Lecture notes for Nursery Techniques and Forestry.

Prepared by Lecturer Norman Upadhyay

sf]lifsf ;F/rgf Pj+ sfo{

lhjlj1fg
lhjlj1fg lhjx?sf] cWoog ug]{ zf:q xf] . o;n] lhjx?sf] :j?k Pj+ cfs[lt / plgx?sf] ljljwtf jf/]df
cWoog ub{5 .
sf]if
sf]lifsf lhjx?sf] d'ne't ?kdf ;+/rgfTds tyf lqmofTofds OsfO{ xf] . sf]lifsf ljgf lhjx?nfO{ lhjgsf]
;Dk'0f{ cfjZos sfo{ -kfrg, pT;{hg, ;+rf/ cflb _ ug{ / :jtGq lhjgofkg ug{;Dej 5}g . To;}n]
sf]ifnfO{ lhjgsf] cfwf/e't PsfO{ klg elgG5 . /j{6 x'sn] klxnf] k6s sf]if nfO{ dfO{qmf]:sf]kdf b]v]/ o;sf]
j0f{g u/]sf lyP . kl5 /j{6 j|fpgn] s]Gb|ssf] kQfnufP/ o;sf] lj:t[t cWoog u/]sf lyP . O{n]S6f]g
dfO{qmf]:sf]ksf] pTklt ;Fu} o;sf] lj:t[t ;+/rg tyf cWoog ;Dej ePsf] xf] .

lrq jg:kltsf]if

Lecture notes for Nursery Techniques and Forestry. Prepared by Lecturer Norman Upadhyay

sf]ifsf ljleGg c+ux?sf] ;+/rgf tyf sfo{x? tn j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 .

!= sf]if leQf
jg:klt sf]ifdf sf]if lemNnLsf] jflx/ lglh{j cfj/0f x'G5 h;nfO{ sf]if leQf elgG5 . of] hgfj/ sf]ifdf x'b}g
. sf]if leQfdf # j6f tx x'G5g\ h;nfO{ qmdz Middle lamella,primary cell wall, secondary
cell wall , elgG5 . of] ;]n'nf]h, x]dL;]n'nf]h, k]lS6g tyf vlgh kbfy{ -h:t} SoflN;od tyf DofUg]l;od
k]S6]6_ n] jg]sf] x'G5 . sf]if leQfdf t];f]{ ul/ jg]sf sf]if l5b|x? x'G5g\ h;nfO{ KnfHdf]8]:df6f elgG5 .
KnfHdf]8]:df6fn] cf;kf;sf sf]ifx?sf] b|Jo (cytoplasm) nfO{ hf]8\g] sfo{ ub{5 .
sf]if leQfsf] sfo{

sf]ifsf] cfsf/ / ;fOh lgwf{/0f ug{ ;3fp k'ofpb5 .

sf]ifsf lelq cFux?nfO{ oflGqs xfgL / ;Fqmd0fjf6 jrfpb5 .
o;n] sf]ifx?nfO{ cf;kf;sf sf]ifx? ;Fu ;Dks{ hf]8\g] sfd ub{5 .
cjfG5lgo j[x0f c0f'x? sf]if leq k:g cj/f]w ub{5 .
o;n] sf]ifsf] cl:yk~h/ ?kdf sfo{ ub{5 .

Lecture notes for Nursery Techniques and Forestry. Prepared by Lecturer Norman Upadhyay

@= sf]if lemlNn
of] cjg:klt sf]ifdf of] sf]if leQfsf] leq k6\l6 / ;fO6f]KnfHdsf] jflx/ x'G5 eg] hgfj/ sf]ifdf of] jflx/L
cfj/0f xf] . of] # kq] cfj/0f xf] h'g k|f]l6g / lnlk8 jf6 jg]sf] x'G5 .
sf]if lemNnLsf] sfo{
o;n] sf]if leQf h:t}sfo{ ub{5 .
yksfo{x?df
o;n] sf]lifsf j[l4, cGt/sf]lifo ;Fof]hg tyf lgdf{0f, sf]lzsf ljefhg OToflb sfo{df k|d'v e'ldsf
lgjf{x ub{5 .
o;n] t/n tyf c0f'x?sf] kl/jxg ug{df ;3fp k'ofpb5 .
o;n] sf]if leq /x]sf t/n kbfy{ tyf c0f'x?nfO{ jflx/ cfpg lbb}g .

#= ;fO6f]KnfHd
;fO6f]KnfHdnfO{ b'O{ efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 .
#=! ;fO6f]KnflHds d}l6\S;
sf]if leQf / Go'lSno;sf] ljrdf cw{kf/blz{ t/n kbfy{ /x]sf] x'G5 h;nfO{ ;fO6f]KnflHds d}l6\S; jf
xfofnf]KnfHd elgG5 . of] cuf{lgs kbfy{ h:t} sfjf]{xfO6]8, , carbohybrates, lipids, nucleoproteins,
nucleic acids (RNA and DNA) / ljleGg k|sf/sf enzymes x'G5g\ To:t} inorganic c0f'x? h:t} kfgL, ;f]l8Pdsf nj0f
tyf ljleGg k|sf/sf wft'x? /xG5g\ .

#=@ ;fO6f]KnflHds ;F/rgf

o;df ljleGg sf]ifsf ;F/rgfx? kb{5g\ tLgLx? nfO{ t/ j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 .
s_ dfO6f]slG8of - ;'q sl0fsf _

Lecture notes for Nursery Techniques and Forestry. Prepared by Lecturer Norman Upadhyay

of] k|fo j]ngfsf/ x'G5 . of] b'O{ j6f lemNnLn] 9flsPsf] x'G5 . lemNnLn] dfO{6f]slG8ofnfO{ b'O{ hlnP sIfdf
ljefhg ub{5 . lelq sIfdf d}l6S;n] el/Psf] x'G5 . d}l6S;df l8=Pg=P c0f' cf/=Pg\=P /fOjf]hf]D; tyf k|f]l6g
;+:n]if0fsf] 36s x? /x]sf x'G5g\ . cGt/ lemNnL , leq jf6 d]l6S; lt/ df]l8Psf] x'G5 h;nfO{ ls:6L elgG5
. lqmli6df of] ;Fu ;DjlGwt ljif]z OGhfOd -Pl6k]h _kfO{G5 .
o;sf] sfo{
o;n] vfBfGgnfO{ k|f0f jfo'sf] ;xfotfjf6 ljR5]bg ul/ sf]lzlso phf{ Pl6kLsf] ?kdf pTkfbg ub{5 To;}n]
o;nfO{ sf]ifsf] kfj/xfp; klg elgG5 .

v_ njs -Knfli68_
of] k|fo jg:klto tyf lgDg sf]l6sf lhjx? h:t} o'lUngfdf kfO{G5 .
of] ljleGg k|sf/sf] x'G5 .
c_ /Flug Knfli68 (chromoplasts)
/Fusf] cfwf/df o;nfO{ klg ljleGg efudf jf8\g ;lsG5 .
Chloroplasts: logLx? xl/of /Fusf x'G5g\ / logLx? xl/of n]p tyf 7'nf jg:kltdf x'G5g\ .
Phaeoplasts: logLx? v}/f /Fusf x'G5g\ / logLx? diatoms, dinoflagellates / v}/f
n]px?df x'G5g\ .

Lecture notes for Nursery Techniques and Forestry. Prepared by Lecturer Norman Upadhyay

Rhodoplast: logLx? /ftf /Fusf x'G5g\ / logLx? /ftf n]px?df kfO{G5 .

cf_ /Fuljlxg Knfli68 - No'sf]Knfi6 _ d'nf, gkfs]sf] 6df6/df of] k|z:t kfO{G5 .
/FuljlxgL Knfli68x?df lgDg kb{5g\
Amyloplasts: o;n] :6fr{ jgfpg] tyf ;Fro ug]{ sfd ub{5
Elaioplasts: o;n] lnlk8 ;Fro ug]{sfd ub{5 . of] Ps blno tyf b'O{ blno lj?jfsf
ljpx?df kfO{G5 .
Proteinoplasts or proteoplasts: o;n] k|f]l6g ;Fro ug]{ sfd ub{5 .
dfly pNn]lvt Knfli68x?df

Snf]Knfi6

w]/} h;f] lhjx?df kfO{G5g\ . o;sf] cfGtl/s jgfj6 tn lbO{Psf] 5 .

of] klg @ j6f kq] lemNnLn] 3]l/Psf]] x'G5 . leqL lemNnLsf] leq kL efunfO{ :6f]df elgG5 . :6f]dfdf y}nL
h:tf] ;F/rgf ;Ful7t x'G5 h;nfO{ u|fgf elgG5 . k|To]s u|fgf r]K6f] l;Ssf h:tf] cfsf/ ePsf j:t'x?n] rf
nufP/ j;]sf ;F/rgf x'G5g\ h;nfO{ yfOnfsf]O8 elgG5 . u|fgfnfO{ lk|m6n] hf]8]sf] x'G5 .
o;sf] sfo{
o;n] ;'o{sf] k|sfz tyf sfjf{g8fOcS;fO8sf] k|of]u u/]/ vfBfGg jgfpg ;xof]u ub{5 . cyf{t o;n] ;f}o{
phf{nfO{ /f;folgs phf{df ?kfGt/0f ub{5 .

Lecture notes for Nursery Techniques and Forestry. Prepared by Lecturer Norman Upadhyay

u_ OG8f]Knflds /]l6s'nd
of] Go'lSno;sf] glhs y}nL h:tf] glnx? km}lnP/ j;]sf x'G5g\ h;nfO{ OG8f]Knflds /]l6s'nd elgG5 . jflx/
kL /fOjf]hf]D;x? 6fl;P/ /x]sf O=/] nfO{ /km O=/] elgG5 o;n] k|f]l6g jgfpg ;xof]u ub{5 . /fOjf]hf]D;
gePsf O=/] nfO{ :d'y O=/] elgG5 :d'y O=/] n] lnlk8 / UnfOsf]h]g jgfpg ;xof]u ub{5 .

3_ uf]NhL sDKn]S;
o;nfO{ s]ldnf] ufNhL eGg] j}1flgsn] ;j{ k|yd kQf nufPsf x'g\ . oLgLx? r]K6f] l8:s cfsf/sf x'G5g\ .
o;sf] lgdf{0fsf/L ;tx h;nfO l;; / kl/kSj ;tx h;nfO{ 6fG; elgG5 . o;n] k|f]l6g / OGhfOd ;+ro
ug]{ sfo{ ub{5 . / o;n] sf]ifsf] leQf / sf]if lemNnL jgfpg klg e'ldsf lgjf{x ub{5 .

_ nfO;f];f]d
hgfj/ sf]if leq clglZrt cfsf/sf hfnLbf/ y}nfx? x'G5g\ h;nfO{ nfO{;f];f]d elgG5 . of] ufNhL sDKn]S;
jf6 jGb5 . o;n]] kfrg lqmofdf k|of]u x'g] OGhfOd pTkfbg ub{5 To;}n] sf]if leq cfPsf vfBfGgx?sf]
kfrg lqmofdf ;xof]u ub{5 . o;n] sfd gnfUg] sf]ifsf] cfTd e+u ug]{ sfo{ ub{5 To;}n] o;nfO{ o;nfO{
sf]ifsf] P6d jd jf ;';fO8n Jofu klg elgG5 .

Lecture notes for Nursery Techniques and Forestry. Prepared by Lecturer Norman Upadhyay

/fOjf];f]d
o;nfO{ Robinson and Brown n] lj?jfdf / Palade n] hgfj/sf] sf]ifdf kQf nufPsf lyP .
o;sf ;+/rgfTds @ pkPsfO{ -cyf{t ;fgf / 7'nf_ x'G5g\ . 70 S type df b'O{ pkPsfO{x? qmdz 50 S
and 30 S x'G5g\ eg] 80 S type df 60 S and 40 S x'G5g\ . o;n] k|f]l6g lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{ ub{5
To;}n] o;nfO{ k|f]l6g ofl6 klg elgG5 .

lrq

80 S type

;]G6f];f]d
Go'lSno; glhs j]ngfsf/ ?kdf /x]sf] sf]ifsf] c+unfO{ ;]G6f];f]d elgG5 . of] ( j6f microfibrillar
PsfOn] jg]sf] x'G5 . Pp6f microfibrillar PsfOdf # j6f microtubules x'G5g\ . o;n] sf]if
ljefhgdf qmf]df]hf]D;nfO{ 5'6\ofpg ;3fp k'ofpb5 .
Eofs'n
of] t/n kbfy{n] el/Psf] y}nf xf] . o;nfO{ 3]/]sf] lemNnLnfO{ 6f]gf]Knfi6 elgG5 . o;n] sf]ifdf t/n kbfy{sf]
;Gt'ng /fVg] sfo{ ub{5 .
Go'lSno;
Robert Brown /j{6 j|fpgn] ;j{k|yd o;nfO{ kQfnufPsf lyP . k|fo of] sf]ifdf Pp6f dfq x'G5 /
sf]ifsf] ljr efudf cjl:yt x'G5 . Ps eGbf jl9 Go'lSno; x'g] jg:kltnfO{ coenocytes l;gf];fO6
elgG5 eg] Ps eGbf jl9 Go'lSno; x'g] hgfj/nfO{ syncytia elgG5 . jx' Go'lSno; s]xL n]p / 9';Lx?
h:tf jg:klt tyf hgfj/sf dfzk]zLsf sf]ifx?df kfO{G5 . Go'lSno; leq Go'lSnof]n;, Go'lSnof]KnfHd /
qmf]df]hf]D;x? x'G5g\ . oL ;j} cjojx?nfO{ @ kq] Go'lSno; lemNnLn] 3]/]sf] x'G5 . Go'lSnof]n;n] /fOjf]hf]D;
jgfpg] sfd ub{5 h'g k|f]l6g ;F:n]if0f k|s[ofdf dxTjk'0f{ x'G5 . qmf]df]hf]D;x? lx:6f]g k|f]l6g / l8=Pg=P n]
ldn]/ jg]sf x'G5g\ . o;n] jzf0f'ut u'0f cfdf jfj'jf6 5f]/f 5f]/Ldf ;fg]{ sfd ub{5 . Go'lno;n] sf]ifsf]
sfo{x? lgoGq0f /fVg'sf] ;fy} lhjx?df cfr/0f b]vfpg] sfo{ klg ub{5 . qmf]df]hf]D;x? sf]if ljefhgsf]
qmddf @ j6f qmf]dfl68df ljeflht x'G5g\ h;nfO{ sfO{g]6f]sf]/ jf ;]G6f]ldo/n] ljr efudf jfw]sf] x'G5 .

Lecture notes for Nursery Techniques and Forestry. Prepared by Lecturer Norman Upadhyay

s]xL hLj hGt'sf qmf]df]hf]D; gDj/ tn lbOPsf] 5 .

Lecture notes for Nursery Techniques and Forestry. Prepared by Lecturer Norman Upadhyay

jg:kltsf]if / hGt'sf]if ljr leGgtf

jg:kltsf]if
o;sf] sf]ifdf sf]if leQf x'G5
sf]ifsf] ;fOh cln 7'nf] x'G5
o;sf] cfsf/ k|fo kl/jt{g x'b}g
of] sf]ifdf Knfli68 x'G5 h;n] ubf{ kmf]6f] l;Gy]l;;
u/]/ cfgf] vfgf cfkm} jgfpg ;Sb5
of] sf]ifdf Pp6f 7'nf] s]lGb|lqmt Eofs'n x'G5 .
o;df GolSno; sf]ifsf] PsfkL ;fO8df cjl:yt
x'G5
;lGrt vfgf k|fo starch and fat x'G5
;]lG6of]n x'b}g
ck|fufl/s dl0fex? kfOG5g\
dfO6f]slG8of sd ;FVofdf x'G5g\
of] sf]ifdf nfO{;f];f]d x'b}g o;sf] sfd ljz]if
k|sf/sf] Eofs'nn] ub{5 .
o;df UnfOclS;;f]d x'G5

hGt'sf]if
o;sf] sf]ifdf sf]if leQf x'b}g
sf]ifsf] ;fOh cln ;fgf] x'G5g\
o;sf] cfsf/ kl/jt{g x'g ;Sb5
of] sf]ifdf Knfli68 x'b}g . o;n] cfgf] vfgf cfkm}
jgfpg ;l
of] sf]ifdf Eofs'n ;fgf / w]/} x'G5g\
Go'lSno; k|fo ljrdf x'G5
;lGrt vfgf k|fo glycogen and fat x'G5
;]lG6of]n x'G5
ck|fufl/s dl0fex? x'b}gg\
dfO6f]slG8of cln jl9 ;FVofdf x'G5g\
o;df nfO;f];f]d x'G5 .
o;df UnfOclS;;f]d x'b}g

gf]6 5'6]sf s'/fsf] nflu Snf; gf]6 sG;N6 ug'{xf]nf

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