Indian Economy: National Income Estimation Concepts

Institute of Engineering Studies (IES,Bangalore)
Indian Economy class notes
INDIAN ECONOMY
INTRODUCTION
Indian economy has been characterized as a developing economy. India is rich in natural resources and has abundant manpower, but these resources have not yet been fully exploited. The British rules had tried to convert India into a market for British manufactured goods by destroying Indias indigenous industries and making India a source of food and raw materials for the West. Dadabhai Naoroji had pointed out as early as 1876, that the drain of wealth and capital from India had been mainly responsible for its underdevelopment. Details of Naorojis ideas are found in his famous work Poverty and Un British Rule in India. Types of World Economies Socialist Economy-Government role is absolute is Economic activities. Capitalist Economy-Private sector plays a leading role and State role complementary. Mixed Economy-Combination of Capitalist & Socialist Economies. Types of Competitive markets Perfect Competition :In this market there are large number of buyers and sellers. Monopolistic Competition:Number of manufacturers are limited. Market is responsive to changes. Oligopoly Competition : Only a few sellers produce large number of products. Monopoly Competition :In this market a single producer or seller controls entire market.
1. NATIONAL INCOME
National Income can be defined as the money equivalent of the volume of goods and services counted without duplication i.e., the money value of all the final goods and services, during an accounting year.
National income Estimation Concepts

National Income Concepts 1) Gross Domestic product (GDP) 2) Gross National product (GNP 3) Net national product (NNP) 1) Gross Domestic Product (GDP) GDP is the total money value of all final goods and services produced within the geographical boundaries of a country, during a given period. GDP= C + I + G (C= Consumer Exp; I= Invest Exp ;G= Govt Exp) 2) Gross National Product (GNP) GNP refers the money value of total output or production of final goods & services produced by national of a country, in a year, to be included to the money value of goods & services produced by nationals outside the country. GNP = GDP + Net Foreign Income {(X-M) + (R-P)} 3) Net National Income
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NNP is the total domestic and foreign Income after deducting the depreciation. NNP = GNP-Depreciation N.I is calculated based on 2 costs/prices- Market Prices and Factors cost. Market prices means the prices of that a particular current financial year. Constant prices means prices of a particular past year called base year. So far 5 times the base year was changed.
1960-61 1999-2000 Per Capita Income
1980-81 1970-71 1993-94 2004-05 (Its latest base yr. to calculate N.I)
NNP at Factors Cost Total Population of the country
Per capita Income is calculated as:
National Income calculation methods

1) Product Method- also called as Inventory/Value Added/Net Product/Industrial origin method. In this method, Net value of final goods and services produced in a country, in a year is obtained.The total obtained value is called as Total final product. Income Method In this method, a total net income earned by working people in different sectors & commercial Enterprises are obtained.(N.I = Total rent + Wages + Interest + Profit) Expenditure Method It is also called as consumption method / Saving method. Hence, N.I is the addition of total consumption and total savings.
National Income Estimates in India

-D.R.Nauroji for the 1st time estimated Indias N.I for the year 1867-68. According to his estimates Indias N.I in 1867-68 was Rs.340 cr. and Per capita income was Rs.20/-. 1925-29-V.K.R.V.Rao estimated N.I. in a systematic manner. He mentioned Indias N.I in his books An essay on Indias N.I. He used Product and Income methods to estimate National Income. At present India following the same methods. 1931-40-R.C.Desai wrote Consumer Expenditure in India and mentioned N.I. in his book. He estimated N.I based on expenditure of the families. 1950 -The National Sample Survey (NSS) came into being in 1950. 1961 -Dept. of Statistics was set up in the Cabinet Secretariat and the CSO became a part of it. 1999 - Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoS&PI) was established. 1876
2006 -National Statistical Commission (NSC) was established.
Human Development Index (HDI)

Human Development Index (HDI) is the search for alternative to Gross national product (GNP) as a measure of Economic Development has led to computation of HDI. United Nations Development (UNDP) introduced the HDI in its first Human Development Report (HDR). HDR draft prepared by Mahabub-Ul-Haq of Pakistan and published in 1990.
UNDP - HDI
From 1990 onwards UNDP taking 200 issues as measures, designed under 33 tables and publishing HDI of various countries. Out of them the most important issues are
Per Capita Income Literacy Rate Infant Mortality rate Nutrition Life Span Health Facilities Gender Difference Equality of Men & Women
2. PLANNING SYSTEM IN INDIA

The nature and scope of planning is largely determined by the type of economic system within which, it is practiced. Planning in India derives its objectives and social p remises from Directive Principles of State Policy enshrined in the constitution. TYPES OF PLANS Economic / Imperative Planning- Coordinated action to be or taken by the government. Indicative Planning- Govt. set the broad Targets and private sector is directed to achieve them. Rolling Plans- Leaving previous year achievements, present year targets are added. Annual Plans- Its targets period is one year. Perspective Planning- Plan for a period of 15-20 yrs.It is operationalised through 5 year plans. Historical Perspective of Planning 1934 :1st Plan draft for India prepared by Mokshagundam Visweswarayya for 10 years period in his book Planned Economy for India. 1943 : Bombay Plan prepared by some 8 industrialists. 1944 :Gandhian Plan prepared by Srimannarayan Agarwal. 1945 :Peoples Plan prepared by M.N.Roy 1950 :Sarvodaya Plan Prepared by Jayaprakash Narayana. 1950 : Panning Commission was establish. It is a Non-constitutional or Extra-constitutional body. P.Cs main function is to prepare plan drafts & implementation of plans. It Consists PM as chairman, by chairman & other members. 1952 : National Development Council (NDC) was established. It was established on 6 th August, 1952. It is a Non-constitutional body. It approves plans.
I FIVE YEAR PLAN (1951-56)
First five year plan was prepared by - Moksahgundam visweswarayya Objective: The first plan accorded highest priority to Agriculture sector. Target Allotments Target was 2.1% of GDP. Achievement was 3.5% of GDP Achievements Bakranangal (on Sutlez), Hirakud (Mahanadi), Damodar (series of plans) and Nagarjuna Sagar projects were started. Sindri Fertilisers (Jharkhand) Chittaranjan rail engines locomotive (WB) were started. Hindustan cables company (Durgapur, WB) and Hindustan Machine Tools (HMT),Karnataka were started.
Hindustan Shipyard Limited (vizag) was started. The 1 st ship built by Hindustan Shipyard was Jala usha).
II FIVE YEAR PLAN (1956-61)

It was Prepared by Prof. P.C.Mahalanobis (Director of Indian Statistical Institute, Calcutta. This plan is based an the model of Mahalanobis, Nehru Model. Objectives- Importance given to Industrial sector Targets & Achievements - Target was 4.5% of GDP. Achievement was 4.21% Bhilai Steel plant in MP, Rourkela Steel plant in Orissa Durgapur Steel plant in West Bengal Heavy Engineering plant in Bihar. Lignite corporation Steel Plant-Neiveli(TN) Integral coach Factory-Perumbur(TN) Reasons for failure 1957-58 Unfavourable monsoons 1959-60 Slow progress in improved seeds, use of fertilizers & irrigation High priority given to Industrial sector.
III FIVE YEAR PLAN (1961-66)
This plan was prepared by Ashok Mehata, Pitamberseth. Objectives The basic aim of this plan was to make India a self reliant and self generating economy. Importance given to Agriculture and Industrial sector. Target & Allotments Target :5.6%. Achieved was 2.72% Reasons for failure 1962- Chinese aggression (Growth investment became Defence investment) 1965- Indo Pak war, Failure of Monsoons (65-66) except 1964-65
INTERIM PLANS (1966-69)
The miserable failure of the Third Plan forced the Government to post-phone the plan for some period. That is why its also called as Plan Holiday.
IV FIVE YEAR PLAN (1969-74)

This plan prepared by D.R.Gadgil. Thats why its Called as Gadgil Formula. Objectives- was growth with stability. Targets & Allotments- Target : 5.7%. Achievement : 2.05% Reasons for failure Indo-Pak was in 1971 and Inflation

V FIVE YEAR PLAN (1974-79)

Objectives- 2 principal objectives removal of poverty & Attainment of self reliance. This plan completely concentrated on the Removable of Poverty. To fight against poverty Indira Gandhi introduced 20 points programme Mini needs programme Food for works programme Mahalanobis Growth model and prepared a draft towards social Justice by D.P.Dhar. Targets & Allotments Target was 4.4%. Achievement was 4.83%
Institute of Engineering Studies (IES,Bangalore) However, Janata Government terminated this plan in 1978.
Rolling Plans (1978-80)

5th plan was cancelled by the Janta government in 1978 itself. Rolling plan concept proposed by Gunnar Mirdak (Sweden) in his "Asian Drama". In this plan Tiny and SSIs (Smell Scale Industries) were given importance.
VI FIVE YEAR PLAN (1980-85)
The basic objective of the Sixth Plan was Removal of poverty. Objectives -Speedy development of indigenous sources of energy, Controlling the population growth, Reduce the poverty and unemployment, Reduce regional inequalities Targets and allotments Target was 5.2% Achievement 5.7%.
VII FIVE YEAR PLAN (1985-90)

Importance- Mixed economy can be seen, This plan laid foundation for Privitisation Objectives- Basic tenants of this plan is "Growth, Modernism, self-reliance and social justice. To reduce social and economic inequalities. Targets and allotments- Target - 5% PA
; Achieved - 6.02%
Negative features of VII plan Balance of payments (BOP) were bad Deficit of Rs 29,000 cr was more than double the target of 14,000 cr
PLAN BREAK (1990-92)

Reasons Political un-stability in USSR and India Economic depression took place. High inflation ( 16.7%) Deficit of foreign exchange results. Due to this reasons 5 year plans stopped and annual plans were introduced.
VIII FIVE YEAR PLAN (1992-97)
Liberalization, Privatization and Globalizastion (LPG) was introduced by Manmohan singh in this plan. Thats why it is called as Manmohan plan Importance- Human resource development (HRD) main focus of planning Objectives/Priorities Basic tenants of this plan is "Growth, Modernism, self-reliance and social justice. Targets and allotments- Growth target was 5.6%. Achievement was 6.68%.
IX FIVE YEAR PLAN (1997-2002)

Objective -The focus of the plan is Growth with Social Justice and Equity. Priority to agriculture and rural development Targets & Allotments Target was 6.5%. Achievement was 5.35% This plan was failed to achieve its target- Reasond. Floods in Orissa (2000) Earth quake in Bhuj (2001,Jan 26th)

Economic crisis in Asian Countries Kargil war (1999) Economic restrictions due to nuclearTest.
X FIVE YEAR PLAN (2002-2007) Main Objective of this plan is Regional approach than sectorial approach Vision- 2020 draft prepared by Syam Prasad Gupta. Targets & Allotments-Target was 8%. Achievement was 7.8%
XI FIVE YEAR PLAN (2007-12)
The main objective of Eleventh plan is Faster and more inclusive growth
Targets of XI Plan- Growth Rate targeted as 9%. Total outlay of 11th plan (both centre & state including their PSE's) has been placed at Rs.36,44,718 cr. It is more than double of the total outlay of 10th Plan. Agriculture Sector Increase Agricultural GDP growth rate to 4% per year. Importance will be given to Krishi Vigana Kendras to encourage the farmers. Vaidyanathan Committee recommendations will be implemented to provide statutory rights to land tenants and implement land reforms. Mashelkar Committee recommendations to allot investments in Agricultural Research to be implemented. Industrial Sector- To raise Industrial growth rate from 9.2% in the 10th plan to between 10% and 11%. Poverty & Un-Employment Generate 7 crore new employment opportunities. Reduce educated unemployment to below 5%. Education- Reduce dropout rates of children from elementary school from 52.2% in 2003-04 to 20% by 2011-12. Health - To raise Public health spending to 2% of GDP during plan period. Reduce Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) to 28 and Maternity Mortality Rate (MMR) to 1 per 1000 live births. Women & Children Raise sex ratio for age group 0-6 to 935 by 2011-12 and to 950 by 2016-17. Environment- Increase forest and tree cover by 5% points
3. AGRICULTURE SECTOR IN INDIA .. Agriculture is an important sector of economy. It is also called as Primary Sector in India.
It is the source of supply of basic wage goods, that is, food items to the industry as well as to the people on the whole. Agriculture sector included other allied sectors. They are Agriculture, Forestry, Fisheries, Mines TYPES OF CROPS Agricultural crops can be divided into various groups: Cash crop, Commercial crops Major Crops & their seasons
Institute of Engineering Studies (IES,Bangalore) Kharif crops . Rabi Crops Zaid Crop Fertilizers- Nitrogen (N), Phosphate (P) and Potash (K)
AGRICULTURE PRICE POLICY (APP) APP was started in 1964. In 1985, it was changed as Commission for Agriculture Cost & Price (CACP). In APC if price fixation taken place, in CACP along with price, production expenditure of the commodity also decides. ACPC fixing 3 types of prices for the first time in 1967-68. Under govt. control there are mainly 3 types of prices. i) Minimum Support Price (MSP) ii) Procurement Price (PP) iii) Issue Price. (IP) Minimum Support Price (MSP) It is an assurance price given by the government to for 25 crops for the farmers to buy food grains at any circumstances or up & down while the crop is in the field. Procurement Price Government collects food grains from millers & farmers to supply to poor and senior citizens through subsidies or PDS or to supply through various government programms or to maintain Buffer stocks. Issue Price The price at which govt. issues food grains to the public through Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS). Difference between Procurement Price & Issue Price know as Subsidy.
Public Distribution System (PDS)

PDS was started in India in 1960's. Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS) It is meant and useful for 32 cr. Below Poverty Line (BPL) families. Antyodaya Anna Yozana It is a food security programme started with the subsidy of 2,300 cr. on 2000 Dec, 25th. Under this programme, BPL families are given 35 kg. rice at Rs.3/AGRICULTURAL FINANCE There are two types of financial sources available to the Agriculture sector. They are, Institutional Finance: Government, Co-operative Banks/ Societies, Commercial banks, and Land development banks. Non-Institutional Finance: Moneylenders, relatives, commission agents, traders, etc. Institutional Finance Credit Cooperatives have a 3-tier structure. The State Co operative Banks (SCB) at the state level Central Co operative Banks (CCB) at district level and Primary Agriculture Credit Societies (PACS) at villages level. The flow of loans is from SCB to CCB to PACS.
Co-Operative finance is the cheapest and the best source of rural credit.
National Bank for Agricultural and Rural Development (NABARD) - 1982 It is the apex institution for providing credit facilities to agricultural and rural areas. Lead Bank Scheme Lead Bank Scheme means to coordinate the activities of Financial organisation, to estimate necessary financial estimates of a district, a scheduled bank should adopt the district. Kisan Credit Card Scheme Kisan Credit card scheme was introduced in 1998-99 to facilitate access to credit from Commercial Banks and Regional Rural Banks. AGRICULTURAL MARKETING To ensure a proper price spread between the producers and final consumers by ensuring remunerative prices to the farmers and to create an environment for increased farm production by eliminating malpractices and hurdles in the way of successful marketing by a farmer. The government has taken various steps to improve the conditions of agricultural marketing. -Organised Marketing -Unorganised Marketing Unorganised Marketing facilities includes Money Lenders, Rural Traders Marketing. Most of quantity of the produced crops of the farmers sell to Traders, Money Lenders in rural areas. Rice, wheat, jute, cotton, chilli etc. 60-80% products selling to the farmers. Organised Marketing Primary markets Secondary Markets Regulated Markets Cooperative Marketing System Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation (TRIFED) AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT Green Revolution Second Green Revolution Ever Green Revolution Other Revolutions Revolutions Area(production) Green Revolution Agriculture (Food) White Revolution Milk Yellow Revolution Oil Seeds Blue Revolution Fish Production Pink Revolution Shrimp Brown Revolution Masaaley Red Revolution Meat / Tomato Golden Revolution Fruits / Apple Gray Revolution Fertilizers Silver Revolution Eggs SEEDS
Indian seed program envisages the participation of Central and State Governments, ICAR, State Agriculture Universities public sector, Co-operative sector and private sector institutions. However, private sector also maintaining seeds banks in the country. a) National Seed Corporation (1963) b) State farms corporation of India (1969) c) Seed bank started by NDA govt. in 1999-2000.
AGRICULTURE INSURANCE Indian Agriculture Sector monsoon based. Thats why it has ups & downs. And also the effects of natural calamities. To come out from these problems Insurance sector taken initiative & entered into Agriculture Sector. Comprehensive Crop Insurance Scheme (CCIS) National Agriculture Insurance Scheme (NAIS) National Agriculture Insurance Scheme (NAIS) Agricultural Insurance Corporation of India Ltd (AICIL) Varsha Bhima programme (VRP) Krishi Sramic Suraksha Yozana Rastriya Krishi Vikas Yozana (RKVY) Comprehensive Crop Insurance Scheme (CCIS) LAND REFORM PROGRAMMES Land Reform Programmes in India include, Elimination of intermediaries Tenancy reforms and Consolidation of holdings. Determination of ceiling of holdings per family and to distribute surplus land to poor people. Consolidation of holdings. Smallest landholding country in world is - Japan (1.25 hectors) Largest landholding country in world is - Australia (1993 hect) Average landholding in India is - 1.57 hectors. Smallest landholding State in India is - Kerala (0.6 hect) Largest landholding State in India is - Rajasthan (4.34 hect) Latest 85-86 data HORTICULTURE Fruits, vegetable, root tuber, ornamental aromatic plants, medicinal spices & plantation crops like coconut, cashew & Cocoa etc.
Government of Indias initiatives

Community Development Programme (1952) Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme (1972-73) Command Area Development Programme (1974-75)
Agricultural Export Zones (AEZs) The EXIM Policy 2001 introduced the concept of AEZs. The intension is to transform these zones into Regional Rural Motors of the export economy. This scheme is cantered around the cluster approach of identifying the potential products. st 1 AEZ was notified in 2001 and in 2005 at Guntur in Andhra Pradesh for Chillies exports. Agriculture Research Institutes Indian Council for Agriculture Research (ICAR) International Crops Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropic (ICRISAT)
1 2
Delhi Hyderabad
Institute of Engineering Studies (IES,Bangalore) 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 National Institute of Nutrition National Institute of Banana National Institute of Spices National Institute of Cotton National Institute of Silk National Institute of Jute National Rice Research Institute National Tobacco Research Institute National Vegetables Research Institute National Sugarcane Research Institute National Potato Research Institute National Mushrooms Research Institute National Groundnut Research Institute
Indian Economy class notes Hyderabad Tiruchi (TN) Calicut (Kerala) Mumbai, Nagpur Mysore Bharakpur (WB) Cuttak (Orissa) Rajamundry (AP) Varanasi (UP) Lucknow (UP) Simla (HP) Solan (HP) Junagarh (Guj)
4. INDUSTRIAL SECTOR IN INDIA ..

Industrialization provides increasing avenues for employment to new and skilled labor force. I It enables a diversified production base. It provides infrastructure facilities like railways, power generation, etc. also helps in earning foreign exchange. TYPES OF INDUSTRIES According to Micro Small Medium Enterprises Act 2006, Union Government defined the industries as. Enterprise Micro Ind. Small Ind. Medium Ind. Investment in manufacturing sector Upto Rs. 25 lakhs > Rs. 25 lakhs Upto Rs. 5 Crores > Rs.5 Cr - Upto Rs.10 Cr. Investment in service sector Upto Rs.10 lakhs > Rs.10 Lks Upto Rs.2 Cr > Rs.2 Cr - Upto Rs.5 Cr.
INDUSTRIAL POLICY RESOLUTIONS At the time of independence, India inherited an economy with a very weak industrial base and problems like shortage of raw materials, deficiency of capital, bad industrial relations, etc. So there was need for a strong and effective industrial policy. The Government of India issued the first important industrial policy resolution on April 6, 1948. Since then industrial policies have been modified, or a new policy for industries has been put forward several times. 1) Industrial Policy Resolution, 1948 Following were the main features of the 1948 industrial policy: Acceptance of the importance of both private and public sectors Division of the industrial sector. The Resolution divided industries into four categories. Industries where State had a monopoly Mixed sector In the field of government control. 18 industries of national importance were included in this category.
The field of private enterprise - All other industries (not included in the above three categories) were left open to the private sector. 2) Industrial Policy Resolution 1956 This may be described as the Economic Constitution of India. Emphasis was given to, accelerating the rate of economic growth and Speeding up industrialization expanding the public sector and building up a large and growing cooperative sector. Features Division of the industrial sector: As against four categories in the 1948 Resolution, the 1956 Resolution divided industries into the following three categories. (a) Monopoly of the state (Schedule-A) (b) Mixed Sector of Public and Private Enterprise (Schedule-B) (c) Industries left for Private Sector (Schedule-C) Datt Committee 1969 According to the recommendations in 1969. MRTP Commission was appointed. It was headed by P.C. Mahalanobis. 3) Industrial Policy Resolution-1973 To have control over not only on domestic investments, but also on foreign invests Government proposed Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA). 4) Industrial Policy Resolution -1991 Main Focus On Deregulating Indian industry Allow industrial freedom & fiexibility in responding to market forces and Abolition of licensing policy. Reduce PSU importance Privitisation /Disinvestment. Liberalise MRTP,FERA acts Reforms for foreign technology & FDIs Banking insurance reforms PUBLIC SECTOR Classification of PSUs Departmental Industries / Companies: Maintained Under Ministry (Ex : Railways) Government Corporations: Estimation as per separate act of parliament. Ex : LIC, IOC, FCI Public Sector Companies: Estimate as per companies Act, 1956. Ex: HMT, BHEL etc. MAHARATNAS In Dec 24, 2009, High Profit earning PSU Navaratnas were announced as Maharatnas to make them international organisations. They are 1) ONGC 2) SAIL 3) NTPC 4) IOC 5) Coal India Ltd.(April, 2011) Provisions Have freedom take independent decisions for the investment upto Rs. 5000 cr. NAVARATNAS (NRs) In 1991 High Profit earning & PSUs were decided to give Navaratna status.
It was announced in 1996. They were At present there are 16 PSUs got Navartna status). Provisions to Navaratnas Incurring Capital Expenditure (Up to Rs.1,000 Crores) MINI RATNAS (MRs) Government decided to declare Some of the PSUs as Mini Ratnas which are running under continuous profits. The decision was taken in 1996 and declaring from 1997. These Companies are called as Miniratnas. They are classified into 2 categories namely, Category I Category II Provisions to Miniratna Miniratna-II Companies have the freedom to invest upto Rs. 300 cr. Miniratna-I Companies have the freedom to invest upto Rs. 500 cr. INDUSTRIAL FINANCE Finance is the life blood of industry. Lack of adequate and timely finance is one of the causes of slow development of industries in India. Economic growth and growth of financial infrastructure go hand in hand. The process of industrialisation is accompanied by massive investment in capital goods industries and economic infrastructure. As a result the financing of investment becomes an imperative of industrialisation. Industrial Financial Corporation of India (IFCI) - 1948 National Small Industrial Corporation Limited (NSIC) 1955 State Financial Corporations (SFCs) - 1951 Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India (ICICI) - 1955 Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI) - 1964 Industrial Investment Bank of India (IIBI) - 1985 Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI) - 1989 Exim Bank of India - 1982 Unit Trust of India (UTI) - 1964 Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) - 1956 General Insurance Corporation of India (GIC) - 1950
5. INDIAN CURRENCY SYSTEM

The Reserve Bank of India manages the present monetary system in India. It is based on inconvertible paper currency. For internal purposes there are rupee coins and currency notes. For external purposes, the rupee is convertible into other currencies of the world.
Reserve Bank of India
Commercial Banks
Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) Private sector Banks
Cooperative Banks
Public Sector Banks
State CooperativeBank
Indian State Bank Group
Foreign
Central Co-operative Bank Primary Credit Societies
Other Nationalised Banks
SBI & Associate Banks
Public Sector Banks
Indian Money market Indian money market is 2 types Organised Sector Unorganised Sector
Unorganised sector also known as ingenious bankers they are called as Shroffs, Seths, Mahajans, Chettis, moneylenders etc. They lend money, act as moneychangers and finance the internal trade. The indigenous bankers finance according to the Committee on Finance for the Private Sector (known as the Shroff Committee 1954) between 75% & 90% of the total internal trade of the country. Organised sector includes entire banking system in India.
STATE BANK OF INDIA

In 1921 Bengal, Bombay and Madras presidency banks were merged due to serious financial troubles. In order to make RBI more powerful, Government nationalised them on 1 st January 1949 and named as Imperial Bank. For the development of banking facilities in rural areas the Imperial bank of India was partially nationalised on 1st July, 1955. And it was named as SBI (According to Rural Credit Survey Committee recommendations) Along with it other 8 banks were converted as its associate banks with name as SBI group.
Nationalised Commercial Banks In order to have more control over the banks, 14 large commercial banks whose reserves were more than Rs.50 cr each were nationalised on 19 July, 1969. After one decade, on 15 April, 1980, 6 Private sector banks were nationalized. Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) According to Sarayu Committee recommendations in 1975, 5 RRBs were established in Oct, 1975 at Moradabad, Gorakhpur (U.P), Bhiwani (Haryana), Jaipur (Rajastan) and Malda (West bengal) Cooperative Banks (CBs) C.Bs were constituted by different states under various acts related to cooperative societies of various states. C.B organisations in India has 3 tier set up. State Cooperative bank (Apex Cooperative institute in the state) Central/District Cooperative banks (at district level) Primary Credit Agency (village level)
RESERVE BANK OF INDIA (RBI) RBI It is India's Central Bank or Apex bank. RBIs head quarters situated at Mumbai. On the basis of J.M.Keans Plan it was established on 1st April, 1934 with a capital of Rs.5 cr. RBI was Nationalised on 1 January, 1949.
Functions of RBI
Functions of RBI mainly classified into 2 Primary measures Secondary measures
Credit Controls of RBI

1. Qualitative Credit Control 2. Quantitative Credit Control 1) Qualitative Credit Control Open market operations Selective & Direct Credit Controls Credit Authorisation Scheme (CAS) 2) Quantitative Credit Controls They are used to control the volume of credit and to control the inflationary & deflationary pressures caused by expansion and contraction of credit. a) Bank Rate/ Discount rate - BR is the rate of interest at which the RBI charges on the money lends to the lower banks or banking institutions. b) Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR)- The rate at which Commercial banks to keep a certain amount in the form of Cash with RBI. c) Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR)- The rate at which Commercial bank has to maintain liquid assets in the form of gold and unencumbered approved securities. d) Repo Rate- And also, Repo Rate is the rate of interest charged by RBI from Commercial banks on short term loans. e) Reverse Repo Rate (RRR)-The rate of interest paid by RBI to Commercial banks for their additional deposits with RBI.
Mints and Presses in India

India Security Press (Nasik Road, Maharastra) Postal material, Postal stamps, Non-postal stamps, Judicial & Non-Judicial stamps, Cheques, Bonds, NSC, Kisan Vikas Patras, Securities of State govt., PSCs & Financial corporations. Currency Notes Press (Nasik Road, Maharastra) - Prints Currency notes of Rs.1, 2, 5, 10,50, 10. Bank Notes Press(Dewas, Near Indore, MP)- Currency notes of Rs.20, 50, 100, 500 printing. Securities Printing Press (Hyderabad) Established in 1982, to meet demand for postal material of Southern States. It fulfils demand for Union Excise duty stamps of the country. Modernised Currency Notes Press Two new modernised currency notes presses are establishment at Mysore & Salboni (WB) Security Paper (Hoshangabad, M.P)-Makes production of Bank & currency notes paper Coins minting - Mumbai, Kolkata, Hyderabad, Noida. Devaluation of Money Devaluation of rupee in world market on par with USD.

In 1947 India became the member if IMF and fixed the value of rupee as per IMF standards. Indian rupee devalued for 5 times so far. 1st devaluation in June, 1949 by 30.5% (Finance Minister - John Mathai) 2 & 3rd devaluation in June, 1966 by 57% (Finance Minister - Sachindara Choudary) 4 & 5th devaluation in June, 1991 by 20% (Finance Minister - Manmohan Singh) (on July , 1991 - 9%, July 3, 1999 - 11%). Monetary Aggregates in India RBI now calculates 4 concepts of money supply in India. These are known as money stock measures or measures of monetary aggregates. These 4 are a) M1 = Currency with public i.e coins and currency notes + Demand deposits of public. M1 also known as narrow money. b) M2 = M1 + Post office savings deposits c) M3 = M1 + Time deposits of public with banks(also known as Broad money.) d) M4 = M3+ Total post office deposits.
INFLATION
Inflation means Continuous raise of prices in normal pricing stages or Continuous increase in money value or more money chasing the less product quantity. If the speedy increase of prices in terms of percentage known as rate of Inflation. Inflation rate is zero means , prices are stable. Inflation rate is negative means , prices are reducing. Inflation rate is Positive means , prices are increasing. Inflation rate is Reduces means , the raise of prices decreases. Types of Inflation Creeping / Soft Inflation Walking Inflation Running Inflation Jumping Inflation Hyper / Gallopping Inflation Inflation causes more benefits to- Speculators & Rich people, Block marketers Inflation causes more loss to- Daily wage labour, Poor people, pensioners In India, to calculate Inflation, changes in Wholesale price Index (WPI) is taken in to consideration. Inflation is calculated every once in a week for one year period. Previously, to calculate WPI, the year 1993-94 was used as base year. At present, the year 2003-04 is being used as base year. (previously 1999-2000 was base year). In Base year WPI = 100. To prepare WPI, 1993-94 as Base year 435 commodities taken in to consideration.
6. INDIAS FOREIGN TRADE

The Government of India has opted for a policy of trade liberalization in recent years, Massive trade policy reforms were announced in 1991 to open up the economy to foreign trade and to integrate the Indian economy in the new international economic order that is taking shape with the setting up of the WTO (World Trade Organisation) in 1995.
Pattern of Imports According to the Directorate of General of Commercial Intelligence and Statistics Imports have classified into Bulk Imports and Non-bulk Imports Bulk Imports are further sub-divided into 3 components. Petroleum, crude and products. Bulk consumption goods comprises of cereals, pulses, edible oils and sugar. Other bulk items comprise fertilizers, Non-ferrous metals, paper & paper boards, rubber, pulp and waste paper, metallic ores, iron & steel. Non-bulk Imports also divided into 3 (i)Capital goods include metals, machine tools, (ii) electrical and Non-electrical machinery, (iv) transport equipment & project goods. Mainly export related items consist of pearls, precious and semi-precious stones, organic and inorganic chemicals, textiles, yarn and fabrics, cashew nuts. Pattern of Exports Export of India are broadly classified into 4 categories. Agriculture and allied products include coffee, tea, oil cakes, tobacco, cashew kernels, spices, sugar, raw cotton, rice, fish, and fish preparations, meat and meat preparations, vegetable oils, fruits, vegetables and pulses. Ores and minerals include manganese ore, mica & iron ore. Manufactured goods include textiles. Ready-made garments, jute infers, leather and footwear, handicrafts including pearls & precious stones, chemicals, Engineering Goods, iron and steel. Mineral fuels & lubricants. Terms of Trade Balance of Trade Values of Exports, Imports mentioned as Foreign Trade Balance. If the values of Exports and Imports are equal it is known as Balance of Trade. If the values of Exports are more than the Imports it is known as Surplus Balance of Trade or Favourable Trade balance. If the values of Exports are less than Imports it is known as Deficit Balance of Trade or Unfavourable Trade balance. Balance of payments Total Values of Receipts and Payments mentioned as Balance of Payments. If the Total values of Receipts and Payments are equal it is known as Balance of Payments. If the values of Receipts are more than the Payments it is known as Surplus Balance of Payments or Favourable Balance of Payments. If the values of Receipts are less than Payments it is known as Deficit Balance of Payments or Unfavourable Balance of Trade. Balance of payments of India is classified into 2 BOP on Current A/c BOP on Capital A/c EPZ / SEZs
The units undertaking to export their entire production of goods may be set up at Export Processing Zones (EPZ) which have been set up as special enclaves. India has 7 Export Processing Zones (EPZs) at Kandla (Gujarat) Cochin (Kerala) Chennai (T.N) Noida (UP) Falta (W.B) Vishakapatnam (A.P) Santacruz -Maharashtra),
Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) The coastal area in which India having exclusive economic rights called as EEZ. From coastal area to 200 nautical miles (1852 kms) on sea India having rights.
7. PUBLIC FINANCE
Fiscal Policy Fiscal Policy refers to the use by the govt. of the various instruments such as taxation, expenditure and borrowings to achieve the objectives of balanced economic growth & development. Budget Budget is a annual financial statement of the govt. given expression to its fiscal policy. Public Finance It refers the government Revenue, expenditure loans and monetary values related to government. Government has two types of Income/Revenue. Taxable Income Non-Taxable Income
Tax Structure
In India taxes are 2 types. Direct Tax, Indirect Tax
Direct Tax The burden or incidence of tax has to be borne by the tax payers themselves known as Direct tax. In Direct Taxes, the burden of tax cannot be transferred on other person. Ex:Income Tax, Property Tax, Gift tax, Profession tax, Corporate tax, Estate duty, Stamp duty/Registration tax. Indirect Tax The burden or incidence of tax can be shifted to another person known as Indirect tax. Ex:Excise duty, Sales tax / VAT, Service Tax, Octroi/Consumption tax. Tax proposal On what value is being imposed or the tax imposed on total sum known as Tax proposal. Tax Rate What rate / % of tax is imposed known as Tax rate. Tax Burden What sum of tax to be paid known as Tax burden / incidence of tax. CATEGORISATION OF TAXES Due to changes in tax proposals and tax rates , taxes are categorised in to 3 types. Proportionate Tax Progressive Tax
Institute of Engineering Studies (IES,Bangalore) Regressive Tax Digressive Tax DIRECT TAXES Income Tax (IT) Service Tax Corporation Tax Minimum Alternate Tax (MAT) Estate duty
Wealth Tax
INDIRECT TAXES Customs duty Central Excise Duties(CED) Octoroi Value Added Tax (VAT) Businessmen having turnover of Rs.5 lakhs exempted from VAT. Businessmen having turnover between Rs.5 lakhs to Rs. 40 lakhs can prefer either Turnover Tax (TOT) or VAT. If the turnover exceeds Rs.40 lakhs VAT is compulsory. 46 types of commodities were exempted from VAT 550 commodities added to VAT. Presently, VAT is being implemented in 3 tier system -on 280 commodities 12.5% VAT -on 270 commodities 4% VAT (Ex: Medicines, Agricultural products, Industrial accessories) -on Gold, Silver ornaments 1% VAT. In India VAT is calculated on Invoice method. Distribution of Tax income between Centre & States Tax Imposed, collected and enjoyed by centre (Art. 271) Tax Imposed, collected by centre & distributed, enjoyed by centre & states Tax Imposed, collected and given to concerned states Tax Imposed & collected by centre, distributed among states Tax imposed by centre, collected & appropriated/enjoyed by states Taxes giving more Revenue to centre
Finance Commission (F.C)
Finance Commission distributes the funds between Centre & States. According to Art. 280, president appoints FC for every 5 yrs. F.C consists one chairman and other 4 members. 13th Finance Commission It was appointed on 14th Nov, 2007. th It submitted its report to the President of India 30 December, 2009 and the same was th submitted in the Parliament on 25 February, 2010. Its recommendations will be implemented between 2010-15. th 13 Finance commission Chairman was Vijay Kelkar. th 13 F.C Members are Sunita Bose (Commn. Secretary), Prof. Indira Raja Raman; Abulesh Sharif; Atul Sharma and B.K.Chaturvedi will act as part time member.
8. FISCAL SYSTEM IN INDIA
UNION BUDGET Total Revenue Total Expenditure
Revenue A/c
Capital A/c
Plan Exp.
Non-Plan Exp.
Tax Revenue
Non-Tax Revenue
Revenue
Capital
Taxes on
Fiscal & other Profits
Dividend & Profits
Interest Receipts
Income
Property, Capital transactions
Commodities & Services
Budget The Budget or the annual financial statement of the government gives expression to its fiscal policy. Fiscal policy refers to the use by the government of the various instruments such as taxation, expenditure and borrowings to achieve the objectives of balanced economic growth. Revenue Budget - The estimates of receipts and disbursements on revenue A/c Capital Budget - Relates to receipts and disbursements on capital A/c
REVENUE
The estimates of receipts on Revenue A/c have been grouped under 2 broad heading viz. i) Tax Revenue ii) Non-Tax Revenue.
EXPENDITURE
The central govt. adopted a new classification of public expenditure from 1987-88 budget. Under this new classification all public expenditure is classified into i) Plan Expenditure ii) Non-Plan Expenditure
TYPES OF DEFICITS
Revenue Deficit = Revenue Expenditure Revenue Receipts Budget Deficit = Total Expenditure Total Receipts
Fiscal Deficit Fiscal Deficit = Revenue Receipts + Capital Receipts Total Expenditure. {Revenue Receipts (Net tax revenue + Non tax revenue) Capital Receipts (only recoveries of loans and other receipts) Total Expenditure (Plan and Non-plan)}
8. STOCK MARKET IN INDIA

Capital / Stock market Indias First Stock Exchange was started in 1887 at Bombay. Securities Exchange Board of India (SEBI) was established in 1998 based on the recommendations of Perwani Committee. At present there were 21 Regional Stock Exchanges are working in India. 2 National Stock Exchanges -National Stock Exchange of India (NSE) - Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) Functions SEBI is a statutory body. It has entrusted SEBI with the responsibility of dealing with various matters relating to the capital market. SEBIs principal tasks are to: regulate the business in stock exchanges and any other securities markets. register and regulate the working of capital market intermediaries (brokers, merchant bankers, portfolio managers and so on) register and regulate the working of mutual funds. prohibit fraudulent and unfair trade practices in securities markets. prohibit insider trading in securities. regulate substantial acquisition of shares and take over of companies. Common Terms Associated With A Stock Exchange Blue Chips: Shares of first class companies giving consistent high return on investments. Stag: Stags are those speculators who apply for shares of new issues and don't necessarily buy any of these securities. Broker: Brokers are those essential part of the Stock Exchange whose job is to effectively advise their clients so that they can make beneficial investments and bargains at the stock market. The broker is responsible for transferring business in securities on behalf of insiders who are not the members of the stock exchange. Bull: A Bull at the Stock Market are basically those speculators who based on their expectations of a rise in prices, buys securities with an aim to sell them at a beneficial profit. Bear: A Bear at the stock market refers to those speculators who sell their securities and holdings as a result of their expectation of a fall in price, thus, attempting to make a profit on the sales. Investors: Investments are largely done with the aim of creating a financial security in the long run. Investors refer to those people who buy securities with an aim to earn a fair return on their investments. The main concerns of investors is to earn a regular income through the investments they are holding.
International Stock Exchanges - Indexes Hong Kong Hang Seng Index India S&P CNX Nifty ; BSE Sensex ; CMIE COSPI Japan Nikkei 225 ; Topix Malaysia MESDAQ Singapore FTSE USA Dow Jones; Nasdaq
10. INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS

In Bretton Woods conference, 1944 it was decided to establish three International organisations. They are IMF (International Monitory Fund ) IBRD (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development) ITO (International Trade Organisation.) However, as American Congress Oppose, ITO was not established. The establishment of IMF and IBRD took place in Bretton Wood Conference. Hence, IMF and IBRD are called as Bretton Wood Twins. 1. United Nations Conference On Trade & Development (UNCTAD) 2. Asian Development Bank (ADB) 3. South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) 4. Association of south Eeast Aasian Nations (ASEAN) 5. South Asian Association for Regiona Co-operation (SAARC) 6. Organisation of The Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) 7. G-8 (FORMERLY G-7) 8. G-20 9. G-24 10. European Common Market / European Economic Community (EEC) 11. Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) 12. North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
11. POVERTY & UNEMPLOYMENT
POVERTY The Planning Commission has defined the poverty line on the basis of recommended nutritional requirements of 2,400 calories per person per day for urban areas. Un-employment - Types Unemployment refers to a situation when a person is able and willing to work but does not get opportunity to work, and thus, he is involuntarily unemployed. Structural Unemployment Disguised unemployment Under Employment Open unemployment Frictional unemployment
INDIAN ECONOMY Institute of Engineering Studies, Bangalore
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Institute of Engineering Studies (IES,Bangalore)

Indian Economy class notes

National income Estimation Concepts

Institute of Engineering Studies (IES,Bangalore)

Indian Economy class notes

1960-61 1999-2000 Per Capita Income

Per capita Income is calculated as:

National Income calculation methods

National Income Estimates in India

2006 -National Statistical Commission (NSC) was established.

Human Development Index (HDI)

Institute of Engineering Studies (IES,Bangalore)

Indian Economy class notes

2. PLANNING SYSTEM IN INDIA

I FIVE YEAR PLAN (1951-56)

Institute of Engineering Studies (IES,Bangalore)

Indian Economy class notes

II FIVE YEAR PLAN (1956-61)

III FIVE YEAR PLAN (1961-66)

INTERIM PLANS (1966-69)

IV FIVE YEAR PLAN (1969-74)

V FIVE YEAR PLAN (1974-79)

Indian Economy class notes

Rolling Plans (1978-80)

VI FIVE YEAR PLAN (1980-85)

VII FIVE YEAR PLAN (1985-90)

PLAN BREAK (1990-92)

VIII FIVE YEAR PLAN (1992-97)

IX FIVE YEAR PLAN (1997-2002)

Institute of Engineering Studies (IES,Bangalore)

Indian Economy class notes

XI FIVE YEAR PLAN (2007-12)

Indian Economy class notes

Public Distribution System (PDS)

Institute of Engineering Studies (IES,Bangalore)

Indian Economy class notes

Institute of Engineering Studies (IES,Bangalore)

Indian Economy class notes

Government of Indias initiatives

Institute of Engineering Studies (IES,Bangalore) ,No.1 Coaching center for GATE/IES/JTO/PSUs

4. INDUSTRIAL SECTOR IN INDIA ..

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Indian Economy class notes

Institute of Engineering Studies (IES,Bangalore)

Indian Economy class notes

5. INDIAN CURRENCY SYSTEM

Reserve Bank of India

Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) Private sector Banks

Public Sector Banks

Institute of Engineering Studies (IES,Bangalore) ,No.1 Coaching center for GATE/IES/JTO/PSUs

Institute of Engineering Studies (IES,Bangalore)

Indian Economy class notes

Indian State Bank Group

Central Co-operative Bank Primary Credit Societies

Other Nationalised Banks

SBI & Associate Banks

Public Sector Banks

STATE BANK OF INDIA

Institute of Engineering Studies (IES,Bangalore)