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    Simple Pass2 Assembler

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    jyotsna
    This document describes the functions and implementation of a simple two-pass assembler. It discusses: 1) The main functions of a two-pass assembler which are to translate mnemonic operation codes to machine language and assign addresses to symbolic labels. 2) The key data structures used which are an operation code table (OPTAB) to map mnemonics to machine codes, a location counter (LOCCTR) to track addresses, and a symbol table (SYMTAB) to store label names and addresses. 3) The two-pass process where pass 1 assigns addresses and stores labels in the SYMTAB, and pass 2 generates object codes using addresses from the SYMTAB.

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    Simple Pass2 Assembler

    Uploaded by

    jyotsna
    10K views28 pages
    This document describes the functions and implementation of a simple two-pass assembler. It discusses: 1) The main functions of a two-pass assembler which are to translate mnemonic operation codes to machine language and assign addresses to symbolic labels. 2) The key data structures used which are an operation code table (OPTAB) to map mnemonics to machine codes, a location counter (LOCCTR) to track addresses, and a symbol table (SYMTAB) to store label names and addresses. 3) The two-pass process where pass 1 assigns addresses and stores labels in the SYMTAB, and pass 2 generates object codes using addresses from the SYMTAB.

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    PASS 2 Assembler

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    This document describes the functions and implementation of a simple two-pass assembler. It discusses: 1) The main functions of a two-pass assembler which are to translate mnemonic operation codes to machine language and assign addresses to symbolic labels. 2) The key data structures used which are an operation code table (OPTAB) to map mnemonics to machine codes, a location counter (LOCCTR) to track addresses, and a symbol table (SYMTAB) to store label names and addresses. 3) The two-pass process where pass 1 assigns addresses and stores labels in the SYMTAB, and pass 2 generates object codes using addresses from the SYMTAB.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    10K views28 pages

    Simple Pass2 Assembler

    Uploaded by

    jyotsna
    This document describes the functions and implementation of a simple two-pass assembler. It discusses: 1) The main functions of a two-pass assembler which are to translate mnemonic operation codes to machine language and assign addresses to symbolic labels. 2) The key data structures used which are an operation code table (OPTAB) to map mnemonics to machine codes, a location counter (LOCCTR) to track addresses, and a symbol table (SYMTAB) to store label names and addresses. 3) The two-pass process where pass 1 assigns addresses and stores labels in the SYMTAB, and pass 2 generates object codes using addresses from the SYMTAB.

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    of 28

    A Simple Two-Pass Assembler

    Main Functions
    • Translate mnemonic operation codes to
    their machine language equivalents
    • Assign machine addresses to symbolic
    labels used by the programmers

    Depend heavily on the source language it translates


    and the machine language it produces.
    E.g., the instruction format and addressing modes
    Basic Functions
    Example 2.1
    Line numbers are not part of the program. They are for
    reference only. Forward reference

    Call subroutine

    code
    Comment line

    Indexing mode

    Hexadecimal number
    Subroutine entry point

    Subroutine return point


    Purpose of Example 2.1 (COPY)
    • It is a copy function that reads some records
    from a specified input device and then
    copies them to a specified output device
    – Reads a record from the input device (code F1)
    – Copies the record to the output device (code
    05)
    – Repeats the above steps until encountering
    EOF.
    – Then writes EOF to the output device
    – Then call RSUB to return to the caller
    RDREC and WRREC
    • Data transfer
    – A record is a stream of bytes with a null character (0016) at
    the end.
    – If a record is longer than 4096 bytes, only the first 4096
    bytes are copied.
    – EOF is indicated by a zero-length record. (I.e., a byte
    stream with only a null character.
    – Because the speed of the input and output devices may be
    different, a buffer is used to temporarily store the record
    • Subroutine call and return
    – On line 10, “STL RETADDR” is called to save the return
    address that is already stored in register L.
    – Otherwise, after calling RD or WR, this COPY cannot
    return back to its caller.
    Assembler Directives
    • Assembler directives are pseudo instructions
    – They will not be translated into machine instructions.
    – They only provide instruction/direction/information
    to the assembler.
    • Basic assembler directives :
    – START :
    • Specify name and starting address for the program
    – END :
    • Indicate the end of the source program, and
    (optionally) the first executable instruction in the
    program.
    Assembler Directives (cont’d)
    – BYTE :
    • Generate character or hexadecimal constant, occupying
    as many bytes as needed to represent the constant.
    – WORD :
    • Generate one-word integer constant
    – RESB :
    • Reserve the indicated number of bytes for a data area
    – RESW :
    • Reserve the indicated number of words for a data area
    An Assembler’s Job
    • Convert mnemonic operation codes to their
    machine language codes
    • Convert symbolic (e.g., jump labels, variable
    names) operands to their machine addresses
    • Use proper addressing modes and formats to build
    efficient machine instructions
    • Translate data constants into internal machine
    representations
    • Output the object program and provide other
    information (e.g., for linker and loader)
    Object Program Format
    • Header
    Col. 1 H
    Col. 2~7 Program name
    Col. 8~13 Starting address of object program (hex)
    Col. 14-19 Length of object program in bytes (hex)
    • Text
    Col.1 T
    Col.2~7 Starting address for object code in this record (hex)
    Col. 8~9 Length of object code in this record in bytes (hex)
    Col. 10~69 Object code, represented in hexa (2 col. per byte)
    • End
    Col.1 E
    Col.2~7 Address of first executable instruction in object program (hex)
    The Object Code for COPY
    H COPY 001000 00107A
    T 001000 1E 141033 482039 001036 281030 301015 482061 3C1003
    00102A 0C1039 00102D
    T 00101E 15 0C1036 482061 081044 4C0000 454F46 000003 000000
    T 002039 1E 041030 001030 E0205D 30203F D8205D 281030 302057
    549039 2C205E 38203F
    T 002057 1C 101036 4C0000 F1 001000 041030 E02079 302064 509039
    DC2079 2C1036
    T 002073 07 382064 4C0000 05
    E 001000

    There is no object code corresponding to addresses 1033-2038.


    This storage is simply reserved by the loader for use by the
    program during execution.
    Two Pass Assembler
    • Pass 1
    – Assign addresses to all statements in the program
    – Save the values (addresses) assigned to all labels (including
    label and variable names) for use in Pass 2 (deal with
    forward references)
    – Perform some processing of assembler directives (e.g.,
    BYTE, RESW, these can affect address assignment)
    • Pass 2
    – Assemble instructions (generate opcode and look up
    addresses)
    – Generate data values defined by BYTE, WORD
    – Perform processing of assembler directives not done in
    Pass 1
    – Write the object program and the assembly listing
    A Simple Two Pass Assembler
    Implementation
    Source READ (Label, opcode, operand)
    program

    Pass 1 Pass 2 Object


    codes

    OPTAB SYMTAB
    SYMTAB

    Mnemonic and Label and address Label and address


    opcode mappings mappings enter mappings are referenced
    are referenced from here from here
    here
    Three Main Data Structures

    • Operation Code Table (OPTAB)


    • Location Counter (LOCCTR)
    • Symbol Table (SYMTAB)
    OPTAB (operation code table)
    • Content
    – The mapping between mnemonic and machine code. Also
    include the instruction format, available addressing
    modes, and length information.
    • Characteristic
    – Static table. The content will never change.
    • Implementation
    – Array or hash table. Because the content will never
    change, we can optimize its search speed.
    • In pass 1, OPTAB is used to look up and validate
    mnemonics in the source program.
    • In pass 2, OPTAB is used to translate mnemonics to
    machine instructions.
    Location Counter (LOCCTR)
    • This variable can help in the assignment of
    addresses.
    • It is initialized to the beginning address specified in
    the START statement.
    • After each source statement is processed, the length
    of the assembled instruction and data area to be
    generated is added to LOCCTR.
    • Thus, when we reach a label in the source program,
    the current value of LOCCTR gives the address to
    be associated with that label.
    Symbol Table (SYMTAB)
    • Content
    – Include the label name and value (address) for each label in
    the source program.
    – Include type and length information (e.g., int64)
    – With flag to indicate errors (e.g., a symbol defined in two
    places)
    • Characteristic
    – Dynamic table (I.e., symbols may be inserted, deleted, or
    searched in the table)
    • Implementation
    – Hash table can be used to speed up search
    – Because variable names may be very similar (e.g., LOOP1,
    LOOP2), the selected hash function must perform well with
    such non-random keys.
    The Pseudo Code for Pass 1
    The Pseudo Code for Pass 2

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