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General Certificate of Education

Advanced Subsidiary Examination
June 2010

Mark

1
2
3

Chemistry
Unit 1

CHEM1

Foundation Chemistry

Friday 21 May 2010

1.30 pm to 2.45 pm

7
8

For this paper you must have:

the Periodic Table/Data Sheet, provided as an insert
(enclosed)
a calculator.

TOTAL

Time allowed
1 hour 15 minutes
Instructions
Use black ink or black ball-point pen.
Fill in the boxes at the top of this page.
Answer all questions.
You must answer the questions in the spaces provided. Do not write
outside the box around each page or on blank pages.
All working must be shown.
Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not
want to be marked.
Information
The marks for questions are shown in brackets.
The maximum mark for this paper is 70.
The Periodic Table/Data Sheet is provided as an insert.
Your answers to the questions in Section B should be written in
continuous prose, where appropriate.
You will be marked on your ability to:
use good English
organise information clearly
use accurate scientific terminology.
Advice
You are advised to spend about 50 minutes on Section A and about
25 minutes on Section B.

(JUN10CHEM101)

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2
Section A
Answer all questions in the spaces provided.

Fluorine forms many compounds that contain covalent bonds.

1 (a) (i)

State the meaning of the term covalent bond.

............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)

1 (a) (ii) Write an equation to show the formation of one molecule of CIF3 from chlorine and
fluorine molecules.

............................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)
1 (b)

Draw the shape of a dichlorodifluoromethane molecule (CCI2F2) and the shape of a

chlorine trifluoride molecule (CIF3). Include any lone pairs of electrons that influence
the shape.
Shape of CCI2F2

Shape of CIF3

(2 marks)
1 (c)

Suggest the strongest type of intermolecular force between CCI2F2 molecules.

............................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)

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1 (d)

BF3 is a covalent molecule that reacts with an F ion to form a BF4 ion.

1 (d) (i)

Name the type of bond formed when a molecule of BF3 reacts with an F ion. Explain
how this bond is formed.
Type of bond .....................................................................................................................
Explanation ........................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
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(3 marks)
(Extra space) .....................................................................................................................
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1 (d) (ii) State the bond angle in the BF4 ion.

............................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)
1 (e)

An ultrasound imaging agent has the formula C4F10

It can be made by the reaction of butane and fluorine as shown in the following
equation.
C4H10 + 10F2 C4F10 + 10HF
Calculate the percentage atom economy for the formation of C4F10 in this reaction.
Give your answer to three significant figures.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
(2 marks)

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4
2

The following diagram shows the first ionisation energies of some Period 3 elements.

1400
1200
First
1000
ionisation
energy
/ kJ mol 1 800
600
400
Na

2 (a)

Mg

Al

Si

Cl

Draw a cross on the diagram to show the first ionisation energy of aluminium.
(1 mark)

2 (b)

Write an equation to show the process that occurs when the first ionisation energy of
aluminium is measured.

............................................................................................................................................
(2 marks)
2 (c)

State which of the first, second or third ionisations of aluminium would produce an ion
with the electron configuration 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1
............................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)

2 (d)

Explain why the value of the first ionisation energy of sulfur is less than the value of
the first ionisation energy of phosphorus.
............................................................................................................................................
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(2 marks)
(Extra space) .....................................................................................................................
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2 (e)

Identify the element in Period 2 that has the highest first ionisation energy and give its
electron configuration.
Element .............................................................................................................................
Electron configuration ........................................................................................................
(2 marks)

2 (f)

State the trend in first ionisation energies in Group 2 from beryllium to barium.
Explain your answer in terms of a suitable model of atomic structure.
Trend...................................................................................................................................
Explanation ........................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
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(3 marks)
(Extra space) .....................................................................................................................
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6
3

In this question give all your answers to three significant figures.

Magnesium nitrate decomposes on heating to form magnesium oxide, nitrogen dioxide
and oxygen as shown in the following equation.
2Mg(NO3)2(s) 2MgO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)

3 (a)

Thermal decomposition of a sample of magnesium nitrate produced

0.741 g of magnesium oxide.

3 (a) (i)

Calculate the amount, in moles, of MgO in 0.741 g of magnesium oxide.

............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
(2 marks)

3 (a) (ii) Calculate the total amount, in moles, of gas produced from this sample of magnesium
nitrate.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)
3 (b)

In another experiment, a different sample of magnesium nitrate decomposed to

produce 0.402 mol of gas. Calculate the volume, in dm3, that this gas would occupy at
333 K and 1.00 105 Pa.
(The gas constant R = 8.31 J K1 mol1)
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(3 marks)
(Extra space) .....................................................................................................................
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3 (c)

A 0.0152 mol sample of magnesium oxide, produced from the decomposition of

magnesium nitrate, was reacted with hydrochloric acid.
MgO + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2O

3 (c) (i)

Calculate the amount, in moles, of HCl needed to react completely with the 0.0152 mol
sample of magnesium oxide.

............................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)
3 (c) (ii) This 0.0152 mol sample of magnesium oxide required 32.4 cm3 of hydrochloric acid for
complete reaction. Use this information and your answer to part (c) (i) to calculate the
concentration, in mol dm3, of the hydrochloric acid.

............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)

8
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There are several oxides of nitrogen.

4 (a)

An oxide of nitrogen contains 25.9% by mass of nitrogen. Determine the empirical

formula of this oxide.
............................................................................................................................................
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(3 marks)
(Extra space) .....................................................................................................................
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4 (b)

Give one reason why the oxide NO is a pollutant gas.

............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)

4 (c)

The oxide NO reacts with oxygen to form nitrogen dioxide. Write an equation for this
reaction.

............................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)
4 (d)

Explain how NO is produced in the engine of a motor vehicle.

............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
(2 marks)

4 (e)

Write an equation to show how NO is removed from the exhaust gases in motor
vehicles using a catalytic converter.

............................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)

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The alkane butane is used as a fuel.

5 (a) (i)

Write an equation for the complete combustion of butane.

............................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)
5 (a) (ii) State a condition which may cause carbon to be formed as a product in the combustion
of butane.
............................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)
5 (b)

Butane obtained from crude oil may contain trace amounts of an impurity.
When this impurity burns it produces a toxic gas that can be removed by reacting it
with calcium oxide coated on a mesh.

5 (b) (i)

Suggest the identity of the toxic gas.

............................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)

5 (b) (ii) Suggest why calcium oxide reacts with the toxic gas.
............................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)
5 (b) (iii) Suggest why the calcium oxide is coated on a mesh.
............................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)

5
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6

Pent-1-ene is a member of the alkene homologous series.

6 (a)

Pent-1-ene can be separated from other alkenes.

State the physical property of alkenes that allows them to be separated from a mixture
by fractional distillation.
............................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)

6 (b) (i)

State the meaning of the term structural isomerism.

............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
(2 marks)

6 (b) (ii) Name the branched chain isomer of pent-1-ene shown below.

CH3

H
H

C
C

CH3

C
H

............................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)
6 (b) (iii) Draw the structure of a functional group isomer of pent-1-ene.

(1 mark)

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6 (c)

The cracking of one molecule of compound X produces pent-1-ene, ethene and

butane in a 1:2:1 mol ratio.
Deduce the molecular formula of X and state a use for the ethene formed.
Molecular formula of X ......................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
Use of ethene ....................................................................................................................
(2 marks)

7
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Section B
Answer all questions in the spaces provided.

Iodine and graphite are both solids. When iodine is heated gently a purple vapour is
seen. Graphite will not melt until the temperature reaches 4000 K. Graphite conducts
electricity but iodine is a very poor conductor of electricity.

7 (a)

State the type of crystal structure for each of iodine and graphite.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
(2 marks)

7 (b)

Describe the structure of and bonding in graphite and explain why the melting point of
graphite is very high.
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(4 marks)
(Extra space) .....................................................................................................................
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7 (c)

Explain why iodine vaporises when heated gently.

............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
(2 marks)

7 (d)

State why iodine is a very poor conductor of electricity.

............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)

9
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8 (a)

Define the term mass number of an atom.

The mass number of an isotope of nitrogen is 15. Deduce the number of each of the
fundamental particles in an atom of 15N
............................................................................................................................................
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(3 marks)
(Extra space) .....................................................................................................................
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8 (b)

Define the term relative atomic mass.

An organic fertiliser was analysed using a mass spectrometer. The spectrum showed
that the nitrogen in the fertiliser was made up of 95.12% 14N and 4.88% 15N
Calculate the relative atomic mass of the nitrogen found in this organic fertiliser.
Give your answer to two decimal places.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
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(4 marks)
(Extra space) .....................................................................................................................
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8 (c)

In a mass spectrometer, under the same conditions, 14N+ and 15N+ ions follow different
paths. State the property of these ions that causes them to follow different paths.
State one change in the operation of the mass spectrometer that will change the path
of an ion.
............................................................................................................................................
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............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
(2 marks)

Question 8 continues on the next page

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8 (d)

Organic fertilisers contain a higher proportion of

fertilisers.

15

N atoms than are found in synthetic

State and explain whether or not you would expect the chemical reactions of the
nitrogen compounds in the synthetic fertiliser to be different from those in the organic
fertiliser. Assume that the nitrogen compounds in each fertiliser are the same.
............................................................................................................................................
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............................................................................................................................................
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(2 marks)

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END OF QUESTIONS

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