour, and the Ring which I give to My knights
endure for ever.
837
836
837
Leben, cap. xlvii. So Ruysbroeck, The gold Ring of our Covenant is greater than Heaven or Earth (De Contemplatione).
Compare Vaughan the Silurist (The World).
I saw Eternity the other night,
Like a great Ring of pure and endless light,
All calm as it was bright;
. . . .
One whispered thus:
This Ring the Bridegroom did for none provide
294
As his mystic consciousness grew, the instinct pressing him towards action and endurance
grew with it. The inner voice and its visionary expression urged him on remorselessly. It mocked
his weakness, encouraged him to more active suffering, more complete self-renunciation: more
contact with the unfriendly world. Viriliter agile! He must be a complete personality; a whole man.
Instead of the quiet cell, the secret mortifications, his selfhood was to be stripped from him, and
the reality of his renunciation tested, under the unsympathetic and often inimical gaze of other men.
The case of Suso is one that may well give pause to those who regard the mystic life as a progress
in passivity, withdrawal from the actual world: and the Dark Night as one of its most morbid
manifestations.
It is interesting to observe how completely human and apparently unmystical was the
culminating trial by which Suso was perfected in the school of true resignation. None can come
to the sublime heights of the divinity, said the Eternal Wisdom to him in one of his visions, or
taste its ineffable sweetness, if first they have not experienced the bitterness and lowliness of My
humanity. The higher they climb without passing by My humanity, the lower afterward shall be
their fall. My humanity is the road which all must tread who would come to that which thou seekest:
My sufferings are the door by which all must come in.
838
It was by the path of humanity; by some
of the darkest and most bitter trials of human experience, the hardest tests of its patience and love,
that Suso came in to that sustained peace of heart and union with the divine will which marked
his last state. The whole tendency of these trials in the path of humanity seems, as we look at
them, to be directed towards the awakening of those elements of character left dormant by the rather
specialized disciplines and purifications of his cloistered life. We seem to see the new man
invading all the resistant or inactive corners of personality: the Servitor of Wisdom being pressed
410
against his will to a deeply and widely human life in the interests of Eternal Love. The absence of
God whom he loved, the enmity of man whom he feared, were the chief forces brought to play
upon him: and we watch his slow growth, under their tonic influence, in courage, humility, and
fraternal love.
Few chapters in the history of the mystics are more touching than that passage in Susos
Life.
839
Where we speak of an extraordinary Trial which the Servitor had to bear. It tells how a
malicious woman accused him of being the father of her child, and succeeded for the time in entirely
destroying his reputation. And the scandal was all the greater, says the Servitor with his customary
simplicity because the rumour of that brothers sanctity had spread so far. Poor Suso was utterly
crushed by this calumny, wounded to the depths of his heart. Lord, Lord! he cried, every day
of my life I have worshipped Thy holy Name in many places, and have helped to cause it to be
loved and honoured by many men: and now Thou wouldst drag my name through the mud! When
the scandal was at its height, a woman of the neighbourhood came to him in secret; and offered to
destroy the child which was the cause of this gossip, in order that the tale might be more quickly
forgotten and his reputation restored. She said further that unless the baby were somehow disposed
of, he would certainly be forced by public opinion to accept it, and provide for its upbringing. Suso,
writhing as he was under the contempt of the whole neighbourhood, the apparent ruin of his
careerknowing, too, that this slander of one of their leaders must gravely injure the reputation
But for His Bride.
838
839
Cap. xl.
295
of the Friends of Godwas able to meet the temptation with a noble expression of trust. I have
confidence in the God of Heaven, Who is rich, and Who has given me until now all that which was
needful unto me. He will help me to keep, if need be, another beside myself. And then he said to
his temptress, Go, fetch the little child that I may see it.
And when he had the baby, he put it on his knees and looked at it: and the baby began to
smile at him. And sighing deeply, he said, Could I kill a pretty baby that smiled at me? No, no, I
had rather suffer every trial that could come upon me! And turning his face to the unfortunate
little creature, he said to it, Oh my poor, poor little one! Thou art but an unhappy orphan, for thy
unnatural father hath denied thee, thy wicked mother would cast thee off, as one casts off a little
dog that has ceased to please! The providence of God hath given thee to me, in order that I may be
thy father. I wilt accept thee, then, from Him and from none else. Ah, dear child of my heart, thou
411
liest on my knees; thou dost gaze at me, thou canst not yet speak! As for me, I contemplate thee
with a broken heart; with weeping eyes, and lips that kiss, I bedew thy little face with my burning
tears! . . . Thou shalt be my son, and the child of the good God; and as long as heaven gives me a
mouthful, I shall share it with thee, for the greater glory of God; and will patiently support all the
trials that may come to me, my darling son! How different is this from the early Suso; interested
in little but his own safe spirituality, and with more than a touch of the religious aesthete!
The story goes on: And when the hard-hearted woman who had wished to kill the little
one saw these tears, when she heard these tender words, she was greatly moved: and her heart was
filled with pity, and she too began to weep and cry aloud. The Servitor was obliged to calm her,
for fear that, attracted by the noise, some one should come and see what was going on. And when
she had finished weeping the Brother gave her back the baby and blessed it, and said to it, Now
may God in His goodness bless thee, and may the saints protect thee against all evil that may be!
And he enjoined the woman to care for it well at his expense.
Small wonder that after this heroic act of charity Susos reputation went from bad to worse;
that even his dearest friends forsook him, and he narrowly escaped expulsion from the religious
life. His torments and miseries, his fears for the future, continued to grow until they at last came
to their term in a sort of mental crisis. His feeble nature broken by the pains which he had to
endure, he went forth raving like one who has lost his sense and hid himself in a place far from
men, where none could see or hear him . . . and whilst he suffered thus, several times something
which came from God said within his soul, Where then is your resignation? Where is that equal
humour in joy and in tribulation which you have so lightly taught other men to love? In what manner
is it, then, that one should rest in God and have confidence only in Him? He replied weeping, You
ask where is my resignation? But tell me first, where is the infinite pity of God for His friends? . .
. Oh Fathomless Abyss! come to my help, for without Thee I am lost. Thou knowest that Thou art
my only consolation, that all my trust is only in Thee. Oh hear me, for the love of God, all you
whose hearts are wounded! Behold! let none be scandalized by my insane behaviour. So long as it
was only a question of preaching resignation, that was easy: but now that my heart is pierced, now
that I am wounded to the marrow . . . how can I be resigned? And after thus suffering half a day,
his brain was exhausted, and at last he became calmer, and sitting down he came to himself: and
412
turning to God, and abandoning himself to His Will, he said, If it cannot be otherwise, fiat voluntas
tua . [840] The act of submission was at once followed by an ecstasy and vision, in which
the approaching end of his troubles was announced to him. And in the event, God came to the
help of the Servitor, and little by little that terrible tempest died away.
296
Thus with Suso, as with St. Catherine of Siena and other mystics whom we have considered,
the travail of the Dark Night is all directed towards the essential mystic act of utter self-surrender;
that fiat voluntas tua which marks the death of selfhood in the interests of a new and deeper life.
He has learned the lesson of the school of true resignation: has moved to a new stage of reality:
a complete self-naughting, an utter acquiescence in the large and hidden purposes of the Divine
Will.
Anzi formale ad esto beato esse
tenersi dentro alla divina voglia
per ch una fansi nostre voglie stesse,
840
says Piccarda, announcing the primary law of Paradise. Suso has passed through the fire to the
state in which he too can say, La sua voluntate nostre pace. The old grouping of his
consciousness round spiritual self has come to its head and at last broken down. In the midst of
a psychic storm parallel to the upheavals of conversion, mercenary love is for ever disestablished,
the new state of Pure Love is abruptly established in its place. Human pain is the price: the infinite
joy peculiar to free souls is the reward. We may study the pain, but the nature of the joy is beyond
us: as, in the Absolute Type of all mystic achievement, we see the cross clearly but can hardly guess
at the true nature of the resurrection life.
Hence Susos description of his establishment in the Unitive Way seems meagre, an
anti-climax, after all that went before. And later, he says simply, when God judged that it was
time, He rewarded the poor martyr for all his suffering. And he enjoyed peace of heart, and received
in tranquillity and quietness many precious graces. And he praised the Lord from the very depths
of his soul, and thanked Him for those same sufferings: which, for all the world, he would not now
have been spared. And God caused him to understand that by this complete abasement he had
gained more, and was made the more worthy to be raised up to God, than by all the pains which
he had suffered from his youth up to that time.
841
413
W hat is the Unitive Life? We have referred to it often enough in the course of this inquiry. At last
we are face to face with the necessity of defining its nature if we can. Since the normal man knows
little about his own true personality and nothing at all about that of Deity, the orthodox description
of it as the life in which mans will is united with God, does but echo the question in an ampler
form, and conveys no real meaning to the students mind.
That we should know, by instinct, its character from withinas we know, if we cannot
express, the character of our own normal human livesis of course impossible. We deal here with
the final triumph of the spirit, the flower of mysticism, humanitys top note: the consummation
towards which the contemplative life, with its long slow growth and costly training, has moved
from the first. We look at a small but ever-growing group of heroic figures, living at transcendent
levels of reality which we immersed in the poor life of illusion, cannot attain: breathing an
atmosphere whose true quality we cannot even conceive. Here, then, as at so many other points in
840
Nay, it is essential to this blessed being, to hold ourselves within the Will Divine; that therewith our own wills be themselves
made one.
841
Loc. cit .
297
our study of the spiritual consciousness, we must rely for the greater part of our knowledge upon
the direct testimony of the mystics; who alone can tell the character of that more abundant life
414
which they enjoy.
Yet we are not wholly dependent on this source of information. It is the peculiarity of the
Unitive Life that it is often lived, in its highest and most perfect forms, in the world; and exhibits
its works before the eyes of men. As the law of our bodies is earth to earth so, strangely enough,
is the law of our souls. The spirit of man having at last come to full consciousness of reality,
completes the circle of Being; and returns to fertilize those levels of existence from which it sprang.
Hence, the enemies of mysticism, who have easily drawn a congenial moral from the morbid and
solitary lives of contemplatives in the earlier and educative stages of the Mystic Way, are here
confronted very often by the disagreeable spectacle of the mystic as a pioneer of humanity, a sharply
intuitive and painfully practical person: an artist, a discoverer, a religious or social reformer, a
national hero, a great active amongst the saints. By the superhuman nature of that which these
persons accomplish, we can gauge something of the super-normal vitality of which they partake.
The things done, the victories gained over circumstances by St. Bernard or St. Joan of Arc, by St.
Catherine of Siena, St. Ignatius Loyola, St. Teresa, George Fox, are hardly to be explained unless
these great spirits had indeed a closer, more intimate, more bracing contact than their fellows with
that Life which is the light of men.
Use have, then, these two lines of investigation open to us: first, the comparison and
elucidation of that which the mystics tell us concerning their transcendent experience, secondly,
the testimony which is borne by their lives to the existence within them of supernal springs of
action, contact set up with deep levels of vital power. In the third place, we have such critical
machinery as psychology has placed at our disposal; but this, in dealing with these giants of the
spirit, must be used with peculiar caution and humility.
The Unitive Life, though so often lived in the world, is never of it. It belongs to another
plane of being, moves securely upon levels unrelated to our speech; and hence eludes the measuring
powers of humanity. We, from the valley, can only catch a glimpse of the true life of these elect
spirits, transfigured upon the mountain. They are far away, breathing another air: we cannot reach
them. Yet it is impossible to over-estimate their importance for the race. They are our ambassadors
to the Absolute. They vindicate humanitys claim to the possible and permanent attainment of
Reality; bear witness to the practical qualities of the transcendental life. In Euckens words, they
testify to the advent of a triumphing Spiritual Power, as distinguished from a spirituality which
415
merely lays the foundations of life or struggles to maintain them:
842
to the actually life-enhancing
power of the Love of God, once the human soul is freely opened to receive it.
Coming first to the evidence of the mystics themselves, we find that in their attempts towards
describing the Unitive Life they have recourse to two main forms of symbolic expression, both
very dangerous, and liable to be misunderstood, both offering ample opportunity for harsh criticism
to hostile investigators of the mystic type. We find also, as we might expect from our previous
encounters with the symbols used by contemplatives and ecstatics, that these two forms of expression
belong respectively to mystics of the transcendent-metaphysical and of the intimate-personal type:
and that their formulae if taken alone, appear to contradict one another.
842
Der Sinn und Wert des Lebens, p. 140.
298
(1) The metaphysical mystic, for whom the Absolute is impersonal and transcendent,
describes his final attainment of that Absolute as deification, or the utter transmutation of the self
in God. (2) The mystic for whom intimate and personal communion has been the mode under which
he best apprehended Reality speaks of the consummation of this communion, its perfect and
permanent form, as the Spiritual Marriage of his soul with God. Obviously, both these terms are
but the selfs guesses concerning the intrinsic character of a state which it has felt in its wholeness
rather than analysed: and bear the same relation to the ineffable realities of that state, as our clever
theories concerning the nature and meaning of life bear to the vital processes of men. It is worth
while to examine them but we shall not understand them till we have also examined the life which
they profess to explain.
The language of deification and of spiritual marriage, then, is temperamental language:
and is related to subjective experience rather than to objective fact. It describes on the one hand
the mystics astonished recognition of a profound change effected in his own personality
843
the
transmutation of his salt, sulphur, and mercury into Spiritual Goldon the other, the rapturous
consummation of his love. Hence by a comparison of these symbolic reconstructions, by the
discovery and isolation of the common factor latent in each, we may perhaps learn something of
the fundamental fact which each is trying to portray.
416
Again, the mystics describe certain symptoms either as the necessary preliminaries or as
the marks and fruits of the Unitive State: and these too may help us to fix its character.
The chief, in fact the one essential, preliminary is that pure surrender of selfhood, or
self-naughting, which the trials of the Dark Night tended to produce. This, says Julian of
Norwich, is the cause why that no soul is rested till it is naughted of all things that are made. When
it is willingly made naught for love to have Him that is all, then is it able to receive spiritual rest.
844
Only the thoroughly detached, naughted soul is free, says The Mirror of Simple Souls,
and the Unitive State is essentially a state of free and filial participation in Eternal Life. The capital
marks of the state itself are (1) a complete absorption in the interests of the Infinite, under whatever
mode It is apprehended by the self; (2) a consciousness of sharing Its strength, acting by Its authority,
which results in a complete sense of freedom, an invulnerable serenity, and usually urges the self
to some form of heroic effort or creative activity; (3) the establishment of the self as a power for
life, a centre of energy, an actual parent of spiritual vitality in other men. By assembling these
symptoms and examining them, and the lives of those who exhibit them, in the light of psychology,
we can surely get some newshowever fragmentaryconcerning the transcendent condition of
being which involves these characteristic states and acts. Beyond this even Dante himself could
not go:
Transumanar significar per verba
non si poria.
845
843
Compare Dantes sense of a transmuted personality when he first breathed the air of Paradise:
S io era sol di me quel che creasti
novellamente, Amor che il ciel governi
tu il sai, che cot tuo lume mi levasti (Par. i. 73).
If I were only that of me which thou didst new create, oh Love who rulest heaven, thou knowest who with thy light didst
lift me up.
844
Revelations of Divine Love, cap. v.
845
Par. I. 70.
299
We will then consider the Unitive Life (1) As it appears from the standpoint of the
psychologist. (2) As it is described to us by those mystics who use (a) the language of Deification,
(b) that of Spiritual Marriage. (3) Finally, we will turn to those who have lived it; and try, if we
can, to realize it as an organic whole.
(1) From the point of view of the pure psychologist, what do the varied phenomena of the
Unitive Life, taken together, seem to represent? He would probably say that they indicate the final
and successful establishment of that higher form of consciousness which has been struggling for
supremacy during the whole of the Mystic Way. The deepest, richest levels of human personality
have now attained to light and freedom. The self is remade, transformed, has at last unified itself;
and with the cessation of stress, power has been liberated for new purposes.
The beginning of the mystic life, says Delacroix, introduced into the personal life of the
417
subject a group of states which are distinguished by certain characteristics, and which form, so to
speak, a special psychological system. At its term, it has, as it were, suppressed the ordinary self,
and by the development of this system has established a new personality with a new method of
feeling and of action. Its growth results in the transformation of personality: it abolishes the primitive
consciousness of selfhood, and substitutes for it a wider consciousness, the total disappearance of
selfhood in the divine, the substitution of a Divine Self for the primitive self.
846
We give a
philosophic content to this conception if we say further that man, in this Unitive State, by this
substitution of the divine for the primitive self, has at last risen to true freedom; entered on the
fruition of reality.
847
Hence he has opened up new paths for the inflow of that Triumphing Power
which is the very substance of the Real; has remade his consciousness, and in virtue of this total
regeneration is transplanted into that Universal Life, which is yet not alien but our own.
848
From
contact set up with this Universal Life, this Energetic Word of God, which nothing can
containfrom those deep levels of Being to which his shifting, growing personality is fully adapted
at lasthe draws that amazing strength, that immovable peace, that power of dealing with
circumstance, which is one of the most marked characteristics of the Unitive Life. That secret and
permanent personality of a superior type
849
which gave to the surface-self constant and ever more
insistent intimations of its existence at every stage of the mystics growthhis real, eternal selfhas
now consciously realized its destiny: and begins at last fully to be. In the travail of the Dark Night
it has conquered and invaded the last recalcitrant elements of character. It is no more limited to
acts of profound perception, overpowering intuitions of the Absolute: no more dependent for its
emergence on the psychic states of contemplation and ecstasy. Anima and Animus are united. The
mystic has at last resolved the Stevensonian paradox; and is not truly two, but truly one.
(2) The mystic, I think, would acquiesce in these descriptions, so far as they go: but he
would probably translate them into his own words and gloss them with an explanation which is
beyond the power and province of psychology. He would say that his long-sought correspondence
with Transcendental Reality, his union with God, has now been finally established: that his self,
though intact, is wholly penetratedas a sponge by the seaby the Ocean of Life and Love to
which he has attained. I live, yet not I but God in me. He is conscious that he is now at length
846
Delacroix. tudes sur le Mysticism, p. 197.
847
Eucken, Der Sinn und Wert des Lebens, p. 12.
848
Ibid. , p. 96.
849
Delacroix, op. cit ., p. 114 ( vide supra , p . 273).
300
418
cleansed of the last stains of separation, and has become, in a mysterious manner, that which he
beholds.
In the words of the Sufi poet, the mystics journey is now prosecuted not only to God but
in God. He has entered the Eternal Order, attained here and now the state to which the Magnet of
the Universe draws every living thing. Moving through periods of alternate joy and anguish, as his
spiritual self woke, stretched, and was tested in the complementary fires of love and pain, he was
inwardly conscious that he moved towards a definite objective. In so far as he was a great mystic,
he was also conscious that this objective was no mere act of knowing, however intense, exultant,
and sublime, but a condition of being, fulfilment of that love which impelled him, steadily and
inexorably, to his own place. In the image of the alchemists, the Fire of Love has done its work:
the mystic Mercury of the Wisethat little hidden treasure, that scrap of Reality within himhas
utterly transmuted the salt and sulphur of his mind and his sense. Even the white stone of
illumination, once so dearly cherished, he has resigned to the crucible. Now, the great work is
accomplished, the last imperfection is gone, and he finds within himself the Noble Tincturethe
gold of spiritual humanity.
(A) We have said that the mystic of the impersonal typethe seeker of a Transcendent
Absolutetends to describe the consummation of his quest in the language of deification. The
Unitive Life necessarily means for him, as for all who attain it, something which infinitely transcends
the sum total of its symptoms: something which normal men cannot hope to understand. In it he
declares that he partakes directly of the Divine Nature, enjoys the fruition of reality. Since we
only behold that which we are, the doctrine of deification results naturally and logically from
this claim.
Some may ask, says the author of the Theologia Germanica what is it to be a partaker
of the Divine Nature, or a Godlike [ vergottet , literally deified] man? Answer: he who is imbued
with or illuminated by the Eternal or Divine Light and inflamed or consumed with Eternal or Divine
Love, he is a deified man and a partaker of the Divine Nature.
850
Such a word as deification is not, of course, a scientific term. It is a metaphor, an artistic
expression which tries to hint at a transcendent fact utterly beyond the powers of human
understanding, and therefore without equivalent in human speech: that fact of which Dante perceived
the shadowy preface when he saw the saints as petals of the Sempiternal Rose.
851
Since we know
419
not the Being of God, the mere statement that a soul is transformed in Him may convey to us an
ecstatic suggestion, but will never give exact information: except of course to those rare selves who
have experienced these supernal states. Such selves, howeveror a large proportion of themaccept
this statement as approximately true. Whilst the more clear-sighted are careful to qualify it in a
sense which excludes pantheistic interpretations, and rebuts the accusation that extreme mystics
preach the annihilation of the self and regard themselves as co-equal with the Deity, they leave us
in no doubt that it answers to a definite and normal experience of many souls who attain high levels
of spiritual vitality. Its terms are chiefly used by those mystics by whom Reality is apprehended as
a state or place rather than a Person:
852
and who have adopted, in describing the earlier stages of
their journey to God, such symbols as those of rebirth or transmutation.
850
Theologia Germanica, cap. xli.
851
Par. xxx. 115-130 and xxxi. 1-12.
852
Compare, p. 128.
301
The blunt and positive language of these contemplatives concerning deification has aroused
more enmity amongst the unmystical than any other of their doctrines or practices. It is of course
easy, by confining oneself to its surface sense, to call such language blasphemous: and the temptation
to do so has seldom been resisted. Yet, rightly understood, this doctrine lies at the heart, not only
of all mysticism, but also of much philosophy and most religion. It pushes their first principles to
a logical end. Christian mysticism, says Delacroix with justice, springs from that spontaneous and
half-savage longing for deification which all religion contains.
853
Eastern Christianity has always
accepted it and expressed it in her rites. The Body of God deifies me and feeds me, says Simeon
Metaphrastes, it deifies my spirit and it feeds my soul in an incomprehensible manner.
854
The Christian mystics justify this dogma of the deifying of man, by exhibiting it as the
necessary corollary of the Incarnationthe humanizing of God. They can quote the authority of
the Fathers in support of this argument. He became man that we might be made God, says St.
Athanasius.
855
I heard, says St. Augustine, speaking of his pre-converted period, Thy voice from
on high crying unto me, I am the Food of the fullgrown: grow, and then thou shalt feed on Me.
Nor shalt thou change Me into thy substance as thou changest the food of thy flesh, but thou shalt
be changed into Mine.
856
Eckhart therefore did no more than expand the patristic view when he
420
wrote, Our Lord says to every living soul, I became man for you. If you do not become God for
me, you do me wrong.
857
If we are to allow that the mystics have ever attained the object of their quest, I think we
must also allow that such attainment involves the transmutation of the self to that state which they
call, for want of exact language, deified. The necessity of such transmutation is an implicit of
their first position: the law that we behold that which we are, and are that which we behold.
Eckhart, in whom the language of deification assumes its most extreme form, justifies it upon this
necessity. If, he says, I am to know God directly, I must become completely He and He I: so
that this He and this I become and are one I.
858
God, said St. Augustine, is the Country of the soul: its Home, says Ruysbroeck. The mystic
in the unitive state is living in and of his native land; no exploring alien, but a returned exile, now
wholly identified with it, part of it, yet retaining his personality intact. As none know the spirit of
England but the English; and they know it by intuitive participation, by mergence, not by thought;
so none but the deified know the secret life of God. This, too, is a knowledge conferred only by
participation: by living a life, breathing an atmosphere, union with that same Light by which they
see, and which they see.
859
It is one of those rights of citizenship which cannot be artificially
conferred. Thus it becomes important to ask the mystics what they have to tell us of their life lived
upon the bosom of Reality: and to receive their reports without prejudice, however hard the sayings
they contain.
The first thing which emerges from these reports, and from the choice of symbols which
we find in them, is that the great mystics are anxious above all things to establish and force on us
853
Op. cit ., ix. But it is difficult to see why we need stigmatize as half-savage mans primordial instinct for his destiny.
854
Divine Liturgy of the Orthodox Eastern Church. Prayers before Communion.
855
Athanasius, De Incarn. Verbi, i. 108.
856
857
Pred. lvii.
858
Pred. xcix. (Mystische Schriften, p. 122).
859
Ruysbroeck, De Ornatu Spiritalium Nuptiarum, I. iii. cap. iii.
302
the truth that by deification they intend no arrogant claim to identification with God, but as it were
a transfusion of their selves by His Self: an entrance upon a new order of life, so high and so
harmonious with Reality that it can only be called divine. Over and over again they assure us that
personality is not lost, but made more real. When, says St. Augustine, I shall cleave to Thee
with all my being, then shall I in nothing have pain and labour; and my life shall be a real life,
being wholly full of Thee.
860
My life shall be a real life because it is full of Thee. The
achievement of reality, and deification, are then one and the same thing: necessarily so, since we
know that only the divine is the real.
861
421
Mechthild of Magdeburg, and after her Dante, saw Deity as a flame or river of fire that
filled the Universe, and the deified souls of the saints as ardent sparks therein, ablaze with that
fire, one thing with it, yet distinct.
862
Ruysbroeck, too, saw Every soul like a live coal, burned up
by God on the heart of His Infinite Love.
863
Such fire imagery has seemed to many of the mystics
a peculiarly exact and suggestive symbol of the transcendent state which they are struggling to
describe. No longer confused by the dim Cloud of Unknowing, they have pierced to its heart, and
there found their goal: that uncreated and energizing Fire which guided the children of Israel through
the night. By a deliberate appeal to the parallel of such great impersonal forcesto Fire and Heat,
Light, Water, Airmystic writers seem able to bring out a perceived aspect of the Godhead, and
of the transfigured souls participation therein, which no merely personal language, taken alone,
can touch. Thus Boehme, trying to describe the union between the Word and the soul, says, I give
you an earthly similitude of this. Behold a bright flaming piece of iron, which of itself is dark and
black, and the fire so penetrateth and shineth through the iron, that it giveth light. Now, the iron
doth not cease to be, it is iron still: and the source (or property) of the fire retaineth its own propriety:
it doth not take the iron into it, but it penetrateth (and shineth) through the iron; and it is iron then
as well as before, free in itself: and so also is the source or property of the fire. In such a manner
is the soul set in the Deity; the Deity penetrateth through the soul, and dwelleth in the soul, yet the
soul doth not comprehend the Deity, but the Deity comprehendeth the soul, but doth not alter it
(from being a soul) but only giveth it the divine source (or property) of the Majesty.
864
Almost exactly the same image of deification was used, five hundred years before Boehmes
day, by Richard of St. Victor; a mystic whom he is hardly likely to have read. When the soul is
plunged in the fire of divine love, he says, like iron, it first loses its blackness, and then growing
to white heat, it becomes like unto the fire itself. And lastly, it grows liquid, and losing its nature
is transmuted into an utterly different quality of being. As the difference between iron that is cold
and iron that is hot, he says again, so is the difference between soul and soul: between the tepid
soul and the soul made incandescent by divine love.
865
Other contemplatives say that the deified
soul is transfigured by the inundations of the Uncreated Light: that it is like a brand blazing in the
furnace, transformed to the likeness of the fire. These souls, says the Divine voice to St. Catherine
860
Aug. Conf., bk. x. cap. xxviii.
861
Cf. Coventry Patmore, The Rod, the Root, and the Flower, Magna Moralia, xxii.
862
Par. xxx. 64.
863
De Septem Gradibus Amoris, cap. xiv.
864
The Threefold Life of Man, cap. vi. 88.
865
De Quatuor Gradibus Violentae Charitatis (Migne, Patrologia Latina cxcvi.)
303
422
of Siena, thrown into the furnace of My charity, no part of their will remaining outside but the
whole of them being inflamed in Me, are like a brand, wholly consumed in the furnace, so that no
one can take hold of it to extinguish it, because it has become fire. In the same way no one can
seize these souls, or draw them outside of Me, because they are made one thing with Me through
grace, and I never withdraw Myself from them by sentiment, as in the case of those whom I am
leading on to perfection.
866
For the most subtle and delicate descriptions of the Unitive or Deified State, understood as
self-loss in the Ocean Pacific of God, we must go to the great genius of Ruysbroeck. He alone,
whilst avoiding all its pitfalls, has conveyed the suggestion of its ineffable joys in a measure which
seems, as we read, to be beyond all that we had supposed possible to human utterance. Awe and
rapture, theological profundity, keen psychological insight, are here tempered by a touching
simplicity. We listen to the report of one who has indeed heard the invitation of love which
draws interior souls towards the One and says Come home. A humble receptivity, a meek
self-naughting is with Ruysbroeck, as with all great mystics, the gate of the City of God. Because
they have abandoned themselves to God in doing, in leaving undone, and in suffering, he says of
the deified souls, they have steadfast peace and inward joy, consolation and savour, of which the
world cannot partake; neither any dissembler, nor the man who seeks and means himself more than
the glory of God. Moreover, those same inward and enlightened men have before them in their
inward seeing, whenever they will, the Love of God as something drawing or urging them into the
Unity; for they see and feel that the Father with the Son through the Holy Ghost, embrace Each
Other and all the chosen, and draw themselves back with eternal love into the unity of Their Nature.
Thus the Unity is ever drawing to itself and inviting to itself everything that has been born of It,
either by nature or by grace. And therefore, too, such enlightened men are, with a free spirit, lifted
up above reason into a bare and imageless vision, wherein lives the eternal indrawing summons of
the Divine Unity; and, with an imageless and bare understanding, they pass through all works, and
all exercises, and all things, until they reach the summit of their spirits. There, their bare
understanding is drenched through by the Eternal Brightness, even as the air is drenched through
by the sunshine. And the bare, uplifted will is transformed and drenched through by abysmal love,
even as iron is by fire. And the bare, uplifted memory feels itself enwrapped and established in an
423
abysmal Absence of Image. And thereby the created image is united above reason in a threefold
way with its Eternal Image, which is the origin of its being and its life. . . . Yet the creature does
not become God, for the union takes place in God through grace and our homeward-turning love:
and therefore the creature in its inward contemplation feels a distinction and an otherness between
itself and God. And though the union is without means, yet the manifold works which God works
in heaven and on earth are nevertheless hidden from the spirit. For though God gives Himself as
He is, with clear discernment, He gives Himself in the essence of the soul, where the powers of the
soul are simplified above reason, and where, in simplicity, they suffer the transformation of God.
There all is full and overflowing, for the spirit feels itself to be one truth and one richness and one
unity with God. Yet even here there is an essential tending forward, and therein is an essential
distinction between the being of the soul and the Being of God; and this is the highest and finest
distinction which we are able to feel.
867
866
Dialogo, cap. lxxviii.
867
Ruysbroeck. Samuel, cap. xi. (English translation: The Book of Truth.)
304
When love has carried us above and beyond all things, he says in another place, above
the light, into the Divine Dark, there we are wrought and transformed by the Eternal Word Who is
the image of the Father; and as the air is penetrated by the sun, thus we receive in idleness of spirit
the Incomprehensible Light, enfolding us and penetrating us. And this flight is nothing else but an
infinite gazing and seeing. We behold that which we are, and we are that which be behold; because
our thought, life and being are uplifted in simplicity and made one with the Truth which is God.
868
Here the personal aspect of the Absolute seems to be reduced to a minimum: yet all that we
value in personalitylove, action, willremains unimpaired. We seem caught up to a plane of
vision beyond the categories of the human mind: to the contemplation of a Something Otherour
home, our hope, and our passion, the completion of our personality, and the Substance of all that
Is. Such an endless contemplation, such a dwelling within the substance of Goodness, Truth and,
Beauty, is the essence of that Beatific Vision, that participation of Eternity, of all things most
delightful and desired, of all things most loved by them who have it,
869
which theology presents
to us as the objective of the soul.
Those mystics of the metaphysical type who tend to use these impersonal symbols of Place
424
and Thing often see in the Unitive Life a foretaste of the Beatific Vision: an entrance here and now
into that absolute life within the Divine Being, which shall be lived by all perfect spirits when they
have cast off the limitations of the flesh and re-entered the eternal order for which they were made.
For them, in fact, the deified man, in virtue of his genius for transcendental reality, has run ahead
of human history: and attained a form of consciousness which other men will only know when
earthly life is past.
In the Book of Truth Suso has a beautiful and poetic comparison between the life of the
blessed spirits dwelling within the Ocean of Divine Love, and that approximate life which is lived
on earth by the mystic who has renounced all selfhood and merged his will in that of the Eternal
Truth. Here we find one of the best of many answers to the ancient but apparently immortal
accusation that the mystics teach the total annihilation of personality as the end and object of their
quest. Lord, tell me, says the Servitor, what remains to a blessed soul which has wholly renounced
itself. Truth says, When the good and faithful servant enters into the joy of his Lord, he is
inebriated by the riches of the house of God; for he feels, in an ineffable degree, that which is felt
by an inebriated man. He forgets himself, he is no longer conscious of his selfhood; he disappears
and loses himself in God, and becomes one spirit with Him, as a drop of water which is drowned
in a great quantity of wine. For even as such a drop disappears, taking the colour and the taste of
wine, so it is with those who are in full possession of blessedness. All human desires are taken from
them in an indescribable manner, they are rapt from themselves, and are immersed in the Divine
Will. If it were otherwise, if there remained in the man some human thing that was not absorbed,
those words of Scripture which say that God must be all in all would be false. His being remains,
but in another form, in another glory, and in another power. And all this is the result of entire and
complete renunciation. . . . Herein thou shalt find an answer to thy question; for the true renunciation
and veritable abandonment of a man to the Divine Will in the temporal world is an imitation and
reduction of that self-abandonment of the blessed, of which Scripture speaks: and this imitation
868
Ibid ., De Calculo, cap. ix.
869
St. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Contra Gentiles, bk. iii. cap. lxii.
305
approaches its model more or less, according as men are more or less united with God and become
more or less one with God. Remark well that which is said of the blessed: they are stripped of their
personal initiative, and changed into another form, another glory, another power. What then is this
other form, if it be not the Divine Nature and the Divine Being whereinto they pour themselves,
and which pours Itself into them, and becomes one thing with them? And what is that other glory,
425
if it be not to be illuminated and made shining in the Inaccessible Light? What is that other power,
if it be not that by means of his union with the Divine Personality, there is given to man a divine
strength and a divine power, that he may accomplish all which pertains to his blessedness and omit
all which is contrary thereto? And thus it is that, as has been said, a man comes forth from his
selfhood.
870
All the mystics agree that the stripping off of the I, the Me, the Mine, utter renouncement,
or self-naughtingself-abandonment to the direction of a larger Willis an imperative condition
of the attainment of the unitive life. The temporary denudation of the mind, whereby the
contemplative made space for the vision of God, must now be applied to the whole life. Here, they
say, there is a final swallowing up of that wilful I-hood, that surface individuality which we ordinarily
recognize as ourselves. It goes for ever, and something new is established in its room. The self is
made part of the mystical Body of God; and, humbly taking its place in the corporate life of Reality,
would fain be to the Eternal Goodness what his own hand is to a man.
871
That strange hunger
and thirst of God for the soul, at once avid and generous, of which they speak in their profoundest
passages, here makes its final demand and receives its satisfaction. All that He has, all that He is
He gives: all that we have, all that we are, He takes.
872
The self, they declare, is devoured, immersed
in the Abyss; sinks into God, Who is the deep of deeps. In their efforts towards describing to us
this, the supreme mystic act, and the new life to which it gives birth, they are often driven to the
use of images which must seem to us grotesque, were it not for the flame which burns behind: as
when Ruysbroeck cries, To eat and be eaten! this is Union! . . . Since His desire is without measure,
to be devour of of Him does not greatly amaze me.
873
(B) At this point we begin to see that the language of deification, taken alone, will not suffice
to describe the souls final experience of Reality. The personal and emotional aspect of mans
relation with his Source is also needed if that which he means by union with God is to be even
partially expressed. Hence, even the most transcendental mystic is constantly compelled to fall
back on the language of love in the endeavour to express the content of his metaphysical raptures:
and forced in the end to acknowledge that the perfect union of Lover and Beloved cannot be
suggested in the precise and arid terms of religious philosophy. Such arid language eludes the most
dangerous aspects of divine union, the pantheistic on one hand, the amoristic on the other; but
426
it also fails to express the most splendid side of that amazing experience. It needs some other, more
personal and intimate vision to complete it: and this we shall find in the reports of those mystics
of the intimate type to whom the Unitive Life has meant not self-loss in an Essence, but
self-fulfilment in the union of heart and will.
870
Suso, Buchlein von der Wahrheit, cap. iv.
871
Theologia Germanica, cap. x.
872
Ruysbroeck, Speculum Aeternae e Salutis, cap. vii.
873
Regnum Deum Amantium, cap xxii.
306
The extreme form of this kind of apprehension of course finds expression in the well-known
and heartily abused symbolism of the Spiritual Marriage between God and the Soul: a symbolism
which goes back to the Orphic Mysteries, and thence descended via the Neoplatonists into the
stream of Christian tradition. But there are other and less concrete embodiments of it, wholly free
from the dangers which are supposed to lurk in erotic imagery of this kind. Thus Jalalu d Din,
by the use of metaphors which are hardly human yet charged with passionate feeling, tells, no less
successfully than the writer of the Song of Songs, the secret of his union in which heart speaks
to heart.
With Thy Sweet Soul, this soul of mine
Hath mixed as Water doth with Wine.
Who can the Wine and Water part,
Or me and Thee when we combine?
Thou art become my greater self;
Small bounds no more can me confine.
Thou hast my being taken on,
And shall not I now take on Thine?
Me Thou for ever hast affirmed
That I may ever know Thee mine
Thy Love has pierced me through and through,
Its thrill with Bone and Nerve entwine.
I rest a Flute laid on Thy lips;
A lute, I on Thy breast recline.
Breathe deep in me that I may sigh;
Yet strike my strings, and tears shall shine.
874
What the mystic here desires to tell us is, that his new life is not only a free and conscious
participation in the life of Eternitya fully-established existence on real and transcendental
levelsbut also the conscious sharing of an inflowing personal life greater than his own; a tightening
of the bonds of that companionship which has been growing in intimacy and splendour during the
course of the Mystic Way. This companionship, at once the most actual and most elusive fact of
human experience, is utterly beyond the resources of speech. So too are those mysteries of the
communion of love, whereby the souls humble, active and ever-renewed self-donation becomes
the occasion of her glory: and by her love she is made the equal of Lovethe beggar maid sharing
Cophetuas throne.
427
Thus the anonymous author of the Mirror writes, in one of his most daring passages, I
am God, says Love, for Love is God, and God is Love. And this soul is God by condition of love:
but I am God by Nature Divine. And this [state] is hers by righteousness of love, so that this precious
beloved of me is learned, and led of Me without her [working]. . . . This [soul] is the eagle that flies
high, so right high and yet more high than doth any other bird; for she is feathered with fine love.
875
874
Jalalu d Din, The Festival of Spring (Hasties translation p. 10).
875
The Mirror of Simple Souls, Div. iv. cap. i.
307
The simplest expression of the Unitive Life, the simplest interpretation which we can put
on its declarations, is that it is the complete and conscious fulfilment here and now of this Perfect
Love. In it certain elect spirits, still in the flesh, fly high and yet more high, till taught and led
out of themselves, they become, in the exaggerated language of the Mirror, God by condition
of love. Home-grown English mysticism tried as a rule to express the inexpressible in homelier,
more temperate terms than this. I would that thou knew, says the unknown author of the Epistle
of Prayer, what manner of working it is that knitteth mans soul to God, and that maketh it one
with Him in love and accordance of will after the word of St. Paul, saying thus: Qui adhaeret
Deo, unus spiritus est cum illo ; that is to say: Whoso draweth near to God as it is by such a
reverent affection touched before, he is one spirit with God. That is, though all that God and he
be two and sere in kind, nevertheless yet in grace they are so knit together that they are but one in
spirit; and all this is one for onehead of love and accordance of will; and in this onehead is the
marriage made between God and the soul the which shall never be broken, though all that the heat
and the fervour of this work cease for a time, but by a deadly sin. In the ghostly feeling of this
onehead may a loving soul both say and sing (if it list) this holy word that is written in the Book
of Songs in the Bible, Dilectus meus mihi et ego illi, that is, My loved unto me, and I unto Him;
understanding that God shall be knitted with the ghostly glue of grace on His party, and the lovely
consent in gladness of spirit on thy party.
876
I think no one can deny that the comparison of the bond between the soul and the Absolute
to ghostly glue, though crude, is wholly innocent. Its appearance in this passage as an alternative
to the symbol of wedlock may well check the uncritical enthusiasm of those who hurry to condemn
at sight all sexual imagery. That it has seemed to the mystics appropriate and exact is proved by
its reappearance in the next century in the work of a greater contemplative. Thou givest me, says
428
Petersen, Thy whole Self to be mine whole and undivided, if at least I shall be Thine whole and
undivided. And when I shall be thus all Thine, even as from everlasting Thou hast loved Thyself,
so from everlasting Thou hast loved me: for this means nothing more than that Thou enjoyest
Thyself in me, and that I by Thy grace enjoy Thee in myself and myself in Thee. And when in Thee
I shall love myself, nothing else but Thee do I love, because Thou art in me and I in Thee, glued
together as one and the selfsame thing, which henceforth and forever cannot be divided.
877
From this kind of language to that of the Spiritual Marriage, as understood by the pure
minds of the mystics, is but a step.
878
They mean by it no rapturous satisfactions, no dubious
spiritualizing of earthly ecstasies, but a life-long bond that shall never be lost or broken, a close
personal union of will and of heart between the free self and that Fairest in Beauty Whom it has
known in the act of contemplation.
The Mystic Way has been a progress, a growth in love: a deliberate fostering of the inward
tendency of the soul towards its source, an eradication of its disorderly tendencies to temporal
goods. But the only proper end of love is union: a perfect uniting and coupling together of the
876
The Epistle of Prayer. Printed from Pepwells edition in The Cell of Self-knowledge, edited by Edmund Gardner, p.
88.
877
Gerlac Petersen, Ignitum cum Deo Soliloqium, cap. xv.
878
Compare Pt. i. Cap. vi. It seems needless to repeat here the examples there given.
308
lover and the loved into one.
879
It is a unifying principle, the philosophers say:
880
lifes mightiest
agent upon every plane. Moreover, just as earthly marriage is understood by the moral sense less
as a satisfaction of personal desire, than as a part of the great process of lifethe fusion of two
selves for new purposesso such spiritual marriage brings with it duties and obligations. With the
attainment of a new order, the new infusion of vitality, comes a new responsibility, the call to effort
and endurance on a new and mighty scale. It is not an act but a state. Fresh life is imparted, by
which our lives are made complete: new creative powers are conferred. The self, lifted to the divine
order, is to be an agent of the divine fecundity: an energizing centre, a parent of transcendental life.
The last perfection, says Aquinas, to supervene upon a thing, is its becoming the cause of other
things. While then a creature tends by many ways to the likeness of God, the last way left open to
it is to seek the divine likeness by being the cause of other things, according to what the Apostle
429
says, Dei enim sumus adjutores .
881
We find as a matter of fact, when we come to study the history of the mystics, that the
permanent Unitive State, or spiritual marriage, does mean for those who attain to it, above all else
such an access of creative vitality. It means mans small derivative life invaded and enhanced by
the Absolute Life: the appearance in human history of personalities and careers which seem
superhuman when judged by the surface mind. Such activity, such a bringing forth of the fruits
of the Spirit, may take many forms: but where it is absent, where we meet with personal
satisfactions, personal visions or raptureshowever sublime and spiritualizedpresented as marks
of the Unitive Way, ends or objects of the quest of Reality, we may be sure that we have wandered
from the strait and narrow road which leads, not to eternal rest, but to Eternal Life. The fourth
degree of love is spiritually fruitful,
882
said Richard of St. Victor. Wherever we find a sterile love,
a holy passivity, we are in the presence of quietistic heresy; not of the Unitive Life. I hold it for
a certain truth, says St. Teresa, that in giving these graces our Lord intends, as I have often told
you, to strengthen our weakness so that we may imitate Him by suffering much. . . . Whence did
St. Paul draw strength to support his immense labours? We see clearly in him the effects of visions
and contemplations which come indeed from our Lord, and not from our own imagination or the
devils fraud. Do you suppose St. Paul hid himself in order to enjoy in peace these spiritual
consolations, and did nothing else? You know that on the contrary he never took a days rest so far
as we can learn, and worked at night in order to earn his bread. . . . Oh my sisters! how forgetful
of her own ease, how careless of honours, should she be whose soul God thus chooses for His
special dwelling place! For if her mind is fixed on Him, as it ought to be, she must needs forget
herself; all her thoughts are bent on how to please Him better, and when and how she may show
Him her love. This is the end and aim of prayer, my daughters; this is the object of that spiritual
marriage whose children are always good works. Works are the best proof that the favours which
we receive have come from God.
883
To give our Lord a perfect hospitality she says in the same
chapter, Mary and Martha must combine.
879
Hilton, The Treatise written to a Devout Man, cap. viii.
880
Cf. Ormond, Foundations of Knowledge, p. 442. When we love any being, we desire either the unification of its life
with our own or our own unification with its life. Love in its innermost motive is a unifying principle.
881
Summa Contra Gentiles, bk. ii. cap. xxi.
882
De Quatuor Gradibus Violentae Charitatis (Migne, Patrologia Latina cxcvi. col. 1216 D).
883
El Castillo Interior, Moradas Stimas, cap. iv.
309
When we look at the lives of the great theopathetic mystics, the true initiates of
Eternityinarticulate as these mystics often arewe find ourselves in the presence of an amazing,
a superabundant vitality: of a triumphing force over which circumstance has no power. The
430
incessant production of good works seems indeed to be the object of that Spirit, by Whose presence
their interior castle is now filled.
We see St. Paul, abruptly enslaved by the First and Only Fair, not hiding himself to enjoy
the vision of Reality, but going out single-handed to organize the Catholic Church. We ask how it
was possible for an obscure Roman citizen, without money, influence, or good health, to lay these
colossal foundations: and he answers Not I, but Christ in me.
We see St. Joan of Arc, a child of the peasant class, leaving the sheepfold to lead the armies
of France. We ask how this incredible thing can be: and are told Her Voices bade her. A message,
an overpowering impulse, came from the supra-sensible: vitality flowed in on her, she knew not
how or why. She was united with the Infinite Life, and became Its agent, the medium of Its strength,
what his own hand is to a man.
We see St. Francis, Gods troubadour, marked with His wounds, inflamed with His
joyobverse and reverse of the earnest-money of eternityor St. Ignatius Loyola, our Ladys
knight, a figure at once militant and romantic, go out to change the spiritual history of Europe.
Where did they findborn and bred to the most ordinary of careers, in the least spiritual of
atmospheresthat superabundant energy, that genius for success which triumphed best in the most
hopeless situations? Francis found it before the crucifix in St. Damiano, and renewed it in the
ineffable experience of La Verna; when by mental possession and rapture he was transfigured of
God. Ignatius found it in the long contemplations and hard discipline of the cave of Manresa, after
the act of surrender in which he dedicated his knighthood to the service of the Mother of God.
We see St. Teresa, another born romantic, pass to the Unitive State after long and bitter
struggles between her lower and higher personality. A chronic invalid over fifty years of age,
weakened by long ill-health and the mortifications of the Purgative Way she deliberately breaks
with her old career in obedience to the inward Voice, leaves her convent, and starts a new life:
coursing through Spain, and reforming a great religious order in the teeth of the ecclesiastical world.
Yet more amazing, St. Catherine of Siena, an illiterate daughter of the people, after a three years
retreat consummates the mystic marriage, and emerges from the cell of self-knowledge to dominate
the politics of Italy. How came it that these apparently unsuitable men and women, checked on
every side by inimical environment, ill-health, custom, or poverty achieved these stupendous
destinies? The explanation can only lie in the fact that all these persons were great mystics, living
431
upon high levels the theopathetic life. In each a character of the heroic type, of great vitality, deep
enthusiasms, unconquerable will, was raised to the spiritual plane, remade on higher levels of
consciousness. Each by surrender of selfhood, by acquiescence in the large destinies of life, had
so furthered that selfs natural genius for the Infinite that their human limitations were overpassed.
Hence they rose to freedom and attained to the one ambition of the naughted soul, I would fain
be to the Eternal Goodness what his own hand is to a man.
Even Madame Guyons natural tendency to passive states breaks down with her entrance
on the Unitive Way. Though she cannot be classed amongst the greatest of its initiates, she too felt
its fertilizing power, was stung from her holy indifference to become, as it were, involuntarily
true to type.
310
The soul, she says of the self entering upon Unionand we cannot doubt that as usual
she is describing her own carefully docketed statesfeels a secret vigour taking more and more
strongly possession of all her being: and little by little she receives a new life, never again to be
lost, at least so far as one can be assured of anything in this life. . . . This new life is not like that
which she had before. It is a life in God. It is a perfect life. She no longer lives or works of herself:
but God lives, acts and works in her, and this grows little by little till she becomes perfect with
Gods perfection, is rich with His riches, and loves with His love. . . .
884
This new, intense, and veritable life has other and even more vital characteristics than those
which lead to the performance of acts or the incessant production of good works. It is, in an
actual sense, as Richard of St. Victor reminded us, fertile, creative, as well as merely active. In the
fourth degree of love, the soul brings forth its children. It is the agent of a fresh outbirth of spiritual
vitality into the world; the helpmate of the Transcendent Order, the mother of a spiritual progeny.
The great unitive mystics are each of them the founders of spiritual families, centres wherefrom
radiates new transcendental life. The flowing light of the Godhead is focussed in them, as in a
lens, only that it may pass through them to spread out on every side. So, too, the great creative seers
and artists are the parents, not merely of their own immediate works, but also of whole schools of
art, whole groups of persons who acquire or inherit their vision of beauty or truth. Thus within the
area of influence of a Paul, a Francis, an Ignatius, a Teresa, an atmosphere of reality is created; and
new and vital spiritual personalities gradually appear, meet for the work which these great founders
set in hand. The real witness to St. Pauls ecstatic life in God, is the train of Christian churches by
432
which his journeyings are marked. Wherever Francis passed, he left Franciscans, fragrant with a
wondrous aspect, where none had been before.
885
The Friends of God spring up, individual mystics,
here and there through the Rhineland and Bavaria. Each becomes the centre of an ever widening
circle of transcendent life, the parent of a spiritual family. They are come like their Master, that
men may have life more abundantly: from them new mystic energy is actually born into the world.
Again, Ignatius leaves Manresa a solitary: maimed, ignorant, and poor. He comes to Rome with
his company already formed, and ablaze with his spirit; veritably his children, begotten of him,
part and parcel of his life.
Teresa finds the order of Mount Carmel hopelessly corrupt: its friars and nuns blind to
reality, indifferent to the obligations of the cloistered life. She is moved by the Spirit to leave her
convent and begin, in abject poverty, the foundation of new houses, where the most austere and
exalted life of contemplation shall be led. She enters upon this task to the accompaniment of an
almost universal mockery. Mysteriously, as she proceeds, novices of the spiritual life appear and
cluster around her. They come into existence, one knows not how, in the least favourable of
atmospheres: but one and all are salted with the Teresian salt. They receive the infection of her
abundant vitality: embrace eagerly and joyously the heroic life of the Reform. In the end, every
city in Spain has within it Teresas spiritual children: a whole order of contemplatives, as truly born
of her as if they were indeed her sons and daughters in the flesh. Well might the Spiritual Alchemists
say that the true Lapis Philosophorum is a tinging stone: which imparts its goldness to the base
metals brought within its sphere of influence.
884
Les Torrents, pt. i. cap. ix.
885
Thomas of Celano, Legenda Secunda, cap. xii.
311
This reproductive power is one of the greatest marks of the theopathetic life: the true mystic
marriage of the individual soul with its Source. Those rare personalities in whom it is found are
the media through which that Triumphing Spiritual Life which is the essence of reality forces an
entrance into the temporal order and begets children; heirs of the superabundant vitality of the
transcendental universe.
But the Unitive Life is more than the sum total of its symptoms: more than the heroic and
apostolic life of the great active: more than the divine motherhood of new sons and daughters
of the Absolute. These are only its outward signs, its expression in time and space. I have first
laid stress upon that expression, because it is the side which all critics and some friends of the
mystics persistently ignore. The contemplatives power of living this intense and creative life within
433
the temporal order, however, is tightly bound up with that other life in which he attains to complete
communion with the Absolute Order, and submits to the inflow of its supernal vitality. In discussing
the relation of the mystical experience to philosophy,
886
we saw that the complete mystic
consciousness, and therefore, of course, the complete mystic world, had a twofold character which
could hardly be reconciled with the requirements of monism. It embraced a Reality which seems
from the human standpoint at once static and dynamic, transcendent and immanent, eternal and
temporal: accepted both the absolute World of Pure Being and the unresting World of Becoming
as integral parts of its vision of Truth, demanding on its side a dual response. All through the Mystic
Way we caught glimpses of the growth and exercise of this dual intuition of the Real. Now, the
mature mystic, having come to his full stature, passed through the purifications of sense and of
spirit and entered on his heritage, must and does take up as a part of that heritage not merely ( a )
a fruition of the Divine Goodness, Truth, and Beauty, his place within the Sempiternal Rose, nor
( b ) the creative activity of an agent of the Eternal Wisdom, still immersed in the River of Life:
but both togetherthe twofold destiny of the spiritual man, called to incarnate the Eternal in
time. To use the old scholastic language, he is at once patient and agent: patient as regards God,
agent as regards the world.
In a deep sense it may be said of him that he now participates according to his measure in
that divine-human life which mediates between man and the Eternal, and constitutes the salvation
of the world. Therefore, though his outward heroic life of action, his divine fecundity, may seem
to us the best evidence of his state, it is the inner knowledge of his mystical sonship whereby we
feel eternal life in us above all other thing,
887
which is for him the guarantee of absolute life. He
has many ways of describing this central fact; this peculiar consciousness of his own transcendence,
which coexists with, and depends on, a complete humility. Sometimes he says that whereas in the
best moments of his natural life he was but the faithful servant of the eternal order, and in the
illuminated way became its secret friend, he is now advanced to the final, most mysterious state
of hidden child. How great, says Ruysbroeck, is the difference between the secret friend and
the hidden child! For the friend makes only loving, living, but measured ascents towards God. But
the child presses on to lose his own life upon the summits, in that simplicity which knoweth not
itself. . . . When we transcend ourselves and become in our ascent towards God so simple that the
886
Supra , Pt. I. Cap. II.
887
Ruysbroeck, De Calculo, cap. ix.
312
434
bare supreme Love can lay hold of us, then we cease, and we and all our selfhood die in God. And
in this death we become the hidden children of God, and find a new life within us.
888
Though the outer career of the great mystic, then, be one of superhuman industry, a long
fight with evil and adversity, his real and inner life dwells securely upon the heights; in the perfect
fruition which he can only suggest to us by the paradoxical symbols of ignorance and emptiness.
He dominates existence because he thus transcends it: is a son of God, a member of the eternal
order, shares its substantial life. Tranquillity according to His essence, activity according to His
Nature: absolute repose, absolute fecundity: this, says Ruysbroeck again, is the twofold property
of Godhead: and the secret child of the Absolute participates in this dual character of Realityfor
this dignity has man been made.
889
Those two aspects of truth which he has so clumsily classified as static and dynamic, as
Being and Becoming, now find their final reconciliation within his own nature: for that nature has
become conscious in all its parts, has unified itself about its highest elements. That strange,
tormenting vision of a perfect peace, a joyous self-loss, annihilation in some mighty Life that
overpassed his own, which haunts man throughout the whole course of his history, and finds a more
or less distorted expression in all his creeds, a justification in all his ecstasies, is now traced to its
source: and found to be the inevitable expression of an instinct by which he recognized, though he
could not attain, the noblest part of his inheritance. This recognition of his has of necessity been
imperfect and oblique. It has taken in many temperaments an exaggerated form, and has been further
disguised by the symbolic language used to describe it. The tendency of Indian mysticism to regard
the Unitive Life wholly in its passive aspect, as a total self-annihilation, a disappearance into the
substance of the Godhead, results, I believe, from such a distortion of truth. The Oriental mystic
presses on to lose his life upon the heights; but he does not come back and bring to his fellow-men
the life-giving news that he has transcended mortality in the interests of the race. The temperamental
bias of Western mystics towards activity has saved them as a rule from such one-sided achievement
as this; and hence it is in them that the Unitive Life, with its dual character of activity and rest,
has assumed its richest and noblest forms.
Of these Western mystics none has expressed more lucidly or splendidly than Ruysbroeck
the double nature of mans reaction to Reality. It is the heart of his vision of truth. In all his books
435
he returns to it again and again: speaking, as none familiar with his writings can doubt, the ardent,
joyous, vital language of firsthand experience, not the platitudes of philosophy. He might say with
Dante, his forerunner into the Empyrean:
La forma universal di questo nodo
credo ch io vidi, perch pi di largo
dicendo questo, mi sento ch io godo.
890
It is then from Ruysbroeck that I shall make my quotations: and if they be found somewhat
long and difficult of comprehension, their unique importance for the study of mans spiritual abilities
must be my excuse.
First, his vision of God:
888
Op. cit ., cap viii. and ix. (condensed).
889
Vide supra p. 35.
890
Par. xxxiii. 91. I believe that I beheld the universal form of this knot: because in saying this I feel my joy increased.
313
The Divine Persons, he says, Who form one sole God, are in the fecundity of their nature
ever active: and in the simplicity of their essence they form the Godhead and eternal blessedness.
Thus God according to the Persons is Eternal Work: but according to the essence and Its perpetual
stillness, He is Eternal Rest. Now love and fruition live between this activity and this rest. Love
would ever be active: for its nature is eternal working with God. Fruition is ever at rest, for it consists
above all will and all desire, in the embrace of the well-beloved by the well-beloved in a simple
and imageless love; wherein the Father, together with the Son, enfolds His beloved ones in the
fruitive unity of His Spirit, above the fecundity of nature. And that same Father says to each soul
in His infinite loving kindness, Thou art Mine and I am thine: I am thine and thou art Mine, for I
have chosen thee from all eternity.
891
Next the vision of the selfs destiny: Our activity consists in loving God and our fruition
in enduring God and being penetrated by His love. There is a distinction between love and fruition,
as there is between God and His Grace. When we unite ourselves to God by love, then we are spirit:
but when we are caught up and transformed by His Spirit, then we are led into fruition. And the
spirit of God Himself breathes us out from Himself that we may love, and may do good works; and
again He draws us into Himself, that we may rest in fruition. And this is Eternal Life; even as our
mortal life subsists in the indrawing and outgoing of our breath.
892
Understand, he says again, God comes to us incessantly, both with means and without
means; and He demands of us both action and fruition, in such away that the action never hinders
436
the fruition, nor the fruition the action, but they strengthen one another. And this is why the interior
man [ i.e., the contemplative] lives his life according to these two ways; that is to say, in rest and
in work. And in each of them he is wholly and undividedly; for he dwells wholly in God in virtue
of his restful fruition and wholly in himself in virtue of his active love. And God, in His
communications, perpetually calls and urges him to renew both this rest and this work. And because
the soul is just, it desires to pay at every instant that which God demands of it; and this is why each
time it is irradiated of Him, the soul turns inward in a manner that is both active and fruitive, and
thus it is renewed in all virtues and ever more profoundly immersed in fruitive rest. . . . It is active
in all loving work, for it sees its rest. It is a pilgrim, for it sees its country. For loves sake it strives
for victory, for it sees its crown. Consolation, peace, joy, beauty and riches, all that can give delight,
all this is shown to the mind illuminated in God, in spiritual similitudes and without measure. And
through this vision and touch of God, love continues active. For such a just man has built up in his
own soul, in rest and in work, a veritable life which shall endure for ever, but which shall be
transformed after this present life to a state still more sublime. Thus this man is just, and he goes
towards God by inward love, in eternal work, and he goes in God by his fruitive inclination in
eternal rest. And he dwells in God; and yet he goes out towards all creatures, in a spirit of love
towards all things, in virtue and in works of righteousness. And this is she supreme summit of the
inner life .
893
Compare this description with the careers of the theopathetic mystics, in whom, indeed,
action has not injured fruition, nor fruition action, who have by some secret adjustment contrived
to possess their lives in rest and in work without detriment to inward joy or outward industry.
891
De Septem Gradibus Amoris, Cap. xiv .
892
Ibid., loc. cit.
893
Ruysbroeck Do Ornatu Spiritalium Nuptiarum, I. ii cap. lxv.
314
Bear in mind as you read these wordsRuysbroecks supreme effort to tell the true relation between
mans created spirit and his Godthe great public ministry of St. Catherine of Siena, which ranged
from the tending of the plague-stricken to the reforming of the Papacy; and was accompanied by
the inward fruitive consciousness of the companionship of Christ. Remember the humbler but not
less beautiful and significant achievement of her Genoese namesake: the strenuous lives of St.
Francis of Assisi, St. Ignatius, St. Teresa, outwardly cumbered with much serving, observant of an
infinitude of tiresome details, composing rules, setting up foundations, neglecting no aspect of their
business which could conduce to its practical success, yet altogether dwelling in God in restful
fruition. Are not all these supreme examples of the state in which the self, at last fully conscious,
437
knowing Reality because she is wholly real, pays her debt? Unable to rest entirely either in work
or in fruition, she seizes on this twofold expression of the superabundant life by which she is
possessed: and, on the double wings of eagerness and effort, takes flight towards her Home.
In dwelling, as we have done, on the ways in which the great mystic makes actual to himself
the circumstances of the Unitive State, we must not forget that this state is, in essence, a fulfilment
of love; the attainment of a hearts desire. By this attainment, this lifting of the self to free union
with the Realas by the earthly marriage which dimly prefigures ita new life is entered upon,
new powers, new responsibilities are conferred. But this is not all. The three prime activities of the
normal self, feeling, intellect, and will, though they seem to be fused, are really carried up to a
higher term. They are unified, it is true, but still present in their integrity; and each demands and
receives full satisfaction in the attainment of this fillal honour for which man has been made.
The intellect is immersed in that mighty vision of truth, known now not as a vision but as a home;
where St. Paul saw things which might not be uttered, St. Teresa found the perpetual companionship
of the Blessed Trinity, and Dante, caught to its heart for one brief moment, his mind smitten by
the blinding flash of the Uncreated light, knew that he had resolved Realitys last paradox: the unity
of cerchio and imago the infinite and personal aspects of God.
894
The enhanced will,
made over to the interests of the Transcendent, receives new worlds to conquer, new strength to
match its exalted destiny. But the heart too here enters on a new order, begins to live upon high
levels of joy. This soul, says Love, swims in the sea of joy: that is, in the sea of delight, the stream
of divine influences.
895
Amans volat, currit et laetatur: liber est et non tenetur ,
896
said Kempis: classic words,
which put before us once and for ever the inward joyousness and liberty of the saints. They fly,
run, and rejoicethose great, laborious souls, often spent with amazing mortifications, vowed to
hard and never-ending tasks. They are free, and nothing can hold them, though they seem to the
world fenced in by absurd renunciations and restrictions, deprived of that cheap licence which it
knows as liberty.
That fruition of joy of which Ruysbroeck speaks in majestic phrases, as constituting the
interior life of mystic souls immersed in the Absolutethe translation of the Beatific Vision into
the terms of a supernal feeling-stateis often realized in the secret experience of those same
mystics, as the perennial possession of a childlike gaiety, an inextinguishable gladness of heart.
894
Par. xxxiii. 137.
895
The Mirror of Simple Souls. p. 161.
896
De Imitatione Christi, I. iii. cap. v.
315
438
The transfigured souls move to the measures of a love dance which persists in mirth without
comparison, through every outward hardship and tribulation. They enjoy the high spirits peculiar
to high spirituality: and shock the world by a delicate playfulness, instead of exhibiting the morose
resignation which it feels to be proper to the spiritual life. Thus St. Catherine of Siena, though
constantly suffering, was always jocund and of a happy spirit. When prostrate with illness she
overflowed with gaiety and gladness, and was full of laughter in the Lord, exultant and rejoicing.

897
Moreover, the most clear-sighted amongst the mystics declare such joy to be an implicit of
Reality. Thus Dante, initiated into Paradise, sees the whole Universe laugh with delight as it glorifies
God:
898
and the awful countenance of Perfect Love adorned with smiles.
899
Thus the souls of the
great theologians dance to music and laughter in the Heaven of the Sun;
900
the loving seraphs, in
their ecstatic joy, whirl about the Being of God.
901
O luce sterna che . . . ami ed arridi, exclaims
the pilgrim, as the Divine Essence is at last revealed to him,
902
and he perceives love and joy as
the final attributes of the Triune God. Thus Beatrice with suoi occhi ridenti so different from
the worlds idea of a suitable demeanour for the souls supreme instructresslaughs as she mounts
with him the ladder to the stars. So, if the deified soul has indeed run ahead of humanity and
according to his fruition dwells in heaven, he too, like Francis, will run, rejoice and make merry:
join the eager dance of the Universe about the One. If, says Patmore, we may credit certain hints
contained in the lives of the saints, love raises the spirit above the sphere of reverence and worship
into one of laughter and dalliance: a sphere in which the soul says:
Shall I, a gnat which dances in Thy ray,
Dare to be reverent?
903
Richard Rolle has expressed this exultant spirit of dalliance with peculiar insight and
delicacy. Among the delights which he tastes in so sweet love burning, he says of the true lover
who in the bond of the lovers will stably is confirmed, a heavenly privity inshed he feels, that
no man can know but he that has received it, and in himself bears the electuary that anoints and
makes happy all joyful lovers in Jesu; so that they cease not to hie in heavenly seats to sit, endlessly
439
their Maker to enjoy. Hereto truly they yearn in heavenly sights abiding; and inwardly set afire,
all their inward parts are glad with pleasant shining in light. And themselves they feel gladdened
with merriest love, and in joyful song wonderfully melted. . . . But this grace generally and to all
is not given, but to the holy soul imbued with the holiest is taught; in whom the excellence of love
shines, and songs of lovely loving, Christ inspiring, commonly burst up, and being made as it were
a pipe of love, in sight of God more goodly than can be said, joying sounds. The which (soul) the
mystery of love knowing, with great cry to its Love ascends, in wit sharpest, and in knowledge and
in feeling subtle; not spread in things of this world but into God all gathered and set, that in cleanness
of conscience and shining of soul to Him it may serve Whom it has purposed to love, and itself to
Him to give. Surely the clearer the love of the lover is, the nearer to him and the more present God
897
Contestatio Fr. Thomae Caffarina, Processus, col. 1258 (E. Gardner, St. Catherine of Siena, p. 48).
898
Par. xxvii. 4.
899
Ibid ., xx. 13.
900
Ibid ., x. 76, 118.
901
Ibid., xxviii. 100.
902
Ibid., xxxiii. 124-26.
903
Coventry Patmore, The Rod, the Root, and the Flower, Aurea Dicta.
316
is. And thereby more clearly in God he joys, and of the sweet Goodness the more he feels, that to
lovers is wont Itself to inshed, and to mirth without comparison the hearts of the meek to turn.
904
The state of burning love, said Rolle, than which he could conceive no closer reaction to
Reality, was the state of Sweetness and Song: the welling up of glad music in the simple soul, mans
natural expression of a joy which overpasses the descriptive powers of our untuneful speech. In
the gay rhythms of that primordial art he may say something of the secret which the more decorous
periods of religion and philosophy will never let him tell: something, too, which in its very
childishness, its freedom from the taint of solemnity and self-importance, expresses the quality of
that inward life, that perpetual youth, which the secret child of the Transcendent Order enjoys.
As it were a pipe of love in the sight of God he joying sounds. The music of the spheres is all
about him: he is a part of the great melody of the Divine. Sweetest forsooth, says Rolle again,
is the rest which the spirit takes whilst sweet goodly sound comes down, in which it is delighted:
and in most sweet song and playful the mind is ravished to sing likings of love everlasting.
905
When we come to look at the lives of the mystics, we find it literally true that such songs
of lovely loving commonly burst up whenever we can catch them unawares; see behind the
formidable and heroic activities of reformer, teacher, or leader of men the vie intime which is lived
at the hearth of Love. What are the servants of the Lord but His minstrels? said St. Francis,
906
who saw nothing inconsistent between the Celestial Melodies and the Stigmata of Christ. Moreover
440
the songs of such troubadours, as the hermit of Hampole learned in his wilderness, are not only
sweet but playful. Dwelling always in a light of which we hardly dare to think, save in the extreme
terms of reverence and awe, they are not afraid with any amazement: they are at home.
The whole life of St. Francis of Assisi, that spirit transfigured in God, who loved above
all other birds a certain little bird which is called the lark,
907
was one long march to music through
the world. To sing seemed to him a primary spiritual function: he taught his friars in their preaching
to urge all men to this.
908
It appeared to him appropriate and just to use the romantic language of
the troubadours in praise of the perfect Love which had marked him as Its own. Drunken with the
love and compassion of Christ, blessed Francis on a time did things such as these. For the most
sweet melody of spirit boiling up within him, frequently broke out in French speech, and the veins
of murmuring which he heard secretly with his ears broke forth into French-like rejoicing. And
sometimes he picked up a branch from the earth, and laying it on his left arm, he drew in his right
hand another stick like a bow over it, as if on a viol or other instrument, and, making fitting gestures,
sang with it in French unto the Lord Jesus Christ.
909
Many a time has the romantic quality of the Unitive Lifeits gaiety, freedom, assurance,
and joybroken out in French-like rejoicings; which have a terribly frivolous sound for worldly
ears, and seem the more preposterous as coming from people whose outward circumstances are of
the most uncomfortable kind. St. John of the Cross wrote love songs to his Love. St. Rose of Lima
sang duets with the birds. St. Teresa, in the austere and poverty-stricken seclusion of her first
foundation, did not disdain to make rustic hymns and carols for her daughters use in the dialect
904
Richard Rolle, The Fire of Love, bk. ii. cap. vii.
905
Op. cit ., bk. i. cap. xi.
906
Speculum Perfectionis, cap, c. (Steeles translation).
907
Speculum, cap. cxiii.
908
Ibid. , cap. c.
909
Ibid. , cap. xciii., also Thomas of Celano, Vita Secunda, cap. xc.
317
of Old Castile. Like St. Francis, she had a horror of solemnity. It was only fit for hypocrites, thought
these rejuvenators of the Church. The hard life of prayer and penance on Mount Carmel was
undertaken in a joyous spirit to the sound of many songs. Its great Reformer was quick to snub the
too-spiritual sister who thought it better to contemplate than to sing: and was herself heard, as
she swept the convent corridor, to sing a little ditty about the most exalted of her own mystical
experiences: that ineffable transverberation, in which the fiery arrow of the seraph pierced her heart.
910
But the most lovely and real, most human and near to us, of all these descriptions of the
celestial exhilaration which mystic surrender brings in its train, is the artless, unintentional
441
self-revelation of St. Catherine of Genoa, whose inner and outer lives in their balanced wholeness
provide us with one of our best standards by which to judge the right proportions of the Mystic
Way. Here the whole essence of the Unitive Life is summed up and presented to us by one who
lived it upon heroic levels: and who was, in fruition and activity, in rest and in work, not only a
great active and a great ecstatic, but one of the deepest gazers into the secrets of Eternal Love that
the history of Christian mysticism contains. Yet perhaps there is no passage in the works of these
same mystics which comes to so unexpected, so startling a conclusion as this; in which St. Catherine,
with a fearless simplicity, shows to her fellow-men the nature of the path that she has trodden and
the place that she has reached.
When, she says, in one of her reported dialoguesand though the tone be impersonal it
is clearly personal experience which speaksthe loving kindness of God calls a soul from the
world, He finds it full of vices and sins; and first He gives it an instinct for virtue, and then urges
it to perfection, and then by infused grace leads it to true self-naughting, and at last to true
transformation. And this noteworthy order serves God to lead the soul along the Way: but when
the soul is naughted and transformed, then of herself she neither works nor speaks nor wills, nor
feels nor hears nor understands, neither has she of herself the feeling of outward or inward, where
she may move. And in all things it is God Who rules and guides her, without the mediation of any
creature. And the state of this soul is then a feeling of such utter peace and tranquillity that it seems
to her that her heart, and her bodily being, and all both within and without is immersed in an ocean
of utmost peace; from when she shall never come forth for anything that can befall her in this life.
And she stays immovable, imperturbable, impassible. So much so, that it seems to her in her human
and her spiritual nature, both within and without, she can feel no other thing than sweetest peace.
And she is so full of peace that though she press her flesh, her nerves, her bones, no other thing
comes forth from them than peace. Then says she all day for joy such rhymes as these, making
them according to her manner:
Vuoi tu che tu mostrio
Presto che cosa Dio?
Pace non trova chi da lui si parti.
911
910
Cf . G. Cunninghame Graham, Santa Teresa, vol. i. pp. 180, 300, 304.
911
Dost thou wish that I should show
All Gods Being thou mayst know?
Peace is not found of those who do not with Him go.
(Vita e Dottrina, cap. xviii.)
Here, in spite of the many revisions to which the Vita has been subjected, I cannot but see an authentic report of St.
Catherines inner mind; highly characteristic of the personality which came joyous and rosy-faced from its ecstatic encounters
318
442
Then says she all day for joy such rhymes as thesenursery rhymes, one might almost
call them: so infantile, so naive is their rhythm. Who would have suspected this to be the secret
manner of communion between the exalted soul of Catherine and her Love? How many of those
who actually saw that great and able woman labouring in the administration of her hospitalwho
heard that profound and instinctive Christian Platonist instructing her disciples, and declaring the
law of universal and heroic lovehow many of these divined that questa santa benedetta who
seemed to them already something more than earthly, a matter of solemn congratulation and
reverential approach, went about her work with a heart engaged in no lofty speculations on Eternity;
no outpourings of mystic passion for the Absolute; but saying all day for joy, in a spirit of childlike
happiness, gay and foolish little songs about her Love?
Standing at the highest point of the mystic ladder which can be reached by human spirits
in this world of time and space, looking back upon the course of that slow interior alchemy, that
noteworthy order of organic transformation, by which her selfhood had been purged of
imperfection, raised to higher levels, compelled at last to surrender itself to the all-embracing,
all-demanding life of the Real; this is St. Catherines deliberate judgment on the relative and absolute
aspects of the mystic life. The noteworthy order which we have patiently followed, the psychic
growth and rearrangement of character, the visions and ecstasies, the joyous illumination and bitter
painthese but served to lead the soul along the way. In the mighty transvaluation of values
which takes place when that way has at last been trod, these abnormal events sink to insignificance.
For us, looking out wistfully along the pathway to reality, they stand out, it is true, as supreme
landmarks, by which we may trace the homeward course of pilgrim man. Their importance cannot
be overrated for those who would study the way to that world from this. But the mystic, safe in that
silence where lovers lose themselves, his cheek on Him Who for his coming came, remembers
them no more. In the midst of his active work, his incessant spiritual creation, joy and peace enfold
him. He needs no stretched and sharpened intuition now: for he dwells in that most perfect form
of contemplation which consists in simple and perceived contact of the substance of the soul
443
with that of the divine.
912
The wheel of life has made its circle. Here, at the last point of its revolution, the extremes
of sublimity and simplicity are seen to meet. It has swept the soul of the mystic through periods of
alternate stress and glory; tending ever to greater transcendence, greater freedom, closer contact
with the Supplier of true life. He emerges from that long and wondrous journey to find himself
in rest and in work, a little child upon the bosom of the Father. In that most dear relation all feeling,
will, and thought attain their end. Here all the teasing complications of our separated selfhood are
transcended. Hence the eager striving, the sharp vision, are not wanted any more. In that mysterious
death of selfhood on the summits which is the medium of Eternal Life, heights meet the deeps:
supreme achievement and complete humility are one.
In a last brief vision, a glimpse as overpowering to our common minds as Dantes final
intuition of reality to his exalted and courageous soul, we see the triumphing spirit, sent out before
us the best that earth can offer, stoop and strip herself of the insignia of wisdom and power.
Achieving the highest, she takes the lowest place. Initiated into the atmosphere of Eternity, united
with Love. The very unexpectedness of its conclusion, so unlike the expressions supposed to be proper to the saints, is a guarantee
of its authenticity. On the text of the Vita see Von Hgel, The Mystical Element of Religion, vol. i., Appendix.
912
Coventry Patmore, The Rod, the Root, and the Flower, Magna Moralia, xv.
319
with the Absolute, possessed at last of the fullness of Its life, the soul, self-naughted becomes as a
little child: for of such is the kingdom of heaven.
444
Far from being academic or unreal, that history, I think, is vital for the deeper understanding
of the history of humanity. It shows us, upon high levels, the psychological process to which every
self which desires to rise to the perception of Reality must submit: the formula under which mans
spiritual consciousness, be it strong or weak, must necessarily unfold. In the great mystics we see
445
the highest and widest development of that consciousness to which the human race has yet attained.
We see its growth exhibited to us on a grand scale, perceptible of all men: the stages of its slow
transcendence of the sense-world marked by episodes of splendour and of terror which are hard
for common men to accept or understand as a part of the organic process of life. But the germ of
that same transcendent life, the spring of the amazing energy which enables the great mystic to rise
to freedom and dominate his world, is latent in all of us, an integral part of our humanity. Where
the mystic has a genius for the Absolute, we have each a little buried talent, some greater, some
less; and the growth of this talent, this spark of the soul, once we permit its emergence, will conform
in little, and according to its measure, to those laws of organic growth those inexorable conditions
of transcendence which we found to govern the Mystic Way.
Every person, then, who awakens to consciousness of a Reality which transcends the normal
world of sensehowever small, weak imperfect that consciousness may beis put upon a road
which follows at low levels the path which the mystic treads at high levels. The success with which
he follows this way to freedom and full life will depend on the intensity of his love and will, his
capacity for self-discipline, his steadfastness and courage. It will depend on the generosity and
completeness of his outgoing passion for absolute beauty, absolute goodness, or absolute truth. But
if he move at all, he will move through a series of states which are, in their own small way, analogous
to those experienced by the greatest contemplative on his journey towards that union with God
which is the term of the spirits ascent towards its home.
As the embryo of physical man, be he saint or savage, passes through the same stages of
initial growth, so too with spiritual man. When the new birth takes place in him, the new
life-process of his deeper self begins, the normal individual, no less than the mystic, will know that
spiral ascent towards higher levels, those oscillations of consciousness between light and darkness,
those odd mental disturbances, abrupt invasions from the subliminal region, and disconcerting
glimpses of truth, which accompany the growth of the transcendental powers; though he may well
interpret them in other than the mystic sense. He too will be impelled to drastic self-discipline, to
a deliberate purging of his eyes that he may see: and receiving a new vision of the world, will be
spurred by it to a total self-dedication, an active surrender of his whole being, to that aspect of the
Infinite which he has perceived. He too will endure in little the psychic upheavals of the spiritual
446
adolescence: will be forced to those sacrifices which every form of genius demands. He will know
according to his measure the dreadful moments of lucid self-knowledge, the counter-balancing
ecstasy of an intuition of the Real. More and more, as we study and collate all the available evidence,
this factthis lawis borne in on us: that the general movement of human consciousness, when
it obeys its innate tendency to transcendence, is always the same. There is only one road from
Appearance to Reality. Men pass on, but the States are permanent for ever.
320
I do not care whether the consciousness be that of artist or musician, striving to catch and
fix some aspect of the heavenly light or music, and denying all other aspects of the world in order
to devote themselves to this: or of the humble servant of Science, purging his intellect that he may
look upon her secrets with innocence of eye: whether the higher reality be perceived in the terms
of religion, beauty, suffering; of human love, of goodness, or of truth. However widely these forms
of transcendence may seem to differ, the mystic experience is the key to them all. All in their
different ways are exhibitions here and now of the Eternal; extensions of mans consciousness
which involve calls to heroic endeavour, incentives to the remaking of character about new and
higher centres of life. Through each, man may rise to freedom and take his place in the great
movement of the universe: may understand by dancing that which is done. Each brings the self
who receives its revelation in good faith, does not check it by self-regarding limitations, to a humble
acceptance of the universal law of knowledge: the law that we behold that which we are, and
hence that only the Real can know Reality. Awakening, Discipline, Enlightenment, Self-surrender,
and Union, are the essential phases of lifes response to this fundamental fact: the conditions of
our attainment of Being, the necessary formula under which alone our consciousness of any of
these fringes of Eternityany of these aspects of the Transcendentcan unfold, develop, attain
to freedom and full life.
We are, then, one and all the kindred of the mystics; and it is by dwelling upon this kinship,
by interpretingso far as we maytheir great declarations in the light of our little experience, that
we shall learn to understand them best. Strange and far away though they seem, they are not cut
off from us by some impassable abyss. They belong to us. They are our brethren; the giants, the
heroes of our race. As the achievement of genius belongs not to itself only, but also to the society
that brought it forth; as theology declares that the merits of the saints avail for all; so, because of
the solidarity of the human family, the supernal accomplishment of the mystics is ours also. Their
447
attainment is the earnest-money of our eternal life.
To be a mystic is simply to participate here and now in that real and eternal life; in the
fullest, deepest sense which is possible to man. It is to share, as a free and conscious agentnot a
servant, but a sonin the joyous travail of the Universe: its mighty onward sweep through pain
and glory towards its home in God. This gift of sonship, this power of free co-operation in the
world-process, is mans greatest honour. The ordered sequence of states, the organic development,
whereby his consciousness is detached from illusion and rises to the mystic freedom which conditions
instead of being conditioned by, its normal world, is the way he must tread if that sonship is to be
realized. Only by this deliberate fostering of his deeper self, this transmutation of the elements of
his character, can he reach those levels of consciousness upon which he hears, and responds to, the
measure whereto the worlds keep time on their great pilgrimage towards the Fathers heart. The
mystic act of union, that joyous loss of the transfigured self in God, which is the crown of mans
conscious ascent towards the Absolute, is the contribution of the individual to this, the destiny of
the Cosmos.
The mystic knows that destiny. It is laid bare to his lucid vision, as our puzzling world of
form and colour is to normal sight. He is the hidden child of the eternal order, an initiate of the
secret plan. Hence, whilst all creation groaneth and travaileth, slowly moving under the spur of
blind desire towards that consummation in which alone it can have rest, he runs eagerly along the
pathway to reality. He is the pioneer of Life on its age-long voyage to the One: and shows us, in
his attainment, the meaning and value of that life.
321
This meaning, this secret plan of Creation, flames out, had we eyes to see, from every
department of existence. Its exultant declarations come to us in all great music; its magic is the life
of all romance. Its lawthe law of loveis the substance of the beautiful, the energizing cause of
the heroic. It lights the altar of every creed. All mans dreams and diagrams concerning a transcendent
Perfection near him yet intangible, a transcendent vitality to which he can attainwhether he call
these objects of desire God, grace, being, spirit, beauty, pure ideaare but translations of his
deeper selfs intuition of its destiny; clumsy fragmentary hints at the all-inclusive, living Absolute
which that deeper self knows to be real. This supernal Thing, the adorable Substance of all that
Isthe synthesis of Wisdom, Power, and Loveand mans apprehension of it, his slow remaking
in its interests, his union with it at last; this is the theme of mysticism. That twofold extension of
consciousness which allows him communion with its transcendent and immanent aspects is, in all
448
its gradual processes, the Mystic Way. It is also the crown of human evolution; the fulfilment of
life, the liberation of personality from the world of appearance, its entrance into the free creative
life of the Real.
Further, Christians may well remark that the psychology of Christ, as presented to us in the
Gospels, is of a piece with that of the mystics. In its pain and splendour, its dual character of action
and fruition, it reflects their experience upon the supernal plane of more abundant life. Thanks to
this fact, for them the Ladder of Contemplationthat ladder which mediaeval thought counted as
an instrument of the Passion, discerning it as essential to the true salvation of manstretches
without a break from earth to the Empyrean. It leans against the Cross; it leads to the Secret Rose.
By it the ministers of Goodness, Truth, and Beauty go up and down between the transcendent and
the apparent world. Seen, then, from whatever standpoint we may choose to adoptwhether of
psychology, philosophy, or religionthe adventure of the great mystics intimately concerns us. It
is a master-key to mans puzzle: by its help he may explain much in his mental makeup, in his
religious constructions, in his experience of life. In all these departments he perceives himself to
be climbing slowly and clumsily upward toward some attainment yet unseen. The mystics, expert
mountaineers, go before him: and show him, if he cares to learn, the way to freedom, to reality, to
peace. He cannot rise in this, his earthly existence, to the awful and solitary peak, veiled in the
Cloud of Unknowing, where they meet that death of the summit, which is declared by them to
be the gate of Perfect Life: but if he choose to profit by their explorations, he may find his level,
his place within the Eternal Order. He may achieve freedom, live the independent spiritual life.
Consider once more the Mystic Way as we have traced it from its beginning. To what does
it tend if not to this?
It began by the awakening within the self of a new and embryonic consciousness: a
consciousness of divine reality, as opposed to the illusory sense-world in which she was immersed.
Humbled, awed by the august possibilities then revealed to her, that self retreated into the cell of
self-knowledge and there laboured to adjust herself to the Eternal Order which she had perceived,
stripped herself of all that opposed it, disciplined her energies, purified the organs of sense. Remade
in accordance with her intuitions of reality, the eternal hearing and seeing were revealed in her.
She opened her eyes upon a world still natural, but no longer illusory; since it was perceived to be
illuminated by the Uncreated Light. She knew then the beauty, the majesty, the divinity of the living
322
449
World of Becoming which holds in its meshes every living thing. She had transcended the narrow
rhythm by which common men perceive but one of its many aspects, escaped the machine-made
universe presented by the cinematograph of sense, and participated in the great life of the All.
Reality came forth to her, since her eyes were cleansed to see It, not from some strange far-off and
spiritual country, but gently, from the very heart of things. Thus lifted to a new level, she began
again her ceaseless work of growth: and because by the cleansing of the senses she had learned to
see the reality which is shadowed by the sense-world, she now, by the cleansing of her will, sought
to draw nearer to that Eternal Will, that Being, which life, the World of Becoming, manifests and
serves. Thus, by the surrender of her selfhood in its wholeness, the perfecting of her love, she slid
from Becoming to Being, and found her true life hidden in God.
Yet the course of this transcendence, this amazing inward journey, was closely linked, first
and last, with the processes of human life. It sprang from that life, as man springs from the sod.
We were even able to describe it under those symbolic formulae which we are accustomed to call
the laws of the natural world. By an extension of these formulae, their logical application, we
discovered a path which led us without a break from the sensible to the supra-sensible; from apparent
to absolute life. There is nothing unnatural about the Absolute of the mystics: He sets the rhythm
of His own universe, and conforms to the harmonies which He has made. We, deliberately seeking
for that which we suppose to be spiritual, too often overlook that which alone is Real. The true
mysteries of life accomplish themselves so softly, with so easy and assured a grace, so frank an
acceptance of our breeding, striving, dying, and unresting world, that the unimaginative natural
manall agog for the marvellousis hardly startled by their daily and radiant revelation of infinite
wisdom and love. Yet this revelation presses incessantly upon us. Only the hard crust of
surface-consciousness conceals it from our normal sight. In some least expected moment, the
common activities of life in progress, that Reality in Whom the mystics dwell slips through our
closed doors, and suddenly we see It at our side.
It was said of the disciples at Emmaus, Mensam igitur ponunt panes cibosque offerunt, et
Deum, quem in Scripturae sacrae expositione non cognoverant, in panis fractione cognoscunt. So
too for us the Transcendent Life for which we crave is revealed and our living within it, not on
some remote and arid plane of being, in the cunning explanations of philosophy; but in the normal
acts of our diurnal experience, suddenly made significant for us. Not in the backwaters of existence,
450
not amongst subtle arguments and occult doctrines, but in all those places where the direct and
simple life of earth goes on. It is found in the soul of man so long as that soul is alive and growing:
it is not found in any sterile place.
This fact of experience is our link with the mystics, our guarantee of the truthfulness of
their statements, the supreme importance of their adventure, their closer contact with Reality. The
mystics on their part are our guarantee of the end towards which the Immanent Love, the hidden
steersman which dwells in our midst, is moving: our lovely forerunners on the path towards the
Real. They come back to us from an encounter with lifes most august secret, as Mary came running
from the tomb; filled with amazing tidings which they can hardly tell. We, longing for some
assurance, and seeing their radiant faces, urge them to pass on their revelation if they can. It is the
old demand of the dim-sighted and incredulous:
Dic nobis Maria
Quid vidisti in via?
323
But they cannot say: can only report fragments of the symbolic vision:
Angelicos testes, sudarium, et vestes
not the inner content, the final divine certainty. We must ourselves follow in their footsteps if
we would have that.
Like the story of the Cross, so too the story of mans spirit ends in a garden: in a place of
birth and fruitfulness, of beautiful and natural things. Divine Fecundity is its secret: existence, not
for its own sake, but for the sake of a more abundant life. It ends with the coming forth of divine
humanity, never again to leave us: living in us, and with us, a pilgrim, a worker, a guest at our table,
a sharer at all hazards in life. The mystics witness to this story: waking very early they have run
on before us, urged by the greatness of their love. We, incapable as yet of this sublime encounter,
looking in their magic mirror, listening to their stammered tidings, may see far off the consummation
of the race.
According to the measure of their strength and of their passion, these, the true lovers of the
Absolute, have conformed here and now to the utmost tests of divine sonship, the final demands
of life. They have not shrunk from the sufferings of the cross. They have faced the darkness of the
tomb. Beauty and agony alike have called them: alike have awakened a heroic response. For them
451
the winter is over: the time of the singing of birds is come. From the deeps of the dewy garden,
Lifenew, unquenchable, and ever lovelycomes to meet them with the dawn.
Et hoc intellegere, quis bominum dabit bomini?
Quis angelus angelo?
Quis angelus bomini?
El te petatur,
In te quaeratur,
Eld te pulsetur,
Sic, sic accipietur invenietur, sic aperietur.
453
324
I f we try to represent the course of Mysticism in Europe during the Christian period by the common
device of a chronological curve, showing by its rises and falls as it passes across the centuries the
absence or preponderance in any given epoch of mystics and mystical thought, we shall find that
the great periods of mystical activity tend to correspond with the great periods of artistic, material,
and intellectual civilization. As a rule, they come immediately after, and seem to complete such
periods: those outbursts of vitality in which man makes fresh conquests over his universe apparently
producing, as their last stage, a type of heroic character which extends these victories to the spiritual
sphere. When science, politics, literature, and the artsthe domination of nature and the ordering
of lifehave risen to their height and produced their greatest works, the mystic comes to the front;
snatches the torch, and carries it on. It is almost as if he were humanitys finest flower; the product
at which each great creative period of the race had aimed.
Thus the thirteenth century expressed to perfection the medieval ideal in religion, art,
philosophy, and public life. It built the Gothic cathedrals, put the finishing touch to the system of
chivalry, and nourished the scholastic philosophers. It has many saints, but not very many mystics;
though they increase in number as the century draws on. The fourteenth century is filled by great
contemplatives; who lifted this wave of activity to spiritual levels, and brought the intellectual
vigour, the romance and passion of the mediaeval temperament, to bear upon the deepest mysteries
of the transcendental life. Again, the sixteenth century, that period of abounding vitality which left
no corner of existence unexplored, which produced the Renaissance and the Humanists and remade
the mediaeval world, had hardly reached its full development before the great procession of the
post-Renaissance mystics, with St. Teresa at their head, began. If life, thenthe great and restless
life of the racebe described under the trite metaphor of a billowy sea, each great wave as it rises
from the deep bears the mystic type upon its crest.
Our curve will therefore follow close behind that other curve which represents the intellectual
life of humanity. Its course will be studded and defined for us by the names of the great mystics;
the possessors of spiritual genius, the pathfinders to the country of the soul. These starry names are
significant not only in themselves but also as links in the chain of manes growing spiritual history.
454
They are not isolated phenomena, but are related to one another. Each receives something from
his predecessors: each by his personal adventures enriches it, and hands it on to the future. As we
go on, we notice more and more this cumulative power of the past. Each mystic, original though
he be, yet owes much to the inherited acquirement of his spiritual ancestors. These ancestors form
his tradition, are the classic examples on which his education is based; and from them he takes the
language which they have sought out and constructed as a means of telling their adventures to the
world. It is by their help too, very often, that he elucidates for himself the meaning of the dim
perceptions of his amazed soul. From his own experiences he adds to this store; and hands on an
enriched tradition of the transcendental life to the next spiritual genius evolved by the race. Hence
the names of the great mystics are connected by a thread; and it becomes possible to treat them as
subjects of history rather than of biography.
I have said that this thread forms a curve, following the fluctuations of the intellectual life
of the race. At its highest points, the names of the mystics are clustered most thickly, at its descents
they become fewer and fewer, at the lowest points they die away. Between the first century A.D.
and the nineteenth, this curve exhibits three great waves of mystical activity besides many minor
fluctuations. They correspond with the close of the Classical, the Mediaeval, and the Renaissance
periods in history: reaching their highest points in the third, fourteenth, and seventeenth centuries.
325
In one respect, however, the mystic curve diverges from the historical one. It rises to its highest
point in the fourteenth century, and does not again approach the level it there attains; for the
mediaeval period was more favourable to the development of mysticism than any subsequent epoch
has been. The fourteenth century is as much the classic moment for the spiritual history of our race
as the thirteenth is for the history of Gothic, or the fifteenth for that of Italian art.
The names upon our curve, especially during the first ten centuries of the Christian era, are
often separated by long periods of time. This, of course, does not necessarily mean that these
centuries produced few mystics: merely that few documents relating to them have survived. We
have now no means of knowing, for instance, the amount of true mysticism which may have existed
amongst the initiates of the Greek or Egyptian Mysteries; how many advanced but inarticulate
contemplatives there were amongst the Alexandrian Neo-platonists, amongst the pre-Christian
communities of contemplatives described by Philo , the deeply mystical Alexandrian Jew (20
B.C.-A.D. 40), or the innumerable Gnostic sects which replaced in the early Christian world the
Orphic and Dionysiac mystery-cults of Greece and Italy. Much real mystical inspiration there must
have been, for we know that from these centres of life came many of the doctrines best loved by
later mystics: that the Neoplatonists gave them the concepts of Pure Being and the One, that the
New Birth and the Spiritual Marriage were foreshadowed in the Mysteries, that Philo anticipated
455
the theology of the Fourth Gospel.
As we stand at the beginning of the Christian period we see three great sources whence its
mystical tradition might have been derived. These sources are Greek, Oriental, and Christian i.e.
, primitive Apostolicdoctrine or thought. As a matter of fact all contributed their share: but where
Christianity gave the new vital impulse to transcendence, Greek and Oriental thought provided the
principal forms in which it was expressed. The Christian religion, by its very nature, had a profoundly
mystical side. Putting the personality of its Founder outside the limits of the present discussion, St.
Paul and the author of the Fourth Gospel are obvious instances of mystics of the first rank amongst
its earliest missionaries. Much of the inner history of primitive Christianity still remains unknown
to us, but in what has been already made out we find numerous, if scattered, indications that the
mystic life was indigenous in the Church and the natural mystic had little need to look for inspiration
outside the limits of his creed. Not only the epistles of St. Paul and the Johannine writings, but also
the earliest liturgic fragments which we possess, and such primitive religious poetry as the Odes
of Solomon and the Hymn of Jesus, show how congenial was mystical expression to the mind
of the Church how easily that Church could absorb and transmute the mystic elements of Essene,
Orphic, and Neoplatonic thought.
Towards the end of the second century this tendency received brilliant literary expression
at the hands of Clement of Alexandria (c. 160-220)who first adapted the language of the pagan
Mysteries to the Christian theory of the spiritual lifeand his great pupil Origen (c. 183-253).
Nevertheless, the first person after St. Paul of whom it can now be decisively stated that he was a
practical mystic of the first rank, and in whose writings the central mystic doctrine of union with
God is found, is a pagan. That person is Plotinus , the great Neoplatonic philosopher of Alexandria
(A.D. 205-c. 270). His mysticism owes nothing to the Christian religion, which is never mentioned
in his works. Intellectually it is based on the Platonic philosophy, and also shows the influence of
the Mysteries, and perhaps certain of the Oriental cults and philosophies which ran riot in Alexandria
in the third century. Ostensibly a metaphysician, however, Plotinus possessed transcendental genius
of a high order, and was consumed by a burning passion for the Absolute: and the importance of
326
his work lies in the degree in which his intellectual constructions are made the vehicle of mystical
experience. His disciple Porphyry has left it on record that on four occasions he saw his master rapt
to ecstatic union with the One.
The Neoplatonism of which Plotinus was the greatest exponent became the medium in
which much of the mysticismboth Christian and paganof the first six centuries was expressed.
But since mysticism is a way of lifean experience of Reality, not a philosophic account of
RealityNeoplatonism, and the mysticism which used its language, must not be identified with
one another. Porphyry (233-304) the favourite pupil of Plotinus seems to have inherited something
of his masters mysticism, but Neoplatonism as a whole was a confused, semi-religious philosophy,
456
containing many inconsistent elements. Appearing when the wreck of paganism was complete,
but before Christianity had conquered the educated world, it made a strong appeal to the spiritually
minded; and also to those who hankered after the mysterious and the occult. It taught the illusory
nature of all temporal things, and in the violence of its idealism outdid its master Plato. It also
taught the existence of an Absolute God, the Unconditioned One, who might be known in ecstasy
and contemplation; and here it made a direct appeal to the mystical instincts of men. Those natural
mystics who lived in the time of its greatest popularity found in it therefore a ready means of
expressing their own intuitions of reality. Hence the early mysticism of Europe, both Christian and
pagan, has come down to us in a Neoplatonic dress; and speaks the tongue of Alexandria rather
than that of Jerusalem, Athens, or Rome.
The influence of Plotinus upon later Christian mysticism was enormous though indirect.
During the patristic period all that was best in the spirit of Neoplatonism flowed into the veins of
the Church. St. Augustine (A.D. 354-430) and Dionysius the Areopagite (writing between 475
and 525) are amongst his spiritual children; and it is mainly through them that his doctrine reached
the mediaeval world. Proclus (412-c. 490), the last of the pagan philosophers, also derives from
his teaching. Through these three there is hardly one in the long tale of the European contemplatives
whom his powerful spirit has failed to reach.
The mysticism of St. Augustine is partly obscured for us by the wealth of his intellectual
and practical life: yet no one can read the Confessions without being struck by the intensity and
actuality of his spiritual experience, and the characteristically mystical formula under which he
apprehended Reality. It is clear that when he composed this work he was already an advanced
contemplative. The immense intellectual activities by which he is best remembered were fed by
the solitary adventures of his soul. No merely literary genius could have produced the wonderful
chapters in the seventh and eighth books, or the innumerable detached passages in which his passion
for the Absolute breaks out. Later mystics, recognizing this fact, constantly appeal to his authority,
and his influence ranks next to that of the Bible in the formation of the mediaeval school.
Second only to that of St. Augustine was the influence exercised by the strange and nameless
writer who chose to ascribe his works to Dionysius the Areopagite, the friend of St. Paul, and to
address his letters upon mysticism to Pauls fellow-worker, Timothy. The pseudo-Dionysius was
probably a Syrian monk. The patristic quotations detected in his work prove that he cannot have
written before A.D.475; it is most likely that he flourished in the early part of the sixth century.
His chief works are the treatises on the Angelic Hierarchies and on the Names of God, and a short
but priceless tract on mystical theology. From the ninth century to the seventeenth these writings
nourished the most spiritual intuitions of men, and possessed an authority which it is now hard to
realize. Medieval mysticism is soaked in Dionysian conceptions. Particularly in the fourteenth
327
457
century, the golden age of mystical literature, the phrase Dionysius saith is of continual recurrence:
and has for those who use it much the same weight as quotations from the Bible or the great fathers
of the Church.
The importance of Dionysius lies in the fact that he was the first and for a long time the
only, Christian writer who attempted to describe frankly and accurately the workings of the mystical
consciousness, and the nature of its ecstatic attainment of God. So well did he do h s work that later
contemplatives, reading him, found their most sublime experiences reflected and partly explained.
Hence in describing those experiences, they adopted his language and metaphors; which afterwards
became the classic terms of contemplative science. To him Christian literature owes the paradoxical
concept of the Absolute Godhead as the Divine Dark, the Unconditioned, the negation of all
that is i.e ., of all that the surface consciousness perceivesand of the souls attainment of the
Absolute as a divine ignorance, a way of negation. This idea is common to Greek and Indian
philosophy. With Dionysius it enters the Catholic fold.
Side by side with the Neoplatonic mysticism of St. Augustine and Dionysius runs another
line of spiritual culture, hardly less important for the development of the contemplative life. This
takes its rise among the Fathers of the Egyptian desert, whose heroic spirituality was a contributory
factor in St. Augustines conversion. It finds beautiful expression in the writings of St. Marcarius
of Egypt (c. 295-386), the disciple of St. Anthony and friend of St. Basil, and reaches the West
through the Dialogues of John Cassian (c. 350- ), one of the most important documents for the
history of Christian mysticism. The fruit of a seven-year pilgrimage among the Egyptian monasteries,
and many conversations on spiritual themes with the monks, we find in these dialogues for the first
time a classified and realistic description of the successive degrees of contemplative prayer, and
their relation to the development of the spiritual life. Adopted by St. Benedict as part of the regular
spiritual food of his monks, they have had a decisive influence on the cloistered mysticism of the
Middle Ages. Their sober and orderly doctrine, destined to be characteristic of the Roman Church,
received fresh emphasis in the works of St. Gregory the Great (540-604), which also helped to
form the souls of succeeding generations of contemplatives.
We have therefore, at the opening of the Middle Ages, two great streams of spiritual culture;
the Benedictine, moderate and practical, formed chiefly on Cassian and St. Gregory, and the
Neoplatonic, represented by Dionysius the Areopagite, and in a less exclusive form by St. Augustine.
The works of Dionysius were translated from Greek into Latin about A.D. 850 by the Irish
philosopher and theologian, John Scotus Erigena , one of the scholars assembled at the court of
Charlemagne: and this event marks the beginning of a full tradition of mysticism in Western Europe.
John the Scot, many of whose own writings exhibit a strong mystical bias, is the only name in this
458
period which the history of mysticism can claim. We are on the descending line of the Dark
Ages: and here the curve of mysticism runs parallel with the curves of intellectual and artistic
activity.
The great current of medieval mysticism first shows itself in the eleventh century, and
chiefly in connection with the Benedictine Order for the work of such monastic reformers as St.
Romuald (c. 950-1027) St. Peter Damian (1007-1072), and St. Bruno (1032-1101), the founder
of the Grande Chartreuse, was really the effort of contemplative souls to establish an environment
in which the mystical life could be lived. Thus too we must regard at least a large proportion of the
hermits and solitaries who became so marked a feature in the religion of the West. At this period
mysticism was not sharply distinguished from the rest of the religious complex, but was rather the
328
realistic experience of the truths on which religion rests. It spread mainly through personal instruction
and discipleship. Its literary monuments were few among the most important and widely influential
being the Meditations of St. Anselm (1033-1109), which, disentangled by recent scholarship
from the spurious material passing under his name, are now seen to have been a chief channel of
transmission for the Augustinian mysticism which dominated the early Middle Ages. The general
religious revival of the twelfth century had its marked mystical aspect, and produced four
personalities of great historical importance: the Benedictines St. Bernard of Clairvaux (1091-1153),
St. Hildegarde of Bingen (1098-1179), and Joachim of Flora (1132-1202); and the Scotch or
Irish Augustinian Richard of St. Victor (ob. c. 1173), whom Dante held to be in contemplation
more than man. Richards master and contemporary, the scholastic philosopher Hugh (1097-1141)
of the same Abbey of St. Victor at Paris, is also generally reckoned amongst the mystics of thus
period, but with less reason; since contemplation occupies a small place in his theological writings.
In spite of the deep respect shown towards him by Aquinas and other theologians, Hughs influence
on later mystical literature was slight. The spirit of Richard and of St. Bernard, on the contrary,
was destined to dominate it for the next two hundred years. With them the literature of mediaeval
mysticism properly so called begins.
This literature Falls into two classes: the personal and the didactic. Sometimes, as in a
celebrated sermon of St. Bernard, the two are combined; the teacher appealing to his own experience
in illustration of his theme. In the works of the Victorines the attitude is didactic: one might almost
say scientific. In them mysticismthat is to say, the degrees of contemplation, the training and
exercise of the spiritual sensetakes its place as a recognized department of theology. It is in
Richards favourite symbolism, Benjamin, the beloved child of Rachel, emblem of the
Contemplative Life: and in his two chief works, Benjamin Major and Benjamin Minor, it is
classified and described in all its branches. Though mysticism was for Richard the science of the
heart and he had little respect for secular learning, yet his solid intellectuality did much to save
the medieval school from the perils of religious emotionalism. In his hands the antique mystical
459
tradition which flowed through Plotinus and the Areopagite, was codified and transmitted to the
mediaeval world. Like his master, Hugh, he had the mediaeval passion for elaborate allegory, neat
arrangement, rigid classification, and significant numbers in things. As Dante parcelled out Heaven,
Purgatory, and Hell with mathematical precision, and proved that Beatrice was herself a Nine, so
these writers divide and subdivide the stages of contemplation, the states of the soul, the degrees
of Divine Love: and perform terrible tours de force in the course of compelling the ever-variable
expressions of mans spiritual vitality to fall into orderly and parallel series, conformable to the
mystic numbers of Seven, Four, and Three.
The influence of Richard of St. Victor, great as it was, is exceeded by that of St. Bernard;
the dominant spiritual personality of the twelfth century. Bernards career of ceaseless and varied
activity sufficiently disproves the idleness of the contemplative type. He continued and informed
with his own spirit the Benedictine tradition, and his writings quickly took their place, with those
of Richard of St. Victor, among the living forces which conditioned the development of later
mysticism. Both these mystics exerted a capital influence on the formation of our national school
of mysticism in the fourteenth century. Translations and paraphrases of the Benjamin Major,
Benjamin Minor, and other works of Richard of St. Victor, and of various tracts and epistles of
St. Bernard, are constantly met with in the MS. collections of mystical and theological literature
written in England in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. An early paraphrase of the Benjamin
329
Minor, sometimes attributed to Richard Rolle, was probably made by the anonymous author of
The Cloud of Unknowing, who was also responsible for the first appearance of the Areopagite
in English dress.
If mediaeval mysticism in the West develops mainly under the sane and enduring influence
of the Victorines and St. Bernard, in Germany and Italy it appeared in a more startling form; seeking,
in the prophetic activities of St. Hildegarde of Bingen and the Abbot Joachim of Flora, to influence
the course of secular history. In St. Hildegarde and her fellow-Benedictine St. Elizabeth of Shnau
(1138-1165) we have the first of that long line of women mysticsvisionaries, prophetesses, and
political reformerscombining spiritual transcendence with great practical ability, of whom St.
Catherine of Siena is probably the greatest example. Exalted by the strength of their spiritual
intuitions, they emerged from an obscure life to impose their wills, and their reading of events,
upon the world. From the point of view of Eternity, in whose light they lived, they attacked the
sins of their generation. St. Hildegarde, a woman of powerful character, apparently possessed of
abnormal psychic gifts, was driven by that Living Light which was her inspiration to denounce the
corruptions of Church and State. In the inspired letters which she sent like firebrands over Europe,
we see German idealism and German practicality struggling together; the unflinching description
of abuses, the vast poetic vision by which they are condemned. These qualities are seen again in
460
the South German mystics of the next century: the four Benedictine women of genius, who had
their home in the convent of Helfde. These are the Nun Gertrude (Abbess 1251-1291) and her
sister St. Mechthild of Hackborn (ob. 1310), with her sublime symbolic visions: then, the poet
of the group, the exquisite Mechthild of Magdeburg (1212-1299), who, first a bguine at
Magdeburg, where she wrote the greater part of The Flowing Light of the Godhead, came to
Helfde in 1268; last the celebrated St. Gertrude the Great (1256-1311). In these contemplatives
the political spirit is less marked than in St. Hildegarde: but religious and ethical activity takes its
place. St. Gertrude the Great is a characteristic Catholic visionary of the feminine type: absorbed
in her subjective experiences, her often beautiful and significant dreams, her loving conversations
with Christ and the Blessed Virgin. Close to her in temperament is St. Mechthild of Hackborn; but
her attitude as a whole is more impersonal, more truly mystic. The great symbolic visions in which
her most spiritual perceptions are expressed are artistic creations rather than psycho-sensorial
hallucinations, and dwell little upon the humanity of Christ, with which St. Gertrude is constantly
occupied. The terms in which Mechthild of Magdeburgan educated and well-born woman, half
poet, half seerdescribes her union with God are intensely individual, and apparently owe more
to the romantic poets of her time than to earlier religious writers. The works of this Mechthild,
early translated into Latin, were read by Dante. Their influence is traceable in the Paradiso; and
by some scholars she is believed to be the Matilda of his Earthly Paradise, though others give this
position to her sister-mystic, St. Mechthild of Hackborn.
Modern scholarship tends more and more to see in the strange personality of the Abbot
Joachim of Flora, whom Dante placed among the great contemplatives in the Heaven of the Sun,
the chief influence in the development of Italian mysticism. The true import of his prophecies,
which proclaimed in effect the substitution of mystical for institutional Christianity, was only
appreciated after his death. But their prestige grew during the course of the thirteenth century;
especially after the appearance of the mendicant friars, who seemed to fulfil his prediction that the
new era of the Holy Spirit would be brought in about the year 1260 by two new Orders who would
live in poverty the spiritual life. From this time, Joachism found its chief vehicle of expression
330
through Franciscan mysticism of the more revolutionary sort. Though there is no evidence that St.
Francis of Assisi (1182-1226) knew the prophecies of the Eternal Gospel, he can hardly have
grown up without some knowledge of them, and also of the Cathari and other semi-mystical
heresiesmany of them stressing the idea of evangelical povertywhich were spreading through
Italy from the north. But the mystical genius which may have received food from these sources
was itself strikingly original; the spontaneous expression of a rare personality, a great spiritual
realist who admitted no rival to the absolute claims of the mystical life of poverty and joy. St.
Francis was untouched by monastic discipline, or the writings of Dionysius or St. Bernard. His
only literary influence was the New Testament. With him, mysticism comes into the open air, seeks
461
to transform the stuff of daily life, speaks the vernacular, turns the songs of the troubadours to the
purposes of Divine love; yet remains completely loyal to the Catholic Church. None who came
after him succeeded in recapturing his secret which was the secret of spiritual genius of the rarest
type: but he left his mark upon the history, art and literature of Western Europe, and the influence
of his spirit still lives.
In a general sense it is true to say that Italian mysticism descends from St. Francis, and in
its first period seems almost to be the prerogative of his disciples; especially those of the Spiritual
party who strove to maintain his ideals in their purity. It is here that we find Franciscan ardour and
singlemindedness in alliance with apocalyptic notions deriving from Joachist ideas. In Provence,
a widespread mystical movement coloured by Joachism was led by Hugues de Digne and his sister
St. Douceline ( n . 1214); in whom we find a spirit which, like that of Francis, could find the Divine
through flowers and birds and simple natural things. In Italy, nourished by the influence of such
deeply mystical friars as John of Parma (ob. 1288 ) and John of La Verna , this Franciscan
spirituality entered into conflict with the ecclesiastical politics of the day; taking up that duty of
denouncing the corruptions of the Church, which has so often attracted the mystics. Here the typical
figure is that of Jacopone da Todi ( 1228-1306), the converted lawyer turned mystical poet. On
one hand deeply influenced by St. Augustine and Dionysius the Areopagite, on the other the devoted
exponent of the Founders ideals, his spiritual songs lift Franciscan mysticism to the heights of
ecstatic rapture and literary expression; whilst his savage castigations of the Papacy give him a
place among the great mediaeval satirists. Jacopones poems have been shown by Von Hgel to
have had a formative influence on St. Catherine of Genoa; and have probably affected many other
mystics, not only in Italy but elsewhere, for they quickly attained considerable circulation.
In his contemporary the Blessed Angela of Foligno (1248-1309) who was converted from
a sinful life to become a tertiary hermit of the Franciscan Order we have a mystic of the first rank
whose visions and revelations place her in the same class as St. Catherine of Genoa and St. Teresa.
Known to her followers as the Mistress of Theologians, and numbering among her disciples the
brilliant and tempestuous spiritual friar Ubertino da Casale, the lofty metaphysical element in
Angelas mysticism suggests the high level of spiritual culture achieved in Franciscan circles of
her time. By the sixteenth century her works, translated into the vernacular, had taken their place
amongst the classics of mysticism. In the seventeenth they were largely used by St. Franois de
Sales, Madame Guyon, and other Catholic contemplatives. Seventeen years older than Dante, whose
great genius properly closes this line of spiritual descent, she is a link between the thirteenth and
fourteenth centuries in Italian mysticism.
We now approach the Golden Age of Mysticism: and at the opening of that epoch,
dominating it by their peculiar combination of intellectual and spiritual power stand the figures of
331
462
the Seraphic and Angelic Doctors, St. Bonaventura , the Franciscan (1221-1274), and St.
Thomas Aquinas , the Dominican (1226-1274). As with St. Augustine, the intellectual greatness
of St. Thomas has obscured his mystical side, whilst St. Bonaventura, the apostle of a wise
moderation, may easily appear to the hurried reader the least mystical of the Franciscan mystics.
Yet both were contemplatives, and because of this were able to interpret to the medieval world the
great spiritual tradition of the past. Hence their immense influence on the mystical schools of the
fourteenth century. It is sometimes stated that these schools derive mainly from St. Bonaventura,
and represent an opposition to scholastic theology; but as a matter of fact their greatest
personalitiesin particular Dante and the German Dominicansare soaked in the spirit of Aquinas,
and quote his authority at every turn.
In Europe the mystic curve is now approaching its highest point. In the East that point has
already been passed. Sufi, or Mahommedan mysticism, appearing in the eighth century in the
beautiful figure of Rabia , the Moslem St. Teresa (717-801), and continued by the martyr Al
Hallaj (ob. 922), attains literary expression in the eleventh in the Confessions of Al Ghazzali
(1058-1111), and has its classic period in the thirteenth in the works of the mystic poets Attar (c.
1140-1234), Sadi (1184-1263), and the saintly Jalalu d Din (1207-1273). Its tradition is continued
in the fourteenth century by the rather erotic mysticism of Hafiz (c. 1300-1388) and his successors,
and in the fifteenth by the poet Jm (1414-1492).
Whilst Hafiz already strikes a note of decadence for the mysticism of Islam, the year 1300
is for Western Europe a vital year in the history of the spiritual life. Mystics of the first rank are
appearing, or about to appear. The Majorcan scholar-mystic Ramon Lull (ob. 1315) is drawing to
the end of his long life. In Italy Dante (1265-1321) is forcing human language to express one of
the most sublime visions of the Absolute which has ever been crystallized into speech. He inherits
and fuses into one that loving and artistic reading of reality which was the heart of Franciscan
mysticism, and that other ordered vision of the transcendental world which the Dominicans through
Aquinas poured into the stream of European thought. For the one the spiritual world was all love:
for the other all law. For Dante it was both. In the Paradiso his stupendous genius apprehends
and shows to us a Beatific Vision in which the symbolic systems of all great mystics and many
whom the world does not call mysticsof Dionysius, Richard, St. Bernard, Mechthild, Aquinas,
and countless othersare included and explained.
The moment in which the Commedia was being written coincides with the awakening of
mystical activity in Germany and Flanders. Between the years 1280 and 1309 was produced,
probably in the Liege district and under Franciscan influence, the curious anonymous work which
isnow only known to us in Latin and English translations The Mirror of Simple Souls. This
long treatise, clearly influenced by Dionysius, the Victorines, and the twelfth-century tract known
as the Letter to the Brethren of Mons Dei, is a piece of mystical literature of an advanced kind,
463
often fringing the borders of orthodoxy and looking forward to the speculative Flemish mysticism
of the fourteenth century. Its writer was probably contemporary with the founder of this school;
the great Dominican scholar Meister Eckhart (1260-1327), who resembled Dante in his combination
of mystical insight with intense intellectual power, and laid the foundations at once of German
philosophy and German mysticism. These two giants stand side by side at the opening of the century;
perfect representatives of the Teutonic and Latin instinct for transcendental reality.
Eckhart, though only a few years younger than St. Gertrude the Great, seems to belong to
a different world. His commanding personality, his genius for the supra-sensible nourished by the
332
works of Dionysius and Erigena, moulded and inspired all whom it came near. The German and
Flemish mystics of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, differing much in temperament from their
master and from each other, have yet something in common: something which is shared by no other
school. This something is derived from Eckhart; for all have passed under his hand, being either
his immediate disciples, or the friends or pupils of his disciples. Eckharts doctrine is chiefly known
to us by reports of his vernacular sermons delivered at Strassburg; then the religious centre of
Germany. In these we see him as a teaching mystic full of pastoral zeal, but demanding a high level
both of intellect and spirituality in those he addressed. Towards the end of his life he fell into
disgrace. A number of propositions extracted from his writings, and representing his more extreme
views, were condemned by the Church as savouring of pantheism and other heresies: and certainly
the violence and daring of his language laid him open to misconstruction. In his efforts to speak of
the unspeakable he was constantly betrayed into expressions which were bound to seem paradoxical
and exaggerated to other men. Eckharts influence, however, was little hurt by ecclesiastical
condemnation. His pupils, though they remained loyal Catholics, contrived also to be loyal disciples.
To the end of their lives their teaching was colouredoften inspiredby the doctrines of the great,
if heretical, scholar whose memory they venerated as that of a saint.
The contrast in type between Eckhart and his two most famous disciples is an interesting
one. All three were Dominican friars; all were devout followers of St. Augustine, the Areopagite,
St. Bernard, and Aquinas; all had been trained in the schools of Cologne, where Albert the Great
and St. Thomas had taught, and where their powerful influence still lived. The mysticism of Eckhart,
so far as he allows us to see it in his sermons and fragmentary writings, is objectiveone might
almost say dogmatic. He describes with an air of almost terrible certainty and intimacy, not that
which he has felt, but the place or plane of being he has knownthe desert of the Godhead were
no one is at home. He is a great scholar, a natural metaphysician passionately condensed with the
quest of Absolute Truth.
Of his two pupils, John Tauler (c. 1300-1361), friar-preacher of Strassburg, was a born
missionary: a man who combined with great theological learning and mystical genius of a high
464
order an overwhelming zeal for souls. He laboured incessantly to awaken men to a sense of their
transcendental heritage. Without the hard intellectualism occasionally noticeable in Eckhart, or the
tendency to introspection and the excessive artistic sensibility of Suso, Tauler is the most virile of
the German mystics. The breadth of his humanity is only equalled by the depth of his spirituality.
His sermonshis only authentic worksare trumpet-calls to heroic action upon spiritual levels.
They influenced many later mystics, especially St. Teresa and St. John of the Cross. Tauler is not
a subjective writer: only by implication can we assure ourselves that he speaks from personal
experience. He has sometimes, though unfairly, been described as a precursor of the Reformation.
Such a claim could only be made by those who look upon all pure Christianity as a form of Protestant
heresy. He attacked, like St. Hildegarde, St. Catherine of Siena, and many others, the ecclesiastical
corruption of his period: but his writings, if read in unexpurgated editions, prove him to have been
a fervent and orthodox Catholic.
Tauler was one of the leading spirits in the great informal society of the Friends of God ,
which sprang into being in Strassburg, spread through the Rhenish province and beyond to
Switzerland and Bavaria, and worked in this moment of religious decadence for the spiritual
regeneration of the people. In a spirit of fierce enthusiasm and wholehearted devotion, the Friends
of God set themselves to the mystic life as the only life worthy of the name. A great outburst of
333
transcendental activity took place: many visions and ecstasies were reported: amazing conversions
occurred. The movement had many features in common with that of the Quakers; except that it
took place within, instead of without, the official Church, and was partly directed against the
doctrines of the Brethren of the Free Spirit and other heretical sects. With it was connected the third
of the trio of great German Dominican mystics, the Blessed Henry Suso (c. 1295-1365), a natural
recluse and ascetic, and a visionary of the most exuberant Catholic type. To Suso, subjective,
romantic, deeply interested in his own soul and his personal relation with God, mysticism was not
so much a doctrine to be imparted to other men as an intimate personal adventure. Though a trained
philosopher and theologian, and a devoted follower of Eckhart, his autobiographya human
document far more detailed and ingenuous than St. Teresas more celebrated Lifeis mainly
the record of his griefs and joys, his pains, visions, ecstasies, and miseries. Even his mystical
treatises are in dialogue form, as if he could hardly get away from the personal and dramatic aspect
of the spiritual life.
Around these threeEckhart, Tauler, Susoare gathered other and more shadowy
personalities: members of this mystical society of the Friends of God, bound to the heroic attempt
to bring lifethe terribly corrupt and disordered religious life of the fourteenth centuryback into
relation with spiritual reality, to initiate their neighbours into the atmosphere of God. From one of
these nameless members comes the literary jewel of the movement: the beautiful little treatise called
the Theologia Germanica, or Book of the Perfect Life, probably written in Frankfort about
465
the year 1350 by a priest of the Teutonic Order. One of the most successful of many attempts to
make mystic principles available for common men, this book was greatly loved by Luther, who
published an incomplete edition in 1518. Other Friends of God are now only known to us as the
authors of letters, descriptions of conversions, visions, and spiritual adventuresliterature which
the movement produced in enormous quantities. No part of the history of mysticism has been more
changed by recent research than that of the Rhenish school: and the work is still but partly done.
At present we can only record the principal names which we find connected with the mystical
propaganda of the Friends of God. These are first the nuns Margaret Ebner (1291-1351) and her
sister Christina , important personages in the movement upon whose historicity no doubts have
been cast. Margaret appears to have been a psychic as well as a mystic: and to have possessed, like
Madame Guyon, telepathic and clairvoyant powers. Next the rather shadowy pair of laymen, Henry
of Nordlingen and Nicolas of Basle . Lastly the puzzling figure of Rulman Merswin (c. 1310-1382),
author of the series of apocalyptic visions called The Book of the Nine Rocks; whose story of his
conversion and mystic life, whether it be regarded as fact or tendency literature, is a psychological
document of the first rank.
In immediate dependence on the German school, and like it drawing its intellectual vigour
from the genius of Eckhart, is the mysticism of Flanders: best known to us in the work of its most
sublime representative, the Blessed John Ruysbroeck (1293-1381), one of the greatest mystics
whom the world has yet known. In Ruysbroecks works the metaphysical and personal aspects of
mystical truth are fused and attain their highest expression. Intellectually indebted to St. Augustine,
Richard of St. Victor, and Eckhart, his value lies in the fact that the Eckhartian philosophy was
merely the medium by which he expressed the results of profound experience. In his early years a
priest in Brussels, in old age a recluse in the forest of Soignes, Ruysbroecks influence on his own
generation was great. Through his disciple Gerard Groot (1340-1384), founder of the Brotherhood
of the Common Life, it formed the inspiration of the religious movement of the New Devotion;
334
which carried over into the next century the spirit of the great mediaeval mystics. The mystical
writings of Henry de Mande (c. 1360-1415), the Ruysbroeck of the North, the beautiful and
deeply Platonic Fiery Soliloquy with God of Gerlac Petersen (1378-1411), and above all the
Imitation of Christ of his friend Thomas Kempis (1380-1471), in which some of Gerard Groots
meditations may be enshrined, are the chief channels through which this mystical current passed.
In the next century the Franciscan Henry de Herp or Harphius (ob. 1477) and two greater
personalitiesthe learned and holy Platonist, Cardinal Nicolas of Cusa (1401-1464), and his friend
the theologian and contemplative Denis the Carthusian (1402-1471), one of the great religious
figures of the fifteenth centurydrew their inspiration from Ruysbroeck. Denis translated the whole
of his works into Latin; and calls him another Dionysius but clear where the Areopagite is
466
obscure. It was mainly through the voluminous writings of Denis, widely read during succeeding
centuries, that the doctrine of the mediaeval mystics was carried over to the Renaissance world.
Ruysbroecks works, with those of Suso, appear in English MSS. early in the fifteenth century,
taking their place by the side of St. Bernard, St. Bonaventura, and the great English mystic Richard
Rolle. The influence of his genius has also been detected in the mystical literature of Spain.
English mysticism seems to have its roots in the religious revival which arose during
Stephens reign. It was then, and throughout its course, closely linked with the solitary life. Its
earnest literary monument, the Ancren Riwle, was written early in the twelfth century for the use
of three anchoresses. So too the Meditations of St. Aldred (Abbot of Rievaulx 1146-1166), and
the Rule he wrote for his anchoress sister, presuppose the desire for the mystical life. But the first
English mystic we can name with certainty is Margery Kempe (probably writing c. 1290), the
anchoress of Lynn. Even so, we know nothing of this womans life; and only a fragment of her
Contemplations has survived. It is with the next name, Richard Rolle of Hampole (c. 1300-1349),
that the short but brilliant procession of English mystics begins. Rolle, educated at Oxford and
perhaps at Paris, and widely read in theology, became a hermit in order to live in perfection that
mystic life of Heat, Sweetness, and Song, to which he felt himself to be called. Richard of St.
Victor, St. Bernard, and St. Bonaventura are the authors who have influenced him most; but he
remains, in spite of this, one of the most individual of all writers on mysticism. A voluminous
author, his chief works are still in MS., and he seems to have combined the careers of writer and
wandering preacher with that of recluse. He laid claim to direct inspiration, was outspoken in his
criticisms of religious and secular life, and in the next generation the Lollards were found to appeal
to his authority. Rolle already shows the practical temper characteristic of the English school. His
interest was not philosophy, but spiritual life; and especially his own experience of it. There is a
touch of Franciscan poetry in his descriptions of his communion with Divine Love, and the heavenly
song in which it was expressed, of Franciscan ardour in his zeal for souls. His works greatly
influenced succeeding English mystics.
He was followed in the second half of the fourteenth century by the unknown author of
The Cloud of Unknowing and its companion treatises, and by the gracious spirit of Walter
Hilton (ob. 1396). With The Cloud of Unknowing, the spirit of Dionysius first appears in English
literature. It is the work of an advanced contemplative, deeply influenced by the Areopagite and
the Victorines, who was also an acute psychologist. From the hand that wrote it came the first
English translation of the Theologia Mystica, Dionise Hid Divinite: a work which says an old
writer, ran across England at deere rates, so ready was the religious consciousness of the time
for the reception of mystical truth.
335
Hilton, though also influenced by Dionysius and Richard of St. Victor, addresses a wider
audience. He is pre-eminently a spiritual director, the practical teacher of interior ways, not a
467
metaphysician; and his great work The Scale of Perfection quickly took rank among the classics
of the spiritual life. The moment of his death coincides with the completion of the most beautiful
of all English mystical works, the Revelations of Love of the anchoress Julian of Norwich
(1343died after 1413), theodidacta, profunda, ecstatica, whose unique personality closes and
crowns the history of English mediaeval mysticism. In her the best gifts of Rolle and Hilton are
transmuted by a genius for the infinite of a peculiarly beautiful and individual type. She was a
seer, a lover, and a poet. Though considerable theological knowledge underlies her teaching, it is
in essence the result of a direct and personal vision of singular intensity.
Already before the completion of Julians revelations two other women of genius, the royal
prophetess and founder St. Bridget of Sweden (1303-1373) and St. Catherine of Siena (1347-1380),
had lived and died. St. Bridget, or Birgitta, a mystic and visionary of the Hildegardian type, believed
herself called to end the exile of the Papacy and bring peace to the Church. Four months after her
death, St. Catherinethen aged 26took up her unfinished work. The true successor of Dante as
a revealer of Reality, and next to St. Francis the greatest of Italian mystics, Catherine exhibits the
Unitive Life in its richest, most perfect form. She was a great active and a great ecstatic: at once
politician, teacher, and contemplative, holding a steady balance between the inner and the outer
life. Well named the mother of thousands of souls, with little education she yet contrived, in a
short career dogged by persistent ill-health, to change the course of history, rejuvenate religion,
and compose, in her Divine Dialogue, one of the jewels of Italian religious literature.
With the first half of the fifteenth century it is plain that the mystic curve droops downwards.
At its opening we find the influential figure of the Chancellor Gerson (1363-1429) at once a mystic
in his own right and a keen and impartial critic of extravagant mystical teachings and phenomena.
But the great period is over: the new life of the Renaissance, already striving in other spheres of
activity, has hardly touched the spiritual plane. A transient revival of Franciscan spirituality is
associated with the work of three reforming mystics; the energetic French visionary St. Colette of
Corbie (1381-1447), her Italian disciple St. Bernardino of Siena (1380-1444), and the ecstatic
Clarisse, St. Catherine of Bologna (1413-1463). Contemporary with this group are the careers of
two strongly contrasted woman-mystics: St. Joan of Arc (1412-1431), and the suffering Flemish
visionary St. Lydwine of Schiedam (1380-1432).
With the second half of the century the scene shifts to Italy, where a spiritual genius of the
first rank appeared in St. Catherine of Genoa (1447-1510). She, like her namesake of Siena, was
at once an eager lover and an indomitable doer. More, she was a constructive mystic, a profound
thinker as well as an ecstatic: an original teacher, a busy and practical philanthropist. Her influence
lived on, and is seen in the next generation in the fine, well-balanced nature of another contemplative:
the Venerable Battista Vernazza (1497-1587), her goddaughter and the child of one of her most
468
loyal friends. Catherine of Genoa stands alone in her day as an example of the sane and vigorous
mystic life. Her contemporaries were for the most part visionaries of the more ordinary female
type, such as Osanna Andreasi of Mantua (1449-1505), Columba Rieti (c. 1430-1501) and her
disciple Lucia of Narni . They seem to represent the slow extinction of the spirit which burned so
bright in St. Catherine of Siena.
That spirit reappears in the sixteenth century in Flanders in the works of the Benedictine
Abbot Blosius (1506-1565); and, far more conspicuously, in Spain, a country hardly touched by
336
the outburst of mystical life which elsewhere closed the medieval period. Spanish mysticism first
appears in close connection with the religious orders: in the Franciscans Francisco de Osuna (ob.
c. 1540), whose manual of contemplative prayer influenced the development of St. Teresa, and St.
Peter of Alcantara (1499-1562), her friend and adviser; in the Dominican Luis de Granada
(1504-1588) and the Augustinian Luis de Leon (1528-1591). It attains definite and characteristic
expression in the life and personality of St. Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556), the great founder of the
Society of Jesus. The concrete nature of St. Ignatius work, and especially its later developments,
has blinded historians to the fact that he was a true mystic, own brother to such great actives as St.
Teresa and George Fox, actuated by the same vision of reality, passing through the same stages of
psychological growth. His spiritual sons greatly influenced the inner life of the great Carmelite,
St. Teresa (1515-1582).
Like St. Catherine of Siena, these mysticsand to them we must add St. Teresas greatest
disciple, the poet and contemplative St. John of the Cross (1542-1591)seem to have arisen in
direct response to the need created by the corrupt or disordered religious life of their time. They
were the saints of the counter-Reformation; and, in a period of ecclesiastical chaos, flung the
weight of their genius and their sanctity into the orthodox Catholic scale. Whilst St. Ignatius
organized a body of spiritual soldiery, who should attack heresy and defend the Church, St. Teresa,
working against heavy odds, infused new vitality into a great religious order and restored it to its
duty of direct communion with the transcendental world. In this she was helped by St. John of the
Cross; who, a psychologist and philosopher as well as a great mystic, performed the necessary
function of bringing the personal experience of the Spanish school back again into touch with the
main stream of mystic tradition. All three, practical organizers and profound contemplatives, exhibit
in its splendour the dual character of the mystic life. They left behind them in their literary works
an abiding influence which has guided the footsteps and explained the discoveries of succeeding
generations of adventurers in the transcendental world. The true spiritual children of these mystics
are to be found, not in their own country, where the religious life which they had lifted to
transcendent levels degenerated when their overmastering influence was withdrawn, but amongst
the innumerable contemplative souls of succeeding generations who have fallen under the spell of
469
the Spiritual Exercises, the Interior Castle, or the Dark Night of the Soul.
The Divine fire lit by the great Carmelites of Spain is next seen in Italy, in the lives of the
Dominican nun St. Catherine dei Ricci (1522-1590) and the Florentine Carmelite St. Maria
Maddelena dei Pazzi (1566-1607), the author of voluminous literary works. It appears in the New
World in the beautiful figure of St. Rose of Lima (1586-1617), the Peruvian nun; and at the same
moment, under a very different aspect, in Protestant Germany, in the person of one of the giants
of mysticism, the inspired shoemaker Jacob Boehme (1575-1624).
Boehme, one of the most astonishing cases in history of a natural genius for the transcendent,
has left his mark upon German philosophy as well as upon the history of mysticism. William Law,
Blake, and Saint-Martin are amongst those who have sat at his feet. The great sweep of Boehmes
vision includes both Man and the Universe: the nature of God and of the Soul. In him we find again
that old doctrine of Rebirth which the earlier German mystics had loved. Were it not for the difficult
symbolism in which his vision is expressed, his influence would be far greater than it is. He remains
one of those cloud-wrapped immortals who must be rediscovered and reinterpreted by the adventurers
of every age.
337
The seventeenth century rivals the fourteenth in the richness and variety of its mystical life.
Two main currents are to be detected in it: dividing between them the two main aspects of mans
communion with the Absolute. One, symbolic, constructive, activistic, bound up with the ideas of
regeneration, and often using the language of the alchemists sets out from the Teutonic genius of
Boehme. It achieves its successes outside the Catholic Church, and chiefly in Germany and England,
where by 1650 his works were widely known. In its decadent forms it runs to the occult: to alchemy,
Rosicrucianism, apocalyptic prophecy, and other aberrations of the spiritual sense. The other current
arises within the Catholic Church, and in close touch with the great tradition of Christian mysticism.
It achieves fullest expansion in France, and tends to emphasize the personal and intimate side of
contemplation: encouraging passive receptivity and producing in its exaggerated forms the
aberrations of the Quietists.
In the seventeenth century England was peculiarly rich, if not in great mystics, at any rate
in mystically minded men, seekers after Reality. Mysticism, it seems, was in the air; broke out
under many disguises and affected many forms of life. It produced in George Fox (1624-1690),
the founder of the Quakers, a great active of the first rank, entirely unaffected by tradition, and
in the Quaker movement itself an outbreak of genuine mysticism which is only comparable to the
fourteenth-century movement of the Friends of God.
We meet in Fox that overwhelming sense of direct relationship with God, that consciousness
of the transcendent characteristic of the mystic; and Quaker spirituality, in spite of its marked
aversion to institutional religion, has much in common not only with those Continental Quietists
who are its most obvious spiritual affinities, but also with the doctrine of the Catholic contemplatives.
Mysticism crops up frequently in the writings of the school; and finds expression in the first
470
generation in the works of Isaac Penington (1616-1679) and in the second in the Journal of the
heroic American Friend John Woolman (1720-1772).
At the opposite end of the theological scale, the seventeenth century gives us a group
ofEnglish mystics ofthe Catholic type, closely related to the contemporary French school. Of these,
one of the most individual is the young Benedictine nun Gertrude More (1606-1633), who carries
on that tradition of the communion oflove which flows from St. Augustine through St. Bernard and
Thomas Kempis, and is the very heart of Catholic mysticism. In the writings of her director, and
the preserver of her works, the Venerable Augustine Baker (1575-1641)one of the most lucid
and orderly of guides to the contemplative lifewe see what were still the formative influences in
the environment where her mystical powers were trained. Richard of St. Victor, Hilton, and The
Cloud of Unknowing; Angela of Foligno; Tauler, Suso, Ruysbroeck; St. Teresa and St. John of
the Cross; these are the authorities to whom Augustine Baker most constantly appeals, and through
these, as we know, the family tree of the mystics goes back to the Neoplatonists and the first founders
of the Church.
Outside that Church, the twins Thomas Vaughan the spiritual alchemist and Henry
Vaughan , Silurist, the mystical poet (1622-1695) show the reaction of two very different
temperaments upon the transcendental life. Again, the group of Cambridge Platonists, Henry
More (1614-1687), John Smith (1618-1652), Benjamin Whichcote (1609-1683), Peter Sterry
(c. 1614-1672), and John Norris (1657-1711) developed and preached a philosophy deeply tinged
with mysticism; and Thomas Traherne (c. 1637-1674) gave poetic expression to the Platonic
vision of life. In Bishop Hall (1574-1656) the same spirit takes a devotional form. Finally, the
Rosicrucians, symbolists, and other spiritually minded occultistsabove all the extraordinary sect
338
of Philadelphians, ruled by Dr. Pordage (1608-1698) and the prophetess Jane Lead
(1623-1704)exhibit mysticism in its least balanced aspect mingled with mediumistic phenomena,
wild symbolic visions, and apocalyptic prophecies. The influence of these Philadelphians, who
were themselves strongly affected by Boehmes works, lingered for a century, appearing again in
Saint-Martin the Unknown Philosopher.
The Catholic mysticism of this period is best seen in France, where the intellectual and
social expansion of the Grande Sicle had also its spiritual side. Over against the brilliant worldly
life of seventeenth-century Paris and the slackness and even corruption of much organized religion
there sprang up something like a cult of the inner life. This mystical renaissance seems to have
originated in the work of an English Capuchin friar, William Fitch, in religion Benedict Canfield
(1520-1611), who settled in Paris in old age and there became a centre of spiritual influence. Among
his pupils were Madame Acarie (1566-1618) and Pierre de Brulle (1575-1629), and through
them his teaching on contemplation affected all the great religious personalities of the period. The
house of Madame Acariea woman equally remarkable for spiritual genius and practical
abilitybecame the gathering-point of a growing mystical enthusiasm, which also expressed itself
471
in a vigorous movement of reform within the Church. Brulle was one of the founders of the
Oratory. Madame Acarie, known as the conscience of Paris, visited the relaxed convents and
persuaded them to a more strict and holy life. Largely by her instrumentality, the first houses of
reformed Carmelites were established in France in 1604, nuns being brought to direct them from
St. Teresas Spanish convents, and French mysticism owes much to this direct contact with the
Teresian school. Madame Acarie and her three daughters all became Carmelite nuns; and it was
from the Dijon Carmelites that St. Jeanne Franoise de Chantal (1572-1641) received her training
in contemplation. Her spiritual father, and co-founder of the Order of the Visitation, St. Franois
de Sales (1567-1622), had also been in youth a member of Madame Acaries circle. He shows at
its best the peculiar talent of the French school for the detailed and individual direction of souls.
Outside this cultured and aristocratic group two great and pure mystics arise from humbler social
levels. First the intrepid Ursuline nun Marie de lIncarnation (1599-1672), the pioneer of education
in the New World, in whom we find again St. Teresas twin gifts for high contemplation and
practical initiative. Secondly the Carmelite friar Brother Lawrence (1611-1691), who shows the
passive tendency of French mysticism in its most sane, well-balanced form. He was a humble
empiricist, laying claim to no special gifts: a striking contrast to his contemporary, the brilliant and
unhappy genius Pascal (1623-1662), who fought his way through many psychic storms to the vision
of the Absolute.
The genuine French and Flemish mysticism of this period, greatly preoccupied with the
doctrines of self-naughting and passivity, constantly approached the frontiers of Quietism. The
three great Capuchin teachers of contemplation, the Flemings Constantine Barbanon (1581-1632)
and John Evangelist of Barluke (1588-1635), and the English Benedict Canfield, were not entirely
beyond suspicion in this regard; as their careful language, and the scrutiny to which they were
subjected by contemporary authority, clearly shows. The line between the true and false doctrine
was a fine one, as we see in the historic controversy between Bossuet and Fenelon; and the perilous
absurdities of the Quietist writers often tempted the orthodox to draw it in the wrong place.
The earliest in date and most exaggerated in type of these true Quietists is the Franco-Flemish
Antoinette Bourignan (1616-1680): a strong-willed and wrong-headed woman who, having
renounced the world with Franciscan thoroughness, founded a sect, endured considerable
339
persecutions, and made a great stir in the religious life of her time. An even greater uproar resulted
from the doctrinal excesses of the devout Spanish priest Miguel de Molinos (1640-1697); whose
extreme teachings were condemned by the Church, and for a time brought the whole principle of
passive contemplation into disrepute. Quietism, at bottom, was the unbalanced expression of that
need which produced the contemporary Quaker movement in England: a need for personal contact
with spiritual realities, evoked by the formal and unsatisfying quality of the official religion of the
472
time. Unfortunately the great Quietists were not great mystics. Hence their propaganda, in which
the principle of passivitydivorced from, and opposed to, all spiritual actionwas pressed to its
logical conclusion, resulted in a doctrine fatal not only to all organized religion but to the healthy
development of the inner life.
Madame Guyon (1648-1717), the contemporary of Molinos, is usually quoted as a typical
Quietist. She is an example of the unfortunate results of an alliance of mystical tendencies with a
feeble surface intelligence. Had she possessed the robust common sense so often found in the great
contemplatives, her temperamental inclination to passivity would have been checked, and she would
hardly have made use of the exaggerated expressions which brought about the official condemnation
of her works. In spite of the brilliant championship of Fenelon, and the fact that much of her writing
merely reproduces orthodox teaching on contemplative prayer in an inferior form, she was involved
in the general condemnation of passive orison which the aberrations of the extreme Quietists had
called forth.
The end of the seventeenth century saw a great outburst of popular Quietism, some within
and some without the official Church. Well within the frontiers of orthodoxy, and exhibiting the
doctrine of passivity in its noblest form, was the Jesuit J. P. de Caussade (still living 1739). Among
those who over-stepped the boundarythough all the Quietists appealed to the general tradition
of mysticism in support of their one-sided doctrinewere Malaval , whose Thologie Mystique
contains some beautiful French translations from St. Teresa, and Peter Poiret (1646-1719), once
a Protestant pastor, then the devoted disciple of Antoinette Bourignan. Later generations owe much
to the enthusiasm and industry of Poiret, whose belief in spiritual quiescence was combined with
great literary activity. He rescued and edited all Madame Guyons writings; and has left us, in his
Bibliotheca Mysticorum, the memorial of many lost works on mysticism. From this unique
bibliography we can see how orthodox was the food which nourished even the most extreme of
the Quietists: how thoroughly they believed themselves to represent not a new doctrine, but the
true tradition of Christian mysticism.
With the close of the seventeenth century, the Quietist movement faded away. The beginning
of the eighteenth sees the triumph of that other stream of spiritual vitality which arose outside the
Catholic Church and flowed from the great personality of Jacob Boehme. If the idea of surrender
be the mainspring of Quietism, the complementary idea of rebirth is the mainspring of this school.
In Germany, Boehmes works had been collected and published by an obscure mystic, John Gichtel
(1638-1710); whose life and letters constantly betray his influence. In England, where that influence
had been a living force from the middle of the seventeenth century, when Boehmes writings first
became known, the Anglo-German Dionysius Andreas Freher was writing between 1699 and
1720. In the early years of the eighteenth century, Freher was followed by William Law (1686-1761),
340
473
the Nonjuror: a brilliant stylist, and one of the most profound of English religious writers. Law,
who was converted by the reading of Boehmes works from the narrow Christianity to which he
gave classic expression in the Serious Call to a wide and philosophic mysticism, gave, in a series
of writings which burn with mystic passion, a new interpretation and an abiding place in English
literature to the inspired shoemakers mighty vision of Man and the Universe.
The latter part of a century which clearly represents the steep downward trend of the mystic
curve gives us three strange personalities; all of whom have passed through Boehmes school, and
have placed themselves in opposition to the ecclesiasticism of their day. In Germany, Eckartshausen
(1752-1803), in The Cloud upon the Sanctuary and other works, continued upon individual lines
that tradition of esoteric and mystical Christianity, and of rebirth as the price of mans entrance
into Reality, which found its best and sanest interpreter in William Law. In France the troubled
spirit of the transcendentalist Saint-Martin (1743-1803), the Unknown Philosopher, was deeply
affected in his passage from a merely occult to a mystical philosophy by the reading of Boehme
and Eckartshausen, and also by the works of the English Philadelphians, Dr. Pordage and Jane
Lead, who had long sunk to oblivion in their native land. In England, William Blake , poet, painter,
visionary, and prophet (1757-1827), shines like a solitary star in the uncongenial atmosphere of
the Georgian age.
The career of Blake provides us with a rare instance of mystical genius, forcing not only
rhythm and words, but also colour and form to express its vision of truth. So individual in his case
was this vision, so strange the elements from which his symbolic reconstructions were built up,
that he failed in the attempt to convey it to other men. Neither in his prophetic books nor in his
beautiful mystical paintings does he contrive to transmit more than great and stimulating suggestions
of things seen in some higher and more valid state of consciousness. Whilst his visionary
symbolism derives to a large extent from Swedenborg, whose works were the great influence of
his youth, Blake has learned much from Boehme, and probably from his English interpreters. Almost
alone amongst English Protestant mystics, he has also received and assimilated the Catholic tradition
of the personal and inward communion of love. In his great vision of Jerusalem, St. Teresa and
Madame Guyon are amongst the gentle souls whom he sees guarding that Four-fold Gate which
opens towards Beulahthe gate of the contemplative lifeand guiding the great Wine-press of
Love whence mankind, at the hands of its mystics, has received, in every age, the Wine of Life.
475
341
I. THE WORKS AND LIVES OF THE MYSTICS.
II. GENERAL WORKS ON MYSTICISM.
III. PHILOSOPHY, PSYCHOLOGY, THEOLOGY.
IV. ALCHEMY AND MAGIC.
PART I
THE WORKS AND LIVES OF THE MYSTICS
1. Texts. 2. Translations. 3. Biographies and Monographs.
Note . For early lives and legends of all canonized and beatified Christian mystics, see Acta
Sanctorum Bollandiana, Jan.-Oct. vi. Brussels 1643-1794; Oct. vii.-Nov., Brussels and
Paris, 1845-1910. (In progress.)
See also Dictionnaire de Thologie Catholique for biographies, with bibliographical notes.
ANONYMOUS WORKS.
Texts.
The Cloud of Unknowing. Edited, from B. M. Harl., 674, by E. Underhill. London, 1912.
The Cloud of Unknowing, Epistle of Privy Counsel and Denis Hid Divinity. Edited by Dom Justin McCann, O.S.B. (Orchard Books.) London, 1924.
(Compare Part II., E. Gardner: The Cell of Self Knowledge.)
The Mirror of Simple Souls. Edited [with some omissions] by Clare Kirschberger. (Orchard Books.) London, 1928.
AL GHAZZALI.
Trans.
The Confessions of Al Ghazzali. Translated by Claud Field. (Wisdom of the East Series.) London, 1909.
The Alchemy of Happiness. Translated by Claud Field. (Wisdom of the East Series.) London, 1910.
(See also in Part II., Schmlders.)
AL HALLAJ.
Mon.
Massignon, L . La Passion de Al-Halladj. 2 tomes. Paris, 1922. (See also Part II., Marchal.)
ANGELA OF FOLIGNO, BLESSED.
Texts.
Le livre de la Bienheureuse Angle de Foligno. Annot par Paul Doncoeur. t. I. Texte latin. Paris, 1925. t. II. Documents originaux. Paris, 1926.
Le livre de lexperince des vrais fidles de Ste Angle de Foligno. Trad. par M. J. Ferr. Edition critique: texte latin et traduction franaise. Paris, 1927.
(These two, from the earliest MSS., supersede all previous editions.)
476
Beatae Angela de Fulginio Visionum t Instructionum Liber (Bibliotheca mystica et ascetica, t. V.) Cologne, 1849.
Trans.
The Book of Divine Consolations of the Blessed Angela of Foligno. Translated by M. Steegmann. With an Introduction by Algar Thorold. (New Mediaeval
Library.) London, 1908.
Il Libro delle Mirabili Visioni Consolazioni e Istruzioni della B. Angela di Foligno. Translated by Luigi Fallacara. Florence, 1926.
Mons.
Ferr, M. J. Oeuvres authentiques dAngle de Foligno. (Revue dhistoire francescaine, July, 1927.)
Principales dates de la Vie dAngle de Foligno, (ibid., Jan., 1925).
Les oeuvres dAngle de Foligno, (ibid., Oct. 1425).
ANSELM, SAINT.
342
Text.
St. Anselm Opera. (Migne, Patrologia Latina. t. 158-59.) Paris, 1844.
Trans.
Meditations et Prires de S. Anselme. Traduction par A Wilmart Maredsous, 1923.
Mon.
Rule, M. Life and Times of St. Anselm. London, 1883.
AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO, SAINT.
Texts.
Opera Omnia. (Migne, Patrologia Latina. t. 37-47.) Paris, 1844,
Confessionum, libri tredecim. Ex recog. P. Knll. Lipsiae, 1898.
Confessions. Edited by J. Gibb and W. Montgomery. (Cambridge Patristic Texts.) 1908. [Latin text and English notes.]
Trans.
Works. Edited by Marcus Dods. 15 vols. Edinburgh, 1876.
Works. Trans. and annotated by J. E. Pilkington and others. 8 vols. (Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers.) London, 1888-92.
The Confessions. Translated by Dr. E. B. Pusey. London,1907.
The Confessions (first nine books). Trans. by C. Bigg. London, 1898.
Mons.
Bertrand, L. St. Augustin. Paris, 1913.
English trans., London, 1914.
Harnack, A . Augustins Confessionen. Giessen, 1895.
BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, SAINT.
Text.
Opera Omnia. Notis et observationibus. J. Mabillon. (Migne, Patrologia Latina, 182-185.) Paris, 1854.
Trans.
Life and Works of St. Bernard. Edited by Dom J. Mabillon O.S.B. Translated and edited by S. L. Eales, M.A. 4 vols. London, 1889-96. (Vols. I. and II.,
Letters; III., Letters and Sermons; IV., Sermons on the Song of Songs.)
Cantica Canticorum: Sermons on the Song of Songs. Translated by S. J. Eales, M.A. London, 1895.
Sermons on the Canticles. 2 vols. Dublin, 1920.
St. Bernard on the Love of God. Translated by Edmund Gardner. London, 1916.
St. Bernard on Consideration. Translated by G. Lewis. Oxford, 1908.
Suggestions on the Method of Meditation, extracted from St. Bernards Scala Claustralium by W. B. Trevelyan. London, 1904.
Mons.
Morrison, J. Cotter. Life and Times of St. Bernard, Abbot of Clairvaux. Second edition. London, 1868.
Ratisbonne, M., Histoire de Bernard et son sicle. II me dition. 2 vols. Paris, 1903.
Schuck, J. Das religiose Erlebnis beim H. Bernhard von Clairvaux. Wurzbourg, 1922.
Vacandard, E. Vie de S. Bernard. Paris, 1895.
477
Williams, Watkin. Studies in St. Bernard of Clairvaux. London, 1927.
BLAKE, WILLIAM.
Texts.
The writings of William Blake. Edited by Geoffrey Keynes. 3 vols. London, 1925.
Poetry and Prose of William Blake. Edited by Geoffrey Keynes, complete in one volume. London, 1927.
Prophetic Writings. Edited with Introduction, etc., by D. J. Sloss and A. Wallis. 2 vols. Oxford, 1926.
Works: Poetic, Symbolic, and Critical. Edited by E. J. Ellis and W. B. Yeats. 3 vols. London, 1893.
Poetical Works: new and verbatim text by J. Sampson. Oxford, 1905.
Blakes Jerusalem. Edited by E. R. D. Maclagen and A. G. B. Russell. London 1904.
Blakes Milton. Edited by E. R. D. Maclagen and A. G. B. Russell. London 1907.
The Letters of William Blake, and Life by F. Tatham. Edited by A. G. B. Russell. London, 1906.
343
Mons.
Berger, P. William Blake: Mysticisme et Poesie. Paris, 1907.
Damon, S. F. W . Blake, his philosophy and symbols. London, 1924.
De Selincourt, Basil. William Blake. London, 1909.
Gardner, C. William Blake the Man. London, 1919.
Gilchrist, Alexander. Life of William Blake. London, 1880.
Plowman, M . Introduction to the Study of Blake. London, 1927.
Saurat, D. Blake and Modern Thought. London. 1929.
Swinburne, A. C. William Blake. London, 1868.
Symons, Arthur. William Blake. London, 1907.
Wicksteed, J. Blakes Vision of the Book of Job. London, 1910.
Wilson, Mona. Life of William Blake. London, 1927.
Wright. Thomas. Life of William Blake. 2 vols. London, 1929.
BLOSIUS (Louis de Blois).
Text.
Opera. Antwerp, 1632.
Trans.
Oeuvres Spirituelles, trad. par les Benedictins de S. Paul de Wisques. (In progress.) Paris, 1911, etc.
The Book of Spiritual Instruction. London, 1925.
A Mirror for Monks. London, 1926.
The Sanctuary of the Faithful Soul. 2 vols. London, 1920-7.
The Paradise of the Faithful Soul. 2 vols. London, 1928-30.
BOEHME, JACOB.
Texts.
J. Boehme, Sein Leben und seine theosophischen Werke in geordneten Auszuge mit Einleitungen und Erluterungen. Allen Christglaubigen dargeboten
durch J. Claassen. 3 Bands Stuttgart, 1885.
Theosophia revelata. Das ist: Alle gttliche Schriften. . . . J. Bhmens. 7 vols. Amsterdam, 1730-31.
Trans.
The Works of Jacob Boehme. In 4 vols., with Life of the Author. English translation. London, 1764-81. (The only collected English edition, but incomplete.
All Boehmes works were translated by Sparrow and others in the seventeenth century and have since been re-issued. See below. For full
bibliography, see William Law and the English Mystics, by C. Spurgeon, in Cambridge History of English Literature.)
The Threefold Life of Man. With an Introduction by the Rev. G. W. Allen. London, 1909.
478
The Three Principles of the Divine Essence. With an Introduction by Dr. Paul Deussen. London, 1910.
The Forty Questions of the Soul and the Clavis. London, 1911.
Six Theosophic Points. Translated by J. R. Earle. London, 1919.
Mysterium Magnum. Edited by C. J. Barker. London, 1924.
De Electione Gratiae and Quaestiones Theosophicae. Translated by J. R. Earle. London, 1930.
Treatises of Jacob Boehme. London, 1769.
Dialogues on the Supersensual Life. Edited, with an Introduction, by Bernard Holland. London, 1901.
The Signatures of All Things. (Everymans Library.) London, 1912.
The Way to Christ. London, 1912.
The Epistles of Jacob Boehme, reprinted from the 1689 edition. 1886.
Confessions. Edited by W. S. Palmer. London, 1920.
Mons.
Memoirs of the life, death, burial, and wonderful writings of J. Behmen. Now first done at large into English from the original German. With preface by
J. Okeley. Northampton, 1780.
Boutroux, E. Le Philosophe Allemand, Jacob Boehme. Paris, 1888.
Hartmann, F. The Life and Doctrines of Jacob Boehme. London, 1891.
Martensen, H. L. Jakob Bhme. Theosophische Studien. Grafenhainichen, 1882.
Translation. Jacob Behmen: His life and teaching. London, 1885.
Taylor, Edward. J. Behmens theosophick philosophy unfolded. 1691.
Whyte, Rev. Alexander. Jacob Bhme: an Appreciation. Edinburgh, 1894.
344
BONAVENTURA, SAINT.
Text.
Opera Omnia. Editae a P. P. Collegii S. Bonaventurae. 10 t. Ad Claras Aquas 1882. 1902.
Trans.
Thologie Sraphique, extraite et traduite par C. et A. Alix. 2 vols. Paris, 1853
Les six Ailes du Seraphin. Paris, 1860. (There are no English translations. The Soliloquies and Meditations attributed to St. Bonaventura are not
authentic. For his life of St. Francis, vide infra, Francis of Assisi, St.)
Mons.
Bollea, B. L. C. II mysticismo di S. Bonaventura studiato nelle sue antecedenza e nelle sue esplicazione. Torino, 1901.
Gilson, E. La Philosophie de S. Bonaventure. Paris, 1924.
Lutz, E. Die Psychologie Bonaventuras nach den quellen dargestellt. (Beitrage zur Geschichte der Philosophie des Mittelalters.) Munster, 1909.
BOURIGNAN, ANTOINETTE.
Text.
Oeuvres. 19 tomes. Amsterdam, 1686.
Mons.
Anon . An Apology for Mrs. Antonia Bourignan. London, 1699.
Cockburn, J. Bourignianism Detected: or, the Delusions and Errors of Antonia Bourignan and her growing Sect. London, 1689.
MacEwen, A. R. Antoinette Bourignan, Quietist. London, 1910.
Von der Linde, A. Antoinette Bourignan, das Licht der Welt. Leyden, 1895.
BRIDGET OF SWEDEN, SAINT.
Text.
Revelationes. Rome, 1628.
Vita S. Brigettae. Edited by M. Annerstedt. Upsala, 1876.
Mons.
Flavigny, Comtesse de. Ste. Brigitte de Suede. Paris, 1910.
Hormann, P. Simon. Birgittenischer Calender, 1676, Reprint, Munich, 1880.
479
Williamson, B. The Bridgettine Order. London, 1922.
CASSIAN.
Text.
Dialogues. (Migne, Patrologia Latina. t. 49, 50.) Paris, 1845.
Trans.
Cassian: (Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers. Ser. II.). London, 1894.
CATHERINE DEI RICCI, SAINT.
Text.
Lettere. Edited by Gherardi. Florence, 1890.
Mons.
Vita, par S. Razzi. Lucca, 1594.
Vie, par H. Bayonne. Paris, 1873.
CATHERINE OF GENOA, SAINT.
Texts.
345
Vita Mirabile e dottrina celeste di Santa Caterina da Genova, insieme col Trattato del Purgatorio e col Dialogo della Santa. 1743.
Dialogo di S. Caterina da Genova. Milano, 1882.
(The authenticity of this dialogue is denied by Von Hgel.)
Trans.
The Treatise on Purgatory. With a Preface by Cardinal Manning. London, 1858.
La Vie et les Oeuvres de Ste. Catherine de Gnes, traduits par le Vicomte de Bussierre. Paris, 1860.
Mon.
Vallebona, S. La Perla dei Fieschi. Genova, 1887.
(See also Pt. II., Von Hgel, for the best modern account of this mystic.)
CATHERINE OF SIENA, SAINT.
Texts.
S. Catherinae Senensis Vitae. Auctore Fr. Raimundo Capuano. Acta S.S. Aprilis. T. III. Paris and Rome, 1860.
Opere della Seraphica Santa Caterina da Siena. Edited by Gigli. 5 vols. Siena, 1727.
Le lettere di S. Caterina da Siena. Edited by P. Misciatelli. 6 vols. Siena, 1922.
Trans.
The Divine Dialogue of St. Catherine of Siena. Translated by Algar Thorold. Second ed. London, 1926.
St. Catherine of Siena as seen in her Letters. Edited by Vida Scudder. London. 1905.
Mons.
Curtayne A. St. Catherine of Siena. London, 1929.
Drane, A T. The History of St. Catherine of Siena and her Companions. 2 vols. London, 1887.
Fawtier, R. Ste. Catherine de Sienne; essai de critique des sources, T. I. Paris, 1921.
Gardner, Edmund . St. Catherine of Siena. London, 1907. (The best modern biography.)
Joergensen, J. Ste. Catherine de Sienne. Paris, 1920.
Mignaty, M. A. Catherine de Sienne. Paris, 1886.
CHANTAL: JEANNE FRANOISE DE, SAINT.
Text.
Vie et Oeuvres. 8 vols. Paris, 1874-79.
Trans.
Her Spirit as shown in her Letters. London, 1922, selected Letters. London, 1917.
Mons.
Bougaud, E. Histoire de Ste. Chantal. 2 t. Paris, 1899.
Bremond, H. Ste. Chantal. 3 me dition. Paris, 1912.
Sanders, E. K., St. Chantal. London, 1918.
CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA.
Text.
Opera Omnia. Recog. R. Klotz. 4 vols. Lipsiae, 1831-34.
Trans.
480
Writings, translated by W. Wilson. 2 vols. Edinburgh. 1867-69.
Mons.
De Faye. Clment dAlexandrie. Paris, 1898.
Tollinton, R. B. Clement of Alexandria. 2 vols. London, 1914.
Wagner. Der Christ und die Welt nach Clemens von Alexandrien. Gttingen, 1903.
DANTE.
346
Texts.
Tutte le Opere. Rived nel testo da Dr. E. Moore. Oxford, 1894.
La Divina Commedia. II testo Wittiano rived. da Toynbee. London, 1900.
Text & Trans.
The Hell of Dante. Edited, with Translation and Notes, by A. J. Butler. London, 1892.
The Purgatory. London, 1880.
The Paradise. London, 1885.
The Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso. Text, with Translation by Carlyle. Okey, and Wicksteed. (Temple Classics.) 3 vols. London, 1900.
Readings on the Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso; chiefly based on the Commentary of Benvenuto da Imola by W. W. Vernon. 6 vols. London, 1894-1900.
Minor Works.
The Convivio of Dante. Translated by P. H. Wicksteed. (Temple Classics.) London. 1903.
Dantes Convivio. Translated by W. W. Jackson. Oxford, 1909.
Dantes Eleven Letters. Translated, with Notes, &c., by C. S. Latham. Boston, 1902.
A Translation of Dantes Latin Works. (Temple Classics.) London, 1896.
The New Life. Translated by D. G. Rossetti. (The Siddal Edition.) London, 1899.
Mons.
Baratono, A. Dante e la Visione di Dio. 1909.
Barelli, V. LAllegoria della Divina Commedia di Dante Alighieri. Firenze, 1864.
Bonanni, T. II Cantico al Sole di S. Francesco dAssisi commentato nella Divina Commedia. Aquila. 1890.
Capetti V. LAnima e larte di Dante. 1907.
Carroll Rev. J. S. Exiles of Eternity: an Exposition of Dantes Inferno. London, 1903.
Prisoners of Hope: an Exposition of Dantes Purgatorio. London, 1906.
Ciuffo, G . La visione ultima della Vita Nuova. 1899.
Croce, B. La Poesia di Dante. Rome, 1921.
Translation. The Poetry of Dante. London, 1922.
Dunbar, H. F. Symbolism in Mediaeval Thought and its Consummation in the Divine Comedy. Oxford, 1929.
Fardel, M. D. La Personne de Dante dans la Divine Comdie: tude psychologique. Paris, 1894.
Gardner, Edmund. Dantes Ten Heavens. London, 1898.
Dante and the Mystics. London, 1913.
A Dante Primer. Third edition. London, 1923.
Guiliozzi, C. Dante e il Simbolismo. 1900.
Hettinger, Franz. Dantes Divina Commedia, its Scope and Value. Translated and edited by Rev. H. S. Bowden. London, 1887.
481
Perez, Paolo. ISette Cerchi del Purgatorio di Dante, Saggio di Studi. Milano, 1896.
Wicksteed, Rev. P. H. Dante: Six Sermons. Second edition. London, 1890.
Dante and Aquinas. London, 1913.
From Vita Nuova to Paradiso. London, 1922. (I select from the mass of Dante literature a few books useful to the student of mysticism. For full
bibliographies, see the works of Vernon and Gardner, above cited.)
DENIS THE CARTHUSIAN.
Texts.
Doctoris Ecstatici D. Dionysii Cartusiani opera omnia in unum corpus digesta. Cura et labore monachorum S. Ordinis Cartusiensis. 45 vols. (In progress.)
Monstrolii, 1896, etc.
D. Dionysii Carthusiani de perfecto mundi contemptu. Colonie, 1533.
Mons.
Krogh-Tonning, K. Der Letzte Scholastiker. 1904.
Lor. Dionysii Carthusiani doctorus extatici vita. Cologne, 1532.
Mougel, D. A. Denys le Chartreux. Montreuil-sur-Mer, 1896.
DIONYSIUS THE AREOPAGITE.
Texts.
Opera Omnia. (Migne, Patrologia Graeca. t. 3-4.) Paris, 1855
Greek text of the Ecclesiastical Hierarchy, with Preface by Rev. John Parker. London, 1899.
Trans.
347
Dionise Hid Divinity. (An old English translation of the Theologia Mystica, attributed to the author of The Cloud of Unknowing, q.v.)
Opera S. Dionysii Areopagitae, &c., a Balthazar Corderius Latine interpretata. Folio. 1634.
Oeuvres de Saint Denys lAropagite. Traduits du grec et precdes dune Introduction par lAbb Darboy. Paris, 1815.
The Works of Dionysius the Areopagite. Translated by the Rev. J. Parker. 2 vols. Oxford, 1897.
The Divine Names and Mystical Theology. Translated by C. E. Rolt. London, 1920.
Mon.
Ball, Hugo. Byzantin, Christentum III. Heiligen leben. Munich, 1923.
Colet, J. Two Treatises on the Hierarchies of Dionysius. London, 1869.
Erigena. Expositiones super Hierarchies Caelestes S. Dionysii. Roma, 1871.
Koch, Dr. Hugo. Pseudo-Dionysius Areopagita. Maintz, 1900.
Mller, H. F. Dionysius, Proclus, Plotinus. Munster, 1918.
DOUCELINE, SAINT.
Text.
La Vie de Ste. Douceline, fondatrice des bguines de Marseilles. Annot par J. H. Albans. (Provenal text, French translation.) Marseille, 1879.
Mon.
Macdonell, Anne. Saint Douceline. London, 1905.
ECKHARTSHAUSEN, C. VON.
Texts.
Kostis Reise von Morgen gegen Mittag. Leipzig, 1795.
Gott ist die reinste Liebe. Neu ungearbeitet und vermehrt son F. X. Steck. Reutlingen, 1899.
Der Wolke vor dem Heiligthume. 1802.
Trans.
God is Love most pure, my Prayer and my Contemplation. Freely translated from the original by J. Grant. London, 1817.
482
The Cloud upon the Sanctuary. Translated, with Notes, by Isabel de Steiger. London, 1896.
ECKHART, MEISTER.
Texts.
Deutsche Mystiche des 14ten Jahrhunderts. Band 2. Meister Eckhart. F. Pfeiffer. Gttingen, 1906.
Meister Eckharts Schriften und Predigten aus dem Mittelhochdeutschen bersetzt und herausgegeben von Bttner. Leipzig, 1903.
Meister Eckharts lateinische Schriften. Edited by Denifle. (Archiv. fur Litt. u. Kirchengeschichte d. Mittelalters, 1886.)
Meister Eckharts Mystische Schriften, an unsere Sprache bertragen von Gustav Landauer. (Verschollene Meister der Literatur.) Berlin, 1903.
Trans.
Eckharts Sermons, etc. Translated by C. de B. Evans. London, 1924.
Mons.
Denifle, H. S. Akten z. Process, Meister Eckharts. (Archiv. fur Litt. u. Kirchengeschichte d. Mittelalters, 1886).
Jundt, A. Essai sur le Mysticisme speculatif de Maitre Eckhart. Strasbourg, 1871.
Lasson, A. Meister Eckhart der Mystiker. Berlin, 1868.
Martensen, H. Meister Eckhart, Eine theologische Studie. Hamburg, 1842.
Michelsen. Carl. Meister Eckhart, Ein Versuch. 1888.
ELIZABETH OF SCHNAU, SAINT.
Die Visionen. Edited by F. W. Roth. Brnn. 1884.
ERIGENA, JOHN SCOTUS.
Texts.
Opera. (Migne, Patrologia Latina. t. 122.) Paris. 1850.
De Divisione Naturae. Monasterii Guestphal, 1838.
348
Mon.
Gardner, Alice. Studies in John the Scot. London, 1900.
FOX, GEORGE.
Texts.
Journal of George Fox. Edited from the MSS. by N. Penney. Cambridge, 1911.
Short Journal and Itinerary Journals. Edited by N. Penney. Cambridge, 1925.
Mon.
Braithwaite, W. The Beginnings of Quakerism. London, 1912.
Hodgkin, T. George Fox. London, 1896.
Watson, J. S. Life of Fox. London, 1860.
FRANCIS OF ASSISI, ST.
Texts.
Opuscula S. Patris Francisci Assisiensis. Quarrachi, 1904.
Seraphici Doctoris S. Bonaventura Legendae duae de Vita S. Francisci Seraphici. Editae a P.P. Collegii S. Bonaventurae. Quarrachi, 1898.
S. Francisci Assisiensis. Vita et Miracula. Auctore Fr. Thoma de Celano. Edited by Fr. E. Alenon, O.F.M. Roma, 1906.
La Leggenda di S. Francisco scritta da tre suoi compagni. (Latin and Italian.) Roma, 1899.
Speculum Perfectionis seu S. Francisci Assisiensis legenda antiquissima, auctore Fr. Leo. Ed. P. Sabatier. Paris, 1898.
I Fioretti di S. Francesco e il Cantico del Sole. Milano, 1907.
Bartolommeo da Pisa. De Conformitate B. Francisci ad Vitam Domini Jesu. (Analecta Franc. iv. et v. Quarrachi, 1906-12.)
Trans.
The Writings of St. Francis of Assisi. Newly translated, with an Introduction and Notes, by Fr. Paschal Robinson, O.F.M. London, 1906.
483
The Words of St. Francis from His Works and the Early Legends. Selected and translated by Anne Macdonell. London, 1904.
The Writings of St. Francis of Assisi. New translation into English from the original texts, by Constance Countess de la Warr London, 1907.
The Life of St. Francis, by St. Bonaventura. English translation. (Temple Classics.) London, 1904.
The Lives of St. Francis of Assisi, by Brother Thomas of Celano. Translated by A. G. Ferrers Howell. London, 1908.
Legend of St. Francis by the Three Companions. English translation by E. G. Salter. (Temple Classics.) London 1902.
The Mirror of Perfection. English translation by Robert Steele. (Temple Classics.) London, 1903.
The Little Flowers of St. Francis of Assisi. Translated by T. W. Arnold. (Temple Classics.) Sixth edition. London, 1903.
Mons.
Cotette, T. S. Franois dAssise. tude Mdicale. Paris 1895.
Cuthbert, Fr. Life of St. Francis of Assisi. London, 1914.
Fortini, A. Nova vita di S. Francesco dAssisi. Milan, 1926.
Joergensen, J. Vie de S. Franois dAssise. Paris, 1911.
Translation, by T. OConnor Sloane. London, 1922.
Parenti, Giovanni. Sacrum Commercium: the Converse of Francis and his Sons with Holy Poverty. (Latin text and English translation by Canon Rawnsley.
Introduction by P. Sabatier.) Temple Classics. London, 1904.
Robinson, Fr. Pascal, O.F.M. A Short Introduction to Franciscan Literature. New York, 1907, (A valuable and scholarly little book.)
Sabatier, P. Vie de S. Franois dAssise. 22me edition. Paris, 1899.
Translation. Life of St. Francis of Assisi. Translated by L. S. Houghton. London, 1901.
FRANOIS DE SALES, SAINT.
Texts.
Oeuvres Compltes. 22 vols. Annecy, 1893-1925.
Introduction la Vie Dvote. (Rimpression textuelle de latroisime dition.) 2 tomes. Mountiers, 1895.
Traict de lAmour de Dieu. Paris, 1647.
Trans.
Introduction to the Devout Life. Trans. by Rev. A. Ross. London, 1925.
On the Love of God. Edited by W. J. Knox Little. London, 1901.
Spiritual Letters. Trans. by Sidney Lear. London, 1892.
349
Mons.
Hamon. Vie de S. Franois de Sales. 2 vols. Paris, 1854.
Eng. trans. by H. Burton. 2 vols. London, 1929.
Sanders, E. K. St . Franois de Sales. London, 1928.
Thamery, E. Le mysticisme de S. Franois de Sales. Arras, 1906.
Vincent, F. S. Franois de Sales, Directeur dAmes. Paris, 1923.
FRIENDS OF GOD.
(See Part I. Merswin, Suso, Tauler; and Part II., Dalgairns, Delacroix, Denifle, Jones Jundt, Preger; also Pfeiffer, Deutsche Mystiche der 14ten Jahrhunderts.
Bnd I. Gttingen, 1907.)
GERARD GROOT.
Texts.
Gerardi Magni epist. XIV edit. J. G. Acquoy Amsterdam, 1857.
Moll, W. and Scheffer, H. Studien en Bijdragen t. I., II., III Amsterdam, 1870-76 (for texts of Gerard Groots works).
484
Thomas Kempis, Opera Omnia. Paris, 1549. (Containing early lives of G. Groot and other founders of the New Devotion.)
Mons.
Bonet-Maury. G. Groot un precurseur de la Reforme. Paris, 1878.
Grube, C. L. Gerhard Groot u s. Stiftungen. Cologne, 1883.
Des Augustines propstes J. Busch Chron. Windesheimense Bearbeitet. (Geschichtsquellen des Prov. Sachsen, Bd. 19, 1880.)
GERSON.
Text.
Opera Omnia. 3 vols. Antwerp, 1706.
Mons.
Masson, A. L. Jean Gerson, sa vie, son temps. Lyons, 1894.
Schwab J. B. Johannes Gerson. Wurtzburg, 1858.
GERTRUDE, SAINT.
Text.
Sanctae Gertrudis magnae Virginis ordinis S. Benedicti, Legatus Divinae Pietatis. Accedunt ejusdem exercitia spiritualia. (Contained in Revelationes
Gertrudianae ac Mechtildianiae. Vol. I. Paris, 1875.)
Trans.
The Exercises of St. Gertrude. London, 1863.
Le Heraut de lamour divin, trad. par les P. P. Benedictins Nouv. ed. Paris, 1921.
Prayers of St. Gertrude and St. Mechthild. London, 1917.
Mons.
Ledos, G. Ste. Gertrude. Paris, 1901.
The Life and Revelations of St. Gertrude, by a Religious of the Order of Poor Clares. London, 1865.
GUYON, MADAME.
Oeuvres Compltes. 40 vols. Paris, 1789-91.
Vie, par Elle-mme. 3 tomes. Paris, 1791.
Lettres. 4 vols. Paris, 1718.
Receuil de divers traitez de Thologie Mystique. Paris, 1699.
Les Opuscules Spirituelles. 2 vols. Paris, 1790.
(Contains the Moyen Court, Torrents, and minor tracts and letters.)
Trans.
Autobiography of Mme. Guyon. Translated in full by T. T. Allen. 2 vols. London, 1897.
A Short Method of Prayer and Spiritual Torrents. Translated by A. W. Marston. London, 1875.
350
A Short and Easy Method of Prayer. (Heart and Life Booklets.) London, 1900.
Mons.
Masson, Maurice. Fnelon et Mme. Guyon. Paris, 1907.
Upham, T. C. Life, Religious Opinions, and Experience of Mme. Guyon. New edition. With an Introduction by W. R. Inge, London, 1905.
(See also Part II., Delacroix and Leuba.)
HAFIZ.
Trans.
The Divan. Translated into prose, with a Life, note on Sufiism, &c., by H. W. Clarke. 2 vols. London, 1891.
Ghazels from the Divan of Hafiz, done into English by J. H. McCarthy. London, 1893.
HILDEGARDE, SAINT.
Text.
Analecta S. Hildegardis opera, Spicilegio Solesmensi parata. (Pitra, Analecta Sacra, Vol. VIII.) Paris, 1882.
Trans.
Rvlations. 2 vols. Paris, 1912.
Mons.
Bronarski. Lieder der h. Hildegard. Leipzig, 1922.
Cochem, M. von. Hildegardis die Heilige. Passau, 1844.
Godefridus. Vie de Ste. Hildegarde. 1907.
May, J. Die h. Hildegard. Munich, 1911.
Renard J. Histoire de Ste. Hildegarde. Paris, 1865.
485
Singer, C. Scientific views of St. Hildegarde. London, 1917.
HILTON, WALTER.
Texts.
The Scale of Perfection. Edited from MS. sources, with an Introduction, by E. Underhill. London, 1923.
The Scale of Perfection, Modernized from the first printed edition, with an Introduction from the French of Dom M. Noetinger (Orchard Books.) London,
1927.
Minor Works. Edited by D. Jones. (Orchard Books.) London, 1929.
(Only the first piece, Mixed Life, can be ascribed to Hilton with certainty. His other authentic work, The Song of Angels, is printed by Gardner, The Cell
of Self-Knowledge. See Part II.)
HUGH OF ST. VICTOR.
Text.
Opera Omnia. (Migne, Patrologia Latina. t. 175-177.) Paris, 1854.
Mons.
Haurau, J. B. Les oeuvres de Hugues de S. Victor: essai critique Paris, 1886.
Mignon, A. Les origines de la Scholastique et Hugues de S. Victor, 2 vols. Paris, 1895.
IGNATIUS LOYOLA, SAINT.
Texts.
Exercitia spiritualia ex autographe Hispanico, notis. J. Roothaan. Namur, 1841.
Ejercicios espirituales. Rome, 1615.
Cartas de S. Ignacio de Loyola, ed. A. Cabre, etc. 6 vols. Madrid, 1874-90.
Trans.
The Spiritual Exercises, Spanish and English, with Commentary by J. Rickaby, S. J. London, 1915.
The Testament of St. Ignatius Loyola. Translated by E. M. Rix with a Preface by G. Tyrrell. London, 1900.
Letters and Instructions of St. Ignatius Loyola. Translated by D. F. OLeary. London, 1914.
351
Mons.
Brou. La Spiritualit de St. Ignace. Paris, 1914.
Greff, N. Der heilige Ignatius und seine Zeit. Kalden Kirchen, 1903.
Joly, H . St. Ignace de Loyola (Les Saints). Paris, 1899.
Translation, St. Ignatius of Loyola, translated by M. Partridge. London, 1898.
Malzac, M. Ignace de Loyola: essaie de psychologie religieuse. 1898.
Peers, E. Allison. St. Ignatius: in Studies of the Spanish Mystics, Vol. I. London, 1927. (With full bibliography.)
Ribaniera. Vita Ignatii Loyolae. Naples, 1572.
Rose, S. Ignatius Loyola and the Early Jesuits. London, 1871 .
Thompson, Francis. St. Ignatius Loyola. London, 1909.
Venturi, P. T . Storia della Compagnia di Ges in Italia. 2 vols. Roma, 1910-22.
JACOPONE DA TODI.
Texts.
Laude di Fr. Jacopone da Todi. Firenze, 1490.
Laude di frate Jacopone da Todi. A cura di G. Ferri. Bari, 1915.
Mons.
Ancona, A. d. Jacopone da Todi il Giullare di Dio. Roma, 1914.
Brugnoli, B. Le Satire di Jacopone da Todi. Firenze, 1914.
Pacheu, J. Jacopone da Todi, Paris, 1914.
486
Underhill, E. Jacopone da Todi: with a selection from the Spiritual Songs trans. by Mrs. T. Beck. London, 1919 .
JALLU DDIN RUMI.
Text.
Selected Poems from the Divan i Shamsi Tabriz. Translated by R. A. Nicholson. Persian and English. Cambridge, 1898.
Trans .
Masnavi i Ma navi: the Spiritual Couplets of Jallu ddin. Translated by E. H. Whinfield. London, 1887.
The Mesnevi. Bk. I . , with Life, &c. Translated by J. W. Redhouse. London, 1881.
Jallu ddin. Selections by F. Hadland Davis. (Widsom of the East Series.) London, 1907.
JM
Trans .
Joseph and Zuleika. Translated by A. Rogers. London, 1892.
Yusuf and Zulaikha. Translated by R. T. H. Griffith. London, 1882.
Lawaih: a treatise on Sfiism. Fascimile of MS. with translation by Whinfield and Mirza Muhammed Kazvini (Oriental Translation Fund, new series),
1906.
Jm. Selections, by F. Hadland Davis. (Wisdom of the East Series.) London, 1908.
JOACHIM OF FLORA.
Texts.
Liber Concordia novi ac veteris Testamenti. Venice, 1519.
Expositio in Apocalipsum Psalterium decem chordarum. Venice, 1527.
Trans .
Levangile ternel traduction avec biographie par. E. Aegerter.
Mons.
Fournier, P. tudes sur J. de Flore et ses Doctrines. Paris, 1909.
Grundmann, H. Studien uber Joachim von Floris. Berlin, 1927.
JOAN OF ARC, SAINT.
352
Texts.
Procs de condamnation de Jeanne dArc. Text, trad. et notes. 2 tomes. Paris, 1920.
Mons.
Auriac, J. E. d. La Veritable Jeanne dArc. Paris, 1920
Ayroles. La Vraie Jeanne dArc. 5 tomes. Paris, 1890-1902.
Barrs, M. Autour de Jeanne dArc. Paris, 1916.
Denis, L. La verit sur Jeanne dArc. Paris, 1910.
France, Anatole. Vie de Jeanne DArc. Paris, 1908.
Lang, A. The Maid of France. London, 1908.
Petit dc Julleville. Jeanne DArc. (Les Saints.) Paris, 1909.
JOHN OF THE CROSS, SAINT.
Texts.
Obras del mstico Doctor S. Juan de la Cruz. Edicin Crtica. 3 vols. Toledo, 1912-14.
Aphorismes: texte et trans. Intro. par J. Baruzi. Bordeaux, 1924
Trans.
The Ascent of Mount Carmel. Trans. by David Lewis. New edition. London, 1906.
The Dark Night ofthe Soul. Trans. by D. Lewis. London, 1916.
The Flame of Living Love. Trans. by D. Lewis. London, 1912.
A Spiritual Canticle of the Soul. Trans. by D. Lewis. London, 1911.
Oeuvres: traduction nouvelle sur le texte de ldition critique espagnole par H. Hoornaert. 4 tomes. Paris, 1925.
Mons.
Baruzi, Jean. S. Jean de la Croix et le problme de lExprience Mystique. Paris., 1924. (Important.)
Besse, L . de. Eclaircissements sur les Oeuvres mystiques de S. Jean de la Croix. Paris, 1983.
487
Calaber, Abb . La Terminologie de S. Jean de la Croix, etc. Paris, 1904.
Dominiguez Berrueta, M. El Misticismo de S. Juan de la Cruz. 1894.
Dosithe de Saint Alexis. Vie de St. Jean de la Croix. Paris, 1727.
Lewis, D. The Life of St. John of the Cross: compiled from all his Spanish biographers and other sources. London, 1897.
Peers, E. Allison. St. John of the Cross (in Studies of the Spanish Mystics. Vol. I) with bibliography.
Poulain, A. La Mystique de S. Jean de la Croix. Paris, 1892.
JULIAN OF NORWICH.
Texts.
The Shewings: from the Amherst MS. transcribed by the Rev. Dundas Harford. 3rd ed. London, 1925. (The earliest text.)
Revelations of Divine Love, recorded by Julian, Anchoress at Norwich. A.D. 1373. Edited by Grace Warrack. 5th ed. London, 1923.
Sixteen Revelations of Divine Love showed to Mother Juliana of Norwich. With a Preface by G. Tyrrell. London, 1902.
Mon.
Thouless, R. H. The Lady Julian: a psychological study. London, 1924.
KEMPE, MARGERY.
(See in Bibliography, Part II., Gardner: The Cell ofSelf-Knowledge.)
LAW, WILLIAM.
Works. 9 vols. London, 1762. (Privately reprinted, London, 1893.)
An Appeal to all who doubt. London, 1742.
The Spirit of Prayer. London, 1750.
The Spirit of Love. London, 1759.
The Liberal and Mystical Writings of W. Law. Edited by W. Scott Palmer. London, 1908.
Mons.
Gem, S. H. William Law on Christian Practice and Mysticism. Oxford, 1905.
Hobhouse, S. W . Law and 18th Century Quakerism. London, 1928.
Overton Canon J. H. Law, Nonjuror and Mystic. London, 1881.
353
Walton C. Notes and Materials for a Biography of William Law. London, 1854.
Whyte, A . Character and Characteristics of W. Law. Edinburgh, 1893.
LAWRENCE, BROTHER.
Text.
Laurent de la Resurrection (Nicholas Herman). Abrg de la vie de Frre Laurent, ses maximes spirituelles, et quelques lettres quil a escrites a des
personnes de pit. (Receuil de divers traitez de thologie mystique.) Paris, 1699.
Trans.
The Practice of the Presence of God. With additional letters. London, 1906.
The Practice of the Presence of God. Trans. D. Attwater. (Orchard Books ) London, 1926.
The Spiritual Maxims of Brother Lawrence, together with his character. London, 1907.
LEAD, JANE.
Texts.
The Tree of Faith. London, 1696.
The Ark of Faith: or a Supplement to the Tree of Faith. London, 1696.
The Revelation of Revelations. London, 1683.
A Message to the Philadelphian Society. London, 1696.
The Ascent to the Mount of Vision. (Reprint.) Littleborough, 1906.
The Enochian walks with God. (Reprint.) Glasgow, 1891.
488
The Signs of the Times. (Reprint.) Glasgow. 1891.
LUCIE-CHRISTINE.
Text.
Journal Spirituel. Paris, 1912.
Trans.
Spiritual Journal. London, 1915.
LULL, RAMON.
Text.
Obras. 13 vols. (In progress.) Palma di Mallorca, 1906 seq .
Trans.
The Book of the Lover and Beloved. London, 1923.
The Art of Contemplation. London, 1925.
The Tree of Love. London, 1926.
Blanquerna. London, 1926.
Mons.
Andr, M. Le B. Raymond Lull. Paris, 1900.
Anon. A Life of Ramon Lull, written by an unknown hand about 1311, Trans. by E. Allison Peers. London, 1927.
Blanch, Mn. Antoni. Vida de Beat. Ramon Lull. Barcelona, 1907.
Galmes, Mn. Salvador. Vida Compendrosa del Bt. Ramon Lull. Palma, 1915.
Peers, E. Allison. Ramon Lull. London, 1929. (With full bibliography.)
Probst, M. LArt de Contemplation et la Mystique de Raymond Lull. Munster, 1912.
LYDWINE OF SCHIEDAM, SAINT.
Text.
Acta S. S. Aprilis t. II. Paris and Rome, 1860. (The original Lives, by her contemporaries Gerlac and Brugman.)
Trans.
354
La Vie de la Trs saincte et vrayment admirable Vierge Lydwine, tire du Latin de J. Brugman et mise en abrg par M. Michel dEsne, vesque de
Tournay. Douai, 1608.
Mon.
Huysmans, J. K . Sainte Lydwine de Schiedam. 3
me
d. Paris, 1901.
MARIA MADDELENA DEI PAZZI, SAINT.
Text.
Opere. Florence, 1893.
Trans.
Oeuvres, ed. par D. Anselme Bruniaux, 2 vols. Paris, 1873.
MARIE DE LINCARNATION.
Texts.
La Vie de la Venerable Mre Marie de lIncarnation tire de ses lettres, etc. Paris 1684.
Lettres de la Ven Mere Marie de lIncarnation. Paris, 1681. Nouv. ed. Paris, 1876.
Mditations et retraites de la Ven Mere Marie de lIncarnation. Paris, 1681.
Mons.
See Part II. Bremond and Menzies.
MECHTHILD OF HACKBORN, SAINT.
Texts.
Liber Specialis Gratiae. (Contained in Revelationes Gertrudianae ac Mechtildianiae, t. 2. Paris, 1875.)
Revelationes Selectae S. Mechthildis. Edited by Dr. A. Heuser. (Bibliotheca Mystica et Ascetica.) Cologne, 1854.
Das Buch des geistlichen Gnaden (Reliquien aus dem Mittelalter. Bnd 3). 1860.
Mons.
Select Revelations of S. Mechtild, Virgin, Translated from the Latin by a secular priest. London, 1872.
Revelations. Paris, 1919.
MECHTHILD OF MAGDEBURG.
Texts.
489
Offenbarungen der Schwester Mechthild von Magdeburg, oder Das Fliessende Licht der Gottheit aus der einzigen Handschrift des Stiftes Einsiedeln,
herausgegeben von P. Gall Morel. Regensburg, 1869.
Lux Divinitatis. (Contained in Revelationes Gertrudianae ac Mechtildianiae, t. 2. Paris, 1875.)
Das flieszende Licht der Gottheit von Mechthild von Magdeburg. Ins Neudeutsche bertragen und erlatert von Mela Escherich. Berlin, 1909.
Mons.
Ancelet-Eustache, J. Mechtilde de Magdebourg. Paris, 1926.
Lers, Dr. G . Die Sprache der deutschen Mystik des Mittelalters in Werke d. Mechthild von Magdeburg. Munich, 1924.
MERSWIN, RULMAN.
Texts.
Das Buch von den Neun Felsen. Leipzig, 1859.
Das grosse deutsche Memorial. (MS. in Universitats u. Laudes Bibliothek, Strasbourg.) A collection of 16 treatises by R. Merswin or his school.
Mons.
Jundt, A. Rulman Merswin et lAmi de Dieu de lOberland. Paris, 1890.
Rieder, Carl. Der Gottesfreund von Oberland. Innsbruck, 1905.
Schmidt, Nikolaus von Basel. Wien, 1866. (Some of Merswins treatises are printed in this book.)
355
MOLINOS, MIGUEL DE.
Text.
Manuductio Spiritualis. Leipzig, 1687.
Trans.
The Spiritual Guide which disentangles the Soul. Edited, with Introduction, by Lyttelton. (Library of Devotion.) London, 1908.
Mon.
Dudon, P. Le quitiste espagnol M. Molinos. Paris, 1921.
MORE, GERTRUDE.
Texts.
The Spiritual Exercises of the Most Virtuous and Religious Dame Gertrude More. Paris, 1658.
The Inner Life and Writings of Dame Gertrude More. Edited by Dom Benedict Weld Blundell, O.S.B. Vol. I., The Inner Life; Vol. II., The Writings.
London, 1910.
The Holy Practices of a Divine Lover. Edited, with Introduction, by Dom H. Lane Fox. London and Edinburgh, 1909.
NICOLAS OF CUSA.
Text.
Opera. Basle, 1565.
Trans.
The Vision of God, trans. by E. Gurney Salter. London, 1928.
Mon.
Vansteenberghe, E. Le Cardinal Nicolas de Cuse, Paris, 1920.
ORIGEN
Text.
Origenes Werke. 8 vols. Leipzig, 1899-1925.
Trans.
Library Writings; trans. F. Crombie. 2 vols., (Anti-Nicene Library.) Edinburgh. 1869-72.
Mons.
Fairweather, W. Origen and Greek theology. London, 1901.
Faye, E. de. Origne, sa Vie, etc. 2 vols., 1923-27.
Translation. Origen and his Work. London, 1926.
OSANNA ANDREASI, BLESSED.
Mon.
Gardner, E. AMystic of the Renaissance: Osanna Andreasi of Mantua. Privately printed. London, 1910.
PASCAL.
Text.
Les Penses Fragments et Lettres de Blaise Pascal. Edited by Faugre. 2
me
ed. Paris, 1897.
Penses, et Vie par Madame Prier. Paris, 1861.
356
490
(Pascals other works, being unrelated to his mystic life, are not given.)
Trans.
The Thoughts of Pascal. Edited by C. S. Jerram. (The Library of Devotion.) London, n.d.
Mons.
Boutroux, Emile. Pascal. Paris, 1900.
Bremond, H. En Prire avec Pascal. Paris, 1923.
Jovy, E. tudes Pascaliennes. Paris, 1927.
St. Cyr, Viscount. Pascal. London, 1910.
PENINGTON, ISAAC.
Text.
Works. London, 1681.
PETER OF ALCANTARA, SAINT.
Text.
Tratado de la oracin y meditacin. Ed. Fr. A. de Ocerin Jauregui. Madrid, 1916.
Trans.
A Golden Treatise of Mental Prayer. Ed. by G. S. Hollings. London, 1905.
A Treatise on Prayer and Meditation. Trans. by Dominic Devas, O.F.M. (Orchard Books.) London, 1926.
Mon.
OConnor, A. Life of St. Peter of Alcantara. Bedworth, 1915.
PETERSEN, GERLAC.
Text.
Gerlaci Petri, ignitum cum Deo soliloquium. Cologne, 1849. (A reprint of the edition of 1616.)
Trans.
The Fiery Soliloquy with God of Master Gerlac Petersen. London, 1921.
PHILO.
Text.
Opera. Recog. L. Cohn et P. Wendland. 5 vols. Berlin, 1896-1906.
Trans.
Works, tr. Yonge. 4 vols. London, 1854.
Philo on the Contemplative Life. Edited by F. C. Conybeare. Oxford, 1895.
Mons.
Drummond, J. Philo: the Jewish Alexandrian philosopher. London, 1888.
Kennedy, H. A. Philos Contribution to Religion. London, 1919.
Lake, J. W. Plato, Philo, and Paul. London, 1874.
Rville, J. La Doctrine du Logos dans Philon. Paris, 1881.
PLOTINUS.
Text.
Plotini Enneades, praemisso Porphyrii de Vita Plotini deque ordine librorum ejus libello. Edidit R. Volkmann. 2 vols. Leipzig, 1883-84.
Enneades: texte etabli et trad. par E. Brhier. 14 vols. Paris, 1924-27.
Trans.
The Enneads: trans. by Stephen Mackenna. 5 vols. London 1917-24. (In progress.)
357
Les Ennades de Plotin, traduites par M. N. Bouillet. 3 tomes. Paris, 1857-61.
Mons.
Arnou, R. Le dsir de Dieu dans la Philosophie de Plotin. Paris, 1921.
Inge, W. R. The Philosophy of Plotinus. 2 vols. London, 1918.
Whitby, C. J. The Wisdom of Plotinus, a Metaphysical Study. London, 1909.
PROCLUS.
Text.
Opera. Edited by V. Cousin. 6 tomes. Paris. 1820-27.
Trans.
The Six Books of Proclus on the Theology of Plato. Translated by T. Taylor. 2 vols. London, 1816.
491
Two Treatises of Proclus. Translated by T. Taylor. London 1833.
RABIA.
Mon.
Smith, M. Rabia the Mystic. London, 1928. (With full Arabic and Persian bibliography.)
RICHARD OF ST. VICTOR.
Text.
Opera Omnia. (Migne, Patrologia Latina. t. 196.) Paris, 1855.
(See also Pt. II., Gardner, The Cell of Self-Knowledge, which contains an Old English translation of Richard of St. Victors Benjamin Minor.)
Mons.
Buonamici. R. di San Vittore Alatri, 1898.
Ebner, J. Die Erkenntnis lehre R. von St. Victor. Berlin, 1917.
Lubner, A. Richardi a S. Victore de Contemplatione doctrina. Gottingen, 1837-39.
ROLLE, RICHARD, OF HAMPOLE.
Texts.
Works of Richard Rolle of Hampole and his followers. Edited by C. Horstman. 2 vols. (Library of Early English Writers.) London, 1895. (With biographical
introduction and bibliography. All the attributions cannot be accepted.)
The Incendium Amoris: ed. by M. Deanesly. Manchester, 1915.
Officium et Miracula: ed. R. M. Woolley, London, 1919.
Selected Works of Richard Rolle, Hermit, transcribed by G. C. Heseltine. London, 1930. (All the English works, modernized.)
English Prose Treatises. (E.E.T.S. Vol. XX.) London, 1866.
The Fire of Love, and The Mending of Life. Englished by R. Misyn. Ed. F. Comper. London, 1914.
The Amending of Life: from Misyns translation. (Orchard Books.) London, 1927.
The Psalter translated by Richard Rolle of Hampole, ed. by H. R. Bramley. Oxford, 1884.
The Form of Perfect Living. Ed. by G. Hodgson. London, 1910.
Minor Works, ed. by G. Hodgson. London, 1923. (Not all the pieces in this collection are by Rolle.)
Mons.
Allen, Hope. Writings ascribed to Richard Rolle, Hermit, of Hampole, and Materials for his Biography. Oxford, 1927. (Most valuable piece of first-hand
research.)
Comper, F. The Life and Lyrics of Richard Rolle. London, 1928.
ROSE OF LIMA, SAINT.
Text.
Hansen, Leonardus. Rosa Peruana. Vita Mirabilis et Mors pretiosa S. Rosae a Sancta Maria. Ulyssipone Occidentali, 1725.
Trans.
The Life of S. Rose of Lima (paraphrase of above). In series of The Saints and Servants of God. Edited by F. W. Faber. London, 1847.
358
Mons.
Capes, F. M. The Flower of the New World; a short history of St. Rose of Lima. 1899.
Renouard de Bussierre (M.T. de). Lo Perou et Ste. Rose de Lima. Paris, 1863.
RUYSBROECK.
Text.
Werken van Jan van Rhusbroec, ed. J. David. 6 vols. Ghent, 1858-68.
Trans.
Opera Omnia: trad. Surius. Cologne, 1652.
Oeuvres de Ruysbroeck lAdmirable, trad. du Flamand par les Benedictins de S. Paul de Wisques. 3 tomes. Brussels, 1912, etc.
492
LOrnement des Noces Spirituelles de Ruysbroeck lAdmirable, trad. par Maurice Maeterlinck. Brussels, 1900.
John of Ruysbroeck: Adornment of the Spiritual Marriage, etc., trans. by P. Wynschenk Dom. London, 1916.
The Book of the Twelve Bguines, trans. by J. Francis. London, 1913.
Mons.
Auger, A. De doctrina et meritis Joannis van Ruysbroeck. Louvian, 1892.
De Vreese, W L. Ruysbroeck. (In Biographie Nationale de Belgique. t. xx., 1910.)
Engelhardt, J. G. von. Richard von St. Victor und J. Ruysbroeck. Erlangen, 1838.
Otterloo, A. A. van, Johannis Ruysbroeck. S. Gravenhage, 1896.
Pomerius: De origine monasterii Viridisvallis una cum vita B. Johannis Rusbrochii. (Analecta Bollandiana iv., 1885.)
Schmidt, G. C. tude sur J. Ruysbroeck. 1859.
Scully, Dom. V. A Mediaeval Mystic: B. John Ruysbroeck. London, 1910.
Underhill, E. Ruysbroeck. (Quest Series.) London, 1915.
Waffelaert, G. J. Lunion de lme aimante avec Dieu . . . daprs la doctrine du B. Ruusbroec. Paris et Lille, 1906.
Wautier dAygalliers, A. Ruysbroeck lAdmirable. Paris, 1923. (Very valuable.)
Translation. Ruysbroeck the Admirable. London, 1925. (This omits much bibliographical material.)
SAD.
Text.
Gulistan. New edition, collated by E. B. Eastwick. Hertford, 1850.
Trans.
The Gulistan: translated by E. B. Eastwick. Hertford, 1852.
SAINT-MARTIN.
Texts.
Tableau naturel des rapports qui existent entre Dieu, lHomme et lUnivers. 1782.
LHomme de Dsir, par le Philosophe Inconnu. 1802.
Des Nombres: oeuvre posthume. Edited by J. Schauer. Paris, 1861.
La Correspondence indite de L. C. de Saint-Martin dit le Philosophe Inconnu, et Kirchberger, Baron de Liebestorf. Edited by Schauer and Chuquet.
Paris, 1862.
Trans.
Man: his true nature. Translated by E. B. Penny. London, 1864.
Theosophic Correspondence. Trans. by E. B. Penny. London, 1863.
Mons.
Caro, E. M. Du Mysticisme du 18me Sicle: essai sur la Vie et la Doctrine de Saint-Martin. Paris, 1852.
Matter, A. J. Saint-Martin le Philosophe Inconnu, sa vie et ses crits. 1862.
Waite A. E. The Life of Louis Claude de Saint-Martin, the Unknown Philosopher, and the substance of his transcendental doctrine. London, 1901.
STERRY, PETER.
Texts.
Discourse of the Freedom of the Will. London, 1675.
359
The Rise, Race, and Royalty of the Kingdom of God in the Soul. London, 1683.
493
The Appearance of God to Man in the Gospel. London, 1710.
SUSO.
Texts.
Die deutschen Schriften des seligen H. Seuse. Edited by H. S. Denifle. Mnchen, 1876.
Heinrich Susos Leben und Schriften. Edited by M. Diepenbrock, Regensburg, 1825.
Trans.
Oeuvres mystiques du B. Henri Suso. Traduction par le P. G. Thiriot. 2 vols. Paris, 1899.
Life of B. Henry Suso, by Himself. Trans. by T. F. Knox. London, 1913.
Little Book of Eternal Wisdom. London, 1910.
Mons.
Schmidt, C. Der Mystiker Heinrich Seuse. (Theol. Studien und Kriken), 1843.
Vetter, F. Ein Mystiker paar des xiv Jahrhundert. Basle, 1882.
TAULER
Texts.
Die Predigten Taulers aus d. Engelberger und d. Freiburger Handschrift. sowie aus Schmidts Abschriften d. ehemaligen Strasburger Handschrift. Ed.
F. Vetter (Deutsche Texte d. Mittelalters. Band xi.) Berlin, 1910. (This is the first critical text of Taulers sermons.)
Johann Taulers Predigten nach den besten Ausgaben in die jetzige Schriftsprache bertragen von J. Hamberger. Zweite neu bearbeitete Auflage. 3 Band.
Prague, 1872.
Trans.
D. Joannes Thauleri. Sermones de tempore et de Sanctis totius anni, plane piissime: R. F. Laurentio Surio in Latinum Sermonem translata, &c. Cologne,
1603.
The History and Life of the Rev. Doctor John Tauler, with 25 of his sermons, translated by Susanna Winkworth. Preface by Charles Kingsley. New
edition. London, 1906.
The Inner Way: Being 36 sermons for Festivals. New translation, with Introduction, by Rev. A. W. Hutton. (Library of Devotion.) 3rd edition. London,
1909.
Sermons . . . traduits de lAllemand par C. Saint-Foi. 2 tomes. Paris, 1845.
Oeuvres Compltes. Trad. Iitterale de la version latine de Surius: par G. P. Noel, O. P. 8 vols. Paris, 1911. (In progress.)
Mon.
Denifle. Taulers Bekehrung in Quellen u. Forschungen zur Sprach u. Cultur-geschichte. Strasburg, 1879.
TERESA, SAINT.
Text.
Obras de Santa Teresa de Jess. Editadas y anotadas por el P. Silverio de S. Teresa. C.D. 9 vols. Burgos 1915-26. (The best edition of the Spanish text.)
Trans.
Oeuvres de Sainte Thrsa, traduites par les Carmelites du Premier Monastre de Paris. 6 tomes. Paris, 1907-10.
Lettres, traduites selon lordre chronologique par le Pre Marcel Bouix. Troisime edition. 3 tomes. Paris, 1898.
The Life of St. Teresa of Jesus, written by Herself, translated by D. Lewis. 5th edition. London, 1916.
The Book of the Foundations of St. Teresa of Jesus, written by Herself. Translated by D. Lewis. London, 1913.
The History of the Foundations Translated by Sister Agnes Mason. 1909.
494
The Interior Castle: translated from the autograph of St. Teresa by the Benedictines of Stanbrook Abbey. London, 1912.
The Way of Perfection, translated from the autograph of St. Teresa by the Benedictines of Stan brook Abbey, with Notes by Zimmerman. London, 1911.
Letters. 4 vols. translated by the Benedictines of Stanbrook Abbey. London, 1919-24.
Minor Works: translated by the Benedictines of Stan brook Abbey. London, 1913.
Mons.
Baring, Arvde. Psychologie dune Sainte: Sainte Thrsa. (Revue des Deux Mondes. I
e
Juin, 1886.)
Berrueta, A. D. Sta Teresa de Jesus y S. Juan della Cruz: bocetos psicologica. Madrid, 1915.
Carmelite, Une. Histoire de Ste. Thrsa. 2 vols. Paris, 1887.
360
Canal, E. Ste. Thrsa. Paris, 1921.
Coleridge, H. J. Life and Letters of St. Teresa. 3 vols. London, 1872.
Colvill, H. H. Saint Teresa of Spain. London, 1909.
Carton H. do. Bibliographie Trsienne. Paris, 1902.
Genonville. S. Thrsa et son Mysticisme. Montaubon, 1893.
Graham, G. Cunninghame. Santa Teresa. New ed. I vol. London, 1907.
Hoornaert, R. S. Trse crivain. Paris, 1922.
Joly, H. Ste. Thrsa (Les Saints). Paris, 1902.
(Translation.) St. Teresa, translated by E. Waller. London, 1903.
Legardere. S. Thrsa, Psychologique et Mystique. Besanon, 1900.
Mir, M. Santa Teresa de Jesus. 2 vols. Madrid, 1912.
Norero, H. LUnion mystique chez Ste. Thrsa. Macon, 1905.
Peers, E. Allison. St. Teresa (in Studies of the Spanish Mystics. London, 1927), with full bibliography.
Ribera, Francisco do, Vida de S. Teresa de Jesus. Nuova ed. Barcelona, 1908. (First published in 1590.)
Whyte A. Santa Teresa: an appreciation. Edinburgh, 1897.
Yepes D. do. Vida, Virtudes, y Milagros de Santa Teresa de Jesus. Lisbon, 1616.
THEOLOGIA GERMANICA.
Texts.
Der Frankforter, Ein deutsch Theologia. Ed. Willo Uhl. Bonn, 1912. (From the best MS.)
Theologia Deutsch. Neue nach der einziger bis jetzt bekannten Handschrift besorgte vollstndige Ausgabe. Edited by F. Pfeiffer. Stuttgart, 1851.
(Imperfect.)
Theologia Germanica, translated from Pfeiffers edition; edited by Susanna Winkworth, with a Preface by Charles Kingsley. 4th edition. (Golden Treasury
Series.) London, 1907.
Le Livre de la Vie Parfait, trad. par J. Paquier. Paris, 1928. (Complete translation from Uhls text.)
Mon.
Paquier, J. Lorthodoxie de la Theologie Germanique. Paris, 1922.
THOMAS A KEMPIS.
Texts.
Opera Omnia. I vol. Cologne, 1660.
De Imitatione Christi. Edited by P. E. Puyal. Paris, 1886.
Libri Quatuor de Imitatione Christi, in versiculos distributi, Justa rythmum ex-MSS de promptum, Cura et studie, Dr. C. Albini de Agala. Paris, 1905.
Trans.
Of the Imitation of Christ. Revised translation by Dr. C. Bigg. (Library of Devotion.) London, 1901.
495
The Imitation of Christ: the Earliest English Translation. (Everymans Library.) London, n.d.
Mons.
Acquoy, J. G. Het Klooster te Windesheim. Utrecht, 1875.
Busch J. Chron. Canonicorum Ordine S. Augustini, cap. Windesimensis. Antwerp 1631.
Butler, Dugald. Thomas a Kempis, a religious study. London, 1908.
Do Mongmorency. J. G. Thomas a Kempis. London, 1906.
Kettlewell, S. The authorship of the De Imitatione Christi. London, 1877.
Thomas Kempis and the Brothers of the Common Life. London, 1882.
Wheatley, L. A. The Story of the Imitatio. London, 1891.
VERNAZZA, VEN. BATTISTA.
Text.
Opere Spirituali. Genova, 1755.
(See also in Pt. II., Von Hgel, the Mystical Element of Religion.)
WOOLMAN, JOHN.
Text.
Journal and Essays. Edited by A. M. Gummere. London, 1922.
361
PART II
GENERAL WORKS ON MYSTICISM
Arintero, J. G . Cuestiones misticas. Salamanca, 1916.
Evolution mistica. Salamanca, 1921.
Auger . tude sur les Mystiques des Pays Bas au Moyen (Collectiones des Mmoires Publis par lAcademie Royale de Belgique, tome 46.)
Baker, Ven. Augustine . Holy Wisdom; or Directions for the Prayer of Contemplation. (Edited by Abbot Sweeny, O.S.B.) London, 1908.
Barbanon, C . The Secret Paths of Divine Love. (Orchard Books.) London, 1928.
Barluke, John Evangelist of. The Kingdom of God in the Soul. (Capuchin Classics.) London, 1930.
Benson, Rev. R. H . Mysticism. (Westminster Lectures.) London, 1907.
Besse, Dom L. de . La Science de la Prire. Paris, 1903.
Translation. The Science of Prayer. London, 1925.
Les Mystiques Benedictine des origines au XVII. Sicle. Parish 1922.
Biscioni, A. M . Lettere di Santi e Beati Fiorentini. Firenze, 1736.
Boutroux, Emile . Psychologie du Mysticisme. (Bulletin de lInstitut Psychologique.) Paris, 1902.
Bremond, Abb H. La Provence Mystique. Paris, 1908.
Histoire Litteraire du Sentiment Religieux en France. 8 vols. Paris 1916-28. (Indispensable. Contains a detailed account of the French
seventeenth-century school, with numerous quotations and bibliographical references.
Prire et Posie. Paris, 1926.
(Translation.) Prayer and Poetry. London, 1928.
Philosophie de la Prire. Paris, 1929.
Brenier de Montmorand . Asctisme et Mysticisme. (Revue Philosophique Mars, 1904.)
Buonaiuti, E . Il Misticismo Mediaeval. Pinerolo, 1928.
Butler, Dom Cuthbert . Western Mysticism. London, 1919.
Chaillot . Principes de Theologie Mystique. Parish 1866.
496
Chandler, Rev. A . Ara Coeli; studies in mystical religion. London, 1908.
Chapman, Dom J. Mysticism. (In Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics.)
Davison, Ellen S . Forerunners of St. Francis. London, 1928.
Delacroix, H . Essai sur lo Mysticisme Spculatif en Allemagne au XIV. Sicle. Paris, 1900.
tudes dHistoire at de psychologie du Mysticisme. Les Grands Mystiques Chrtiens. Paris, 1908. (Detailed analyses of St. Teresa, Madame
Guyon, Suso. Indispensable to the student.)
Denifle, H. S . Das geistliche Leben: Blumenlese aus der deutschen Mystikern der 14 Jahrhunderts. Graz, 1895.
Devine, Rev. A . A Manual of Mystical Theology. London, 1903.
Farges, Mgr. A . Les phnomnes mystiques. Paris, 1920.
Translation. Mystical Phenomena, trans. from 2nd French edition. London, 1926.
Gardner, Edmund . The Cell of Self-Knowledge: Seven Old English Mystical Works. Reprinted from Pepwells edition, with Notes and Introduction.
(New Mediaeval Library.) London, 1910. (This contains a translation of Richard of St. Victors Benjamin Minor, the only known work of
Margery Kempe, Hiltons Song of Angels, and three works of the Cloud of Unknowing group.)
Garrigou-Lagrange, Pre . Perfection Chrtienne et Contemplation selon S. Thomas dAquin et S. Jean de la Croix. 2 t. Paris, 1923.
Gebhart, E . LItalie Mystique. 5
me
edition. Paris, 1906.
Translation. Mystics and Heretics in Italy. London, 1922.
Gichtel, J. G . Theosophia Practica. Leyden, 1722.
Godfernaux . Sur la Psychologie du Mysticisme. (Revue Philosophique, 1902.)
Grres , J. J. v. Die Christliche Mystik. 5 Bnde. Regensburg, 1836-42.
Gregory, Eleanor C . An Introduction to Christian Mysticism. London, 1901.
A Little Book of Heavenly Wisdom. Selections from so no English Prose Mystics. With Introduction. (Library of Devotion.) London, 1904.
Harphius (H. de Herp). Theologia Mystica. Cologne, 1538.
Hbert, M . Le Divin: Experiences et hypotheses. Paris, 1907.
Heiler, F . Das Gebet. Munich, 1920.
Die Bedeutung der Mystick fur die Weltreligionen, Munich, 1919.
Hello, E . Physionomies de Saints. New edition. Paris, 1900.
Heppe, H . Geschichte der Quietistischen Mystik. Berlin, 1875.
Herman, E . The Meaning and Value of Mysticism. London, 1915.
Inge, W. R . Christian Mysticism. (Bampton Lectures.) London, 1899. (A standard work indispensable to the student.)
Studies of English Mystics. (St. Margarets Lectures.) London, 1906.
Light, Life and Love. Selections from the German Mystics. With Introduction. (Library of Devotion.) London, 1905.
Personal Idealism and Mysticism. (Paddock Lectures.) London, 1907.
Joly, Henri . Psychologie des Saints. Paris, 1895.
Translation. The Psychology of the Saints. With Preface and Notes by George Tyrrell. London, 1898.
Jones, Rufus M . Studies in Mystical Religion. London, 1909.
Spiritual Reformers in the 16th and 17th Centuries. London, 1914.
362
Joret, Pre . La Contemplation Mystique daprs S. Thomas dAquin Paris, 1923.
497
Jundt, A . Les Amis de Dieu au XIV. Sicle. Paris, 1879.
Klein, F . Madeleine Semer, Convertie et Mystique. 16
me
Knowles, Dom D . The English Mystics. London, 1928.
Lehmann, E . Mysticism in Heathendom and Christendom. Translated by G. M. G. Hunt. London, 1910.
Lejeune, Abb P . Manual de Theologie Mystique. 1897.
Leuba, J. H . Les Tendances Fondamentales des Mystiques Chrtiens (Revue Philosophique, Juillet, 1902.)
The Psychology of Religious Mysticism. London, 1925.
Malaval . La Pratique de la vraie thologie mystique. 2 tomes. Paris, 1709.
Marechal, J. tudes sur la psychologie des Mystiques. Paris, n.d.
Translation. Studies in the Psychology of the Mystics. London, 1927. (Valuable.)
Massignon, L . Essai sur les origines du lexique technique de la mystique Musulmane. Paris, 1922.
Menzies, L . Mirrors of the Holy. London, 1928. (Studies of women mystics.)
Nicholson, R. A . The Mystics of Islam. London, 1914.
Oman, J. C . The mystics, ascetics, and saints of India. London, 1905.
Ossuna, Francesco de . Abecedario Spiritual. 6 vols. (Gothic letter.) Medina, 1554. (This is the book from which St. Teresa first learned the method of
contemplation.)
Otto, Rudolf . Weststliche Mystick. Klotz. 1926.
Pacheu, J . Psychologie des Mystiques Chrtiens. Parish 1909.
Palmer, E. H . Oriental Mysticism. A Treatise on the Sufiistic and Unitarian Theosophy of the Persians. Cambridge, 1867.
Patmore, Coventry . The Rod, the Root, and the Flower. 2nd edition. London, 1907.
Peers, Allison . Spanish Mysticism. London, 1924.
Studies in the Spanish Mystics. Vol. I. London, 1927. (With excellent bibliographies.)
Poiret, Pierre . Theologiae Mysticae idea generalis. Paris, 1702. Petri Poireti Bibliotheca Mysticorum Selecta. Paris, 1708. (This contains a useful list
of mystical and ascetic works, many of which are now lost.)
Poulain, A . Les desiderata de la Mystique. (tudes Jesuites.) Paris, 1898.
Les Graces dOraison. 10
me
edition. Paris, 1922. (Useful citations.)
Translation. The Graces of Interior Prayer. London 1910.
Pourrat, P . La Spiritualit Chrtienne. 3 tomes. Paris, 1921-25.
Translation. Christian Spirituality. 3 vols. London. 1922-26. (Very useful.)
Preger, W . Geschichte der deutschen Mystick in Mittelalter. B. I-3. Leipzig, 1874-93
Rcjac, E . Essai sur les fondements de la Connaissance Mystique. Paris, 1897
Translation. Essay on the bases of the Mystic Knowledge. Translated by S. C. Upton. London, 1899. (An important study of the psychology of mysticism.)
Reinach, S . Une Mystique au 18
e
Sicle. (Cultes, Mythes, et Religions.) Paris, 1906.
Renda, Antonio . Il Pensiero Mistico. Milano e Palermo, 1902.
Ribet, J . La Mystique Divine. 3 tomes. Paris, 1879. (A standard Roman Catholic work. Elaborate, but uncritical.) LAsctique Chrtienne. Paris, 1888.
498
Rousselot, P . Les Mystiques Espagnols. Paris, 1867.
Saudreau, L . Les degrs de la vie Spirituelle. 5th edition. 2 vols. Paris, 1920.
La Vie dUnion a Dieu. 3rd edition. Paris 1921.
LEtat Mystique et les faits extraordinaires de la Vie Spirituelle. 2nd edition. Paris, 1921.
Translations. The Degrees of the Spiritual Life, trans. by Dom Bede Camm, O.S.B. 2 vols. London, 1907.
The Life of Union with God. London, 1927.
The Mystical State. London, 1924.
Scaramelli, G. B . Il direttorio Mistico. Roma, 1900.
Schmlders, A . Essai sur les coles Philosophiques chez les Arabes. Paris, 1842. (Contains the best account of the Sufi philosopher, Al Ghazzali. )
Sharpe, A . Mysticism, its true Nature and Value. London, 1910.
Spurgeon, Caroline . Mysticism in English Literature. London, 1913.
Thorold, Algar . An Essay in Aid of the better Appreciation of Catholic Mysticism. London, 1900.
Tollemache, M . Spanish Mystics. London, 1886.
Underhill, E . The Mystic Way. London, 1913.
Practical Mysticism. London, 1914.
The Essentials of Mysticism. London, 1920.
The Mystics of the Church. London, 1925.
Vaughan, R. A . Hours with the Mystics. 3rd edition. 2 vols. London, 1880.
Von Hgel, Baron F . The Mystical Element of Religion, as studied in St. Catherine of Genoa and her Friends. 2 vols. London, 1908. (Indispensable.
The best work on Mysticism in the English language.)
Waite, A. E . Studies in Mysticism. London, 1906.
Watkin, E. I . The Philosophy of Mysticism. London, 1919.
PART III
363
PHILOSOPHY, PSYCHOLOGY, AND THEOLOGY
Adam, James.
The Religious Teachers of Greece. (Gifford Lectures.) 1908.
Bergson, Henri.
Essai sur les Donnes immdiates de la Conscience. Paris, 1889.
Matire et Mmoire. Paris, 1896.
Introduction a la Mtaphysique. Paris, 1903.
LEvolution Cratrice. Paris, 1907.
Translations . Time and Free Will: an Essay on the Immediate data of Consciousness, translated by F. L. Pogson. London, 1910.
Matter and Memory, trans. by N. Paul and W. Scott Palmer. London, 1910.
Creative Evolution, trans. by A. Mitchell. London, 1911.
Berguer, M.
Psychologie religieuse. Geneva, 1914.
Bessemans, Dr.
Die Stigmatisatie in het licht der hedendaagsche biologie. Antwerp, 1923.
Bigg, Dr. C.
The Christian Platonists of Alexandria. (Bampton Lectures.) Oxford, 1885.
499
Neoplatonism. London, 1895.
Binet, A.
La Suggestibilit. Paris, 1900.
Boutroux, Emile.
Science et Religion dans la Philosophie Contemporaine. Paris, 1908.
Translation . Science and Religion in Contemporary Philosophy. Translated by G. J. Nield. London, 1909. (Compare Pt. I., Boehme.)
Boyce Gibson, W. B.
An Introduction to Rudolph Euckens Philosophy. London, 1908.
God with us. London, 1909.
Bradley, F. H.
Appearance and Reality. 2nd ed. London, 1897.
Brunschvieg, L.
Introduction a la Vie de lEsprit. 1900.
Buber, M.
Ekstatische Konfessionen. 2nd ed. Leipzig, 1922.
Bucke, R. M.
Cosmic Consciousness: a study in the evolution of the Human Mind. Philadelphia, 1905.
Caird, Edward.
The Evolution of Religion, 2 vols. (Gifford Lectures.) Glasgow, 1893.
The Evolution of Theology in the Greek Philosophers. 2 vols. Glasgow, 1904.
Caird, John.
Introduction to the Philosophy of Religion. Glasgow, 1880.
Fundamental Ideas of Christianity. Glasgow, 1899.
Cutten, G. B.
The Psychological Phenomena of Christianity. London, 1909.
De Sanctis. S.
Religious Conversion; a bio-psychological study. Trans. by Helen Augur. London, 1927.
Dewing, A. S.
Life as Reality: a Philosophical Essay. London, 1910.
Driesch, Hans.
The Science and Philosophy of Organism. 2 vols. (Gifford Lectures.) 1908.
Elsee, C.
Neoplatonism in its Relation to Christianity. London, 1908.
Eucken, Rudolph.
Die Einheit des Geisteslebens. Leipzig, 1888.
Der Kampf um einen geistigen Lebensinhalt. Leipzig, 1896.
Geistige Strmungen der Gegenwart. Leipzig, 1909.
Der Wahrheitsgehalt der Religion. 2nd ed. Leipzig, 1905.
Die Lebensanschauungen der Grossen Denker. Leipzig, 1909.
Hauptprobleme der Religionsphilosophie der Gegenwart. Berlin, 1907.
Der Sinn und Wert des Lebens. Leipzig, 1908.
Translations . The Life of the Spirit: an Introduction to Philosophy 2nd ed. London, 1909.
The Problem of Human Life. London, 1909.
The Meaning and Value of Life. London, 1909.
364
Christianity and the New Idealism. New York, 1909.
Flournoy, T.
Les Principes de la Psychologie religieuse (Archives de Psychologie 1902.)
500
Une mystique moderne (ibid, 1915).
Franck, A.
La Kabbale. 3rd ed. Paris, 1892.
Granger, F. G.
The Soul of a Christian. London, 1900.
Harrison, Jane E.
Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion. Cambridge, 1903.
Hbert, M.
La forme idaliste du sentiment religieux. Paris, 1909.
Hocking, W. E.
The Meaning of God in Human Experience. New York, 1922.
Huby, J.
La Conversion. Paris, 1919.
Imbert-Gourbeyre, Dr.
Les Stigmatises. 2 vols. Paris, 1873.
La Stigmatization. 2 vols. Paris, 1894.
James, M. R.
Apocrypha Anecdota Series II. Cambridge. 1897.
James, William.
The Principles of Psychology. 2 vols. London, 1890.
Textbook of Psychology. London, 1892.
The Will to Believe. New York, 1897.
The Varieties of Religious Experience. (Gifford Lectures.) London, 1902.
A Pluralistic Universe. (Hibbert Lectures.) London, 1909.
Janet, Pierre.
LAutomatisme Psychologique. Paris, 1889.
LEtat Mentale des Hysteriques. 2 vols. Paris, 1893-94.
Nevroses et ides fixes. Paris, 1898.
Une extatique (Bulletin de lInstitut Psychologique). Paris, 1901.
Obsessions et Psychasthnie. Paris, 1903.
Translations . The Mental State of Hystericals. New York, 1901.
The Major Symptoms of Hysteria. New York, 1907.
Jastrow, J.
The Subconscious: A Study in Descriptive Psychology. London, 1906.
Jefferies, Richard.
The Story of My Heart. 2nd ed. London, 1891.
Jundt, A.
Histoire du panthisme populaire au moyen age. Paris, 1875.
Ladd, G. T.
An Introduction to Philosophy. London, 1891.
The Philosophy of Knowledge. New York, 1897.
The Philosophy of Religion. 2 vols. New York, 1905.
Leroy, B.
Nature des Hallucinations. (Revue Philosophique, 1907.)
Interpretation psychologique des Visions Intellectuelles. (Revue de lHistoire des Religions, 1907.)
Maritain, J.
Introduction Generale la Philosophie. Paris, 1920.
De la Vie dOraison. Paris, 1924.
Translations . An Introduction to Philosophy. London, 1930.
Prayer and Intelligence. London, 1928.
Mead, G. R. S.
Thrice Greatest Hermes. 3 vols. London, 1906.
Munsterberg, Hugo.
501
The Eternal Values. London, 1909.
Murisier, H.
Les Maladies des Sentiments Religieux. n.d.
Meyers, F. W. H.
Human Personality and its Survival of Bodily Death. 2 vols. London, 1903.
Ormond, A. T.
Foundations of Knowledge. London, 1900.
365
Otto, R.
Das Heilige. Stuttgart, 1917.
Translation. The Idea of the Holy. London, 1923.
Plato.
Opera. Ed. J. Burnet. 5 vols. Oxford, 1899-1907.
Republic, with Notes and Introduction, by J. Adam. Cambridge, 1897.
Translations . The Dialogues, translated by B. Jowett. 3rd edition. 5 vols. Oxford, 1892.
The Republic, translated by B. Jowett. 3rd edition. Oxford, 1888.
Powicke, F. J.
The Cambridge Platonists. London, 1926.
Pratt, J. B.
The Religious Consciousness. New York, 1921.
Prince, Morton.
The Dissociation of a Personality. New York, 1906.
Raymond, G. L.
The Psychology of Inspiration. 1908.
Rhode, Erwin.
Psyche. 2nd ed. 2 vols. Freiburg, 1898.
Translation . London, 1925.
Ribot, T.
Les Maladies de la Mmoire. Paris, 1881.
Les Maladies de la Volont. Paris, 1883.
Les Maladies de la Personnalit. Paris, 1885.
Psychologie de lAttention. Paris, 1889.
Essai sur limagination cratrice. Paris, 1900.
Translations . Diseases of Memory. London, 1882.
Diseases of the Will. 2nd edition. Chicago, 1896.
The Diseases of Personality. Chicago, 1891.
The Psychology of Attention. Chicago, 1890.
Essay on the Creative Imagination. 1906.
Rolleston, T. W.
Parallel Paths: a study in biology, ethics, and art. London, 1908.
Royce, Josiah.
Studies of Good and Evil. New York, 1898.
The World and the Individual. (Gifford Lectures.) 2 vols. London, 1900.
Schiller, F. C. S.
Humanism. London, 1903.
Plato or Protagoras. Oxford, 1908.
Schofield, A. T.
The Unconscious Mind. London, 1899.
Seglas.
Phnomnes dits Hallucinations psychiques (Congrs de Psychologie) Paris, 1901.
Segond, J.
502
La Prire: etude de psychologie religieuse. Paris, 1911.
Starbuck, E. T.
The Psychology of Religion. 2nd edition. London, 1901.
Stewart, J. A.
The Myths of Plato. London, 1905.
Platos Doctrine of Ideas. London, 1909.
Taylor, A. E.
Plato, the Man and his Work. London, 1926.
Taylor, H. O.
The Mediaeval Mind. 2 vols. London, 1911.
Thomas Aquinas, Saint.
Summa Theologica diligenter emendata. Nicolai, Sylvii, Billuart et Drioux, notis ornata. 8 vols. Paris, 1880.
Summa contra Gentiles. Paris, 1877.
Translations . Summa Theologica. Translated by Fathers of the English Dominican Province. 12 vols. London, 1912-17.
Of God and His Creatures: an annotated translation of the Summa Contra Gentiles, by Father J. Rickaby, S.J. London, 1905.
Thouless, R. H.
An Introduction to the Psychology of Religion. Cambridge, 1923.
Tulloch, J.
Rational Theology and Christian Philosophy in England in the seventeenth century. 2 vols Edinburgh, 1872.
Underhill, E.
366
The Life of the Spirit and the Life of To-day. London, 1922.
Man and the Supernatural. London, 1928.
Von Hgel, Baron F.
Eternal Life. Edinburgh, 1912.
Essays and Addresses on the Philosophy of Religion. 2 series. London, 1921, 1926.
Waite, A. E.
The Holy Kabbalah. London, 1929.
Ward, James.
Naturalism and Agnosticism. (Gifford Lectures.) 2 vols. London, 1889.
Westcott, W. W.
An Introduction to the Study of the Kabalah. London, 1910.
Whateley, A. R.
The Inner Light. London, 1908.
Whittaker, T.
The Neoplatonists: a study in the History of Hellenism. Cambridge, 1901.
Wittgenstein, L.
Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. London, 1922.
Wulf, N. de.
Histoire de la Philosophie Mdivale. 2
me
ed. Louvain and Paris, 1905.
Translation. History of Mediaeval Philosophy. London, 1909.
503
Scholasticism, Old and New. Dublin. 1907.
PART IV
ALCHEMY AND MAGIC
Anonymous.
The Hermetic Museum restored and enlarged. Translated by A. E. Waite 2 vols. 1893. (A reissue of an old collection of alchemic tracts.)
A Revelation of the Secret Spirit of Alchemy. London, 1523.
A Short Enquiry Concerning the Hermetic Art. (Reprint.) 1894.
A Suggestive Enquiry into the Hermetic Mystery. London, 1850. (This curious treatise by the late Mrs. Atwood was suppressed by its author and is now
scarce.)
The Turba Philosophorum or Assembly of the Sages. Translated by A. E. Waite. London. n.d.
Ashmole, Elias.
Theatrum Chemicum Britannicum, 1652.
Barrett, F.
Lives of the Alchemistical Philosophers. 1815. (Includes a long bibliography, and translations of numerous alchemic tracts.)
Figuier, L.
LAlchemie et les Alchemistes. Paris, 1856.
Figular, B.
A Golden and Blessed Casket of Natures Marvels. Edited by A. E. Waite. London. n.d.
Hartmann, F.
Magic, White and Black: or the Science of Finite and Infinite Life. 1904.
Hermetis Trismegisti.
Seven Chapters. London, 1692.
Hitchcock.
Remarks on Alchemy and the Alchemists. 1865,
Honorious III. (attributed to).
Grimoire du Pape Honorius. 1800.
Kelly, E.
The Alchemical Writings of. Edited by A. E. Waite. 1893,
Lvi, Eliphas.
Dogme et Rituel de la Haute Magie. 2 vols. 2
me
Histoire de la Magie. Paris, 1860.
La Clef des Grands Mystres. Paris, 1861.
Le Livre des Splendeurs. Paris, 1894.
Translations . The Mysteries of Magic: a digest of the writings of E. Lvi, by A. E. Waite. London, 1886.
Transcendental Magic. Translated by A. E. Waite. London, 1896.
The Magical Ritual of the Sanctum Regnum. Edited by W. W. Westcott. 1896.
Papus.
Trait Elementaire de Science Occulte. Paris, 1903.
Quest-ce que loccultisme? Paris, 1900.
367
Loccultisme et le Spiritualisme. Paris, 1902.
Paracelsus.
504
Hermetic and Alchemical Writings of. Edited by A. E. Waite. 2 vols. 1894.
Pazic, C.
Treatyse of Magic Incantations. (Reprint.) 1886.
Philalethes, Eirenaeus ( i.e. , George Starkey).
The Marrow of A1chemy. London, 1709.
Redgrove, Stanley.
Alchemy Ancient and Modern. London, 1911.
Sepharial.
A Manual of Occultism. London, 1911.
Steiner, Rudolph.
The Way of Initiation. Translated from the German by Max Gysi. London, 1908.
Initiation and its Results: A Sequel to The Way of Initiation. London, 1909.
Valentinus.
The Triumphal Chariot of Antimony. Translated by A. E. Waite. 1893.
Vaughan, Thomas (Eugenius Philalethes).
Lumen de Lumine. London, 1651.
Aula Lucis, or the House of Light. London, 1652.
Magical Writings. (Reprint.) London and Edinburgh, 1888.
Venetiana, Antoine.
Le Grand Grimoire. 1845.
Waite, A. E.
The Occult Sciences. London, 1891.
Azoth, or the Star in the East. London, 1893.
Lives of Alchemystical Philosophers. London, 1888. (Full bibliography.)
The Book of Black Magic. Edinburgh, 1898.
The Book of Ceremonial Magic; including the Rites and Mysteries of Goetic Theurgy and Sorcery, and Infernal Necromancy. London, 1911.
The Secret Doctrine. London, 1926.
Willis, T.
505
Theophysical Alchemy. London, 1616.
505
368
PART I
THE WORKS AND LIVES OF THE MYSTICS
ANGELUS SILESIUS.
Text.
Cherubinischer Wandersmann. Propylen-Verlag, Berlin, 1923.
Trans.
Selections from the Cherubinic Wanderer. Translated by J. E. Crawford Flitch. London, 1932.
AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO, SAINT.
Mon.
A Monument to St. Augustine. By Various Authors. London, 1932.
BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, SAINT.
Trans.
On the Love of God. Translated by T. L. Connelly, S.J. London. 1937.
Mon.
Gilson, Etienne. La Theologie mystique de St. Bernard. Paris, 1934. (Important.)
English trans. The Mystical Theology of St. Bernard. London, 1940.
Williams, Watkin. The Mysticism of St. Bernard of Clairvaux. London, 1931.
Williams, Watkin St. Bernard of Clairvaux. Manchester, 1935.
BLAKE, WILLIAM.
Text.
Note-book of William Blake, called the Rossetti MS. Edited by G. Keynes. London, 1935.
BOEHME, JACOB.
Mon.
Struck, Wilhelm. Der Einfluss Jakob Boehmes auf die Englische Literatur des 17. Jahrhunderts. Berlin, 1936.
ECKHART, MEISTER.
Text.
Opera Latina. Vols. I and II. Leipzig, 1934-5.
Mon.
Strauch, P. Meister Eckhart Probleme. Halle, 1912.
FOX, GEORGE.
Mon.
Jones, Rufus. George Fox, Seeker and Friend. London, 1930.
FRIENDS OF GOD.
Mons.
Jones, Rufus. The Flowering of Mysticism. New York, 1939.
369
506
Seesholtz, Anna. The Friends of God. New York, 1934. (The best general account of the Movement.)
GROOT, GERARD.
Trans.
The Following of Christ; the Spiritual Diary of Gerard Groot. Edited by J. van Ginneken. Translated by J. Malaise. New York, 1937.
HARITH B. ASAD AL-MUHASIBI.
Mon.
Smith, Margaret. An Early Mystic of Baghdad. A Study of the Life and Teaching of Harith B. Asad Al-Muhasibi, A.D. 781-857. London, 1935.
JOHN OF THE CROSS, SAINT.
Text.
Obras de S. Juan de la Cruz, Doctor de la Iglesia. Editadas y anotadas por el P. Silverio de S. Teresa, C.D. Burgos, 1929-31. 5 vols. (The best Spanish
text.)
Trans.
Complete Works. Translated by E. Allison Peers. 3 vols. London, 1934-5. (From the critical text of Padre Silverio. Supersedes all previous versions. Full
bibliography.)
Mons.
Pre Bruno de Jesus Marie, O.P. S . Jean de la Croix. Paris, 1929.
English trans. St. John of the Cross. London, 1932.
Frost, Bede. St. John of the Cross: Introduction to his Philosophy, Theology, etc. London, 1937.
Hoornaert, R. LAme ardente de S. Jean de la Croix. Bruges, 1928.
English trans. The Burning Soul of St. John of the Cross. London, 1931.
KEMPE, MARGERY.
Text.
The Book of Margery Kempe, 1436. Modern version by W. Butler-Bowdon. London, 1936. (An important discovery.)
LAW, WILLIAM.
Text.
The Mystical Writings of William Law. Edited by Stephen Hobhouse. London, 1938.
MARIE DE LINCARNATION.
Text.
Ecrits spirituels et historiques. Edited by Dom Jamet. Paris.
Mon.
Renaudin, Paul. Une grande mystique franaise au XVIIe sicle, Marie de lIncarnation. Paris, 1938.
ROLLE, RICHARD.
Text. The English Writings of Richard Rolle. Edited by E. Hope Allen. Oxford, 1931.
The Life and Lyrics of Richard Rolle. Frances M. Comper. London, 1928.
PART II
GENERAL WORKS ON MYSTICISM
Bergson, PI.
Les Deux Sources de la Morale et de la Religion. Paris, 1932.
English trans. The Two Sources of Morality and Religion.
Boisen, Anton T.
370
The Exploration of the Inner World. A Study of Mental Disorder and Religious Experience. Chicago-New York, 1936. (George Fox is one of the characters
used to illustrate the study.)
Bremond, H.
Histoire Litteraire du Sentiment Religieux en France. Paris, 1916-33.
507
English trans. A Literary History of Religious Thought in France. Translated by K. Montgomery. 3 vols. London, 1928.
Brinton, Howard H.
The Mystic Will. Based on a study of the Philosophy of Jacob Boehme. New York, 1930.
Caussade, J. P. de.
Bossuet Maitre dOraison. Edited by H. Bremond, Paris, 1931.
English trans. On Prayer. Translated by Algar Thorold. London, 1931.
LAbandon a la Providence Divine. (18
me
Ed. Paris, 1921.)
English trans. Abandonment to Divine Providence. Translated by Algar Thorold. London, 1933.
Spiritual Letters. Translated by Algar Thorold. London, 1934.
Chapman, Dom John.
Spiritual Letters. London, 1935. (With important discussions of contemplative prayer.)
David of Augsbourg.
Spiritual Life and Prayers: a translation of De Exterioris et Interioris Hominis Compositione by Dominic Devas, O.F.M. 2 vols. London, 1937.
Garrigou-Lagrange, Pre.
Le Sauveur et son Amour pour nous. Paris, 1933.
Trait de Theologie asctique et mystique. 2 vols. Paris, 1939.
Hermans, F.
Mystique. Paris, 1938.
Propos dAscse. Paris, 1939.
Hess, M. Whitcomb.
The Name is Living: the Life and Teachings of Isaac Penington. Chicago-New York, 1936.
Hort, Greta.
Sense and Thought. London, 1936.
Jaegen, H.
The Mystic Life of Graces. Trans. Anderson. London, 1936.
Jones, Rufus.
Some Exponents of Mystical Religion. London, 1930.
Malaval, Franois.
A Simple Method of Raising the Soul to Contemplation. Translated by Lucy Menzies. Dent, 1931.
Marechal, J.
Etudes sur la Psychologie des Mystiques. Tome II. Paris, 1937.
Maritain, J.
Les Degrs du Savoir. Paris, 1932.
English trans. The Degrees of Knowledge. London, 1938.
Otto, Rudolf.
Mysticism East and West (Sankara and Eckhart). Translated by B. L. Bracey and R. C. Paine. London, 1932.
Smith, Margaret.
Studies in Early Mysticism in the Near and Middle East. London, 1931. (Important.)
Von Hgel F.
Selected Letters. London, 1927.
PART III
PHILOSOPHY, PSYCHOLOGY AND THEOLOGY
Baruzi, J.
Problmes dHistoire des Religions. Paris, 1935.
Penido, M. T. L.
La Conscience religieuse. Paris, 1935. (Psychology of conversion.)
Watkin, E. I.
508
A Philosophy of Form. London, 1935.
509
371
and mysticism, 24, 35, 37, 42, 67, 72, 82, 92, 97, 102, 105, 120, 127, 330, 387 seq.
and vitalism, 29
apprehension of, 36, 84, 171, 241 seq ., 378, 389
search for, 45, 418
union with, 51, 91, 174, 198, 245, 310, 401, 446
man and, 55, 220, 229, 238, 289
love of, 72, 86, 239, 334, 348
immanent, 98 seq., 174, 190 seq .
and Christianity 117 seq.
its desire of man 132
awakening to, 169, 232
and contemplation, 251 seq., 332, 355
fruition of, 340, 373
and ecstasy, 374
Abyss, The, 73, 84, 97, 122, 229, 257, 335 seq. , 345 seq. , 425
Acarie, Madame, 470
Adolescence, 386
Aeldred, St., 466
Albertus Magnus, 143
Alchemists, Spiritual, 102, 140 seq ., 226, 401, 418, 432
Alexander, S., 29
Al Ghazzali, 50, 83, 171, 210, 226, 462
Al Hallaj, 462
Allegory, 129 seq., 285
Ambrose, St., 274
Anaesthesia, 226, 329, 359
Analogy, 159
Angela of Foligno, 216, 267, 269, 277 seq ., 293, 332, 375, 392, 393, 461, 470
her visions, 252, 282 seq., 341, 343
on contemplation, 350
Anthony of Padua, St., 267
Aquinas, see Thomas
Archetypal World, 154, 262 seq.
Areopagite, see Dionysius
Aridity, 241, 383, 391
Aristotle, 47, 103
Arius, 105
dArs, Cur, 206
Art, Function of, 74 seq .
Artists
and mystics, 76, 237
and illumination, 169, 239, 259
and vision, 271, 285
and contemplation, 300
372
Asceticism, 205, 215, 224 seq., 230
Astral Light, 154 seq.
Athanasius, St., 419
Attar, 131, 132, 226, 462
Atwood, Mrs., 143
Auditions, 66, 78, 181, 185, 241, 266 seq., 273 seq., 332
Augustine, St., 21, 29, 50, 88, 98, 100, 104, 115, 129, 133, 178, 216, 239, 248, 250, 253, 336,
419 seq., 456, 470
on God, 38
on Trinity, 111
on Love, 117
vision, 331
Automatic composition, 80, 241, 278, 293 seq.
examples, 66, 293 seq .
Automatism, 63, 161, 240, 255, 266 seq ., 281
Autoscopes, 159
Aziz bin Mahommed Nafasi, 130
Azoth, 172
Baker , Ven. Augustine, 218, 291, 308, 362, 470
on quiet, 323
on Dark Night, 387
Barbanon, C., 471
Barluke, John Evangelist of, 471
Basil the Monk, 145
Beatific Vision, 96, 132, 190, 196, 335, 340, 389, 423, 437
Beauty, 20 seq., 258
Plato on, 22, 216
Divine, 196, 289, 342
Becoming, World of, 28, 35 seq., 73, 99, 101, 192, 222, 234, 238, 258, 367, 401, 433, 449
Being
Eckhart on, 5, 93
and Becoming, 28, 37 seq., 67, 113, 116, 240, 340, 433
Pure, 39 seq., 73, 97, 100 seq., 249, 257, 304, 331, 339, 367, 433
Science of, 151, 453
union with, 319, 343, 345
Berger, 89
Bergson, 27, 29, 30
Bernadette of Lourdes, 359
Bernard, St., 50, 75, 173, 215, 241, 324, 331, 414, 458 seq, 470
on God, 92, 113
on Spiritual Marriage, 137
on ecstasy, 303
Bernardino of Siena, St., 467
373
Brulle, Pierre de, 470
Betrothal, Spiritual, 137 seq., 245, 273
Bhagavad Gita, 155
Binyon, L., 75
Birds and Mystics, 260
Blake, William, 80, 104, 106, 107, 116, 154, 166, 168, 173, 19l, 236, 238, 240, 255, 257, 259,
267, 279, 293 seq., 355, 469, 473
automatic writing, 66
on art, 74
on Incarnation, 106
his illumination, 235 seq .
on Nature, 259
his visions 280
Blood, B. P. 371
Blosius, 468
Boehme, Jacob, 57, 93, 96, 104, 120, 123, 141, 144 seq., 154, 160, 229, 238, 241, 259, 263,
307, 349, 469, 472
his ecstasy, 58
on recollection, 64, 313
on immanence, 100
on Incarnation, 119
on New Birth, 123
his purgation, 226
illumination, 255 seq.
automatic composition, 296
on deification, 421
Bonaventura, St., 106, 124, 131, 462
Bossuet, 471
Bourignan, Antoinette, 215, 306, 471
her renunciation, 212
Boutroux, E., 40
Boyce Gibson, 62, 103
Bremond, H., 54, 67, 189, 232
Brethren of Free Spirit, 105, 150
Bridget of Sweden, St., 274, 467
Browne, Sir T., 143, 148, 160
Bruno St., 458
Bucke R. M., 193, 255
Bunyan, J., 130
Butler, Dom C., 138
Canfield , Benedict, 470
Catalepsy, 360
Catherine of Alexandria, St., 292
Catherine of Bologna, St., 467
374
Catherine of Genoa, St., 79, 80, 85, 127, 129, 173, 177, 182, 229, 252, 331, 396, 436, 461, 467
her fasts, 59
on love, 92
her conversion, 181, 196
purgation, 201, 219 seq., 225
on Purgatory, 202, 221
her illumination, 247
ecstasies, 362, 364
on mystic way, 441 seq.
Catherine dei Ricci, St. 469
Catherine of Siena, St. 19, 63, 84, 86, 101, 173, 221, 228, 268, 297, 359, 362, 375, 377, 398
seq., 412, 414, 421, 436, 438, 459, 464, 467
on union, 37, 365
her fasts, 59
mystic marriage of, 80, 273,
on Incarnation, 119
mystic life, 174
on self-knowledge, 200
her visions, 270, 392
Dialogue, 293
ecstasies, 365 seq.
Catholicism, 469
and magic, 163
Caussade, J. P. de, 383, 390, 391, 472
Chantal, St., see Jeanne Franoise de Chantal
Character
remaking, 204, 216 seq., 306, 381, 396, 416
in quiet, 323
purgation, 388
of unitives, 429 seq.
Chastity, 205
Christ, 109, 118, 128, 138, 233, 344, 391, 412
life of, and mystics, 120, 222, 448
humanity of, 120, 283
Eternal, 134
indwelling, 144
visions of, 279, 283
Christian mysticism, see Mysticism
Christian science, 156
Christianity
and Mysticism, 104 seq., 222, 236, 344, 448
and philosophy, 105 seq.
and magic, 153, 163
and deification, 419
375
Church and magic, 163 seq.
Clairvoyance, 155, 256
Cleanthes, 106
Clement of Alexandria, 104, 455
Cloud of Unknowing, The, 48, 335, 337, 348 seq., 459, 466
Cognition, 46 seq., 67
Colette, St., 467
Columba Rieti, 468
Common Life, Brotherhood of, 465
Conation, 46 seq., 67, 314
Consciousness
mystical, twofold, 35 seq., 90, 195, 215, 227, 240, 337, 345, 433
transcendental, 51 seq., 55, 67, 70, 212 seq., 241 seq ., 385, 444
alteration of, 56, 176, 295, 389
field of, 56, 58, 67 seq ., 91, 176, 329
threshold of, 56 seq ., 67, 74, 314
oscillations of, in mystics, 167 seq ., 177, 227 seq ., 233, 253, 381, 383, 445
Mystic, its awakening, 176 seq.
Cosmic, 192 seq., 255
growth, 264, 402
unification of, 308, 363, 366
in introversion, 309 seq., 314, 329, 336
ecstatic, 370
Constant, A. L., see Lvi Eliphas
Contemplation, so, 56, 67 seq., 184, 241, 243, 282, 294, 298 seq ., 304, 328 seq., 358 seq., 375
its nature, 50, 300
passive, 64
forms of, 92, 329, 335
infused, 245
an experiment in, 301 seq.
degrees of, 311
its function, 330
dark, 332, 346 seq ., 353, 383
marks of, 332
descriptions of, 335
method of, 346 seq.
and ecstasy, 363, 367, 373
Contemplative
life, 197
state, 131
experience, 331
Contemplatives, 172, 432
Conversion, 177 seq., 229 seq., 269, 376, 412
two types of, 195
376
Counter-reformation, 468
Cutten, G. B., 52, 59
Dance , Mystic 231, 233
Dante, 35, 39, 75, 101, 105, 115, 120, 129, 135, 256, 307, 331, 344, 355, 367, 369, 412, 415
seq., 418 seq. 435, 437, 443, 460, 462
on emanation, 97
and mystic way, 131
Purgatorio, 200, 202
on Divine Light, 249
his vision of God, 251, 340
and symbolic vision, 286
on mystic joy, 437
Dark Night of Soul, 121, 169, 229, 241, 380 seq., 416
mystic aspect of, 387 seq .
Suso and, 403 seq .
Deification, 99, 102, 139, 170, 175, 379, 401, 415 seq .
Deified man, 146 seq .
Delacroix, 14, 242, 289, 308, 416, 419
on mystics, 62, 172
on St. Teresa, 108
on automatism, 273
Denis the Carthusian, 364, 465
De Sanctis, 179
Detachment 130, 205 seq ., 396 seq .
Devotion, 130
Dialogue, mystical, 241, 277 Sty.
Dionysius the Areopagite, 46, 65, 79, 97, 101, 104, 132, 171, 188, 253, 318, 320, 337, 456,
460, 465
on surrender, 93
on ignorance, 93
on Divine Love, 197
on Divine Dark, 251, 347
Disintegrated Personality, see Personality
Dissociation, Mental, 278
Divine Absence, see God, Absence of
Divine Dark, 73, 97, 132, 171, 251, 318, 335 seq ., 347, 353 seq .
its meaning, 348
Divine Fecundity, 166, 170 seq ., 428
examples of, 429
Divine Humanity, 388 seq .
Divine Ignorance, see Ignorance
Divine Principle, 100
377
Divine Union, see Union
Douceline, St. 216, 461
Driesch, Hans 27
Ebner , Margaret, 269, 465
Eckartshausen, C. von, 123, 473
Eckhart, 6, 10, 64, 83, 133, 136, 173, 188, 229, 255, 305, 312, 318 seq ., 344, 389, 463
on Being, 5, 93
on silence, 38, 64
on immanence 101
on Holy Spirit 117
on Eternal Birth, 122
on purity, 206
on poverty, 203 seq .
on detachment, 209
on union, 370
on deification, 419
Ecstasy, 32, 56 seq ., 60, 81, 94, 128, 132, 161, 228, 243, 299, 303, 358 seq ., 380
creative, 64, 378
and union, 170
examples, 187 seq ., 362 seq .
and purgation, 226 seq .
its psychology, 363 seq .
and mysticism, 367 seq .
dark 394
Ecstatics, 368
Elizabeth of Schnau, 459
Emanation, 97 seq .
and immanence, 102 seq .
Emotion, 45 seq .
conative, 46
and symbolism, 126
and mysticism, 135
Entelechy, 39
Epistle of Discretion, 85
of Private Counsel, 320
of Prayer, 427
Erigena, John Scotus, 111, 259, 263, 457
Eucken, Rudolph, 27, 34, 112, 114, 414, 417
on Reality, 21, 33
Euripides, 236
Evocation, 157, 161
Faith and life, 15
378
Fasting, 59
Father, The, 41, 108 seq ., 115, 304, 340
Feeling
thought and will, 67, 311, 329
and mysticism, 71, 335 seq ., 367, 437
Fnelon, 471
Field of Consciousness, see Consciousness
Fire, Mystic, 114, 124, 141, 189, 221, 231, 257, 421
of Love, see Love
Flowers, Mystics and, 215, 255
Fox, George, 173, 177 seq ., 226, 238, 255, 414, 469
his illumination, 257
Francis of Assisi, St., 77, 173, 196, 206, 210, 212, 215, 237, 239, 241, 267 seq ., 276 seq ., 364,
430, 431, 436 seq ., 460, 467
his character and conversion, 180 seq .
on poverty, 208
purgation, 224
and animals, 260 seq .
stigmata, 267, 290, 375
his joy, 439 seq .
Francis de Sales, St., 10, 52, 183, 394, 471
Francis Xavier, St., 222
Franck Sebastian, 297
Fraticelli, 105
Freedom, 27, 30 seq ., 129, 199, 207, 279, 330, 357, 367, 371, 404, 416 seq .
Freyer, D. A., 472
Friends of God, 185, 370, 410, 432, 464
Fruition, 173, 345, 356, 373, 417 seq ., 433 seq .
Fnklein, 54
Game of Love, see Love
Gardiner, Edmund, 59, 268, 294
Genius, 63 seq ., 73
and mysticism 65, 232, 366
spiritual, 103, 235, 375, 450
Gerson, 467
Gertrude, St., 343, 389, 460, 463
Gertrude, Nun, 460
Gichtel, John, 472
Gnosticism, 58, 105, 149, 153 seq .
God, 97, 105, 107, 238, 330, 341, 447
union with, see Union
love of, see Love
as Being, 37 seq ., 127, 249, 337, 369
mystics and, 38, 111 seq ., 189
379
knowledge of, 57, 83, 130 seq ., 195, 369 seq .
transcendent, 96 seq ., 102, 195, 251 seq ., 336, 344 seq .
immanent, 99 seq ., 103, 128, 263, 342 seq .
names of, 103, 106, 163
needs man, 132, 425
absence of, 170, 376, 388 seq ., 393 seq ., 410
absorption in, 170
presence of, 184, 239 seq ., 282, 314, 382 seq .
glory of, 192, 249
craving for, 248, 265
in quiet, 319
sons of, 433
Godfernaux, 75, 269, 361
Godhead, Unconditioned, 40, 101, 109 seq ., 120, 132, 171, 344, 346, 433 seq .
vision of, 109, 340
aspects of, 109 seq ., 336
emanations of, 263
desert of, 304, 337 seq .
and God, 344
Ruysbroeck on, 345
see also Abyss and Absolute
Grail, quest of, 129
Granger, F., 267
Gravitation, spiritual 132
Gregory of Nyssa, 104, 263
Gregory the Great, 457
Groot, Gerard, 465
Grou, J. N., 306
Ground of Soul, see Soul
Guyon, Madame, 196, 246, 293, 322, 390 seq ., 401 seq ., 407
automatic writing, 66, 295
youth and conversion, 182 seq .
and St. Catherine of Genoa, 183
purgation, 225 seq .
dark nights 383 seq .
on union, 431
Hafiz 462
Hall, Bishop, 470
Harphius, 465
Hazlitt, 160, 419.
Heart, 71
Heat, mystic, 193
Hbert, M., 71
380
Hegel on Beuty, 21
Helfde, 460
Henry de Mande, 465
Henry of Nordlingen, 465
Heracleitus, 10, 38, 106, 116, 238
and vitalism, 28 seq .
Hermes Trismegistus, 143, 153, 159
Hermetic act, see Alchemy
books, 153
science, 152 seq .
Hervey, Christopher, 113
Higher Thought, see New Thought
Hildegarde, St., 62, 115, 249, 274, 276, 458
Hilton, Walter, 51, 87, 132, 200, 220, 264, 323, 332, 342 seq ., 348 seq ., 401, 428, 466
on pilgrimage, 129
on presence of God, 242
on automatism 280
on contemplation, 307 seq ., 334
Holland, B., 117
Holy Spirit, 109, 116 seq .
Hound of Heaven, 135
Hugh of St. victor 129, 309
on music, 77
on contemplation, 92, 245
Humility, 200, 209, 221, 252 seq ., 317, 337, 348, 400
Huysmans, 222, 271
Hymn of Jesus, 134, 234, 455
Hypnotic states, 57 seq .
Hysteria and mystics, 58 seq .
Idealism , 11 seq.
Ignatius Loyola, St., 173, 414, 430, 431, 436, 468
his lucidity, 58
mortifications, 225
visions, 272
Ignorance, Divine, 319, 337, 340, 348
Illumination, state of, 130 seq , 139, 169, 191 seq ., 206, 227, 279 seq ., 310, 340, 381 seq .,
388, 396
and alchemy, 145
its nature, 199, 246 seq .
characteristics 234 seq .
transcendental, 250 seq .
Illuminative Way, see Illumination
Immanence, 35, 40, 97 seq ., 103 seq ., 240, 251
psychology and, 99
381
consciousness of, 178, 191 seq ., 196, 234, 257, 283, 342 seq .
see also Absolute and God
Incarnation, The, 106 seq ., 118 seq ., 355
and deification, 419
Independent spiritual life, 33, 55
spiritual world, 23, 169
Indifference, 205, 323 seq ., 412
Initiation, 156 seq .
Inspiration, 63, 234, 293, 299
Intellect, 45 seq .
Bergsons theory of, 30
darkness of, 385 seq .
satisfaction of, 437
Introversion, 99, 250, 298 seq .
Intuition, 33, 64, 130, 259, 274 seq. , 306, 363
Irenaeus, 104
Jacopone da Todi , 121, 219, 249, 461
on poverty, 207
on ecstasy, 374
Jacques of la Massa, 237
Jalalu d Din, 32, 87, 134, 171, 348, 389, 426
James, William, 7 seq ., 98
on mysticism, 81, 331
Jm, 82, 127, 462
Janet, Pierre, 60 seq ., 267
Jeanne Franoise de Chantal, St., l83, 383
Jefferies, Richard, 192, 195
Jerome, St., 13
Jerusalem, 124, 129, 334
Joan of Arc, St., 173, 276, 414, 430, 467
John, St., Gospel of, 250
John of Parma, 237
John of the Cross, St., 73, 79, 89, 92, 96, 98, 139, 173, 203, 221, 229, 350, 354, 388, 402, 407,
440, 468
poems quoted, 83, 236, 352, 371
on detachment, 206, 211
on attachments, 212
on automatism 275 seq ., 280
on dark contemplation, 353
on Dark Night, 389 seq ., 399
Jones, Rufus, 185 seq ., 267
Joy, Mystic, 189, 239, 253, 342, 354, 437 seq .
Julian of Norwich, 36, 68, 90, 101, 133, 202, 239, 242, 247, 252 seq ., 258, 268, 301, 304 seq
., 364, 467
382
on Trinity, 111 seq .
on Incarnation, 119
visions, 270
Jundt, A., 185, 402
Kabalah , the, 153, 154, 159
Kabalists, 63, 97 seq ., 103, 108, 263 seq.
Kant, 58, 301
Kempe, Margery, 224, 466
Knowledge, 44 seq .
desire of, 45 seq ., 72, 90, 151
by union, 68, 84
enouncement of, 93
transcendental, 268, 301, 329 seq ., 334
law of, 342, 446
and ecstasy, 369 seq ., 376
Law , William, 141, 250, 263, 397, 469, 472
on Trinity, 114
Laurence, Brother, 188, 195, 241, 246, 253, 471
character and conversion, 190
Lead, Jane, 123, 470, 473
Leadbeater, C. W., 156
Leuba, 47, 183, 267
on mystics, 91 seq ., 94
Lvi, Eliphas, 153 seq ., 161 seq .
Levitation, 186, 376 seq .
Liberty, see Freedom
Libido, 45
Ligature, 330
Light, Inward, 100, 103, 353
uncreated, 73, 114, 239, 308, 342
mystic, 249 seq ., 289, 421
Light, life, and love, 115 seq . ,190, 239, 341
Liturgies, 163 seq .
Logos, 28, 38, 109 seq ., 115 seq ., 118 seq ., 134, 233
Love
Spirit of, see Holy Spirit
and pain, 19, 221 seq .
desire of, 44 seq ., 71
active, 46 seq .
mystic, 49, 70 seq ., 77, 81, 85 seq ., 92 seq ., 197, 208, 264, 281, 311, 355, 371, 389, 426 seq .
of God, 68 seq ., 81 seq ., 181, 191, 223
divine, 103, 196, 343
as Holy Spirit, 116 seq .
symbols of, 128, 136
383
mutual, 130 seq .
following, 135
Four Degrees of, 139, 309, 312, 315 seq ., 327, 379
Fire of, 189, 197, 418
pure, 201, 229, 247, 312, 325, 331, 412
game of, 227, 286, 383
vision of, 279
in orison, 306, 313, 330
language of, 425
and fruition, 435 seq .
Lucia of Narni, 468
Lucidity, Mystic, 58 seq ., 177, 238, 255 seq. , 360, 363, 390
Lucie-Christine, 179, 384, 389
Luis de Granada, 468
Luis de Leon, 214, 468
Lull, Ramon, 462
Lydwine of Schiedam, St., 222, 467
visions, 271
Macarius of Egypt, St., 457
Maeterlinck, M., 340
Magic, 70, 82, 84, 149 seq .
and religion, 151
and psychology, 157 seq .
therapeutics, 161
and Christianity, 162 seq .
Magnum Opus, see Alchemy
Magus, 144
Malaval, 254, 361, 472
Mantra, 158
Margaret Mary, St., 267
Maria Maddelena dei Pazzi, St., 222, 469
Marie de lIncarnation, Ven., 471
Maritain, J., 301, 334
Marriage of Soul, see Spiritual Marriage
Martinists, 154
Maury, A., 363
McDougall, W., 228
Mead, G. R. S., 134
Mechthild of Hackborn, St., 31, 196, 460
visions, 287
Mechthild of Magdeburg, 62, 90, 135, 206 seq ., 238 seq ., 249 seq ., 278 seq ., 393, 420, 460
on mystic pain, 61
on love, 92
on orison, 344
384
Meditation, 49, 158, 311, 313 seq ., 324 seq .
Mediums, 66, 293 seq ., 360
Mental Healing, 158, 161
Menticulture, 153, 156
Merswin, Rulman, 97, 177, 195 seq ., 202, 376 seq., 383, 393, 402, 465
his vision of Nine Rocks, 98, 132, 204
conversion, 185
psychology, 186, 294
penances, 228
Metapsychic phenomena, 155 seq .
Microcosms 98, 102, 159
Mirror of St. Edmund, The, 306
Mirror of Simple Souls, The, 75, 219, 337, 342, 426, 437, 462
Missal, 119, 163, 274
Molinos, 324, 471
Monet, 263
Monoideism, 58 seq ., 246, 363 seq ., 373
More, Gertrude, 59, 78, 88 seq ., 128, 248, 470
Mortification, 169, 186, 200 seq ., 216 seq ., 233, 396
Music and Mysticism, 76 seq ., 277, 336
Musset, A. de., 293
Myers, F., 359
Mysteries, The, 235, 455
Orphic, 24, 426, 454
Dionysiac, 58, 236, 359, 454
Mystic
marriage, see Spiritual philosophy, see Philosophy
vision, 35 seq ., 134
type, 49, 91, 223 seq ., 229
sense, 50 seq .
feeling, 73
literature, 80, 239
experience, 91, 252, 336
quest, 91 seq ., 103, 129 seq .
education, 92, 298 seq ., 310
life process, 92
theology, 104 seq .
death, 169, 383 seq ., 401
life, first, 169, 228, 238, 298, 310, 381
life, second, 229, 381, 403 seq .
language, 335
development, 381 seq .
heritage, 432
Mystic Way, 81 seq ., 91, 94, 127, 167 seq ., 306, 381, 416, 426 seq ., 432, 440 seq .
385
and life of Christ, 121
and alchemy, 145
stages of, 168 seq .
end of, 442
Mystics The, see also Mystics
his mechanism, 49 seq .
defined, 75 seq .
his states, 168
great, mark of, 173
as genius, 386
and visions and voices, 266 seq ., 279
and artistic expression, 272 seq .
and orison, 324, 328 seq .
and ecstasy, 370 seq .
and Dark Night, 387 seq .
mature, 432 seq .
Mysticism
its doctrines, 23
Indian, 31, 57, 158, 170, 314, 434
and vitalism, 34
its nature, 70 seq ., 81 seq .
and music, see Music
and symbols, 79, 125 seq .
defined, 82
love and, 85 seq . its branches, 94
and theology, 95 seq .
its valid part, 102
Christian, 104, 172 seq ., 234, 304, 311, 323, 344, 364, 401, 419
theurglc, 150
and magic, 162 seq .
European, 171, 434
and goodness, 199
passive, 322
German, 396 seq ., 459, 462
its meaning, 444
curve of, 453 seq .
tradition of, 454, 469
Medieval, 458
Italian, 460 seq .
Franciscan, 460 seq .
Dominican, 462
Mahommedan, see Sufis
Flemish, 465
English, 466
386
Spanish, 468
Mystics, The, 23 seq ., 34 seq ., 49 seq ., 94, 104, 344
their claim, 4, 22 seq .
and artists, 35, 75, 223, 236, 259, 271
practical, 59, 101, 246 seq ., 347, 414
psycho-physical peculiarities, 58 seq ., 363
their wholeness of life, 63
automatic powers, 65
heroic types, 91 seq ., 428
and theology, 95 seq ., 108 seq .
and occultists, 156
as actives, 172 seq ., 429 seq .
their love of nature, 206, 260
and Unitive life, 414 seq .
two types of, 415
as lovers, 428
Unitive, 429 seq .
and humanity, 446
Christian, see Mysticism
Names of God, see God
Nativity, The, and Mysticism, 119, 122
Naturalism, 8
Nature
and Christ, 115
mystic vision of, 178, 191 seq ., 234, 240, 254
mystics and, 206, 258 seq .
contemplation of, 301 seq .
Negation, 318, 337 seq ., 344, 353 seq ., 372, 387
Negative states, 381 seq .
Neoplatonists, 96 seq ., 104 seq ., 109, 226, 318, 333, 337, 359, 372, 426, 454 seq ., 470
their Trinity 111
New Birth, 34, 53, 122 seq ., 140, 193, 303, 319, 419, 445, 454, 469
New Man, 142, 217, 222, 259, 310, 402
New Thought 71, 153, 156 seq .
Nicholson, R. A., 171
Nicolas of Basle, 465
Nicolas of Cusa, 114, 118, 465
Nirvana, 171
Norris, John, 470
Obedience , 205, 215
Occult, see Magic
Odes of Solomon, 455
Odic force, 155
387
One, The, 41, 81, 96, 97, 102, 107, 108, 113, 139, 212, 229, 307, 331, 337, 343 seq ., 347, 372,
454, 455
Dantes vision of, 340
One Act, the, 325 seq .
Origen, 455
Orison, 184, 243, 254, 306 seq ., 344, 375, 380 seq .
of quiet, see Quiet
union, see Union
Degrees of, 169, 306 seq ., 311
naked, 307, 318
ideal of, 325
Ormond, A. T., 428
Osanna Andreasi, 468
Otto, R., 340, 348
Oxyrhynchus Papyri, 101
Pacheu , J., 91
Pain, 18 seq .
and love, 18, 221 seq .
mystic states of, 168 seq ., 389, 403
of God, 394
Pantheism, 99
Papus, 150
Paracelsus, 150, 297
Pascal, 368, 376, 379, 471
memorial of, 188
Passivity, 51, 65, 81, 183, 247, 306, 321, 325, 373
Pathology and mysticism, 60 seq ., 360
Patmore, Coventry, 25, 135, 143, 311
on Incarnation, 118
on Church 164
on Reality 199, 420
Paul, St., 58, 178, 199, 267, 368, 429, 431, 437, 455
on Trinity, 113
conversion of, 178
Pelagius, 105
Penington, Isaac, 470
Personality
divine, 42, 51, 105, 118, 128, 289, 337, 341, 346, 423
sub-conscious, see Subliminal
remaking of, 54 seq ., 375, 402, 416 seq .
levels of, 330
and deification, 420 seq .
Peter Damian, St., 458
Peter of Alcantara, St., 468
388
Petersen, Gerlac, 84, 200, 211, 427, 465
Philadelphians, 470
Philip of the Trinity, 275
Philo, 63, 96, 454
Philosophers stone, 142 seq ., 418, 432
Philosophy, 5 seq ., 262, 334
vitalistic, 26 seq ., 155
activistic, 33
transcendental, 73
mystical, 83, 95 seq ., 104 seq ., 433
Christian, 105
Hermetic, 141
occult, 152 seq .
Pilgrimage of soul, 98, 128 seq .
Plato, 5, 39, 101, 103, 169, 199, 235, 238, 243, 262, 372
on beauty, 21, 216, 236
on mystic sense, 50
on contemplations 305
Platonism and mysticism, 83
Platonism Cambridge, 72, 470
Pleasure, states of, 167 seq ., 188, 241
and pain, 228, 380 seq ., 393
Plotinus, 86, 93, 96, 101, 106, 173, 178, 207, 229, 233, 262, 271, 331, 335, 368, 374, 455
on mystic sense, 50
ecstasy, 82, 372
union, 85, 333
immanence, 99
Poetry, 278, 286, 352
Poets, 233 seq ., 331, 375
and illumination, 234
mystical, 255, 383
Poiret, P., 472
Pordage, Dr., 470, 473
Porphyry, 455
Poulain, A., 242
Poverty, 205 seq ., 220, 400
Pratt, J. B., 52, 138, 177, 269 seq ., 288
Prayer, see Orison
Presence of God, see God
Prince, Morton, 57
Proclus, 456
Prophecy, 277 seq ., 295, 366
Prophets, 279, 285, 376
Psychology 44 seq .
389
of mystic way, 92, 102, 167 seq .
and magic, 157 seq ., 161
and automatism 266 seq ., 294 seq .
of contemplation, 329, 337, 351
of ecstasy, 361 seq .
of Dark Night, 381 seq .
of Unitive Life, 416 seq .
Purgation, 131, 147, 169, 177, 198 seq ., 232, 240, 253, 381 seq ., 388 seq .
factors of, 228 seq .
and illumination, 229 seq .
passive, 388, 399
of spirit, 396
Purgatory, 202, 221
Purification, see Purgation
Quia amore langueo, 136
Quakers, 100, 105, 464, 469
Quiet, Orison of, 83, 172, 182, 283, 308 seq ., 316 seq ., 328 seq ., 338, 349, 364, 368
Quietism, 68, 150, 247, 321 seq .
Quietists, 105, 469 seq .
Rabia , 85, 248, 462
Rapture, 243, 248, 281, 303, 329, 359, seq ., 375 seq .
dark, 394
Realism, 8
Reality
philosophy and, 8 seq ., 33 seq .
beauty and, 21 seq .
mystics and, 23 seq ., 41, 68, 93 seq ., 198, 314, 335, 369, 388, 414 seq ., 420, 433 seq .
dual nature of, 33 seq ., 195, 240, 340, 433 seq .
levels of, 34, 56, 64, 232
negative descriptions, 42, 337, 345
condition of knowing, 43, 47 seq ., 175, 330, 395
and ecstasy, 61, 187 seq ., 367 seq .
transcendent, 72, 240, 251 seq .
and art, 74 seq .
and symbols, 78 seq ., 285
concepts of, 96, 114, 128, 195, 419
and immanence, 98, 240, 250
and theology, 101 seq ., 116, 121
selfs movement to, 128 seq .
craving for, 200, 394
of phenomena, 256
Reason, see Intellect
Re-birth, see New Birth
Rcjac, 16, 133, 220, 243, 328
390
on beauty, 21
on mysticism, 46, 82, 86, 262, 279
Receptivity, 64 seq ., 317 seq .
Recollection, 50, 308 seq ., 313 seq ., 328
Regeneration, 122, 128, 417 symbols of, 140 seq .
Religion, 17, 47, 160
and mysticism, 96
and magic, 152, 157, 162 seq .
Rhythm, 76 seq ., 157 seq ., 162, 233, 238, 278
and ecstasy, 58
Ribet, 268
Ribot, 60, 363, 371
Richard of St. victor, 139, 204, 309, 370, 374, 429, 431, 458, 459, 466
degrees of love, 139, 292, 312, 315, 327
on ecstasy, 379
on deification, 421
Rolle, Richard, 77, 91, 196, 201, 206, 211, 237 seq ., 239, 277, 317, 355, 369, 459, 466
on song, 77 seq ., 193, 439
on mystic love, 86
on Heat Sweetness, Song, 193
his Conversion, 193
on illumination, 264
on contemplation, 336, 342
on joy, 438 seq .
Romuald, St., 458
Rose of Lima, St., 261, 440, 469
Rosicrucians, 150, 469
Royce, Josiah, 23, 132
Rutherford, Samuel, 317 seq .
Ruysbroeck, 51, 77, 130, 133, 173, 210, 229, 235, 304, 331, 373, 409, 420 seq ., 436, 437, 465
on God, 35, 37, 115 seq ., 435 seq .
on emotion, 48
on love of God, 86, 265, 356
on introversion, 100
on Trinity, 116
on contemplation, 117, 333, 345 seq .
on Birth of Son, 119, 122
on union, 312, 422, 435
on Quietism, 322
on dual life, 325, 435
on Dark Night, 391
on Unitive Life, 422 seq .
on divine sonship, 433
Sacraments
391
and Magic, 163
and Mystics, 364
Sacred Heart, vision of, 80
Sacrum Commercium, 208
Sadi, 462
Saint-Martin, 7, 80, 469, 473
Sanctity, 127, 390
Scepticism, Philosophic, 13
School of Holy Spirit, 403 seq .
Self
and world, 5
the, its three activities, 45 seq ., 84, 310, 329, 437
its machinery 211, seq .
its dual nature, 52 seq ., 63, 90, 199, 213, 240, 302, 310, 432 seq .
surrender of, see Surrender
and Reality, 68, 74, 82, 102, 304, 312, 317, 432
loss of, 84, 208, 336 seq ., 401, 434
transmutation of, 91 seq ., 140 seq ., 217, 388, 396, 402, 414 seq ., 418 seq .
cravings of, 126
annihilation of, 132, 170, 396 seq ., 418, 434
suggestion, 159 seq .
awakening of, 168, 176 seq ., 198
conversion of, see Conversion
knowledge, 200 seq ., 233
conquest, 200
simplification, 204
death of, 217, 221, 264, 400, 412
illumination of, 238 seq .
education of, 311
mergence, 312, 332, 343, 373
naughting, 317, 399 seq ., 416, 422 seq .
in contemplation, 329 seq .
in Dark Night, 385 seq ,
love, 397
Semer, M., 193
Senses
World of, 5, 338
death of, 220
night of, 239
and automatism, 268
hallucinations of, 268 seq ., 275, 279
Seven Valleys, The, 131
Shelley, 78
Silence, Interior, see Quiet
392
Simeon Mataphrastes, 419
Sin, 198 seq ., 219, 387
conviction of, 390 seq ,
Smith, John, 470
Solitude, 173, 324
Son, The, 115, 120
Eternal Birth of, 121
Marriage with, 304
Sonship Divine, 446
Song, Mystic, 78, 194, 241, 439 seq .
Song of Songs, 137, 250, 373, 426
Sophia, 123, 230, 233
Soul, 85, 93, 99, 137
apex of, 54, 366
ground of, 54 seq ., 99 seq ., 233, 274, 304, 312, 319, 339, 343 seq ., 349, 390, 401
spark of, 54 seq ., 74, 100, 108, 145, 230, 259, 274, 304, 366, 390, 396, 402, 445
Space and Time, 12
Spark of Soul, see Soul
Spiritual Marriage, 80, 92, 129, 136 seq ., 172, 302, 327, 355 seq , 372 seq ., 415 seq ., 426 seq
.
Ornaments of, 90
of St. Catherine, 174, 291, 297
Starbuck, 58, 172, 382
on conversion, 176, 192
Steiner, R., 150, 152, 156, 191
Sterry, Peter, 470
Stewart J. A., 54, 74
Stigmatisation, 59, 267, 375
Subliminal Mind, 52 seq ., 62, 91, 102, 108, 273, 306, 311, 375, 392
in mystics, 57, 66, 185
and visions, 290
Substance and Existence, 34
Sufis, 63, 80, 83, 92, 96, 108, 127, 130, 171, 210, 226, 418, 462
Suggestive Enquiry, A, 143, 147
Surrender, 68, 92, 135, 170 seq ., 185, 190, 209, 223, 236, 244, 284, 308 seq ., 317, 323 seq .,
339, 347 seq ., 355, 392 seq ., 398 seq ., 415, 445
Suso, 91, 101, 172 seq ., 185, 195 seq ., 201, 206, 218, 222 seq ., 229, 238 seq ., 255, 267, 271
seq ., 276 seq ., 283, 291, 343, 371, 388, 393, 396, 464
on theology, 97, 118
his conversion, 186
temperament, 186, 408 seq .
visions, 187, 283 seq ., 386
illumination, 253
his Dark Night, 386, 403 seq .
393
and the knight, 408
and the baby, 410
on union, 424
Swedenborg, 160, 473
Symbolism, 78 seq ., 97, 125 seq ., 159, 271, 336
Symbols, 101, 158, 234, 239, 257, 268, 283, 328
of the Absolute, 113, 127 seq ., 331
three classes of, 126
of quest, 129 seq .
of love, 136 seq .
of pilgrimage, 130 seq .
of marriage, 136, 425
of transmutation, 140 seq ., 418
magic, 159
philosophic, 341
and ecstasy, 364 seq .
of Unitive Life, 415 seq ., 427 seq .
of deification, 421
Symons, Arthur, 83, 89, 236, 352
Synteresis, 54, 145
Tauler , 55, 61, 87, 100 seq ., 115, 173, 185, 265, 269, 278, 330, 393, 396, 463 seq .
on self loss, 85, 400
on poverty, 215
on mortification, 217
on pain, 222
on desert of God, 304
on Abyss, 338
Telepathy, 155, 295
Tennyson, 238, 255
Teresa, St., 58, 64, 79, 88, 91, 92, 96, 100, 102, 117, 168, 169, 172 seq ., 201, 215 seq ., 222,
227, 238, 241 seq ., 246 seq ., 267 seq ., 269, 271, 278 seq ., 283 seq ., 313, 318, 326,
343, 361, 375, 392 seq ., 414, 430, 432, 436, 440, 453, 464, 468, 471, 473
on ecstasy, 61, 360, 368, 371
on Trinity, 108 seq .
Spiritual Marriage, 138
her character, 213 seq .
purgation, 213 seq .
visions, 270, 281, 284 seq ., 288 seq .
on auditions, 274 seq .
her transverberation, 292
automatic writing, 294 seq .
on orison, 308, 311 seq ., 356 seq .
on recollection, 315
on quiet, 321, 326
394
on rapture, 329, 363, 376 seq .
on levitation, 376, seq ,
on pain of God, 394
Twekkul Beg, 99
Theologia Germanica, 50, 55, 83, 121, 127, 141, 230, 245, 425, 464
on detachment, 207
on deification, 418
Theology, 114 seq .
Theopathetic state, 132, 175
life, 431, 436
mystics, 429
Thomas Kempis, 19, 217, 278, 437, 465, 470
on love, 87
Thomas Aquinas, St., 17, 39, 50, 65, 116, 150, 188, 361, 428, 462
on emanation, 97
on immanence, 99
on Trinity, 111
on Holy Spirit, 117
on Beatific vision, 190, 423
Thompson, Francis, 135
Towne, E., 156
Tradition, 300, 454, 470
Traherne, Thomas, 470
Trance, Ecstatic, 170 seq ., 255, 294, 359 seq ., 367, 375 seq .
Transcendence, 34, 91, 97 seq ., 103, 108, 232, 259, 307, 324, 335, 418, 444
symbols of, 126 seq .
process of, 168, 198
vision of, 195
and immanence, 250, 259, 337
contemplation of, 337, 344 seq .
dark, 355
and ecstasy, 365
Transcendental Consciousness, see Consciousness
feeling, 55 seq ., 73, 232, 330
sense, 56 seq ., 70 seq .
powers, 63
life, 213
world, 258 seq .
Transmutation, see Self and Symbols
Tree of Life, 98, 103, 263
Trinity, Christian, 107 seq ., 133, 257, 272, 344, 422, 435
Hindu, 110
Neoplatonic, 111
Truth, Quest of, 334
395
Unification , 54, 108, 238, 416, 434 of consciousness 68, 364, 370
Union, Mystic, 24, 32, 35 seq ., 68, 72 seq ., 79 seq ., 84 seq ., 89, 100, 127, 133 seq ., 146, 170
seq ., 281 seq ., 292, 310 seq ., 325, 338, seq . 355 seq ., 367, 372, 378, 396, 401, 417
seq ., 422 seq ., 446
hypostatic, 119
condition of, 203, 307
orison of, 245, 283, 308 seq ., 329, 343, 346, 355 seq .
St. Teresa on, 283, 357
passive, 333, 367
ecstatic, 370
Unitive Life, 57, 81, 290, 388, 402, 413 seq .
and illumination, 245 seq .
examples of, 429
dual character of, 433
its gaiety, 439 seq .
Unitive Way, 121, 131, 139, 170, 229, 310, 381, 413 seq .
Unity, 107, 109, 132, 258, 422
Vaughan , H. (Silurist), 255, 347, 409, 470
Vaughan, R. A., 150
Vaughan, Thomas, 470
Vernazza, Ven. Battista, 115, 356, 467
Vision, 74, 240, 307, 333
illuminated, 234 seq ., 254 seq .
fourfold, 259
Visions, 66, 79, 196, 266 seq ., 279 seq ., 375, 381
examples, 109, 181, 182, 187, 286 seq ., 404 seq .
of Godhead, 109, 251 seq ., 283 seq ., 340, 370
dynamic, 138, 290 seq .
evil, 270, 392
and voices, 281
symbolic, 285
Vitalism, 26 seq ., 155
Voices, see Auditions
Von Crevelsheim, Ellina, 370
Von Hgel, Baron F., 29, 40, 41, 60, 80, 122, 202, 247, 268, 317, 323, 351
on St. Catherine of Genoa, 59, 182, 362
on quietism, 325
Waite , A. E., 108
on Magic, 151, 154 seq ., 157
Weigel, V., 297
Whichcote, B., 470
Whitman, Walt, 192, 238, 248, 255
Will, 45 seq ., 153 seq ., 161 seq ., 392
and magic, 71, 153 seq .
396
purgation of, 170, 395 seq .
and conversion, 188, 197
surrender of, 208
in contemplation, 299, 303, 310, 313, seq ., 324, 329, 375
Woolman, John, 470
Word, The, 109, 113,115, 118, 193, 233, 241, 244, 258, 326, 331, 340, 417, 423
Words, see Auditions
Wordsworth, W., 238, 255, 285
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
EVELYN UNDERHILL (1875 -1941), English poet, novelist, and writer
on mysticism, was born in England and educated at Kings College for
Women, London. In 1921 Miss Underhill was Upton Lecturer on the
Philosophy of Religion at Manchester College, Oxford. Between 1900 and
1920 she wrote novels and light verse, but her lasting fame rests on the
many books she produced on various aspects of mysticism. The most famous
of these is Mysticism , which was first published in 1911. Among her other
fine works are: The Mystic Way (1913), Practical Mysticism (1915), The
Essentials of Mysticism (1920), The Life of the Spirit and the Life of Today
(1922), Concerning the Inner Life (1926), Man and the Supernatural (1927),
and The House of the Soul (1929).
First published in 1911, Mysticism remains the classic in its field and was
lauded by The Princeton Theological Review as brilliantly written [and]
illuminated with numerous well-chosen extracts . . . used with exquisite skill.
Mysticism makes an in-depth and comprehensive exploration of its
subject. Part One examines The Mystic Fact, explaining the relation of
mysticism to vitalism, to psychology, to theology, to symbolism, and to magic.
Part Two, The Mystic Way, explores the awakening, purification, and
illumination of the self; discusses voices and visions; and delves into
manifestations from ecstasy and rapture to the dark night of the soul.
Rounding out the book are a useful Appendix, an exhaustive Bibliography,
and an Index. Mysticism is thoroughly documented with material drawn from
such great mystics as St. Teresa of Avila, Meister Eckhart, and St. John of
the Cross.
From the cover of the Image Book edition
397
INDEXES
INDEX OF SCRIPTURE REFERENCES
Job
7:1
Song of Solomon
2 3:4
Romans
7:14-25
2 Corinthians
12:1-6
Ephesians
4:6
Wisdom of Solomon
18:14
INDEX OF LATIN WORDS AND PHRASES
Dilectus meus mihi et ego illi,
Illuminare, illuminare, Jerusalem
Non voglio quello che esce da te, ma sol voglio te, O dolce Amore
Amans volat, currit et laetatur: liber est et non tenetur
Dic nobis Maria
Lux vixens dicit,
Militia est.
Non voglio quello che esce da te.
O felix culpa!
Quid es ergo, Deus meus?
Quod inferius sicut quod superius,
Viriliter agite
(Lapis Philosophorum),
Abysses abyssum invocal
Amans Deum anima sub Deo despicit universa.
Cor ad cor loquitur
Cot ad cot loquitur.
Dei enim sumus adjutores
Ego dormio et cor meum vigilat
Et hoc intellegere, quis bominum dabit bomini?
Gyrans
398
Gyrans gyrando radii spiritus
In
Incendium Amoris
Lapis Philosophorum
Lapis Philosophorum,
Ludus Amoris
Mater Divinae gratiae.
Mentis et Universi
Mysterium tremendum et fascinans
Nescis unde veniat aut quo vadat
Panis Angelorum,
Quod superius sicut quod inferius
Quod superius, sicut quod inferius.
Sapientia Patris.
Solve et coagula
Sponsa Dei
Stella Maria maris, hodie processit ad ortum
Vae soli
Vestigia tua non cognoscentur
fiat
fiat voluntas tua
in excelsis
in via
latens Deitas:
lux vivens,
patria splendida
semper agens,
semper quietus
sub specie aeternitatis
vie intime
Qui
dedi te in lucem gentium
Amor ordinem nescit:
Viriliter agite!
Angelicos testes, sudarium, et vestes
Beati oculi qui exterioribus clausi, interioribus autem sunt intenti,
Dimitte omnia transitoria, quaere aeterna.
Hoc est claustrum nostrum, Domina,
Lapis Philosophorum
Mensam igitur ponunt panes cibosque offerunt, et Deum, quem in Scripturae sacrae expositione
non cognoverant, in panis fractione cognoscunt.
Sanguis Christi, inebria me!
theodidacta, profunda, ecstatica,
velle operari active est Deum offendere.
399
, Oportet hominem suas potentias anshilare,
Cot ad cot loquitur
eterna luce
INDEX OF FRENCH WORDS AND PHRASES
Dieu dAbraham, Dieu dIsaac, Dieu de Jacob,
Lan de grace 1654
Le monde ne ta point connu, mais je tai connu.
dune manire douce et obligeante,
Diverses croix chez M. son pre
Mon Dieu, me quitterez vous?
Que je nen sois pas spar ternellement!
Renonciation, totale et douce
coup de foudre
en bloc
Trait de lAmour de Dieu
ou de tout autre objet exprimant labjection
INDEX OF PAGES OF THE PRINT EDITION
xiv xv xvi xvii xix xx xxi xxii 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87
88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113
114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136
137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159
160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182
183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205
206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228
229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251
252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274
275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297
298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320
321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343
344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366
367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389
390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412
413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435
436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 453 454 455 456 457 458 459
460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483
484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 505
506 507 508 509
400

Mysticism: A Study in Nature and Development of Spiritual Consciousness

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Mysticism: A Study in Nature and Development of Spiritual Consciousness

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Mysticism: A Study in Nature and Development of Spiritual Consciousness

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

What is the book about?

What topics does the book examine?

Mysticism: A Study in Nature and

Development of Spiritual Consciousness

You might also like