COMPARISON ON THE GROWTH AND YIELD PERFORMANCE OF ARROWROOT (Maranta arundinaceae L.

) UNDER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY BASED FARMING AND TRADITIONAL FARMERS PRACTICE

Ramonchito F. Castillo Southern Luzon State University COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE March 2013

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Background of the Study Arrowroot (Maranta arundinaceae L.) is a low perennial herb found in rainforest habitats which is often cultivated for starch obtained from its rhizome. It can grow about 2ft. high, has a small white flowers and fruits. Arrowroot is a product of West Indies which has a rich history in the culture that its very name arrowroot was derived from the indigenous tribe Arawaks. According to historians Arawak people used arrowroot powder to draw out poisonous toxins from those wounded by tip of poisoned arrows. Arrowroot is indigenous in tropical America but has spread to other countries such as Brazil, India, Ceylon, Indonesia, and the Philippines. Arrowroot was first introduced in the Philippines in 1918 (Olfato, 2010). Generally, Arrowroot has large leaves that are thick and fleshy and the creeping roots are long and fibrous. The flour is almost similar to cornstarch being white, fine and powdery; the arrowroot powder is a healthier alternative. It is the only starch product with calcium ash which is important for the maintenance of proper acid and alkali balances in the human body (Fallon, 2000). It is a sturdy crop that thrives as long as there is enough soil moisture for growth and development. The crop grows best where rainfall is uniformly distributed throughout the year. Moreover, arrowroot a tuber can be an effective substitute for corn in broiler rations and are consider being excellent roughage for animal feeds. The fibrous by-product can also be used to feed cattle and swine while leaves can be served as a packaging material.

Today, arrowroot is mainly cultivated for its starch. Easily digestible, it is extracted and sold in the market as a dry white powder. One of the good characteristics of arrowroot that it has long shelf life and source of one of the purest carbohydrates, which is a highly digestible, making it a suitable ingredient in making infant foods and medicinal tablets. Superior quality starch is used in the making biscuits, pastries, cookies and other culinary goodies. This study is under the collaboration of Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCARRD) and Southern Luzon State University. The project is a comparative study evaluating the productivity rates of arrowroot under Science and Technology Based Farming (STBF) and Magsasaka Siyentista (MS) or Farmers practice of Catanuan, Quezon. Science and Technology Based Farming (STBF) involve applying the recommended and established agronomic practices in arrowroot production. While on the other hand Magsasaka Siyentista involves traditional and indigenous practices in arrowroot production such as the busok tanim. This project aims to improve efficiency, to enhance productivity, and to provide effective technology for the arrowroot farmers which translates a better profit. Catanauan, Quezon lies along the coastal lines of Bondoc Peninsula in the southern part of Quezon province. It is bounded on the North by the municipality of Lopez, on the northeast by the municipality of Buenavista ; on the east and southeast by the municipality of Mulanay , on the south and southwest by Tayabas bay; and on the west and northwest by the municipality of Gen. Luna , Quezon. It has an area of 244 square kilometers more or less. It is approximately 264.205 kilometers from Metro Manila and 128 kilometers from the provincial capital Lucena City. The climate of

Catanauan is characterized by dry season from March to May and rainy season from October to December. The Municipality is affected by annual south monsoon wind from July to December. Arrowroot production and processing of its based products is fast gaining and viable enterprise in Catanauan, Quezon. Currently the town is the source of arrowroot flour in region 4A. In fact, local processors from Laguna, Bulacan, Tayabas, and Marinduque sourced their flour in Catanauan (Olfato, 2012). The Department of Agriculture is looking at arrowroot flour as possible substitute for wheat flour while the DOST determined that 25% arrowroot flour can effectively substitute 69% of corn requirement in broiler ration. In addition the product was accorded higher importance when it was declared the One-town-One-Product (OTOP) of Catanauan (PDI, 2012). As there are promising utility of arrowroot mentioned above, therefore research should be geared for the purpose of increasing its production for commercialization to meet the needs of the industry in the years to come. However, the industry is beset by two major problems: 1) low production due to indigenous practices and 2) lack of processing equipment resulting to scarcity and poor quality of flour supply which further translates to low profit of farmers. As a solution to the problem, farming based on science and technology interventions is proposed that apply the recommended and established agronomic practices in arrowroot production. Specifically, it aims to improve efficiency, to enhance productivity and to provide effective technology for the arrowroot farmers. Improving efficiency and enhancing productivity will be done using established planting distance and application of organic fertilizer. Extension activity will also be conducted for the

adoption of the technology, specifically the planting of arrowroot based on science and technology, and the use of design dryer. Significance of the Study Arrowroot has a potential to be a sustainable crop due to its food and industrial uses, farmers are continuously growing it due to its promising utility. Up to this date, a limited research have been done about arrowroot, this proves that there is a need to study arrowroot to increase its productivity. Furthermore, it is imperative to start and continuously search for arrowroot production technology which is location specific to help the local arrowroot growers to increase their productivity which will ultimately result to the improvement of their living conditions. Moreover, results of the study will serve as a source of information to the students to further their knowledge on this, mostly to the farmers who are engaged and will be engaged in arrowroot production.

Objectives Generally, this study will be to determine the growth and yield productivity of arrowroot between Science and technology Base Farming and the Traditional Farmers Practice to evaluate the following: a. Monthly height of the plant b. Monthly number of shoots c. Rhizome yield in ton/ha d. Date of Maturity/flowering e. Size of rhizome Length Diameter

f. Flour recovery Scope and limitations This study was limited to the evaluation on the growth and yield performance of arrowroot under Science and technology Based Farming and Traditional Farmers Practice. The growth and yield characteristics to be considered are plant height, total number of shoots, and the yields in terms tons/ha. The study will be conducted at Brgy. Matandang sabang Catanauan, Quezon.

Definition of terms To understand this study more easily the following terms are defined. Arrowroot- is a low perennial herb found in rainforest habitats which is often cultivated for starch obtained from its rhizome. Bugsok-tanim- it is an indigenous practice done by farmers of Catanauan, Quezon in planting arrowroot. It includes the direct planting after harvesting without land preparation. Growth- it is an irreversible increase in height and number of shoots. Magsasaka Siyentista (MS)- person/farmer that applies the traditional farmers practice Bugsok tanim in arrowroot production. This practice will be applied as treatment 2. Performance- is the execution of an action, the growth rate of the plants. Replication- is the appearance of more than one treatment in an experiment to provide a means for estimating experimental error. Rhizome- is an edible part of the arrowroot plant that can be harvested. Starch- is generally flour obtained from the rhizome after it undergoes washing, grinding, drying, water settling, and re-drying. Science and Technology Based Farming (STBF)- a system that apply the agronomic practices of arrowroot production. This system will be applied as treatment 1.

Treatment- refers to the single conditions representing the factors to be studied. Vermicompost- organic fertilizer/ product of from decomposition of farm waste such as animal manure and crop residues with the aid of worm known as the African night crawler. The vermicompost used in the experiment have an analysis of 1.57-0.570.65. Yield- the amount of quantity returned.

CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE This chapter presents the review of related literature and studies that provides a basis for methodologies and discussion of the results obtained. Arrowroot Arrowroot (Maranta arundinaceae L.) is an herbaceous perennial, growing usually about 3ft and bearing oval leaves. The rootstock forms cylindrical rhizome below the soil surface. It is this rhizome, which are about 9-12 inches long 1 inch thick, that provide the starch that has made cultivation of the crop commercially feasible. In West Indies particularly in St. Vincent, there are native varieties of arrowroot, namely: Banana and Creole variety. The Creole variety has long thin rhizome, which spread more widely and penetrate more deeply into the soil. The Banana variety has shorter, thicker, less fibrous rhizomes, and produced near the soil surface. These two varieties do not seed, and propagation has so far by means of rhizome bits. The plant is extremely resistant to adverse weather conditions and has hitherto been subjected to only one disease, the Arrowroot burning disease (Rosillinea bunodes) and one pest, the Arrowroot Leaf roller (Calpodea ethleus): even these have been relatively minor in their effect (Martin C.I. 1986). In the Philippines, arrowroot is mainly cultivated in Catanuan, Quezon. The crop is grown mostly in semi-cultivated region and rainfall is uniformly distributed throughout the year. Taxonomically, there is no distinct variety of arrowroot; however in Tiaong

experimental Station has so far collected different strains of arrowroot namely: Cuenca strain, San Pablo strain and a foreign one from Africa. Calauan strain was discovered in 1962 at coconut grove in Calauan, Laguna. (Candelaria 1994). Most of the time, this crop is not domesticated but just grows wildly in the different parts of the mountain. However, if given the necessary care and management, this crop can produce a yield ranging from 27-29 tons per hectare. When planted under coconut or intercropped with fruit trees, arrowroot produced at least 65 % of what it normally yields (Gonzaga, 1988). Arrowroot strains in Bicol, Quezon and Palawan have almost same characteristics which yielded 17 tons of tubers under partial shading (Tabinga, 1982). In the study by Malinis and Pacardo (2012), it has been stated that analysis of arrowroot reveals the following contents: Starch (27.17%); fiber fat, albumen, sugar, gum, ash and water (62.83%). Arrowroot starch is white, odorless and tasteless either in the form of powder or in more or less aggregate masses which rarely exceed a pea in size. The bitter resinous substance in the skin of the rhizome can be removed in the preparation of starch during peeling. Arrowroot is an edible starch obtained from the rhizomes or underground stems of several tropics herbs. The perennial plant, produce a genuine arrowroot in large of 20 40 cm or 9 14 inches rhizomes. It is usually grown in a loamy type soil and the climatic requirements are warm and moist. It requires 8 10 months to grow before it is harvested.

Arrowroot is an effective substitute for corn in broiler ration. A 25% level of arrowroot meal formulation proved to be the best ration for broiler replacing 69% of the yellow corn in poultry ration. Cultural Requirements and Practices of Arrowroot The following is a summary of cultural practices of arrowroot as stated in Arrowroot Plant industry Guide by Gonzaga C., Estrella., D., et.al. : Arrowroot thrives anywhere in the Philippines provided there is enough moisture in the soil for its normal growth and development. It grows best in places where rainfall is uniformly distributed throughout the year. The rhizomes are resistant to inclement weather and can stay long in the soil. They germinate in the same area where they have been planted. Soil Requirements Arrowroot requires a friable, well drained loamy soil. However, soil at the foot of the hills, in valley and newly opened areas are preferable. Clayey soil must be avoided since it induce poor rhizome development and usually cause the deformation of the rhizome which tends to break during harvesting. It is advisable to plant this crop in an open field provided there is sufficient moisture throughout its growing period. Planting in partially shaded areas can also be done but with reduce yield. Land Preparation Prepare the land by plowing and harrowing two or three times depending upon the soil structure. Plow deep enough to provide favorable condition for better root development.

Planting Arrowroot can be propagated by suckers and rootstock or rhizomes with two or more nodes each. Two suckers may be planted to a hill at a distance of 1.0 x 0.75 meters. Under poor soil condition, the hills should set closer about 0.75 x 0.30 meters apart. Irrigation No irrigation needed provided there is enough moisture in the soil especially at the early stage of growth. Fertilization The crop responds well to fertilization. In a study conducted at UPLB, yield of 18.47 tons and 26.73 tons were harvested when 90 kg/ha and 180 kg ha of nitrogen were applied respectively, while the control yielded only 12.15 tons /ha. Compost or commercial fertilizer can be applied to the plant. An application of 300 to 400 kg of 14-14-14 per hectare is recommended. Weeding and Cultivation Simultaneous weeding and cultivation must be done during the first three to four months, depending upon the weed population in the field. Alternate hilling-up and off-barring must be employed until the plants are bid enough to cover spaces between rows.

Arrowroot Production in Kerala, India The following is a summary of cultural practices of arrowroot in Kerala, India as stated in Underutilized and underexploited Horticultural crops by K.V. Peter 2007: Arrowroot propagation Rhizomes are usually used as planting materials. Small pieces of rhizomes of size 4-7 cm with 2-4 nodes known as bits are used for planting about 3000-5000kg of bits are required to plant one hectare. Crop management The soil should be brought to a fine tilt by deep plowing prior to the onset of monsoon. The bits are planted 5-7.5 cm deep and about 30x30 cm apart in raised beds of 15-20 cm height, 50 cm breadth and convenient length. Trials conducted by Central Tuber Crop Research Institute (CTCRI), Trivandum, Kerala, India, revealed that the planting at spacing of 30x15 cm produced significantly higher tuber yield. Thin Rhizome or cigar roots should not be planted. Shoots come up within 15 days. Suckers are occasionally used for planting. Suckers are separated from the clump at harvest and planted at 30-45 cm apart in the nursery during off season. These suckers give rise to new plants, which are uprooted and the canopy cut-off to retain 10com of the shoot intact with roots. The field should be kept be clean and free from weeds during the first 3-4 months. Earthling-up or hilling up should be done along with weeding. Mulching with green or dry leaves is essential after planting. The crop is planted during the last week of May or June with the onset of rains and grown as a rain fed crop. If a dry spell occurs during the first 3-4 months, supplementary irrigation at weekly intervals should be given, optimum

soil moisture throughout the growing period is essential for good yield. Flowers are nipped off as they appear. Fertilization The use of 10tons/ha of FYM/Farmyard manure or compost is recommended for arrowroot. Arrowroot grown as a pure crop recorded maximum yield, when NPK was applied 150:75:150 kg/ha respectively. Different growth characters like plant height, number of leaves, number of suckers and leaf area were at maximum at higher levels of N and K. Quality characters like starch, protein and crude fiber were increased by higher levels of nitrogen. Increase in potassium levels had a positive effect on starch and protein contents but fiber content showed a declining trend. Arrowroot as intercrop in coconut gardens Arrowroot can be successfully grown as an intercrop in coconut gardens as it tolerates partial shade. When grown as intercrop, it is planted at a spacing of 30x30 cm in rained beds. Rhizomes of weight 20-25g are preferred as planting materials. Farmyard manure at 20t/ha along with NPK at 75:50:50 kg/ha in the recommended fertilizer dose for arrowroot intercropped in coconut garden. FYM is applied 21 days before planting. Application of full dose of phosphorus and half dose of potash are given during planting as basal dose. Fifty percent dose of nitrogen is given 60 days after planting and the remaining 50% nitrogen and potassium is given 60 days after planting. The highest yield of 13.3t/ha could be obtained in arrowroot under rain fed condition with the application of 50:25:75 kg NPK/ha in coconut plantation. Growth

characters like plant height, sucker number, leaf number and protein content were increased by the highest amount of FYM e.i. 20t/ha (K.V. Peter (2012). Harvesting The rhizomes are ready for harvest by 10-12 months after planting. Maturity for harvest is indicated by yellowing and wilting of leaves. At this time, the stem fall over or lodge. Harvesting is done by digging up the plants and separating Rhizomes from the leafy stems. The maximum starch at 12 months but the Rhizomes turn more fibrous and are difficult to extract the starch. Rhizomes are harvested 10-11 months after planting. After 12 months period starch content declines and the sugar content increases. Yields vary enormously and range from 7.5-37t/ha. Proximate analysis of fresh rhizome includes: 63.4% moisture, starch 25-30% sugar and dextrin 2.19%, crude fiber 3.9% and ash 0.9%. Extraction of Starch Rhizome is the economic part used for production of starch. The rhizome is washed and cleaned. Tips of rhizomes, which are poor in starch, are cut off and the rest of the material is peeled and pulped. The pulped is mixed with water and strained through a coarse cloth to remove fiber and other impurities. The milky fluid is collected in glazed tanks and the starch is allowed to settle. Re-suspension and Re-settling are done several times. It may be done centrifuging. The starch deposited is dried in sun or in low temperature driers. The product is stored in closed moisture proof containers. Chlorination of water helps to prevent bacterial fermentation. The starch is graded on the basis of color, ash pulp, and fiber. Good quality starch should contain maximum moisture

content of 13.0% only, total ash of 0.3%, and insoluble ash of 0.1% and pH of 4.5-7 (K.V. Peter (2012). Arrowroot Production in Catanauan, Quezon Planting of arrowroot used by the farmers was no standard procedure. Farmers may include land preparations if the land is not tilled yet. They planted arrowroot using the bugsok-tanim method without fertilization where after harvesting there will be no land preparation, they will plant back the plant in the same where it was harvested and harvest it them again in the next harvesting season. Arrowroot Growth and Yield As cited by Olfato (2010), the study conducted by Salvacion, 1992 in Catanuan, Quezon, shows an average rhizome yield of 14.015 tons/hectare. In the same year, the yield obtained by Goma shows 12.70 tons/hectare in the trials she made in Laguna. These show that this crop has the potential of giving high yield by following the improved package of technology and appropriate fertilization strategy. A study done by Oflato (2010), for two cropping season in Matandang Sabang Silangan(MSS) and Matandang Sabang Kanluran(MSK) Catanuauan, Quezon on improving the cultural management practices of arrowroot, During the first cropping MSS yielded 21.2tons/ha and have recovered 1,735.1 kg of flour and apparently, in MSK which yielded 8.9 tons/ha and have recovered 600.8 kg of flour. While during the second cropping MSS yielded 33.6 tons/ha and have recovered 2665.4 kg of flour and apparently, MSK yielded 22.5 tons/ha and recovered 1751.2 kg of flour. These such results proves that improved cultural management practices of arrowroot such as: 1) land

preparation to include one-time plowing and two times harrowing; 2) use of new planting materials (suckers) every cropping season; 3) cutting of the top leaves and the excess roots of the suckers before planting 4) fertilization of organic fertilizer based soil analysis 5) planting of 3 suckers in triangular manner in one hill; 6) using the planting distance of 50x30cm; and 7) weeding of 2-3 times during the cropping, is effective to increase the Arrowroot yield performance. In the study by Malinis and Pacardo in Bicol State University (2012), arrowroot was planted on a 14m x 28m Area with 16 plots of 3.5m by 7m dimension. It was with the planting distance of 50cm x 30cm in a sandy loam type soil and was tested for shaded and open to sunlight. The arrowroot yielded 2.5 kg/m2 or 25 tons/ha in open area and 1.7kg/m2 or 20 tons/ha was noticed in shaded area. Arrowroot Technology and Mechanization in Processing In the study by Malinis and Pacardo on the Adaption of arrowroot processing technologies developed by Bicol University College of Agriculture and Forestry, Albay in 2004, Processing plant analysis showed a capacity of 1000 kg/day with starch recovery of 12-14%, machine efficiencies ranges from 86 to 99%. The operational cost of the processing system was at 7.00/kg to include 2.00/kg from washing to water removal, drying at 1.50/kg, and buying price of P5.00/kg for fresh tubers. Economic analysis resulted to an ROI of 42.53% at 960 hours annual use. Added value per kg of processed arrowroot is at 2.20/kg excluding by-products. The processing arrowroot is technically and economically feasible in producing quality starch.

Processing Technology reported that the rhizomes are washed and the skin scales carefully peeled from the white fleshy core, otherwise they impart a bitter taste to the final product. The peeled rhizomes are washed again and grated into a coarse pulp. The pulp is then mixed with a large quantity of clean water and the mixture passed over a series of sieving to separate fiber. The liquid is allowed to stand and the starch out on long tables. The starch is removed from the tables mixed with more water and resettled overnight. The lumps of starch are placed on racks to air-dry, a process which can take from 4 14 days according to the weather and which can result in the material. Become in a division. After drying lumps of starch are pulverized and prepared for marketing in different grades according to viscosity ratings. It is packed in moisture proof bags (Malinis and Pacardo 2012). In the large scale processing, the arrowroot tubers are thoroughly washed in special tanks. They are then cut into small pieces, rasped and crushed into a pulp. The Pulp is then passed in a continuous flow of water into a series of three vibrator sieves. The starch milk then passes to the separator. The residues remaining on the sieves are crushed and sieved twice more to effect the maximum extraction of starch the resultant starch milk is passed to the separator. The separator divides the starch from the water within four minutes and it is next mixed with fresh water, passed through a fine sieve of 120 mesh wire cloth and recentrifuge. The starch is then mixed with fresh water, treated with sulphuric acid and fed into settling tanks. After the starch has settled, the supernatant liquid is run off and the upper layers of sediment are washed away by vigorous hosing to remove as much as possible of the residual fibrous tissue. The starch is then dried in low

Temperature 131 -150F (55 60C) driers for 4-11 days to a moisture content of approximately 17 percent or slightly less. When dry, the starch is pulverized and packed (Malinis and Pacardo 2012). According to Olfato 2012, Washing is very important in the processing of arrowroot flour. In small-scale technology, rhizomes are washed several times before it is grated into a coarse pulp. Large quantity of water is also needed when mixing the pulp. In large-scale technology, water is needed in large amount. Pulps need continuous flow of water in a series of three vibratory sieves. The starch is always mixed with fresh water when settling the final product. As cited by Olfato, Malinis 2006 reported that mechanization technology solves the laborious and tedious operation in the arrowroot flour processing. Washing, rasping, juice extraction, drying and milling could be mechanized. Washing could be done using mechanical washer with a washing efficiency of 92% pass into the granulator, extraction through the multi-crop crusher and drying using the tray type dryer.

Conceptual Framework

Arrowroot Production

Science and Technology Based Farming Practice (STBF)

Traditional Farmers Practice

Growth and Yield Performance

Growth and Yield Performance Comparison

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY Research Locale The study will be conducted in a farmers field in Matandang Sabang Silangan Catanauan, Quezon. Experimental design, treatment and data analysis The experiment used a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). A total of 250 sq. meters experimental area was utilized. This was divided into two blocks to represent number of replication. Each block was subdivided into 2 plots measuring 125 sq.m each where such two (2) treatments were assigned. T1- STBF T2- MS The data gathered was tested using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) while significant difference among treatment means was determined with the use of LSD test at 5% level. Cultural Practices Collection of Soil Sample This was done September 2012 before preparation of experimental area. Soil sample was collected in different part of the area and was brought in Analytical Services Laboratory Soils and Agro-Systems Division in College of Agriculture, UPLB.

Sampling Method The sampling method will used Systematic random sampling . Preparation of experimental plots STBF plots An area of 125 sq. m was used for the experimental plot. Land preparation will be done April 2013. The area will be plowed the harrowed thoroughly. The bed will be raised for good drainage one week before planting, and to prevent soil-borne disease sterilization process will be done by burning rice straw on the bed surface. MS plots Same as the size and time of preparation of STBF plot 125 sq. m will be utilized. Land preparation will only include plowing, harrowing and furrowing. Distance of Planting and Planting Materials STBF plots The planting materials will be selected from good quality

suckers/rhizomes, 3000 kg/ ha of bits, 30 to 50 g rhizome pieces will be used as planting materials and it will be planted three suckers in triangular manner in one hill with a planting distance of 50 x 75 cm distance between rows. MS plots Same as the preparation for STBF plots the only difference is that it will be planted with an average distance of 30 x 30 cm distance between rows.

Fertilization STBF plots This study will use vermicompost as fertilizer base on soil analysis at the rate of ____. MS Plots Traditional practice of growing arrowroot in Catanauan, Quezon have no fertilization scheme. Weed Control/Hilling-up Weeding will be done intermittently of 2-3 times in the whole cropping period for the both treatments. Harvesting Arrowroot can be harvested 9 to 10 months after planting. Harvesting will be done by digging up the plants and separating Rhizomes from the leafy stems. Processing for Recovery The harvested rhizomes will be washed and cleaned. The tips of the rhizomes will be cut-off and rest of the material will be cut-off and the rest of the material will be peeled and pulped. The pulped will be mix with water and strained thorough a coarse cloth to remove fibers and other impurities. The milky fluid will be collected and the starch will be allowed to settle. Re-suspension and Re-settling will be done several times to maximize the flour recovery. After being settled and deposited it will be subjected for drying. The harvest from STBF will be dried using the fabricated dryer and from the MS practice it will be dried under the sun.

Data gathering procedures 1. Growth a. Average Monthly Plant height This character was obtained from 50 sample plants per treatment starting from the marker to the tallest leaf at a 30days interval. b. Average Number of shoots/plant It was taken from the same sampling units where plant height character was measured. The number of shoots produced by plant from 50 hills each treatment at 30 days interval. 2. Yield a. Volume of yield -Average yield/plant -Average Yield/ha b. Size of rhizome and weight of the plant -In terms of length and diameter -Weight of the plant -Flour Recovery 3. Date of maturity

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Experimental Lay-out T1- Science and Technology Based Farming (STBF) T2- Traditional Farmers Practice/ MS practice

T1 N S

BLOCK I

BLOCK II

T1

T2

T2

Figure.1 Experimental Layout