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    Cornell CS578: Hypothesis Testing

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    Ian
    This document provides an overview of key statistical concepts for interpreting empirical results, including the mean, variance, standard deviation, confidence intervals, hypothesis testing using t-tests, and error bars. It defines the mean as the average value and variance as the spread of values. The standard error and confidence intervals are used to estimate how representative the mean is of the true population. Hypothesis testing with t-tests compares sample means to determine if they are significantly different or could be from the same population by chance. Error bars on graphs indicate standard errors or confidence intervals around the mean.

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    Cornell CS578: Hypothesis Testing

    Uploaded by

    Ian
    109 views2 pages
    This document provides an overview of key statistical concepts for interpreting empirical results, including the mean, variance, standard deviation, confidence intervals, hypothesis testing using t-tests, and error bars. It defines the mean as the average value and variance as the spread of values. The standard error and confidence intervals are used to estimate how representative the mean is of the true population. Hypothesis testing with t-tests compares sample means to determine if they are significantly different or could be from the same population by chance. Error bars on graphs indicate standard errors or confidence intervals around the mean.

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    This document provides an overview of key statistical concepts for interpreting empirical results, including the mean, variance, standard deviation, confidence intervals, hypothesis testing using t-tests, and error bars. It defines the mean as the average value and variance as the spread of values. The standard error and confidence intervals are used to estimate how representative the mean is of the true population. Hypothesis testing with t-tests compares sample means to determine if they are significantly different or could be from the same population by chance. Error bars on graphs indicate standard errors or confidence intervals around the mean.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    109 views2 pages

    Cornell CS578: Hypothesis Testing

    Uploaded by

    Ian
    This document provides an overview of key statistical concepts for interpreting empirical results, including the mean, variance, standard deviation, confidence intervals, hypothesis testing using t-tests, and error bars. It defines the mean as the average value and variance as the spread of values. The standard error and confidence intervals are used to estimate how representative the mean is of the true population. Hypothesis testing with t-tests compares sample means to determine if they are significantly different or could be from the same population by chance. Error bars on graphs indicate standard errors or confidence intervals around the mean.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 2

    Mean & Variance

    Introduction to N

    Interpreting Empirical Results ∑x i


    i=1
    Mean(x) = x =
    and N
    Hypothesis Testing
    N

    ∑ (x − x ) i
    2

    Variance(x) = S 2 = i=1
    N

    StdDev(x) = S = Var(x)

    Confidence Interval of Mean Error Bars


    StdErr(x ) = StdDev(x ) = S N • Typically 1 or 2 standard errors about mean
    • Always specify what error bars are
    • If 1 StdErr error bars do not overlap over regions of graph,
    ±1S ≈ 68% typically assume results significantly different in regions
    ±2S ≈ 95%
    ±3S ≈ 99%

    Confidence _ Interval
    95% : X −1.96S < true _ mean < X + 1.96S

    1
    Hypothesis: Two Pops Have Same Mean Hypothesis Testing continued (t-test)

    • t-test • calculate t statistic (see previous slide)

    • Given sample sizes, means, and variances, what • Find critical values of t in table for alpha = 0.05 (or 0.01,
    0.001) with (N1+N2-2) degrees of freedom
    are chances of seeing this large a difference in
    • One-sided:
    mean by chance?
    – testing one mean is larger than other
    X1 − X 2 – E.g., for (alpha=0.05, N 1=N2=10): t = 1.734
    t=
    S pooled (1/ N1 ) + (1/ N 2 ) • Two-sided:
    – testing means are different
    – E.g., for (alpha=0.05, N 1=N2=10): t = 2.101
    2 2
    (N1 −1)S + (N 2 −1)S2
    1
    S pooled =
    N1 + N 2 − 2

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