Ergonomics For Construction Workers PDF

Si mpl e Sol uti ons
Ergonomi cs for Constructi on Workers

D E PA R T ME N T O F H E A LT H A N D H U MA N S E R V I C E S
C e n t e r s f o r D i s e a s e C o n t r o l a n d P r e v e n t i o n
N a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e f o r O c c u p a t i o n a l S a f e t y a n d H e a l t h
Simple Solutions
Ergonomics for Construction Workers

James T. Albers
NIOSH Division of Applied Research and Technology
Cheryl F. Estill
NIOSH Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTHAND HUMAN SERVICES
Public Health Service
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
2007
Disclaimers and Ordering Information
This document is in the public domain and may be freely copied or reprinted.
Disclaimers
Mention of any company or product does not constitute endorsement by the National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). In addition, citations to Web sites external to NIOSH do
not constitute NIOSH endorsement of the sponsoring organizations or their programs or products.
Furthermore, NIOSH is not responsible for the content of these Web sites.
The views expressed by non-NIOSH authors in these proceedings are not necessarily those of NIOSH.
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control these hazards so that workers are protected.
DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2007122, August 2007.
Acknowledgments
Writing and Research
James T. Albers, NIOSH Division of Applied Research and Technology
Cheryl F. Estill, NIOSH Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies
Editing and Design
Eugene Darling, Labor Occupational Health Program (LOHP), University of California, Berkeley
Kate Oliver, LOHP
Laura Stock, LOHP
Anne Votaw, NIOSH
Illustrations
Mary Ann Zapalac
Photo Credits
All photos: NIOSH, except: p.23 (bottom) Jennifer Hess; p.27 (both photos) Earl Dotter; p.29
(bottom) Racatac Industries Inc.; p.31 (both photos) Non-Stop Scaffolding; p.35 (left) Genie
Industries, (right) Scott Schneider; p.37 (bottom) Streimer Sheet Metal Works, Inc.; p.39 (bottom)
Hilti Corporation; p.41 (top) Midstate Education and Service Foundation, (bottom) Tape Tech Tools;
p.43 (both photos) Midstate Education and Service Foundation; p.49 (bottom) Expanded Shale, Clay,
and Slate Institute; p.51 (top) Messer Construction, (bottom) Spec Mix Inc.; p.53 (top) Scott Fulmer,
(middle/bottom) Jennifer Hess; p.55 (top) Woods Powr-Grip; p.59 Cal/OSHA; p.61 (all photos)
Cal/OSHA; p.63 (all photos) Midstate Education and Service Foundation; p.65 (bottom) Quickpoint,
Inc.; p.67 (bottom) ErgoAir, Inc.; p.69 (top) Messer Construction; p.71 (middle/bottom) Midwest
Tool and Cutlery Co.; p.73 (bottom) Slip-On Lock Nut Co. and Morton Machine Works.
Tip Sheet Contributors
Tip Sheet #1. JimAlbers, MPH, CIH, NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH, and Cherie Estill, MS, PE, NIOSH,
Cincinnati, OH.
Tip Sheet #2. Scott Schneider, MS, CIH, Laborers Health and Safety Fund of North America,
Washington, DC, and JimAlbers, MPH, CIH, NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH.
Tip Sheet #3. Jennifer Hess, DC, PhD, University of Oregon Labor Education and Research Center,
Eugene, OR, and JimAlbers, MPH, CIH, NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH.
Tip Sheet #4. Kate Stewart, MS, and Steve Russell, MS, Seattle, WA, and Build It Smart, Olympia,
WA.
Tip Sheet #5. Peter Vi, MS, Construction Safety Association of Ontario, Etobicoke, Ontario,
Canada, and JimAlbers, MPH, CIH, NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH.
Tip Sheet #6. Phil Lemons and Kelly True, Streimer Sheet Metal, Portland, OR, and JimAlbers,
MPH, CIH, NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH.
Tip Sheet #7. Charles P. Austin, MS, CIH, Sheet Metal Occupational Health Institute Trust (SMOHIT),
Alexandria, VA.
Tip Sheet #8. Greg Shaw, Midstate Education and Service Foundation, Ithaca, NY.
Tip Sheet #10. Dan Anton, PhD, PT, ATC, University of Iowa, College of Public Health, Department of
Occupational and Environmental Health, Iowa City, IA.
Tip Sheet #11. Pamela Entzel, JD, MPH, Center to Protect Workers Rights, Silver Spring, MD, Jim
Albers, MPH, CIH, NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH, and Cherie Estill, MS, PE, NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH.
Tip Sheet #12. Jennifer Hess, DC, PhD, University of Oregon Labor Education and Research Center,
Eugene, OR, and the Center to Protect Workers Rights, Silver Spring, MD.
Cincinnati, OH.
Tip Sheet #14. Adapted from the booklet Easy Ergonomics: A Guide to Selecting Non-Powered Hand
Tools (2004), a joint publication of the California Dept. of Occupational Safety and Health (Cal/OSHA)
and NIOSH. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH)
Publication No.2004-164.
Cincinnati, OH.
Cincinnati, OH.
Cincinnati, OH.
Tip Sheet #19. Charles P. Austin, MS, Sheet Metal Occupational Health Institute Trust (SMOHIT),
Alexandria, VA, JimAlbers, MPH, CIH, NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH, and Cherie Estill, MS, PE, NIOSH,
Cincinnati, OH.
Cincinnati, OH.
Reviewers
NIOSH wishes to acknowledge the following early reviewers of this document. Reviewers
organizations are listed Ior identifcation only. While their suggestions have improved the quality
of the material, the authors accept full responsibility for the content: TomAlexander (Independent
Electrical Contractors, National Safety Committee), Tony Barsotti, CSP (Temp-Control Mechanical
Corporation), Bruce Bowman, PE (Independent Electrical Contractors, National Safety Committee),
Stephen Hecker, PhD (University of Washington-Seattle), Ira Janowitz, MS, CPE (Lawrence Livermore
National Laboratory), Rashod Johnson, PE (Masonry Contractors Association of America), Phil
Lemons, CSP (Streimer Sheet Metal), John Masarick (Independent Electrical Contractors), Mike
McCullion, CSP (Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors National Association), Jim McGlothlin,
PhD, CPE (Purdue University), Gary Mirka, PhD (Iowa State University), Brian L. Roberts, CSP, CIE
(Independent Electrical Contractors), Kristy Schultz, MS, CIE (California State Compensation Insurance
Fund).
S I M P L E S O L U T I O N S
Table of Contents
Foreword...............................................................................................................................................9
Why This Booklet?.............................................................................................................................11
Oh, My Aching Body!.........................................................................................................................13
What Is Ergonomics? ........................................................................................................................15
Simple Solutions for Floor and Ground-Level Work
Introduction....................................................................................................................................19
TIP SHEET #1 Fastening Tools that Reduce Stooping...................................................................23
TIP SHEET #2 Motorized Concrete Screeds ..................................................................................25
TIP SHEET #3 Rebar-Tying Tools ..................................................................................................27
TIP SHEET #4 Kneeling Creepers..................................................................................................29
TIP SHEET #5 Adjustable Scaffolding for Masonry Work ............................................................31
Simple Solutions for Overhead Work
Introduction....................................................................................................................................33
TIP SHEET #6 Bit Extension Shafts for Drills and Screw Guns....................................................37
TIP SHEET #7 Extension Poles for Powder-Actuated Tools..........................................................39
TIP SHEET #8 Spring-Assisted Drywall Finishing Tools ..............................................................41
TIP SHEET #9 Pneumatic Drywall Finishing Systems ..................................................................43
Simple Solutions for Lifting, Holding, and Handling Materials
Introduction....................................................................................................................................45
TIP SHEET #10 Lightweight Concrete Block ..................................................................................49
TIP SHEET #11 Pre-Blended Mortar and Grout Bulk Delivery Systems.........................................51
TIP SHEET #12 Skid Plates to Move Concrete-Filled Hoses...........................................................53
TIP SHEET #13 Vacuum Lifters for Windows and Sheet Materials.................................................55
Simple Solutions for Hand-Intensive Work
Introduction ....................................................................................................................................57
TIP SHEET #14 Ergonomic Hand Tools...........................................................................................61
TIP SHEET #15 Easy-Hold Glove for Mud Pans .............................................................................63
TIP SHEET #16 Power Caulking Guns.............................................................................................65
TIP SHEET #17 Reduced Vibration Power Tools.............................................................................67
TIP SHEET #18 Power Cleaning and Reaming with a Brush...........................................................69
TIP SHEET #19 Snips for Cutting Sheet Metal ................................................................................71
TIP SHEET #20 Quick-Threading Lock Nuts...................................................................................73
Glossary...............................................................................................................................................75
References ..........................................................................................................................................81
9
Foreword
Construction is a physically demanding occupation, but a vital part of our nation and the U.S.
economy. In 2006, the total annual average number of workers employed in construction rose to
an all-time high of nearly 7.7 million, according to U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics data. This large
workforce handled tasks that range from carrying heavy loads to performing repetitive tasks, placing
them at risk of serious injury. The physically demanding nature of this work helps to explain why
injuries, such as strains, sprains, and work-related musculoskeletal disorders, are so prevalent and
are the most common injury resulting in days away from work.
Although the construction industry presents many workplace hazards, there are contractors in
the U.S. who are successfully implementing safety and health programs to address these issues,
including work-related musculoskeletal disorders.
The safety and health of all workers is a top priority for NIOSH. This booklet is intended to aid in
the prevention of common job injuries that can occur in the construction industry.
The solutions in this booklet are practical ideas to help reduce the risk of repetitive stress injury in
common construction tasks. While some solutions may need the involvement of the building owner
or general contractor, there are also many ideas that individual workers and supervisors can adopt.
There are sections on foor and ground-level work, overhead work, material handling, and hand-
intensive work. For each type of work, simple solutions for various tasks are described in a series
oI 'Tip Sheets. The solutions consist mostly oI materials or equipment that can be used to do the
job in an easier way. Each Tip Sheet describes a problem, one possible solution, its benefts to the
worker and employer, how much it costs, and where it can be purchased. All these solutions are
readily available and are actually in use today in the U.S. construction industry.
We encourage both contractors and workers to consider the simple solutions in this booklet and
look for ways you can adapt them to your own job and worksite.
John Howard, M.D.
Director
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
10
11
Why This Booklet?
This booklet is intended for construction workers, unions, supervisors, contractors, safety
specialists, human resources managersanyone with an interest in safe construction sites. Some of the
most common injuries in construction are the result of job demands that push the human body beyond
its natural limits. Workers who must often lift, stoop, kneel, twist, grip, stretch, reach overhead, or work
in other awkward positions to do a job are at risk of developing a work-related musculoskeletal disorder
(WMSD). These can include back problems, carpal tunnel syndrome, tendinitis, rotator cuff tears,
sprains, and strains.
To aid in the prevention of these injuries, this booklet suggests many simple and inexpensive ways to
make construction tasks easier, more comfortable, and better suited to the needs of the human body.
Did You Know . . . ?
Construction is one of the most hazardous industries in the United States.
The number of back injuries in U.S. construction was 50% higher than the average for all other U.S.
industries in 1999 (CPWR, 2002).
Backaches and pain in the shoulders, neck, arms, and hands were the most common symptoms
reported by construction workers in one study (Cook et al, 1996).
Material handling incidents account for 32% of workers compensation claims in construction, and
25% of the cost of all claims. The average cost per claim is $9,240 (CNA, 2000).
Example of a simple solution. This ironworker uses
a tool that automatically ties rebar with the pull of a
trigger. The extended handle lets him work while standing
upright. No leaning, kneeling, stooping, or hand twisting
are necessary.
12
Musculoskeletal injuries can cause temporary or even permanent disability, which can affect the
worker`s earnings and the contractor`s profts.
The 'Tip Sheets in this booklet show how using diIIerent tools or equipment may reduce the risk oI
injury. All of the items described in this booklet have been used on working construction sites. Given
the nature of construction, some solutions here may not be appropriate for all worksites. Sometimes
solutions discovered Ior one trade can be modifed Ior other trades.
This booklet provides general information regarding the methods some construction contractors have
used to reduce workers exposures to risk factors for work-related musculoskeletal disorders. The
examples described in this booklet may not be appropriate for all types of construction work. The use
oI the tools and equipment described in the booklet does not ensure that a musculoskeletal disorder will
not occur. The information contained in this booklet does not produce new obligations or establish any
specifc standards or guidelines.
Our goal has been to describe solutions that are also cost-effective. Although the cost of some of the
solutions here exceeds $1,000, which may be too high for some contractors, we believe successful
implementation will lead to a quick recovery oI the investment in many cases.
13
Oh, My Aching Body!
Construction work is hard work, and construction workers feel the results. In one survey, seven out
ten construction workers from 13 trades reported back pain, and nearly a third went to the doctor for it
(Cook et al, 1996).
Back pain, carpal tunnel syndrome, tendinitis, rotator cuff syndrome, sprains, and strains are types
of musculoskeletal disorders. Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) are caused by job
activities and conditions, like liIting, repetitive motions, and work in confned areas. All oI these are part
of construction work. WMSDs can become long-term, disabling health problems that keep you from
working and enjoying life. Not only do these injuries hurt your body, but they can reduce your earnings
and your employer`s proft.
You have an increased risk of these injuries if you often:
Carry heavy loads
Work on your knees
Twist your hands or wrists
Stretch to work overhead
Use certain types of tools
Use vibrating tools or equipment.
On top of that, tight deadlines mean a fast pace. Pushing the pace increases your risk even more.
A study oI workers` compensation claims fled in Washington State between 199098 reported that the
highest risks for developing a WMSD were in industries characterized by manual handling and forceful
repetitive exertions. According to the study, construction work accounted for 10 of the top 25 sectors in
need of interventions to prevent neck, back, and upper extremity WMSDs (Silverstein, 1998).
One insurance company reported that 29% of insured mechanical and electrical contractors workers
compensation claims were due to WMSDs. A quarter oI those claims resulted in temporary or permanent
disability. The insurer also reported that WMSD claims for electrical contractors average around $6,600
for each WMSD, while the average claim for a mechanical contractor was around $7,300 (NIOSH
2006).
Many people in construction believe that sprains and strains are just the nature of the business. But
new tools and materials are now available that can make work less risky and increase productivity. This
booklet shows some of the solutions, large and small, to WMSDs.
14
As you read this booklet, the solutions may or may not apply to your specifc jobsite or trade. You will
need to review cost, quality, and site-specifc inIormation to make sure that the solution will meet your
needs. Also, these ideas can be adapted. Notice the principles involved: What kinds of activities are most
likely to cause injuries? How can they be minimized?
Sometimes a small change in tools, equipment, or materials can make a big diIIerence in preventing
injuries. We wish you the best as you strive to make improvements to the work you do and your
worksite.
NIOSH believes that better work practices and tools can
reduce the frequency and seriousness of sprains and
strains among construction workers.
These suggestions can be adapted for your own jobsite.
SAFER HEALTHIER PEOPLE
TM
15
The goal oI the science oI ergonomics is to fnd a 'best ft between the worker and job conditions.
Ergonomics tries to come up with solutions to make sure workers stay safe, comfortable, and productive.
These usually involve changing tools, equipment, materials, work methods, or the workplace itselI.
Ergonomics is a new topic for the construction industry, but the ideas have been around for many years.
For example, in 1894 the split-level scaffold was designed for masonry work in the U.S. to reduce
workers` Irequent bending. This new scaIIold system was designed to improve workers` productivity
by reducing the time spent in awkward positions. There is still a strong case for using ergonomic
improvements both to reduce workers exposure to risk factors for WMSDs and to improve their
productivity.
Ergonomics looks at how:
Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders
Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) are the leading cause of disability for people in their
working years. They can be caused by Irequently working in a way that puts stress on the body, such as:
Gripping Kneeling Lifting
Working in awkward positions Applying force Repeating movements
Bending Working overhead Twisting
Using vibrating equipment. Squatting Over-reaching.
The best way to reduce WMSDs is to use the principles oI ergonomics to redesign tools, equipment,
materials, or work processes.
A
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Physical abilities of the human body
and
Limitations of the human body
Work tasks
Tools, equipment, and materials
The job environment
What Is Ergonomics?
16
Simple changes can make a big diIIerence. Using ergonomic ideas to improve tools, equipment, and
jobs reduces workers contact with those factors that can result in injury. When ergonomic changes are
introduced into the workplace or job site, they should always be accompanied by worker training on how
to use the new methods and equipment, and how to work saIely.
Do You Need an Ergonomics Program?
Many ergonomics experts recommend that employers and joint labor-management groups develop their
own ergonomics programs to analyze risk Iactors at the worksite and fnd solutions. These programs
may operate as part of the sites health and safety program, or may be separate. An ergonomics program
can be a valuable way to reduce injuries, improve worker morale, and lower workers compensation
costs. Often, these programs can also increase productivity.
There may be a particularly urgent need for an ergonomics program at your site if:
Injury records or workers compensation claims show excessive hand, arm, and shoulder
problems; low back pain; or carpal tunnel syndrome.
Workers often say that some tasks are causing aches, pains, or soreness, especially if these
symptoms do not go away after a nights rest.
There are jobs on the site that require IorceIul actions, movements that are repeated over and
over, heavy liIting, overhead liIting, use oI vibrating equipment, or awkward positions such as
raising arms, bending over, or kneeling.
Other businesses similar to yours have high rates of work-related musculoskeletal disorders.
Trade magazines or insurance publications in your industry Irequently cover these disorders.
Effective ergonomics programs have included the following elements:
Employer commitment of time, personnel, and resources
Someone in charge of the program who is authorized to make decisions and institute change
Active employee involvement in identiIying problems and fnding solutions
A clearly defned administrative structure (such as a committee)
Asystem to identify and analyze risk factors
A system to research, obtain, and implement solutions such as new equipment
Worker and management training
Medical care for injured workers
17
Maintaining good injury records
Regular evaluation of the programs effectiveness.
Education and training programs have been developed for construction general contractors by the
Associated General Contractors, the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners, the Sheet Metal
Occupational Health Institute, and the Laborers Union. Although the problems and solutions described
in these organizations` materials may be specifc to a sector or trade, you may fnd them useIul when
developing your own ergonomics program.
For additional information on developing an ergonomics program, see Elements of Ergonomics
Programs (NIOSH Pub. No. 97-117) at www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/97-117.
18
19
The Problem
On some construction jobs you need to work close to the ground or foor. For example, you may have to
stoop or kneel when installing or fnishing slabs, decks, or foor coverings.
Bending, stooping, kneeling, or squatting can cause pain in your lower back or knees. Over time you
may develop a serious muscle or joint injury. Your risk is higher if you stoop or kneel often or for long
periods of time. It is also higher if you twist your body while working in these positions.
These positions can also make it harder to do your job. When stooping or kneeling, you cant lift, push,
or pull as much weight without putting stress on your body.
Injuries & Disorders
Below are some of the injuries you may develop
when you work at foor level.
Lower back. Your spine runs from the top of your
neck down to your lower back. It is made up of
many bones called vertebrae, one below another.
Between the vertebrae are joints and discs. These
give your back fexibility so it can move. The discs
are fexible because they have a substance like jelly
inside.
When you bend forward, your back muscles work
harder and the ligaments (long fbers supporting
the back muscles) fex and stretch. The discs get
squeezed. As they are squeezed, they can press on
different parts of the spine, including nerves. This
can cause back pain. If you bend forward over and
over for months or years, the discs are weakened,
which may lead to disc rupture (or herniation).
Twisting your body while bending puts even
more pressure on the discs, and more stress on the
cartilage and ligaments, especially when you are
exerting force to lift, push, or pull objects.
I N T R O D U C T I O N
Simple Solutions for
Floor and Ground-Level Work
20
Knee. The muscles in your knee are
connected to your leg by tendons. Between
the tendons and bones are small sacs oI fuid
called bursa. They lubricate the knee so it
moves easily.
Continual stress on your knee can cause
the bursa to get squeezed, swollen, stiII,
and infamed (bursitis). This stress can also
cause the knee tendons to become infamed,
resulting in pain (tendinitis).
Tasks that involve Irequent stooping,
kneeling, or squatting increase your risk oI
developing bursitis, tendinitis, or arthritis in
the knee. The risk of arthritis increases for
workers who already have had a knee injury
and work in these positions.
Some Solutions
Floor-level work cannot be eliminated from c
but it is possible to change how you do it so
on your body. Solutions are available that can
level of stress on your back, knee, and other
body. They may also reduce how often and h
body is subjected to this stress. Many of the solutions can
also eliminate other potential safety hazards and increase
productivity.
The type of task and the site conditions will determine which solutions are best for you. Afew possible
solutions Ior specifc foor-level tasks are explained in Tip Sheets #15.
General solutions Ior doing foor-level work with less risk oI injury include:
Change materials or work processes. One of the most effective solutions may be to use materials,
building components, or work methods that are less labor-intensive, so the task takes less time and you
therefore kneel and stoop for a shorter period. Because there may be cost, contract, and engineering
issues involved, an individual construction worker or subcontractor usually cannot make a decision like
this. Changes may require the approval oI the architect, engineer, building owner, or general contractor.
However, individual workers often can change the way they do the work. Sometimes people work
on the foor because it is the only large fat work area available. The foor is used as a workbench Ior
assembling, mixing, or other tasks. This is common, for example, when assembling sheet metal ducts
or building rebar cages. This increases the amount of stooping or kneeling that is necessary. Rather than
stooping to the foor, try to raise the work to waist height using tables, sawhorses, or other equipment. It
is possible to make your own improvised workbench out of materials you have available.
21
Change tools and/or equipment. For example, use tools with extension handles that let you stand up
while doing a foor-level task. In a Iew cases, cost and site conditions may restrict the use oI such tools.
Change work rules and provide training. Contractors can set site rules that require the use oI benches,
tables, or sawhorses to raise the work up so less kneeling and stooping are necessary. Rules can also
require that materials be stored oII the ground. Limits can be placed on the total time that workers do
foor-level work without a break. In cases where kneeling on a hard surIace cannot be avoided, knee
pads or some other type of padding should be used. Also, a policy of providing ergonomics training
may help workers more quickly identiIy potential problems and fnd eIIective solutions. II
Example: Gurney converted to work table
22
23
The Problem
When working at foor or ground level,
construction workers often use screw
guns and other Iastening tools that require
stooping, bending, kneeling, or squatting Ior
long periods of time. Working repeatedly in
these positions can result in fatigue, pain,
and injury.
Your lower back and knees are the areas
at greatest risk of a muscle or joint injury
when you stoop, bend, kneel, or squat Ior
prolonged periods. Your risk is increased if
you have to lift, push, or pull while stooping.
One Solution
Use an auto-feed screw gun with an
extension that allows you to stand upright
while working. Standing while you work
keeps your spine and knees in a neutral
position, minimizing strain and muscle
fatigue. Many stand-up tools have adjustable
lengths to ft workers oI diIIerent heights.
Stand-up screw guns that automatically
feed the screws are available. Powder-
actuated fastening tools (PATs) can be used
with a stand-up handle provided by the
manufacturer.
How It Works
Ascrew gun with an extension can be
used to secure subfooring, Ialse foors, and
decking; to construct concrete forms; and to
do other wood-to-wood jobs. You can also
T I P S H E E T # 1
Fastening Tools that
Reduce Stooping
Problem: Stooping to use screw gun
Solution: Autofeed stand-up screw gun
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use it for drywall and some metal-to-metal work. Screws for these guns come on easy-loading, collated
strips that are selI-Ieeding. They load in seconds without requiring you to bend down, and the newer
models have been improved so they do not jam like older models. There are models with fxed and
telescoping extensions. Some use extensions that can be removed, allowing the screw gun to be used by
itself for walls.
A powder-actuated fastening tool with a stand-up handle can be used to fasten metal track to concrete
decks Ior interior steel Iraming, to install plywood onto concrete as a substrate Ior wood foors, to attach
lumber to concrete and masonry, and to make steel-to-steel connections. These are a fast, reliable,
eIfcient Iastening method that can be used independent oI weather conditions. They fre a .27-caliber
explosive charge to drive their fasteners. The fasteners are made from hardened steel and have a knurled
shaft to anchor them securely in the base material. Pre-drilling holes is not necessary. The driving depth
can be adjusted Ior varying jobsite conditions. Hearing protection is advised when fring PATs.
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Workers who spend less time in a stooped position, or kneeling, have less chance of developing lower
back and knee injuries. Productivity is also improved. Studies have shown that autofeed stand-up
screw guns are about twice as fast at placing screws as traditional screw guns. Both stand-up screw
guns and PAT tools with stand-up handles have improved since they were frst introduced and are now
more dependable and easier to use. Screws are more expensive than nails and may not be cost-effective
Ior some jobs. However, using screws may improve the quality oI construction on other jobs, such as
installing subfoors.
Approximate Cost
Stand-up screw guns are $200400. PAT fastening tools with stand-up handles are $500700. The PAT
handles can also be purchased separately
For More Information
Products related to this solution are described at www.cpwr.com/simple.html. Products also may be
found on the internet using the following search terms:
Stand-Up Screw Guns: screw gun extension
Powder-Actuated Tools with Stand-Up Handles: (tool manufacturer) + stand-up handle
Local contractor tool and equipment suppliers or rental companies may be another source oI
information on products.
For general information on this solution, check www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org and
www.elcosh.org.
25
The Problem
When you hand screed concrete, you work
bent over, and you have to use a strong grip
to pull the board over the wet concrete. Your
arms and shoulders exert a lot of force over
and over.
Doing this work often or for a long period
of time increases your chance of fatigue and
pain. It puts major stresses on your back,
knees, hands, arms, and shoulders, which
may lead to serious muscle or joint injuries.
One Solution
Use a motorized screed (also called a
vibratory screed). You can work standing
upright, and operating the screed takes much
less effort than hand screeding.
This type of screed eliminates both
screeding in a stooped position and the need
for repeated arm and shoulder movements.
How It Works
The motorized screed consists of a blade or
plow that foats on the concrete, one or two
gasoline motors that vibrate the blade, metal
support tubing, and handles to hold when
you operate it.
It works best for small to medium-sized
jobs.
T I P S H E E T # 2
Motorized
Concrete Screeds
Problem: Hand screeding
Solution: Motorized screeding
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Amotorized screed should reduce a workers chance of developing muscle and joint injuries. This
equipment greatly reduces the physical eIIort needed Ior hand screeding, and eliminates the Irequent and
prolonged stooping. Little effort is needed to move the plow over the concrete surface.
Screeding with motorized equipment can be Iaster than hand screeding. Many contractors report
improvements in productivity. The vibration of the blade improves the consolidation of the concrete and
reduces time spent 'bull foating the surIace.
There are some drawbacks. Although you can work around electrical or plumbing stubs, some hand
screeding may still be necessary. Also, it can be diIfcult to move the screed to and Irom the work
location. Asingle-engine screed weighs around 50 lbs., and can be awkward to lift and carry. Some
screeds have a quick-release system to remove the plow Irom the Irame, which makes carrying easier.
Vibration can also be a problem. It is important to protect workers from hand-arm vibration syndrome
(HAVS), a nerve disorder that can become disabling. NIOSH measured vibration levels on three types of
motorized screeds. Two had the gasoline engine placed at the bottom of the frame and above the plow.
One screed had the engine placed on a single shaft, and the operator held the shaft below the engine.
Vibration levels for the two types with the engine at the bottom were below the current recommended
guidelines to prevent HAVS. The third screed, which was also older and poorly maintained, gave off
much higher vibration that could exceed current HAVS guidelines. Higher vibration levels are expected
when the engine is connected to the frame or shaft that the operator must grip. When buying a motorized
screed, ask about vibration levels and test drive the screed.
Approximate Cost
Asingle-engine motorized screed costs around $1,500. Atwin-engine model costs around $4,000 and
requires two operators.
found on the internet using the following search terms: power screed, vibratory screed, or
concrete screed.
www.elcosh.org.
27
The Problem
Ironworkers tie rebar by hand with pliers and
tie wire. This work requires repeated, Iast
hand and arm movements while applying a
lot of force. If you tie rebar at ground level,
you also have to work in a stooped position,
with your body bent deeply forward.
Tying rebar by hand increases your chance
of developing hand-wrist disorders due to
the high hand forces used to grip pliers, the
rapid hand movements used to wrap and
twist wire, and the high pressure on the hand
and fngers when twisting and cutting wire.
If you work at ground level, you also are at
risk oI low back injuries Irom Irequent and
prolonged stooping and bending.
One Solution
Use a rebar-tying tool. This lowers your
risk of hand and wrist injury because it
eliminates the Irequent rapid hand motions
required when using pliers. Some rebar tiers
allow you to work standing up, so there is
less stress on your low back due to stooping
and bending.
How It Works
Both manual and battery-powered rebar-
tying tools are currently available.
Battery-powered rebar tiers automatically
fasten the bars together with tie wire. They
can be used whenever a simple wrap and
twist tie is needed. However, they do not
provide the strength oI 'saddle or 'fgure 8
ties.
T I P S H E E T # 3
Rebar-Tying Tools
Problem: Tying rebar by hand
Solution: Rebar-tying tool with extension handle
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Several companies offer power rebar tiers. With one tool design, you press the trigger and the tool feeds
wire around the bars and then twists and cuts the wire. These models are not stand-up tools, but an
adjustable extension handle is available.
Asecond tool is a stand-up power tier that uses coiled spring wire to hold the bars together. The tool
automatically 'screws (or spins) fat coiled wire around the intersecting bars. This tool was designed
using ergonomic principles.
Workers should experience fewer injuries. Studies conducted by NIOSH and the Construction Safety
Association of Ontario (Canada) compared manual methods and one model of power tying tool, and
showed that using the power tool may reduce the risk of injury to workers hands, wrists, and low back.
There have been documented increases in productivity. The NIOSH-Ontario studies found that power
tying tools can tie rebar twice as fast as hand tying. Actual productivity increases will depend on the type
oI work and the Irequency oI tying. Also, contractors and rod busters who used the model oI power tool
involved in the studies reported they preIerred it to manual tying Ior fat work. BeIore using one oI these
tying tools, make sure the ties are approved for the job you will be doing.
Approximate Cost
Wire feeding tiers are under $2,700 and wire costs around 2 cents per tie. Tiers using coiled spring wire
are under $1,300 and wire costs around 3 cents per tie. Powered models generally require extra batteries
and chargers, which may be included in the price.
found on the internet using the following search terms: rebar tying system or rebar tier.
www.elcosh.org.
29
The Problem
Many construction tasks require Irequent
kneeling, squatting, or stooping because
the work is close to the foor. Kneeling on
a hard surface puts a lot of direct pressure
on your knee, while squatting puts stress on
the tendons, ligaments, and cartilage of the
knee joint. Working in either position often
or for long periods of time can lead to knee
problems, including knee osteoarthritis.
If you work in a stooped position, there is
stress on your lower back as well as your
knees, possibly leading to back pain and
even a serious back injury.
One Solution
Use a portable kneeling creeper with chest
support. When the job requires kneeling
or squatting to work at foor level, these
devices will reduce the stress to your knees,
ankles, and lower back.
How It Works
Kneeling creepers are available with
removable seats and cushioned knee
supports. They are very low and have
2 to 3 inch casters. The knee supports on
one model are only / inch above the foor.
The cushioned knee supports reduce the
pressure on your knees, just as ordinary
knee pads do.
T I P S H E E T # 4
Kneeling Creepers
Problem: Kneeling to work near oor
Solution: Laying tile with kneeling creeper
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Some models are available with an adjustable cushioned chest support. It is useful when doing
prolonged foor-level jobs like tile setting and concrete patching. It helps support your weight, reducing
back strain and some of the pressure on your knees.
Kneeling creepers provide support when work must be done in awkward and stressful positions. They
reduce stress on the knees and lower back, and can help prevent serious muscle and joint problems.
Since work can be done with less discomfort and pain, productivity often also increases.
Kneeling creepers allow workers to move around more easily and quickly, and may also have an area
where tools can be conveniently placed.
These devices can be used to assist injured workers retuning to the job, since they can work with less
stress to their knees and back.
Approximate Cost
Kneeling creepers without the chest support cost around $200 and the optional adjustable chest support
is around $75.
found on the internet using the following search terms: kneeling creeper.
www.elcosh.org.
31
The Problem
Masons often need to stoop to pick up brick,
block, and mortar and place them on a wall.
This work can require a lot oI bending and
twisting of the body.
You have to bend deeper and twist your
body more often if you keep materials
below hip height, or lay brick or block
on a section of wall below hip height.
Frequent stooping causes Iatigue and puts
stress on your lower back. This stress
increases your chance of developing low
back pain or serious back injury. Your risk
of injury is even higher if you also twist
your body quickly, especially when
holding heavy objects.
One Solution
Use split-level adjustable scaffolding.
This allows a brick or block mason to
stoop less because the materials and work
surface are both kept near waist height,
which is more comfortable and stresses
your body less. Split-level adjustable
scaffolds are available for jobs ranging
from small single-story residential work
to large high-rise building projects. This
equipment may not be appropriate Ior all
jobs.
T I P S H E E T # 5
Adjustable Scaolding
for Masonry Work
Problem: Conventional unguarded
frame scaffolding
Solution: Masons nish top course on split-level
adjustable scaffolding
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How It Works
Adjustable scaffolding has separate platforms for the worker and the materials. Since the worker
platform can be raised or lowered, the materials and the work surface can both be positioned around the
height of the workers waist. Small scaffolds can be raised manually using hand jacks or a hand winch.
Taller scaffolds can be raised using a powered winch.
Masons reduce their chance of developing low back pain or back injury. Workers spend less time
handling materials because brick, block, and mortar are moved shorter distances. Workers expend less
physical effort and report less fatigue at the end of the day. They also appreciate the wider platforms,
which give more room to move around.
Mason tenders who build conventional Irame scaIIolds also get important benefts. Split-level adjustable
scaffolds reduce the heavy physical labor involved in continuously changing the height of a frame
scaffold. There is less lifting and carrying of frames and heavy boards, and less moving materials to the
ground and back. Split-level adjustable scaffolds also reduce the danger of falling that mason tenders
face when building frame scaffolds.
Measurable increases in productivity have been reported when split-level adjustable scaffolds are
used. One study found that masons productivity increased 20% when using the scaffolds, and some
contractors have reported even greater increases in productivity.
Approximate Cost
Costs vary depending upon how the work platform is raised (manual vs. powered), the height of the
masonry wall, and the overall size of the project. Heavy-duty scaffolding for three-story commercial
work runs about $300 per lineal foot. Light-duty scaffolding for residential and light commercial work
of the same height runs about $200 per lineal foot. Contractors who have used these systems say that
productivity increases allow them to recover the cost, but actual benefts will vary.
found on the internet using the following search terms: adjustable scaffolding.
www.elcosh.org.
33
The Problem
On some construction jobs you need to work overhead, reaching up with one or both arms raised above
your shoulders. Your head may be tilted back, looking up to see what you are doing. Whether you are
drilling, driving Iasteners, or fnishing drywall, overhead work puts stress on your shoulders and neck.
Eventually it may lead to serious muscle and joint injuries.
You are at risk of injury if you do this work often or for long periods of time. The risk is increased if you
Irequently hold tools, equipment, or materials above the height oI your shoulders, or iI you twist your
body while your arms are in an awkward, raised position.
When you work with your arms raised, injuries are even more likely if you have to use repetitive
movements or a lot oI Iorce. For example, using some hand tools overhead requires you to repeat the
same motions over and over, as well as apply force, while you are reaching up. Lifting, holding, and
positioning heavy or awkward objects while your arm is raised can also require Iorce.
Working overhead also may reduce your ability to do the job safely and productively. For example, you
are at risk of many types of injury if your vision is
obstructed, if you have an unstable footing, or if
you have trouble holding or positioning a tool.
when you work overhead.
Shoulder. Shoulder pains and injuries are usually
the result of overworking the shoulder. When you
keep your arm raised above your shoulder (or keep
your arm stretched out), your shoulder begins to
ache after a short time. It tires easily.
The muscles in your shoulder are connected to your
arm by tendons. Between the tendons and bones are
small sacs oI fuid called bursa. They lubricate the
shoulder so it moves easily. Continual stress on your
shoulder can cause the bursa to get squeezed,
swollen, stiII, and infamed (bursitis). Bursitis
Overhead Work
34
can make it painful, or even impossible, to raise your
arm. Continual stress on the shoulder can also cause the
shoulder tendons to become infamed, resulting in pain
(tendinitis).
Another shoulder injury is the rotator cuff tear. The
rotator cuff is a group of four muscles and their
tendons that wrap around the front, back, and top of the
shoulder joint. These let the shoulder function through
a wide range of motions. Stress on the shoulder may
cause them to tear, which can make routine activities
diIfcult and painIul.
ANIOSH review of studies found that the risk of
developing shoulder pain or a shoulder muscle or joint
disorder is increased by the combination oI Irequently
working with raised shoulders (60 or more), using
repetitive arm or shoulder movements while in this
position, and applying force while in this position.
Neck. The neck is a complicated structure composed of seven bones called cervical vertebrae, one below
another. It also has cartilage, nerves, muscles, and ligaments (long fbers supporting the muscles). When
you keep your neck bent Iorward or backward, or bend it Irequently, the muscles work harder and the yy
ligaments fex and stretch. Eventually the ligaments can partially tear, resulting in a neck sprain.
Another common condition is tension neck syndrome. This is muscle strain that results from long
periods of looking up. It can cause neck stiffness, muscle spasms, and pain in the neck or radiating from
the neck.
It is also possible to develop arthritis in the neck. The risk of arthritis increases for workers who already
have had a neck injury and still do overhead work.
According to a 1997 NIOSH study, your risk of developing neck pain or a neck musculoskeletal disorder
is increased by the combination oI Irequently working with your neck fexed (15 or more), using
repetitive movements, and applying force while in this position.
Some Solutions
Overhead work cannot be eliminated from construction, but it is possible to change how you do it so it is
easier on your body. Solutions are available that can reduce the level of stress on your shoulders, neck,
and arms. They may also reduce how often and how long the body is subjected to this stress. Many of
the solutions can also eliminate other potential safety hazards and increase productivity.
solutions Ior specifc overhead tasks are explained in Tip Sheets #69.
35
General solutions for doing overhead work with less risk of injury include:
building components, or work methods that are less labor-intensive, so the task takes less time and you
reach overhead for a shorter period. For example, installing embedded concrete inserts into ceiling forms
would eliminate the prolonged overhead drilling needed to place all-thread rods for ceiling systems.
An individual construction worker or subcontractor usually cannot make a decision like this. Certain
changes may require the approval oI the building owner, architect, engineer, or general contractor.
Change tools and/or equipment. For example, use bit extensions for drills and screw guns that allow
you to hold the tool at waist or shoulder level rather than above your head. Use mechanical lifts or hoists
to raise and position building materials rather than lifting them manually. Or use a lift to raise yourself
so you are closer to the work. In a few cases, cost and site conditions may restrict the use of such
equipment.
Change work rules and provide training. Contractors can encourage the use oI equipment like
extensions, lifts, and hoists that reduce the need for workers to raise their arms. Site rules can limit the
amount of time that workers do overhead work without a break. Also, a policy of providing ergonomics
training may help workers more quickly identiIy potential problems and fnd eIIective solutions. II
Mechanical lifts reduce the strain
of holding and positioning objects
Person-lifts provide stable platforms for overhead
work and eliminate handling of ladders and scaffolding
36
37
The Problem
If you use a drill or screw gun for overhead
work, you are forced to keep your arms
and neck in fxed, awkward, hard-to-hold
positions. You have to push upward with a
heavy tool above your shoulders, using your
shoulder muscles instead of your biceps.
This work can put stress on your arms, neck,
shoulders, and back. It can lead to fatigue
and serious muscle or joint injuries.
One Solution
Use a bit extension shaft for the drill or
screw gun, so you can hold the tool below
your shoulder and closer to your waist.
You strain your arms, neck, shoulders, and
back less because you dont have to hold
the tool above your shoulders or work in
an awkward position. You work with your
upper arms held close to your sides, and
your hands in front of your body. You are
pushing with your biceps muscles instead
of your shoulders.
How It Works
The extension is like a normal socket, but
longer. It can be made from carbon steel
tube stock. One end of the tube is welded to
a piece that fts into the drill or screw gun
chuck. An impact socket is welded onto the
other end of the tube. Abit can then be
T I P S H E E T # 6
Bit Extension Shafts
for Drills and Screw Guns
Solution: Using extension
Problem: Drilling overhead
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inserted into the socket. PVC pipe is used as a sleeve over the extension. Part of the PVC pipe slides
over the bit. The sleeve protects your hands from the spinning shaft and gives you better control of the
tool. You hold the tool with one hand and the sleeve with the other.
Extensions are available from several manufacturers in many different lengths and diameters. Lengths
generally run from 12 to 40 inches. It is also possible to make your own extension. Before using an
extension for drilling or fastening, you should determine whether it is appropriate for the job.
Bit extensions should reduce a worker`s chance oI developing muscle and joint injuries. Workers beneft
from not having to hold a heavy tool above their shoulders for long periods. The extension itself weighs
less than two pounds. Using the extension is easy after a little practice. One company that uses the
extensions says that their workers like the way the extension prevents shoulder strain.
However, an extension does not solve the problems caused by holding your neck tilted back to look up
at your work. To cut down on neck strain, avoid looking up when you dont have to. To be safe, make
sure you push the extension onto the drill chuck tightly, before you turn on the power. In a screw gun,
the screw must also be tight in the bit.
Approximate Cost
You can make your own bit extension, which will cost $12 for materials plus labor. Manufactured bit
extensions cost from approximately $12 for a 12-inch model to $45 for a 24-inch model.
found on the internet using the following search terms: bit extension shaft.
www.elcosh.org.
39
The Problem
Using powder-actuated fastening tools
(PATs) for overhead work may lead to
serious shoulder, arm, and hand injuries.
You work with your arms above your
shoulders, an awkward position that may
cause sore muscles and joints. Sometimes
you have to hold this diIfcult position Ior
a long time, or repeat the position over
and over during your shift. This can cause
fatigue and eventually lead to arm and
shoulder problems like bursitis or rotator
cuff tendinitis.
The recoil shock transmitted from the tool
to your hand, arm, and shoulder put you at
even greater risk of injury. Also, when you
shoot fasteners at ceiling height you must
work from a ladder, scaffold, or power lift,
which have their own hazards.
One Solution
Use an extension pole for overhead work.
This is a fxed height or modular pole
attached to the powder-actuated tool. Using
the extension, the tool is entirely out of
your hand. All you have to do is squeeze the
trigger.
You no longer need to raise your arms above
your shoulders and hold them there to work
on the ceiling. The extension does it for you.
The extension lets you keep a more neutral
body posture. Your arms are closer to your
T I P S H E E T # 7
Extension Poles for
Powder-Actuated Tools
Problem: Using PAT overhead
Solution: PAT with modular extension
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body and below your shoulders. This cuts down on the risk of injury to your shoulders, arms, and hands.
There is also less recoil shock directed to your shoulders and neck. In addition, you can work on the
ground rather than using a ladder, scaffold, or lift.
How It Works
The powder-actuated tool attaches to the top of the pole. Ahand trigger (like a motorcycle brake) is
attached to the bottom oI the pole. You need only squeeze the trigger to operate the tool.
The extension pole can be either fxed height or adjustable. Lengths oI available extensions range Irom
3 to 18 Ieet, though poles longer than 8 Ieet may be too diIfcult to position and control. The gun must be
held tight to the substrate at a 90-degree angle until the fring is complete.
Workers have less chance of developing a shoulder, arm, and hand injury. With the tool attached to the
pole, you can keep your arms below your shoulders. You will also feel less recoil shock at your shoulder.
Moreover, with the gun further from your head, the noise exposure will be lower. Using the pole will
also keep your eyes and face further from the concrete dust and debris. You do still need to look up to
position the shot, which puts some strain on your neck.
Productivity may improve when there is less setup time using the tool extension, because there are no
are no ladders, scaffolds, or lifts needed.
Approximate Cost
Amodular pole assembly costs from $300400. However, if ladders, scaffolds, or lifts were rented for
this work in the past, you will no longer have this cost.
found on the internet using the following search terms: (PAT manufacturer) + pole tool.
www.elcosh.org.
41
The Problem
II you use typical fat and corner
'mudboxes Ior drywall fnishing, you
need to use a lot of strength to push the
compound out of the box. The forceful,
repetitive pushing motions combined
with reaching overhead can cause fatigue.
Eventually this work can lead to serious
wrist, arm, shoulder, and back injuries.
With a fat box, you oIten have to push
hard while bending your wrist and back.
When you bend like this while pushing
forcefully, you increase your chance of
developing a muscle or joint injury. Your
risk is higher when you do the same job
over and over.
Finishers say that corner boxes require
them to push even harder than fat boxes,
because you have to squeeze the compound
into a tighter space.
One Solution
Use a spring-assisted nishing tool. This
does most of the pushing for you. Spring-
assisted fat boxes and corner tools are
available that cut down signifcantly on the
strain caused by pushing.
With spring-assisted fat boxes, the springs
provide up to 75% of the force needed to
push the compound onto the wall. Spring-
assisted corner tools provide 100% of the
Iorce needed to fnish corners.
T I P S H E E T # 8
Spring-Assisted
Drywall Finishing Tools
Problem: Hand drywall nishing with mudbox
Solution: Spring-assisted mudbox
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How It Works
Spring-assisted fat boxes look and work just like regular boxes. The box wheels activate the power
assist feature. Springs on the outside of the box pull on levers. The levers then push on a pressure plate,
and the compound squirts out when the wheels touch the wall. The boxes come in several diIIerent
widths and with different handle lengths.
Spring-assisted corner fnishers have hydraulically damped springs. When you turn a handle, the spring
pushes the compound through a normal corner-fnishing head. All you need to do is guide the tool down
the corner.
You use a regular pump to fll both types oI spring-assisted tools with compound.
Aspring-assisted mudbox should reduce a workers chance of developing a muscle or joint injury. More
than 80% of the workers involved in one study liked using the new tools much better than the older
ones. After using both new tools, all workers in the study said they were not as tired as when using the
regular tools. Most said they had less pain.
The same study suggested that there were gains in productivity. Spring-assisted fat boxes gave the same
results and were just as fast as regular boxes. However, they led to less worker fatigue and pain, and
workers said they got more done because they were less tired. They also were able to use the new boxes
for a longer time without becoming fatigued. In addition, most workers said that the new spring-assisted
corner tool was faster and easier to use, compared to the older corner boxes.
Approximate Cost
You can rent or purchase these tools. Rentals cost about the same as for regular boxes. One manufacturer
sells a set oI three spring-assisted fat boxes Ior about $1,300 and a spring-assisted corner fnisher Ior
about $1,400.
found on the internet using the following search terms: drywall tool + spring assisted.
www.elcosh.org.
43
The Problem
Finishing drywall by hand requires lots oI
effort and repetition. Your body is forced
into awkward positions that can lead to
serious wrist, shoulder, arm, and back
injuries.
Working with bent wrists, and with your
back bent or twisted, is common in hand
fnishing. You repeat certain diIfcult hand,
arm, and back movements over and over.
Some tools used in this work (such as fat
and corner mudboxes) may also cause
problems because you use a lot of strength to
push on them.
The combination of pushing and working in
an awkward position causes fatigue as well
as tired and sore muscles. Eventually it can
increase your chance of developing a muscle
or joint injury.
One Solution
Use a pneumatic drywall nishing system.
You can avoid hand fnishing, and you
won`t have to use fat and corner boxes.
Although the work will still require some
awkward positions and motions, you will
not be exerting high forces at the same time
or for as long a time. An air compressor
gives enough pressure to force the drywall
compound through the fat- and corner-
fnishing heads oI the pneumatic system.
The pneumatic system requires much less
physical eIIort than hand fnishing, and it
cuts down on the repeated wrist, arm, and
T I P S H E E T # 9
Pneumatic Drywall
Finishing Systems
Problem: Hand drywall nishing with mudbox
Solution: Pneumatic nishing system
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and back movements. It also takes less effort to use than the automatic tools. You do not need to push
with the same strong force used with boxes. You only have to guide the powered tool down the corner.
How It Works
An air compressor forces the drywall compound from the hopper into a tube. You do not need to hand
pump the compound. Air forces the compound through the head of the tool when you pull the trigger.
The heads give the same quality oI fnish that boxes do. The tool requires an airline Irom the hopper to
the applicator. You also need electrical power for the air compressor.
These systems should reduce a workers chance of developing muscle and joint injuries. In one study,
most workers who tried the pneumatic system liked it better than the regular tools. Workers reported that
their muscles were not as tired, and they did not have as much pain after using the pneumatic system.
There can also be an improvement in productivity. Workers in the study said the pneumatic system is
Iaster than the older fnishing boxes. Some workers said that it took a while to learn the new system.
Although using the system was slow at frst, it became Iaster within two months.
There are some drawbacks to the pneumatic system. The air and electrical lines may restrict your
movement while you work.
The new system also takes longer to move, set up, and clean than hand fnishing equipment. ThereIore,
it may not be as practical Ior small fnishing jobs.
Approximate Cost
Pneumatic fnishers start around $3,500 and cost more depending on Ieatures.
found on the internet using the following search terms: drywall tool + pneumatic.
www.elcosh.org.
45
The Problem
On many construction sites, workers spend time lifting, carrying, holding, pushing, or pulling loads
of material. Although it is common today to use mechanical devices for some of this work, a lot of
materials are still handled manually. Sometimes it is not possible to use mechanical material handling
devices due to site conditions.
If you lift and carry materials often or for long periods of time, there is constant stress on your back
and shoulders. Eventually you may develop a serious muscle or joint injury. You are at risk if you often
handle materials that are heavy and/or bulky, carry materials long distances, stoop downward to pick up
heavy objects, or stretch upward while holding them. Your risk is higher if you twist your body when
handling heavy items.
You may also develop an injury iI you Irequently push or pull heavy carts, dollies, or other transport
equipment.
Below are some of the injuries you may develop when
you do manual material handling.
Back. Low back pain, and more serious
musculoskeletal injuries to the back, can occur
suddenly or develop over a period of time. For
example, sudden quick movements, especially
while handling heavy objects, may lead
immediately to painful muscle strains. These
strains may develop into serious injuries when
the muscles are not allowed to heal and are
exposed to additional stress.
Your spine runs from the top of your neck down
to your lower back. It is made up of many bones
called vertebrae, one below another. Between the
vertebrae are joints and discs. These give your back
fexibility so it can move. The discs are fexible
because they have a substance like jelly inside.
Simple Solutions for Lifting,
Holding, and Handling Materials
Herniated disc
46
When you lift, bend forward, stretch upward, or stretch outward, your back muscles work harder
and the ligaments (long fbers supporting the back muscles) fex and stretch. The discs get squeezed. As
they are squeezed, they can press on diIIerent parts oI the spine, including nerves. This can cause back
pain. If you bend forward over and over for months or years, the discs are weakened, which may lead to
disc rupture (or herniation).
Twisting your body while bending puts even more pressure on the discs, especially when you are
exerting force to lift, push, or pull objects.
Shoulder and neck. Carrying even light loads above
your shoulders may quickly lead to tired and sore neck
and shoulder muscles. The risk of developing a more
serious neck or shoulder problem increases when you
do this work Irequently or Ior long periods oI time.
Carrying or resting heavy objects on your shoulders
may stress the shoulder and neck muscles and cause
injury where the load contacts your body.
The muscles in your shoulder are connected to your
arm by tendons. Between the tendons and bones
are small sacs oI fuid called bursa. They lubricate
the shoulder so it moves easily. Continual stress on
your shoulder can cause the bursa to get squeezed,
swollen, stiII, and infamed (bursitis). Bursitis can
make it painful, or even impossible, to raise your
arm.
Continual stress on the shoulder can also cause the
shoulder tendons to become infamed, resulting in
pain (tendinitis).
Another common condition is tension neck syndrome. This is a type of muscle strain that can cause neck
stiffness, muscle spasms, and pain in the neck or radiating from the neck. It affects the trapezius muscle,
a large, thin muscle that runs from the upper back through the shoulder area to the neck. You may notice
a tender knot in this muscle as well as stiffness and pain.
Arms, hands, and wrists. If you carry heavy objects with hard sharp edges, they can dig into your skin
and injure the soft tissues in your hands. Or, if you carry objects that are hard to grip and hold, they may
force your hand or wrist into awkward, stressful positions and cause disorders like tendinitis or carpal
tunnel syndrome.
Some Solutions
Manual material handling is still common in construction, but it is possible to change how you do it
so it is easier on your body. Solutions are available that can reduce the level of stress on your back,
shoulder, neck, and other parts of your body. They may also reduce how often and how long your body
is subjected to this stress. Many of the solutions can also eliminate other potential safety hazards and
increase productivity.
Trapezius muscle
47
solutions Ior specifc material handling tasks are explained in Tip Sheets #1013.
General solutions for doing material handling with less risk of injury include:
building components, or work methods that are less labor-intensive. There are alternative materials
that can be handled without requiring a lot oI physical strength, an awkward posture, or repetitive
motion. For example, half-weight bags of Portland cement and lightweight concrete masonry blocks are
currently available in many areas. An individual construction worker or subcontractor usually cannot
make a decision to switch materials. Certain changes may require the approval oI the building owner,
architect, engineer, or general contractor.
Change tools and/or equipment. You can buy or rent material handling devices for all aspects of
construction. Devices include special round handles and cushioned grips for carrying heavy objects;
powered and non-powered carts and dollies for indoor or outdoor use; rolling carts to move sheet
materials, pipes, or conduit; and stands and jacks to hold materials during installation.
Mechanical, hydraulic, and vacuum lifts are available in a variety of sizes and styles. Some allow
relatively easy positioning of components and materials.
Ergonomic Guidelines for Manual Material Handling (DHHS/NIOSH Publication No. 2007-131)
describes many diIIerent types oI material handling and transport equipment. This booklet can be
accessed at www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2007-131/pdfs/2007-131.pdf ff
In a Iew cases, cost and site conditions may restrict the use oI such equipment.
Power vacuum lifter avoids manual lifting
48
Change work rules. For example, contractors can require that materials be stored at a convenient height
off the ground and transported in most situations with mechanical devices. Improved planning of
laydown areas and materials storage can minimize the number of times materials need to be moved.
Provide training and related programs. Apolicy of providing ergonomics training may help workers
more quickly identiIy potential problems and fnd eIIective solutions.
Workplace exercise programs are popular in the construction industry. Although they may be a part
of any effort to prevent muscle and joint disorders, exercise programs are not a substitute for other
solutions. No studies have shown that they prevent injuries by themselves. Studies indicate only that
exercise may have a short-term effect on reducing low back pain. There also is no evidence supporting
the use of body mechanics education as an effective means to prevent back pain or serious back
disorders. In edition, NIOSH does not recommend the use of back belts to prevent back injuries.
Training in the NIOSH lifting guidelines is especially important. NIOSH recommends that one person
lift no more than 51 lbs. when the lifting can be done using the following best practices:
x When you pick up or set down a load, dont reach more than 10 inches away from your body.
x Dont twist your body.
x Lift with your legs, not your back. Keep your back as straight as possible.
x Lift the load using a solid two-handed grip.
When lifting, holding, and positioning materials on a construction site you cant always follow these
best practices. In that case, the 51 lb. weight limit needs to be lowered. See the Applications Manual
Ior the Revised NIOSH LiIting Equation (1997) Ior more inIormation on how to use the guidelines.
This information should be passed along to workers in training programs.
49
The Problem
Aregular concrete block (also called a
concrete masonry unit, or CMU) can weigh
up to 50 pounds, depending on size. For
masons and mason tenders, lifting and
placing CMUs can cause fatigue and put
strain on the low back, hands, and arms. If
you do this work often, you may be at risk
of a serious muscle or joint injury.
The risk depends on how many units you
handle, how heavy they are, how often you
work with them, how low they are stored,
and how high you have to reach to place
them on the course. You have even more
risk if you twist your body when lifting or
holding CMUs, or if you lift or hold them
with one hand.
One Solution
Use lightweight concrete block. Units
weigh 30-40% less than regular block
without sacrifcing strength or perIormance.
Working with lightweight block can improve
your output during the day and still decrease
the total weight you lift. Less weight means
you will be less tired and there will be less
stress on your back, hands, and arms.
How It Works
The aggregate used for lightweight block is
made from shale, clay, and/or slate. These
materials are expanded in a rotary kiln at
temperatures over 1000 C.
T I P S H E E T # 1 0
Lightweight
Concrete Block
Problem: Laying standard concrete block
Solution: Types of lightweight block
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The block is structurally strong, stable, and durable, yet also light in weight and a good insulator. The
block density is only 4050 pounds per cubic foot. An ordinary block made from rock and sand has
a density oI 105115 pounds per cubic Ioot. Lightweight block meets or exceeds the specifcations
required oI regular heavy concrete block (American Society Ior Testing and Materials (ASTM) C 90
Standards Specifcations Ior Load-bearing Concrete Masonry Units).
Laying lightweight CMUs reduces a workers fatigue and lowers stress on the back and arm muscles.
One study looked at how concrete block of different weights affects muscle stress. Masons built two
walls. One used lightweight CMUs and the other regular CMUs. When workers built the lightweight
CMU wall, they had less back and arm muscle stress. The difference was greatest when lifting the block
to the top of high walls.
There can also be a gain in productivity. According to the National Concrete Masonry Association
(NCMA), 'lighter weight units resulted in higher productivity rates (other Iactors being equal).
Approximate Cost
Lightweight block costs slightly more per unit than standard block. However, since masons and mason
tenders can work faster and better, there should be a reduction in labor cost. This can account for up to
80 oI the fnished wall cost. Shipping and handling costs may be lower as well.
found on the internet using the following search terms: lightweight concrete (or) masonry (or)
block.
www.elcosh.org. The Expanded Shale, Clay, and Slate Institute (ESCSI) in Salt Lake City, UT also
has more information at www.escsi.org.
51
The Problem
When laborers mix mortar or grout in the
traditional way, they have to lift heavy
cement bags and shovel sand into the mixer.
They usually repeat these motions over and
over. Full cement bags weigh around 100
pounds, and workers may handle more than
100 bags a day.
Workers are at risk of back pain, shoulder
pain, and even disabling muscle or joint
injuries. The injuries can be the result of
one-time accidents, but they usually develop
over a long period of time.
Your risk of injury from lifting and
shoveling depends on the weight of the load,
the number of loads you lift, how long you
do this work, and where the bags are placed.
If you have to stoop down to a low pallet to
pick up bags, or reach above your shoulders
to dump them, your risk is especially high.
You have even more risk if you twist your
body while lifting.
One Solution
Use pre-blended mortar and grout mix
for the job. This can be delivered to the site
in bulk and doesn`t require liIting bags or
shoveling sand.
Bulk pre-blended mortar and grout can
be used with conventional mixers or
with European-style silo mixers. All dry
ingredients are handled mechanically, with
either a forklift or boom truck, eliminating
the risk of injury due to manual handling.
T I P S H E E T # 1 1
Pre-Blended Mortar and
Grout Bulk Delivery Systems
Problem: Traditional method of loading mixer
Solution: Loading a silo system
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How It Works
Pre-blended dry ingredients (including sand, pigments, and admixtures) are delivered to the site in
2,000 3,000 pound bulk bags. These are moved by forklift or boom truck over a funnel-shaped silo that
straddles a conventional mortar mixer. The mix is released into the silo by pulling a hitch pin on the bag.
To begin mixing, the mixer operator simply pulls a handle that opens the silos discharge slide gate. The
pre-blended material is gravity-fed from the silo directly into the mixer below. No electricity is needed.
Only water needs to be added to produce the mortar and grout.
Laborers have less risk of disabling injuries due to constant manual lifting. Productivity is also increased
because time-consuming manual handling of bags and sand is eliminated. One laborer may be able to
tend two or three mixers.
With silo systems, bags dont break or leak. The product is more consistent because it is pre-mixed.
There is no problem of sand freezing in winter. Silo dispensers can save space on congested jobsites and
reduce material theft. Most silo systems are easily moved around the jobsite. Disposal of bags is not a
problem since all bulk bags are removed by the supplier and either reused or recycled.
These systems do not eliminate the risk of silica dust exposure, but dust curtains are available to reduce
the release oI silica-containing dust. Specifc saIety procedures must be Iollowed when loading the silo,
climbing the silos ladder, and moving the system.
Approximate Cost
Contractors estimate that using these systems adds about 7 - 8% to mortar cost. However, the additional
cost may be oIIset by improvements in eIfciency and productivity gains. Pre-blended mortar systems
may not be cost-effective for smaller jobs. Asupplier, however, should be able to help you determine if
this product is appropriate for your work.
found on the internet using the following search terms: (silo or bulk) delivery systems.
www.elcosh.org.
53
The Problem
Charged concrete hoses are heavy and
pulling them takes a lot of strength. The
latches on a hose may snag on rebar.
Workers must sometimes bend down and
lift the hose to free it.
Pulling, lifting, and moving sections of hose
can force your body into awkward positions
and put strain on your lower back and knees.
If you have to use jerking motions or twist
your body while doing this work, there is
even more strain on your back. Handling
concrete hoses, especially for long periods
of time, may cause fatigue, back pain, and
even serious muscle or joint injuries.
One Solution
Skid plates (also known as hose placing
discs) may be useful when concrete boom
pumps and other alternative ways of moving
the concrete cannot be used. Skid plates are
two-foot diameter concave metal disks that
are placed under the hose couplings. They
have a cradle to hold the hose and handles
for carrying. They decrease the friction with
the rebar matting underneath and make the
hose easier to pull. They also prevent the
latches on the hose from catching on the
rebar.
How It Works
Laborers usually move concrete-flled hoses
across rebar matting by pulling on ropes
attached to the hose, or by using long metal
hooked rods.
T I P S H E E T # 1 2
Skid Plates to Move
Concrete-Filled Hoses
Problem: Pulling concrete hose without skid plate
Solution: Pulling hose with skid plate and hook
Skid plate
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Skid plates slide more easily across the rebar matting, reducing the friction. Pulling is easier. Also, hose
couplings do not catch on the rebar matting. This decreases the need for laborers to jerk the hose or bend
over to free it.
From four to six skid plates should be used near the pour end of the hose. They are most effective when
the hose is secured to each plate. You can fasten the hose to a plate with rebar tying wire or rubber
bungee cords. Both can quickly be removed when necessary. Using unsecured skid plates may lead to
more bending, awkward positions, and back strain.
At least one study has found that using skid plates secured to the hose can reduce stress to the low back
that otherwise would increase the chance of developing a serious injury.
Use of secured skid plates does not result in loss of productivity. It takes only moments to place skid
plates under hoses and secure them. If workers are less fatigued from pulling heavy hoses, productivity
may actually increase.
There are a few drawbacks. For example, it is still possible for skid plates to catch on Nelson studs (4
tall steel rods welded to the subfooring to reinIorce the concrete). Skid plates reduce the physical stress
of pulling a hose, but they dont get rid of it. The plates should be used only when the charged hose
cannot be moved with a boom, crane, or motorized concrete placement equipment.
Approximate Cost
Prices run about $200300 per plate.
found on the internet using the following search terms: concrete + hose placing disc.
www.elcosh.org.
55
T I P S H E E T # 1 3
Vacuum Lifters for
Windows and Sheet Materials
The Problem
Manually installing large windows and sheet
materials requires workers to handle heavy
and bulky objects. You may need to lift and
carry them some distance to the installation
site. When installing them, you may have to
use a lot of strength to hold them while they
are placed and secured.
This work puts stress on your back and
shoulders, which can lead to serious muscle
and joint injuries. Injuries can be even more
serious when you have to work in awkward
positions or hold materials for a long
period of time. Manually placing windows
and sheet materials may also lead to hand
injuries.
One Solution
Use vacuum lifters to install windows and
other fat panels. Vacuum liIters eliminate
the need to manually lift and position heavy
and awkward materials.
Avacuum lifter can be attached to a forklift,
or to a small counter-balanced crane built in
the shop. It can also be attached to a larger
crane for outdoor work.
How It Works
There are both non-powered and powered
vacuum lifter systems available with load
capacities from 375 1400 pounds. Non-
powered hand cup systems lift and carry
the load using manually-operated, pump-
Problem: Installing window using manual suction
cups still requires lifting
Solution: Using powered vacuum lift
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style vacuum cups attached to a specially-designed frame. Some of these frames permit loads to
be rotated and tilted. In some cases, the cups can be removed from the frame so they can be used
individually for lifting and carrying.
Although some contractors use manual systems, a more typical system is a powered lifter using cups
with a cord-free 12-volt vacuum pump. Below-the-hook powered vacuum lifters are a little more
expensive but feature rotation and tilt.
Large window units and other panels can be installed without the usual physical stress that comes with
lifting, carrying, holding, and positioning heavy objects. Using lifters will help reduce the possibility
that a worker will develop a muscle or joint injury.
A vacuum liIter also keeps the fngers and arms Irom being caught in pinch points when positioning and
setting the window or panel.
There should be a gain in productivity, since workers will be less fatigued and able to install more
windows or panels. There may also be less damage to windows and other materials.
Approximate Cost
Manually-operated hand cup frames featuring rotation and tilt cost around $1,200. You will spend
about $300 total for four 9-inch pump-style vacuum cups to use with them.
Abasic four-cup DC-powered lifter costs around $2,500. Below-the-hook vacuum lifters are available
with various options and confgurations, ranging Irom $3,000 7,000.
found on the internet using the following search terms: vacuum lifters.
www.elcosh.org.
57
The Problem
Construction workers usually spend a lot of time gripping tools or materials with one or both hands. This
work can put stress on your hand, wrist, and/or elbow, causing discomfort and pain. Eventually you may
develop a serious muscle or joint injury. Your ability to use your hands and wrists may be reduced, and
you may even become permanently disabled.
You are at risk of injury if you often use a forceful grip on tools, bend your wrist when using them, or
move your wrist rapidly or repetitively. Injuries also can result iI you Irequently hold vibrating tools, or
if tool handles that are hard or sharp often press into your hand, wrist, or arm.
Gripping tools and other materials can be physically demanding, repetitive work. It may injure the
muscles, tendons, and cartilage of your hand, wrist, and elbow. Damage to the nerves and blood vessels
can also occur.
If you experience soreness or pain, and continue doing the work without allowing your muscles and
tendons to rest and heal, the pain may get worse and you may eventually develop a serious disorder.
when you do hand-intensive work.
Tendinitis. Most of the muscles that move your
hand and fngers are actually in your Iorearm. These
muscles are connected to the hand and fngers by
tendons, which are like cords passing through your
wrist.
You can strain the tendons in your wrist if you
Irequently exert strong Iorce with your hand, bend
your wrist while working, or repeat the same wrist
movements over and over. If this strain continues
over time, you may develop tendinitis. Tendinitis
makes it painful to use your hand, especially to
grasp things.
Hand-Intensive Work
58
Carpal tunnel syndrome. The carpal tunnel is an
area in your wrist that is surrounded by bone and
tissue. Anerve and several tendons pass through
this tunnel. If you have tendinitis and your tendons
swell, there is less room in the tunnel for the nerve.
When the nerve is squeezed this way, the condition
is called carpal tunnel syndrome. It often leads to
pain, tingling, or numbness in your hand, wrist, or
arm. These symptoms are often felt at night.
If left untreated, carpal tunnel syndrome can
weaken the hand and make it very diIfcult to grasp
things or even use that hand at all.
7ULJJHUQJHU Repeated pressure on a fnger
(such as when using the trigger on a power tool)
may strain the tendon running to that fnger,
as well as the tendon covering This may cause
discomfort or pain.
Epicondylitis. Forceful twisting motions may cause
strain on your elbow tendons, causing discomfort
or pain. This condition is called epicondylitis, also
known as tennis elbow.
Hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS). Operating vibrating tools like needle guns, chipping hammers,
and rotary hammer drills may lead to fnger discoloration, tingling, and numbness. Gangrene is possible
in the most severe cases.
59
Some Solutions
Hand-intensive work cannot be eliminated from construction, but it is possible to change how you do
it so the work is easier on your body. Solutions are available that can reduce the level of stress on your
hands, wrists, and arms. They may also reduce how often and how long your body is subjected to this
stress. Many of the solutions can also eliminate other potential safety hazards and increase productivity.
solutions Ior specifc hand-intensive tasks are explained in Tip Sheets #1420.
General solutions for doing hand-intensive work with less risk of injury include:
building components, or work methods that are less labor-intensive. For example, use lock nuts or button
nuts on all-thread systems to reduce repeated hand-arm twisting and turning. An individual construction
worker or subcontractor usually cannot make a decision like this. Certain changes may require the
approval of the building owner, architect, engineer, or general contractor.
Change tools and/or equipment. If the work
requires Irequent intensive hand activity, you can
often substitute a power tool for a manual tool. This
will reduce the amount of hand force needed and the
number of repeated movements, especially twisting
motions. You will get the job done with less effort.
You can also use ergonomically improved tools.
Select a tool that comes with a power grip, or add a
power grip to existing tools. Compressible foam can
be used to wrap a narrow tool handle and improve
the grip. Some power tools have a large trigger that
can be operated with multiple fngers so you don`t
constantly put all the stress on one fnger. Also, look
for power tools that meet stricter European hand-
arm vibration requirements.
Choose the right tool for the job. For example, snips
and other tools are available with features such as
offset handles that can help keep your wrist straight
on some types of jobs. Also, never use your hand to
hammer or pound anything into place.
In a few cases, cost and site conditions may restrict the use of ergonomically improved tools.
Change work rules and provide training. Contractors can encourage the use oI equipment like ergonomic
tools. Site rules can limit the amount of time that workers do hand-intensive jobs without a break. A
policy oI providing ergonomics training may help workers more quickly identiIy potential problems and
fnd eIIective solutions.
Offset handles can help keep the wrist straight
60
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T I P S H E E T # 1 4
Ergonomic Hand Tools
Avoid tools with nger grooves
Tool with soft grip and spring-loaded handle
Tool with offset handle can help keep wrist straight
The Problem
Using a conventional hand tool over and
over can lead to muscle strain or even a
serious injury like carpal tunnel syndrome
or tendinitis. Using the wrong tool, or using
a tool the wrong way, can strain your hand,
wrist, forearm, shoulder, and neck.
One Solution
Use an ~ergonomic tool that ts the job.
Many new tools are available that may help
prevent muscle and joint injuries. However,
some new tools advertised as ergonomic
have not been carefully designed.
Atool can be considered ergonomic
when it fts the task you do, fts your hand,
allows a good grip, takes less effort, does not
require you to work in an awkward position,
does not dig into your fngers or hand, and
is comfortable and effective. Remember that
a tool designed for one task may put more
stress on the hand or wrist when used for
a different task. For example, needle-nose
pliers work well for crimping electrical wire
but should not be used for twisting.
How It Works
Here are some tips for selecting an
ergonomic hand tool.
Handle. The handle should be non-slip,
coated with soft material, and not have sharp
edges. You may want to add a soft sleeve to
the handle for a better and more comfortable
grip. However, make sure the sleeve doesnt
increase the handle diameter to more than
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two inches, which would make it harder to grip. Make sure the sleeve does not slip on the handle. If your
task requires high Iorce, pick a tool with a handle longer than the widest part oI your hand. The end oI
the handle shouldn`t press continually on your palm. Avoid tools with fnger grooves on the grip. Grooves
that do not ft your hand can put more pressure on your fngers, which can injure the fnger tendons.
Wrist position. Pick a tool that keeps your wrist straight when you use it. Atool with a bent handle
may work best if you are applying a horizontal force (in the same direction as your straight forearm and
wrist). Atool with a straight handle may work best if you are applying an upward or downward force.
Handle diameter. For single-handle tools, iI the task requires high Iorce, handle diameter should be
between 1-1/4 inches and 2 inches. For low-Iorce tasks requiring precision or accuracy, handle diameter
should be between 1/4 inch and 1/2 inch.
For double-handle tools, grip span for high-force tasks should be at least 2 inches when closed and no
more than 3-1/2 inches when Iully open. For low-Iorce tasks requiring precision or accuracy, grip span
should be at least 1 inch when closed and no more than 3 inches when fully open.
Pinching, gripping, or cutting tools. Choose a tool with a spring-loaded handle that automatically
returns to an open position. If continuous high force is necessary, consider using a clamp, a grip, or
locking pliers.
When you choose a tool that fts your task, you reduce your chance oI developing an injury. You may
also get the job done quicker and improve the quality oI your work.
Approximate Cost
Many tool manufacturers now produce ergonomically improved hand tools. Often these are no more
expensive than non-ergonomic tools.
found on the internet using the following search terms: (type of tool) + ergonomically designed.
www.elcosh.org. Other good information is available at:
www.thomasnet.com (in the search box enter tools: ergonomically designed)
vendorweb.humantech.com/browse.asp
www.advancedergonomics.com/product/tools.htm
63
The Problem
Amudpanfullofdrywallcompoundcan
weigh more than fve pounds. Continuously
grippingthepancanputalotofstresson
yourhand,wrist,andforearm.Ifthemud
panistoowideforyourhand,youhaveto
squeeze its sides to hold it, putting more
strainonyourforearmmuscles.
Thesmoothsidesandbottomonamud
panmakeithardtogripwithbarehands.
Becauseofitsweight,size,andsmoothness,
youmustusealotofhandforcetoholdthe
pan.
Allthesetypesofstraincantireyourhand,
wrist,arm,andforearm.Ifyoudodrywall
workoftenandforlongperiodsoftime,the
strainmayleadtoseriousinjuries.
One Solution
Useaneasy-hold gloveattachedtothe
mudpan,whichyoucanmakeyourself.
Theglovecutsdownonthehandstrength
required to grip the pan. With the glove, all
youneedtodoisbalancethepan.
How It Works
Thegloveisboltedtothepanwithaswivel
mount.Aboltisweldedtothebottomof
thepan,andheldbyanutinsidetheglove.
Thisholdsthepaninplace.Youneverhave
to squeeze the pan. Because of the swivel
mount,youcanspinthepaninyourhand
T I P S H E E T # 1 5
Easy-Hold Glove
for Mud Pans
Problem: Holding mud pan without glove
Solution: Holding mud pan with glove
Glove assembly

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as needed. The glove fts snugly on your hand. A Velcro strap holds it in place. The glove spreads the
weight of the pan over your whole hand. You need only to open your hand wide to balance the pan. The
pan swivels easily.
Finishers who used the easy-hold glove liked it and said it was great for long periods of coating drywall.
They said that it cut down on their long-term fatigue and pain. Researchers found that wearing the glove
led to a 25% reduction in grip force needed to hold the pan.
There are some drawbacks. Finishers said that it takes time to put the glove on and take it off. Other
tasks, such as putting up tape, cannot be done while wearing the glove.
Approximate Cost
If you make your own easy-hold glove (see section below), the cost of materials is low. You can begin
with a fngerless bicycle glove, available Ior $520.
To make your own: Use a tight-ftting glove with a stiII palm, such as a fngerless bicycle glove. Make
sure the glove is not so tight that it affects blood circulation in your hand. But if the glove is too loose,
you will end up gripping the mud pan tighter. A glove without fngers lets you use your own fngers
more easily. However, it also makes the glove a little harder to take oII, because the fnger holes can get
caught on your knuckles.
Fix the head of a small bolt to the bottom of the mud pan. You can weld the bolt or glue it using a
metal-to-metal adhesive. Place a large (up to two-inch) washer on the bolt. Punch the bolt through the
palm of the glove. Inside the glove, place another large washer over the bolt that sticks through. Tighten
a lock nut over the bolt inside the glove. Cut off any part of the bolt that sticks above the nut and sand
the bolt smooth. If the bolt still presses on the palm of your hand inside the glove, cover it with duct tape
or another material.
Products related to this solution are described at www.cpwr.com/simple.html.
www.elcosh.org.
65
The Problem
Using a non-powered caulking gun requires
high hand forces to pull the trigger. If you
use these guns often and for long periods
of time, you are at risk of stressing the soft
tissues in your hand, wrist, and forearm. This
can lead to serious muscle or joint injuries.
The more pressure your gun requires to pull
the trigger (low mechanical advantage), the
higher your chance of injury. You may have
to use even more force when you apply
thicker sealant material. If you have to
bend your wrist or twist your forearm when
pulling the trigger, you also increase your
chance of injury.
Your chance of developing an injury
increases if the gun you use has sharp edges
or grooves on the trigger, or has a wide span
between the trigger and the grip, forcing you
to stretch your hand.
One Solution
Use a power caulking gun. These guns
may be powered by a battery or may be
pneumatic (powered by compressed air).
With a power caulking gun you wont need
to pull the trigger to apply the caulk or
sealant. This will reduce the stress to your
fngers, hand, and Iorearm.
How It Works
Abattery (cordless gun) or compressed air
(pneumatic gun) provides the power to force
the caulk from the gun. Some guns have a
T I P S H E E T # 1 6
Power Caulking Guns
Problem: Manually squeezing caulking gun
Solution: Caulking adapter for drill
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variable speed control to manage sealant fow. You do need access to a power source. This may be an
electrical outlet or generator to charge the batteries in a cordless gun, or an air compressor to power a
pneumatic gun. When you use a pneumatic gun, the hose may produce some resistance (or drag) on
the tool, possibly increasing the grip force necessary.
Cordless guns are available for tube, sausage, and bulk caulks. A12-volt or higher cordless gun will
produce 600+ lbs. of thrust force. Pneumatic guns will handle sausage and bulk caulks.
Another device available is a caulk-dispensing adapter that can be used with a cordless drill or variable
speed AC drill. These adapters are available for 10 oz. and 30 oz. caulk cartridges.
Use of power caulking guns should result in less soft tissue fatigue, discomfort, and injury. Although
power caulking guns are heavier than non-powered guns, they do not require high hand Iorces to get the
caulk out of the gun.
One minor drawback is that pneumatic caulking guns are tethered to the air compressor with a hose, and
the hose must be moved along with the gun.
Approximate Cost
Cordless caulking guns, with 12-volt battery and charger, range from $200300, depending on size.
Pneumatic caulking guns start around $20. Caulking attachments for cordless drills cost $4550.
found on the internet using the following search terms:
Cordless Caulking Guns: cordless caulk (or caulking) gun
Pneumatic Caulking Guns: pneumatic caulk (or caulking) gun
Caulk-Dispensing Attachments for Drills: power caulker drill attachment
www.elcosh.org.
67
The Problem
From chainsaws to impact drills to soil
compactors, some hand-held power tools
can produce a lot of vibration. Certain tools
generate vibration levels so high that they
can damage the blood vessels and nerves in
your hands.
The problem usually begins with numbness
and tingling in your hands. After you have
been exposed to vibration for a while,
your fngertips may become discolored or
white, especially when they get cold. You
may also lose grip strength. In extreme
cases, gangrene is possible. This injury is
sometimes called 'white fnger or 'hand-
arm vibration syndrome (HAVS).
You are at greater risk of developing a
vibration-related injury if you use vibrating
power tools often or for long periods of time.
These injuries can be prevented, but there is
no cure once you have them.
One Solution
Use reduced vibration power tools. Many
tools are now available that are designed to
produce less vibration. They should always
be used with Iull-fngered anti-vibration
gloves that are certifed to meet International
Organization for Standardization (ISO)
vibration standards (ISO 10819). Gloves
that are not ISO-certifed may not reduce
vibration adequately, even when using a tool
designed for low vibration.
Always keep your hands warm when using
any vibrating tool, and use as light a hand
grip as possible. Using a lighter grip helps
reduce your exposure to vibration.
T I P S H E E T # 1 7
Reduced Vibration
Power Tools
Problem: Some soil compactors can produce high
vibration levels
Solution: Use reduced vibration tools
with anti-vibration gloves such as these
air bladder gloves
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How It Works
Many manufacturers now offer reduced vibration tools. Although there are no regulations limiting
vibration exposure in the U.S., there are limits in Europe and companies produce tools for both markets.
The European limits have been adopted by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) as
recommended exposure limits (S2.70-2006).
The possible harm caused by operating a vibrating tool is related to the level of vibration and the amount
of time the tool is used. The higher the vibration level, the shorter the time the tool can be used safely.
In 2002, the European Union limited ISO Irequency-weighted vibration exposure to an average oI 5
meters per second per second (m/s
2
) over any 8-hour period. For example, use of a tool with a high level
of vibration (10 m/s
2
) would be limited to a shorter period (2 hours per day). For text of the European
regulation search for Directive 2002/44/EC in any Internet search engine.
The National Institute Ior Working LiIe in Sweden lists vibration levels Ior hundreds oI specifc power
tools on the web (go to http://vibration.niwl.se/eng). Vibration measurements are approximate, not
absolute. They can vary depending on how the vibration is measured, how the tool is being used, and the
condition of the tool. Also check users manuals for vibration information.
If you know the vibration level of a tool, you can determine how much time you can safely use it. (This
is called trigger time.) There are several vibration exposure calculators on the web. If you enter a
tools vibration level (in m/s
2
) the calculator will tell you the trigger time. Vibration exposure calculators
can be used to help determine whether the tool you use produces too much vibration. Calculators can be
found online by using the following search terms: vibration exposure calculator.
Reduced vibration tools allows workers more trigger time with less risk of injury. Where trigger time
limits are enforced by the employer, using reduced vibration tools may also increase productivity. Using
anti-vibration gloves alone may not eliminate exposure to all harmful vibration.
Approximate Cost
Reduced vibration power tools are available for purchase and rental. Contact the tool manufacturer or
representative for prices. Anti-vibration work gloves usually cost $4050.
found on the internet using the following search terms: low vibration tools.
www.elcosh.org. Information, including additional vibration exposure calculators, is also available
from the Canadian Center for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS) at www.ccohs.ca.
69
The Problem
Frequent use oI a wire brush to clean or
ream pipes, grates, and other building
materials can strain your hands, wrists,
forearms, and elbows. Using the brush may
be light work, but you must bend your wrist
and use fast pulling, pushing, or rotating
motions. If you do this work often, you can
be at risk of a serious muscle or joint injury.
Your chance of developing a serious injury
increases when you have to apply high hand
force to the brush or use a pinch grip to hold
it. II you wear loose-ftting, thick gloves,
the brush may be harder to hold and require
more force.
One Solution
Place the wire brush in the chuck of a
battery-powered or corded screw gun or
screwdriver. The power tool will eliminate
the repeated hand, wrist, and forearm
motions and may improve your grip.
How It Works
The power tool rotates the brush for you.
Choose a power tool with a soft, non-slip
handle (plastic or rubber covering). The
handle should be large enough to ft your
whole hand. It should not have sharp edges
or ridges. You will need less hand strength to
grip this type of handle than to grip a brush.
The smaller handles on manual wire brushes
must be gripped with a Iew fngers, rather
than with the Iull hand. This requires more
muscle force.
T I P S H E E T # 1 8
Power Cleaning and
Reaming with a Brush
Problem: Brushing copper tube by hand
Solution: Using wire brush with power driver
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There will be less localized pressure on your hand because the handle wont dig into your skin. There
also will be fewer rapid movements of your hand, wrist, and forearm. The rotation of the power tool
replaces the motions necessary with the manual wire brush.
Many power tools can help keep your wrist straight. Some have handles that change from in-line to
pistol-grip (two-way handles). These prevent awkward wrist positions because the tool bendsnot your
wrist. Or, depending on the location of the work, you can use a power tool with either a pistol grip or in-
line handle, whichever best reduces wrist bending in each situation.
Using a power tool with the wire brush should result in less strain on your hand, wrist, forearm, and
elbow. It will also improve productivity because the work is faster than using a brush by hand.
You do need access to a power source. This may be an electrical outlet or generator to run a corded tool
or to charge the batteries in a cordless one.
Approximate Cost
ProIessional-quality tools can be purchased at most hardware, home improvement, and commercial
building supply stores. Prices vary and you should shop around before purchasing one. If you plan
to use the tool oIten, consider purchasing a heavy-duty contractor or proIessional-quality model. For
professional models, a corded screw gun runs $125150. Abattery-powered screw gun (14.418 volts)
is $180250. Abattery-powered screwdriver (2.43.4 volts) is $100125. Wire brushes are available as
accessories from many power tool manufacturers.
www.elcosh.org.
71
The Problem
Cutting sheet metal with snips takes a lot
of hand force. You often need to work with
your wrist in an awkward position. If you
do this work often or for long periods of
time, you may experience hand or wrist pain.
Eventually you may develop a serious injury.
Using the wrong snip for the job increases
your chance of injury. Snips come in many
shapes and sizes. Manufacturers produce
diIIerent snips Ior specifc tasks and specifc
workers. If you use left-cut snips to do a
right-cut task, your hand and wrist will be
in a stressful position and you will have
to use more force. If you cut sheet metal
that is thicker than the snip manufacturer
recommends, more force will also be
necessary. If you use dull snips, they will
make your work even harder.
One Solution
Use the right size and type of snip for the
task. New types of snips are available that
may ft your hand better, keep your wrist
straighter, and require less hand Iorce.
Any snip you use should be sharp and tight.
Do not use dull or damaged snips. Where
necessary use compound snips, which
provide much more power. Some compound
snips will increase your hand strength by 12
times. Electric snips are usually best when
you need to make many cuts.
Most snips are made for cutting soft metal
only. For hard metal, you should use other
cutting tools designed for that purpose.
Problem: All-purpose snips are not
suitable for every job
One solution: Tapping into duct
using upright snip
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T I P S H E E T # 1 9
Snips for Cuting
Sheet Metal
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How It Works
Improvements found in the newer snips include less space between the handles, soft grips and curved
handles. Using a curved handle can help keep your wrist straight. Asoft grip lowers the pressure on your
hand and fngers. When the space between handles is less, you may be able to get a better grip on the
tool. An upright snip can help keep your wrist straighter when working in confned areas or overhead.
No pair oI snips will work well Ior every task. Decide what the job requires and select the correct snips.
ManuIacturers make specifc snips Ior leIt and right cuts, straight cuts, and wide or tight curved cuts.
There are specifc snips Ior diIIerent gauges oI sheet metal. DiIIerent snips are made to ft leIt- and right-
handed workers.
Pay attention to the manuIacturer`s specifcations. ManuIacturers color-code snip handles Ior the type
oI cut they make yellow Ior straight, green Ior right, and red Ior leIt. Use snips that ft both your hand
and the job you do, either left-handed or right-handed. Always wear eye protection when using snips.
Choosing the correct snips should make the job easier. Your hand and wrist should be less tired, and less
likely to be injured. You also should be able to get the job done faster.
Approximate Cost
The best snip for the job should not cost much more than other snips. Newer snips are often between
$1040.
found on the internet using the following search terms: aviation snips + ergonomic design.
www.elcosh.org.
73
The Problem
When you tighten a standard lock nut around
the thread on a long rod, you have to twist
your hand, wrist, and forearm over and over.
Making these twisting movements can strain
the muscles and tendons in your hand, wrist,
and elbow. The strain can become more
serious if you do this work a lot and you
repeat the same movements for a long period
of time. You can eventually develop pain and
even a serious injury.
Your chance of injury depends on the
amount oI fnger pressure you use to hold
the nut, the distance the nut is threaded,
and the number of nuts threaded. Working
in positions where you have to reach above
your shoulders to thread the nut increases
your chance of injury.
One Solution
Use a quick-threading lock nut. Depending
on the type of nut, these can either snap onto
an all-thread rod at any position, or slide up
and down the rod freely. They eliminate the
repeated hand, wrist, forearm, and elbow
twisting. They can also reduce the time
you spend working above your shoulders
because they go on faster.
How It Works
There are two types oI quick-threading lock
nutstwo piece lock nuts and button lock
nuts.
T I P S H E E T # 2 0
Quick-Threading
Lock Nuts
Problem: Tightening conventional nut on all-thread
Solution: Two piece slip-on lock nut (top)
and button lock nut (bottom)
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When using the two piece lock nut, you twist the two sections of the nut apart until the slot is open, then
place the nut on the all-thread rod where you need it. Then twist the two sections together again until the
slot is closed and the sections are snug against each other. Finally, tighten the nut with a wrench until the
openings on the two sections face in opposite directions.
When using the button lock nut, you frst push the button to loosen the nut Irom the thread. Then slide
the nut to the spot you want. Let go of the button to make the nut re-connect with the thread. Then
tighten it as you would any nut.
Using quick-threading lock nuts should reduce the strain on your hand, wrist, and Iorearm. It should
therefore lessen the chance of pain and musculoskeletal injury. Because you spend less time working
above your shoulders, there is also less overall strain on your shoulders, neck, and back during a shift.
In addition, these nuts should lead to a gain in productivity because they take less time. They make
certain kinds oI work much easier, such as threading nuts in locations that are diIfcult to access. Quick-
threading lock nuts may not be appropriate Ior all jobs, and their use may require the approval oI the
building owner, architect, engineer, or general contractor.
Approximate Cost
The two piece lock nuts start at $23 each, depending on diameter. Metric sizes are available. The button
lock nuts start at approximately $6 each.
www.elcosh.org.
75
ANSI
American National Standards Institute. ANSI is a private, non-proft membership organization that
coordinates voluntary standards in many felds. ANSI encourages the private sector and government to
reach agreement on the need for standards and establish priorities.
Arthritis
Infammation oI a joint or joints in the body.
Awkward position
See Awkward posture.
Awkward posture
Deviation from the natural or neutral position of a body part. Aneutral position is one that puts
minimal stress on the body part. Awkward postures typically include reaching above or behind, twisting,
bending Iorward or backward, pinching, squatting, and kneeling. Working Irequently in awkward
postures can cause fatigue, pain, and musculoskeletal injury.
Body mechanics education
Education that emphasizes how best to align the musculoskeletal system during work and other activities
to reduce abnormal joint stress, muscle strain, and fatigue.
Bursa
Small, fat, fuid-flled sacs located in those areas oI the body where repeated pressure is exerted during
movement of body parts, such as the shoulder, elbow, and knee. Bursa allow these body parts to move
more easily.
Bursitis
Infammation or irritation oI the bursa, resulting in swelling, stiIIness, and pain.
Carpal tunnel
An opening inside the wrist through which the median nerve and several tendons pass. The tunnel is
formed by the wrist bones and a dense ligament.
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)
A condition in which there is pressure on the median nerve in the carpal tunnel. The nerve gets squeezed
when the tendons swell. Symptoms can include pain, tingling, or numbness in the hand, wrist, or arm.
These symptoms are often felt at night.
Cartilage
Thick, white connective tissue attached to the surfaces of bones where they contact other bones, forming
a low-friction cushion. It is structurally more rigid than a tendon.
Cervical vertebrae
Seven small irregular bones in the neck that support and allow head movement.
Glossary
76
Contact stress
Pressure on one specifc area oI the body (such as the Iorearm or sides oI the fngers) that can inhibit
nerve Iunction and blood fow in that area. It is caused by continuous or repeated contact with hard or
sharp objects such as table edges or unpadded, narrow tool handles.
Cumulative trauma disorder (CTD)
An injury that develops over a period oI time because oI repeated stress on a specifc body part, such
as the back, hand, wrist, or Iorearm. Muscles and joints are stressed, tendons are infamed, nerves are
pinched, and/or the fow oI blood is restricted. Similar to Repetitive stress injury.
Discs
See Intervertebral discs.
Disorder
Amedical condition in which some body function does not work as it should.
Epicondylitis
An infammation oI the tendons at the elbow. It is also called 'tennis elbow (lateral or outside part oI
the elbow), or golfers elbow (medial or inside part of the elbow).
Ergonomics
The science oI ftting workplace conditions and job demands to the capabilities oI workers` bodies.
Ergonomics program
Asystematic process, often spelled out in writing, for identifying, analyzing, and controlling ergonomic
hazards at a particular workplace.
Fatigue
Acondition that results when the body cannot provide enough energy for the muscles to perform a task.
Force
The amount of physical effort needed to do a task.
Gangrene
Death oI body tissue as a result oI a loss oI blood fow to the area.
Grip force
Physical force applied by the hand when holding or gripping an object.
Hand-arm vibration
Vibration (generally from a hand tool) that goes through the hand and can travel to the arm and other
areas of the body.
Hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS)
Numbness, tingling, and whitening oI the fngers due to exposure to hand-arm vibration. It is oIten
caused by using vibrating hand tools Irequently or Ior long periods oI time. It involves blood vessel
damage, such as closure oI the digital (fnger) arteries.
Herniated disc
Acondition where the soft inner part of an intervertebral disc pushes out through a tear in the disc.
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In-line grip
Ahand tool handle which is straight.
,QDPPDWLRQ
Aprotective response of the body to infection and injury. Symptoms may include tissue swelling,
redness, pain, and a feeling of warmth.
Intervertebral discs
Discs that sit between the bones of the spinal column (vertebrae) in the back and neck. The discs act as
cushions or shock absorbers between the bones. Discs have a strong outer wall and a soft inner gel.
ISO
The International Organization for Standardization. This is a non-governmental organization, a network
consisting of the national standards institutes of 157 countries.
Joint
The area where two bones are attached to allow body movement. Ajoint is usually formed of ligaments
and cartilage.
Ligaments
Strong rope-like fbers that connect one bone to another to Iorm a joint.
Manual material handling
LiIting, carrying, and moving materials without the help oI mechanical equipment.
Median nerve
The main nerve passing through the carpal tunnel in the wrist.
Muscle force
Physical force applied with the muscles.
Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs)
Agroup of conditions that involve the nerves, tendons, muscles, and supporting structures such as
intervertebral discs. The various conditions can differ in severity from mild symptoms once in a while to
severe chronic and disabling disorders. Examples include carpal tunnel syndrome, tenosynovitis, tension
neck syndrome, and low back pain.
Musculoskeletal system
The soft tissues and bones in the body. The parts of the musculoskeletal system are bones, muscles,
tendons, ligaments, cartilage, nerves, and blood vessels.
Nerves
Cordlike fbers that carry the signals controlling body movement and allowing senses like sight and
touch to work.
Neutral body posture
The natural position of body parts, the best position to minimize stress. For example, when standing, the
head should be aligned over the shoulders, shoulders aligned over hips, hips aligned over ankles, and
elbows at the side of the body.
78
Neutral position
See Neutral body posture.
NIOSH
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSH, part of the Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention (CDC) under the Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government
agency with a mandate to conduct and fund occupational safety and health research and training.
OSHA
Occupational Safety and Health Administration. OSHAis a federal government agency, part of the U.S.
Dept. of Labor, whose mission is to help prevent workplace injuries and protect the health of workers.
OSHAadopts and enforces workplace health and safety standards.
Pistol grip
Ahand tool handle which resembles the handle of a pistol and is typically used when the tool axis must
be horizontal.
Power grip
Agrasp in which the hand wraps completely around a handle. The handle runs parallel to the knuckles
and protrudes on either side.
Repetitive stress injury (RSI)
An injury caused by working in the same awkward position, or repeating the same stressful motions,
over and over. This is one type of Musculoskeletal disorder.
Risk factor
An action and/or condition that may cause an injury or illness, or make it worse. Examples related to
ergonomics include forceful exertion, awkward posture, and repetitive motion.
Rotator cuff
The main source of stability and mobility for the shoulder. Four muscles and their tendons make up the
rotator cuff. They wrap around the front, back, and top of the shoulder joint. They rotate the arm inward,
outward, and away from the side.
Rotator cuff tear
A tear in the rotator cuII caused by stress on the shoulder. A tear can make routine activities diIfcult and
painful.
Rotator cuff tendinitis
The most common shoulder disorder, involving infammation, pain, and oIten swelling in one or more
tendons of the rotator cuff. It is sometimes called pitchers shoulder.
Ruptured disc
See Herniated disc.
Soft tissues
Tissues that connect, support, or surround other structures and organs of the body.
Sprain
Overstretching or overexertion oI a ligament, resulting in a tear or rupture oI the fbers in the ligament.
79
Strain
An injury caused by a muscle, tendon, or ligament stretching.
Stress
Demand (or burden) on the human body caused by something outside of the body, such as a work
task, the physical environment, work-rest schedules, and social relationships.
Tendinitis
Infammation, Iraying, or tearing oI tendon fbers, resulting in pain and sometimes swelling.
Tendon
Tough rope-like material that connects the muscles to the bones. Tendons transfer forces and movements
from the muscles to the bones. Tendons do not stretch, and excessive force or twisting may cause them
to tear or fray like a rope.
Tenosynovitis
Infammation oI the lining oI the sheath that surrounds a tendon. The wrists, hands, and Ieet are the areas
commonly affected, although tenosynovitis may occur in any tendon sheath.
Tension neck syndrome (TNS)
Fatigue, stiffness, tenderness, swelling, weakness, or pain in the neck or shoulder area, or headache
radiating from the neck. It is caused by strain on various neck and shoulder muscles, often from long
periods of looking upward. The trapezius muscle is particularly affected and may develop a knot.
Thoracic outlet syndrome
Acumulative trauma disorder of the nerves and blood vessels of the shoulder and upper arm. Symptoms
are numbness in the fngers or arm. The pulse in the aIIected area may weaken.
Trapezius muscle
Alarge, thin muscle that runs from the upper back through the shoulder area to the neck. Straining this
muscle can cause tension neck syndrome.
7ULJJHUQJHU
A common term Ior tendinitis or tenosynovitis that causes painIul locking oI the fnger(s) while fexing
them. It can be caused by repeated pressure on a fnger, such as when using the trigger on a power tool.
Trigger time
The length of time a person can safely use a vibrating power tool, based on its vibration level.
Whole body vibration (WBV)
Working conditions that involve sitting, standing, or lying on a vibrating surface. Excessive exposure
may contribute to back pain.
Work-related musculoskeletal disorder (WMSD)
Amusculoskeletal disorder caused or made worse by the work environment. WMSDs can cause severe
symptoms such as pain, numbness, and tingling; reduced productivity; lost time from work; temporary
or permanent disability; loss of motion; inability to perform job tasks; and an increase in workers
compensation costs.
Denitions adapted in part from ergonomics materials provided by NIOSH, Cornell University, the Virginia
Polytechnic Institute and State University, and the Washington State Dept. of Labor and Industries.
80
81
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Tip Sheet #4. Kneeling Creepers
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83
Tip Sheet #5. Adjustable Scaffolding for Masonry Work
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Simple Solutions for Overhead Work Introduction
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Journal of Industrial Medicine 27(6):783-791.
Tip Sheet #6. Bit Extension Shafts for Drills and Screw Guns
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shoulder moment and electromyography. Ergonomics 44(5):489-501.
84
Tip Sheet #7. Extension Poles for Powder-Actuated Tools
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Tip Sheet #8. Spring-Assisted Drywall Finishing Tools
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Tip Sheet #9. Pneumatic Drywall Finishing Systems
Construction Safety Association of Ontario [2004]. Ergonomic and hygiene interventions to improve the health and safety
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85
Tip Sheet #10. Lightweight Concrete Block
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on masons. Olympia, WA: SHARP Program, Washington State Department of Labor and Industries.
Tip Sheet #11. Pre-Blended Mortar and Grout Bulk Delivery Systems
557566.
Goldsheyder D, Nordin M, Weiner SS, Hiebert R [2002]. Musculoskeletal symptom survey among mason tenders. American
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Tip Sheet #12. Skid Plates to Move Concrete-Filled Hoses
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construction. 128th Annual Meeting of American Public Health Association, Boston, MA. [apha.confex.com/apha/128am/
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back disorders in concrete laborers. Applied Ergonomics 35(5):427-441.
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Tip Sheet #13. Vacuum Lifters for Windows and Sheet Materials
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Simple Solutions for Hand-Intensive Work Introduction
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2000/HFES 2000 Congress, USA, July 29 - August 4, 2000.
86
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and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health,
DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-141.
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American Journal of Industrial Medicine 42(2):107-116.
Schoenmarklin RW, Marras WS, Leurgans SE [1994]. Industrial wrist motions and risk of cumulative trauma disorders in
industry. Ergonomics 37(9):1449-1459.
Tip Sheet #14. Ergonomic Hand Tools
Adapted from the booklet Easy Ergonomics: A Guide to Selecting Non-Powered Hand Tools (2004), a joint publication of the
California Dept. of Occupational Safety and Health (Cal/OSHA) and NIOSH. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health
and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health,
DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No.2004-164. Other sources include:
Anton D, Cook TM, Rosecrance JC, Merlino LA |2003|. Method Ior quantitatively assessing physical risk Iactors during
variable noncyclic work. Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment and Health 29(5):354-362.
Dababneh A, Waters T [1999] The ergonomic use of hand tools: guidelines for the practitioner. Applied Occupational and
Environmental Hygiene 14:208-215.
Dababneh A, Lowe B, Krieg E, Kong YK, Waters T [2004]. Achecklist for the ergonomic evaluation of nonpowered hand
tools. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 1(12):D135-D145.
Merlino LA, Rosecrance JC, Anton D, Cook TM [2003]. Symptoms of musculoskeletal disorders among apprentice
construction workers. Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 18(1):57-64.
Oregon Department oI Consumer and Business Services, Workers` Compensation Division |2001|. Worksite modifcation
digest. [wcd.oregon.gov//communications/publications/2184.pdf]. Date accessed: September 2005.
Radwin RG [2003]. Ergonomically-designed hand tools. Presentation at the American Industrial Hygiene Conference and
Exposition. [homepages.cae.wisc.edu/~radwin/presentations.htm]. Date accessed: September 2005.
Tichauer ER, Gage H [1977]. Ergonomic principles basic to hand tool design. American Industrial Hygiene Association
Journal 38(11):622-634.
Tip Sheet #15. Easy-Hold Glove for Mud Pans
Moore JS |1997|. De Quervain`s tenosynovitis: Stenosing tenosynovitis oI the frst dorsal compartment. Journal oI
Occupational and Environmental Medicine 39(10):990-1002.
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Orthopaedic Research 15(3):422-426.
87
Shaw G, Joyce T |2002|. Ergonomics oI drywall fnishing - How fnishing tools and techniques aIIect repetitive strain injuries
in the fnishing trades. ConIerence Proceedings, 12
th
Annual Construction Safety and Health Conference, Rosemont, Illinois,
May 21-23, 2002. [www.apla-tech.com/pdf/ergo.pdf]. Date accessed: September 2006.
Tip Sheet #16. Power Caulking Guns
Dababneh A, Lowe B, Krieg E, Kong YK, Waters T [2004]. Achecklist for the ergonomic evaluation of nonpowered hand
tools. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 1(12):D135-D145.
Methner MM |2000|. Identifcation oI potential hazards associated with new residential construction. Applied Occupational
and Environmental Hygiene 15(2):189-192.
Tichauer ER, Gage H [1977]. Ergonomic principles basic to hand tool design. American Industrial Hygiene Association
Journal 38(11):622-634.
Tip Sheet #17. Reduced Vibration Power Tools
GriIfn MJ, Howarth HVC, Pitts PM, Fischer S, Kaulbars U, Donati PM, Bereton PF |2005|. Guide to good practices on
hand-arm vibration (V7.7). [www.humanvibration.com/EU/VIBGUIDE/HAV_Good_practice_Guide_V7.7_English_260506.
pdf]. Date accessed: October 2006.
Naval SaIety Center |2006|. Acquisition saIety vibration. |www.saIetycenter.navy.mil/acquisition/vibration/deIault.htm|.
Date accessed: November 2006.
Tip Sheet #18. Power Cleaning and Reaming with a Brush
None.
Tip Sheet #19. Snips for Cutting Sheet Metal
Anton D, Rosecrance J, Gerr F, Reynolds J, Meyers A, Cook T [2007]. Effect of aviation snip design and task height on upper
extremity muscular activity and wrist posture. Journal of Occupational & Environmental Hygiene 4:99-113.
Merlino LA, Rosecrance JC, Anton D, Cook TM [2003]. Symptoms of musculoskeletal disorders among apprentice
construction workers. Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 18(1):57-64.
Tip Sheet #20. Quick-Threading Lock Nuts
Pope DP, Silman AJ, Cherry NM, Pritchard C, Macfarlane GJ [2001]. Association of occupational physical demands and
psychosocial working environment with disabling shoulder pain. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 60:852-858
Sommerich CM, McGlothlin JD, Marras WS [1993]. Occupational risk factors associated with soft tissue disorders of the
shoulder: a review of recent investigations in the literature. Ergonomics 36(6):697-717.
88
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(NIOSH) at:
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