ART AND CULTURE

<12/5 Classical Music: Today we recognise two systems of classical music: the Hindustani and the Carnatic. Although there are stylistic differences, the basic elements of ruti (the relative musical pitch), swara (the musical sound of a single note),rga (the mode or melodic formul), and tala (the rhythmic cycles) form the foundation of improvisation and composition in both Carnatic and Hindustani music.
A)

Carnatic Classical music Purandardas (1480-1564) is considered to be the father of Carnatic music. To him goes the credit of codification of the method of Carnatic music. He is also credited with creation of several thousand songs. Another great name associated with Carnatic music is that of Venkat Mukhi Swami. He is regarded as the grand theorist of Carnatic music. He also developed "Melankara", the system for classifying south Indian ragas. It was in the 18th century that Carnatic music acquired its present form. This was the period that saw the "trinity" of Carnatic music; Thyagaraja, Shama Shastri and Muthuswami Dikshitar compile their famous compositions. Carnatic music is confined to Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. In Carnatic music there is a very highly developed theoretical system. It is based upon a complex system of Ragam (Raga) and Thalam (Tala). Raga is basically the scale and the seven notes of this scale are Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Dha and Ni. Though unlike a simple scale there are definite melodic restrictions and compulsions. The Ragams are classified into various modes. These modes are referred to as mela, which are 72 in number. (72 Melakarta are the basic scales of Carnatic music.)The Tala (thalam) is the rhythmic foundation of the Carnatic music. In contrast to Hindustani music, the main emphasis in Carnatic music is on vocal music; most compositions are written to be sung, and even when played on instruments, they are meant to be performed in gyaki (singing) style. Carnatic music is mainly sung through compositions, especially the kriti (or kirtanam), a form developed between the 16th and 20th centuries by composers such as Purandara Dasa and the Trinity of Carnatic music.

Carnatic Music Exponents:.

1. 2. B)

M.S Subbulakshmi (Bharat Ratna) Dr. Balamuralikrishna

Hindustani Classical Music The classical music of the rest of the country goes under the name, Hindustani Classical Music. It is the Hindustani or erstwhile North Indian style of Indian classical music found throughout the northern Indian subcontinent. The terms North Indian Classical Music and Shstriya Sangeet are also occasionally used. It emerged as a distinct form because of Persian and Islamic influences in North India. It is a tradition that originated in Vedic ritual chants and has been evolving since the 12th century CE, in areas which included mainly North India and Pakistan, and to some extent, Bangladesh, Nepal andAfghanistan. The major vocal forms-cum-styles associated with Hindustani classical music are Dhrupad, Khayal, and Tarana Although Hindustani music clearly is focused on the vocal performance, instrumental forms have

existed since ancient times. The veena, a string instrument, was traditionally regarded as the most important, but few play it today and it has largely been superseded by its cousins the sitar and the sarod, both of which owe their origin to Persian influences. Gharanas in Hindustani Classical Music There is a rich tradition of Gharanas in classical Hindustani music. The music Gharanas are also called styles. The main area of difference between Gharanas is the manner in which the notes are sung. The concept of a Guru- Shishya leads to the development of Gharanas. Popular Gharanas of Hindustani classical music. Kirana Gharana - It derives its name from the birthplace of Abdul Kharim Khan of Kirana near Kurukshetra. In the Kirana style of singing, the swara is used to create an emotional mood by means of elongation and use of Kana-s. Founders - Abdul Karim Khan and Abdul Wahid Khan Exponents - Hirabhai Barodekar, Begum Akhtar, Bhimsen Joshi, Gangubai Hangal and Prabha Atre. Gwalior Gharana - This is the oldest among all the Khayal Gayaki (vocal) styles. The distinctive feature of this style of singing has been noted as its lucidity and simplicity. Founders - Ustad Hassu Khan, Ustad Haddu Khan, Ustad Nathu Khan Exponents - Bal Krishna BaIchal Karanjikar, Vishnu Digambar Paluskar, Pandit Omkarnath Thakur, Veena Sahasrabuddhe and Malini Rajurkar Agra Gharana-The Agra Gharana places great importance on developing forcefulness and deepness in the voice so that the notes are powerful and resonant. Founders- Haji Sujan Khan, Ustad Ghagghe Khuda Baksh Exponents-The important singers of this Gharana are Faiyyaz Khan, Latafat Hussein Khan and Dinkar Kakini. Jaipur - Atrauli Gharana- The most distinctive feature of the Jaipur Gharana can be best described as its complex and melodic form which arises out of the involutedly and undulating phrases that comprise the piece. Founders - Ustad Alladiya Khan Exponents - Alladiya Khan, Mallikarjun Mansur, Kesarbhai Kerkar, Kishori Amonkar, Shruti Sadolikar, Padma Talwalkar and Ashwini Bhide Deshpande. Benaras Gharana - The Benaras Gharana evolved as a result of great lilting style of khayal singing known by Thumri singers of Benaras and Gaya. Founders - Pt Gopal Mishra Exponents - The chief exponents of the Benaras Gharana are Rajan Mishra, Sajan Mishra, Girija Devi and others. Patiala Gharana - Patiala Gharana is regarded as an offshoot of the Delhi Gharana. The Patiala Gharana is characterized by the use of greater rhythm play and by Layakari with the abundant use of Bols, particularly Bol-tans. Founders - Ustad Fateh Ali Khan and Ustad Ali Baksh Exponents - The major singers of the Patiala Gharana are Bade Ghulam Ali Khan, Ajoy Chakravarti, Raza Ali Khan, Beghum Akhtar, Nirmala Deni, Naina Devi, Parveen Sultana and others. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ What are the similarities and differences between 'Hindustani' and 'Carnatic' music?

Both the styles are monophonic, follow a melodic line and employ a drone (tanpura) with the help of one or two notes against the melody. Both the styles use definite scales to define a raga but the Carnatic Style employs Shrutis or semitones to create a Raga and thus have many more Ragas than the Hindustani style. Carnatic ragas differ from Hindustani ragas. The names of ragas are also different. However, there are some ragas which have the same scale as Hindustani ragas but have different names; such as Hindolam and Malkauns, Shankarabharanam and Bilawal. There is a third category of ragas like Hamsadhwani, Charukeshi, Kalavati etc. which are essentially Carnatic Ragas. They share the same name, the same scale (same set of notes) but can be rendered in the two distinctively different Carnatic and Hindustani styles. Unlike Hindustani music, Carnatic music does not adhere to Time or Samay concepts and instead of Thaats, Carnatic music follows the Melakarta concept.
Please visit http://www.itcsra.org/sra_faq_index.html for more clarity

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ <2 Tansen/other musicians

Tansen (1506 - 1589) is instrumental in the creation of the classical music that dominates the north of India. considered among the greatest composer-musicians in Hindustani classical music. one of the Navaratnas (Nine Gems) in the court of Emperor Akbar born in a Hindu family in a place called Gwalior located in Madhya Pradesh It is said that, he could bring rain by singing in a particular Raag known as Megh Malhar. Similarly he could start a fire by singing in Raag Deepak. He has also composed several Ragas that have been the foundation of classical music like Bhairav, Darbari Todi, Darbari Kanada, Malhar, Sarang and Rageshwari. Almost every gharana (school) tries to trace its origin to him, though some try to go further back to Amir Khusro. As for the Dhrupad style of singing, this was formalized essentially through the practice by composers like Tansen and Haridas. So, the Dhrupad style of music is likely to have been started by him and his Guru Shri Haridas Swamy. Some of his important works on music are the Rajmala and Sangeet Sara. It was Akbar who gave him the honorific title Miyan, and he is usually referred to today as Miyan Tansen. A national music festival known as 'Tansen Sangeet Sammelon' is held every year in December, near the tomb of Tansen at Behat, Gwalior as a mark of respect to his memory.

<2 Tansen Festival

The Tansen Sangeet Samaroh is organized by the government of MP, in association with the Academy of the department of culture in MP. It is celebrated every year on the Tansen Tomb in Gwalior India during Nov-Dec. Till date this festival has the honor of being the first and only musical show that goes for days and nights, This annual four day musical extravaganza started way back in 1930's. The passage of time has only glorified the status of this annual historic event. At present renowned artists from all over the country come here to perform and exhibit their excellence in turn mesmerizing the audience. The venue Gwalior, so chosen has retained Indian traditions and the wealth of music intact over the years. The famous Gwalior Gharana of music is actually inspired by the Tansen style of Music.

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<12/5 Indian classical dances The term "classical" ("Shastriya") was introduced by Sangeet Natak Akademi to denote the Natya Shastra-based performing art styles.(Natya Shastra is an ancient Indian treatise on the performing arts, encompassing theatre, dance and music, propounded by Sage Bharata, believed to be written between 200 BC and 200 AD and considered the foundation of all such arts in India.). A very important feature of Indian classical dances is the use of the mudra or hand gestures by the artists as a short-hand sign language to narrate a story and to demonstrate certain concepts such as objects, weather, nature and emotion. Many classical dances include facial expressions as an integral part of the dance form. Following are the Classical Dances of India: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Bharatnatyam -->Tamil Nadu Kathakali --> Kerela Mohiniattam-->Kerela Kathak -->Uttar Pradesh Manipuri --> Manipur Odissi -->Orissa Kuchipudi -->Andhra Pradesh Sattriya -->Assam

Bharatnatyam from Tamil Nadu is considered to be over 2000 years old. It is known to be "ekaharya", where one dancer takes on many roles in a single performance. As a solo dance, Bharatnatyam leans heavily on the abhinaya or mime aspect of dance - the nritya, where the dancer expresses the sahitya through movement and mime(gestures and facial expression). Noted exponents include: 1. Rukmini Devi Arundale 2. Mallika Sarabhai ( both Kuchipudi and Bharatnatyam) 3. Sonal Mansingh (both Kuchipudi and Bharatnatyam) 4. Yamini Krishnamurthy (both Kuchipudi and Bharatnatyam)

Kathakali from Kerela is considered to be of comparatively recent origin. The word Kathakali literally means "Story-Play". However, it is an art which has evolved from many social and religious theatrical forms which existed in the southern region in ancient times. Chakiarkoothu, Koodiyattam, Krishnattam and Ramanattam are few of the ritual performing arts of Kerala which have had a direct influence on Kathakali in its form and technique. Kathakali is a blend of dance, music and acting and dramatizes stories, which are mostly derived from the Ramayana, the Mahabharata and other Hindu epics, mythologies and legends. It makes use of colorful masks and costumes. Noted exponents include:

1. 2.

P K Kunju Kurup Guru Gopi Nath

3.

Mohiniattam from Kerela: Mohiniattam is a classical dance form of Kerala. Mohiniattam is derived from the words "Mohini" (meaning beautiful women) and "attam"(meaning dance). Thus, Mohiniattam dance form is a beautiful feminine style with surging flow of body movements. Mohiniattam dance in Kerala developed in the tradition of Devadasi system, which later grew and developed a classical status. Noted exponents include: 1. T. Chinnammu Amma 2. Kalamandalam Sugandhi

3.

Kathak Dance: The word Kathak has been derived from the word Katha which means a story. Kathakars or story-tellers, are people who narrate stories largely based on episodes from the epics, myths and legends. It probably started as an oral tradition. Mime and gestures were perhaps added later on to make the recitation more effective. Thus evolved a simple form of expressional dance, providing the origins of what later developed into Kathak as we see it today.The Radha-Krishna theme proved immensely popular alongwith the works of Mirabai, Surdas, Nandadas and Krishnadas. The nineteenth century saw the golden age of Kathak under the patronage of Wajid Ali Shah, the last Nawab of Oudh. He established the Lucknow gharana with its strong accent on bhava, the expression of moods and emotions. The Jaipur gharana known for its layakari or rhythmic virtuosity and the Benaras gharana are other prominent schools of Kathak dance. The technique of movement in Kathak is unique to it. Being the only classical dance of India having links with Muslim culture, it represents a unique synthesis

of Hindu and Muslim genius in art. Further, Kathak is the only form of classical dance wedded to Hindustani or the North Indian music. Both of them have had a parallel growth, each feeding and sustaining the other. Noted exponents include: 1. Shambhu Maharaj 2. Sitara Devi 3. Pandit Birju Maharaj 4. Shovana Narayan Manipuri: The origin of Manipuri dance can be traced back to ancient times that go beyond recorded history. The dance in Manipur is associated with rituals and traditional festivals, there are legendary references to the dances of Shiva and Parvati and other gods and goddesses who created the universe. Manipur dance has a large repertoire, however, the most popular forms are the Ras, the Sankirtana and the Thang-Ta. In Manipuri Ras, the main characters are Radha, Krishna and the gopis.The themes often depict the pangs of separation of the gopis and Radha from Krishna. The Kirtan form of congregational singing accompanies the dance which is known as Sankirtana in Manipur. The male dancers play the Pung and Kartal while dancing. The masculine aspect of dance - the Choloms are a part of the Sankirtana tradition. The Pung and Kartal choloms are performed at all social and religious festivals. The martial dancers of Manipur - the Thang-ta - have their origins in the days when man's survival depended on his ability to defend himself from wild animals.Today, Manipur has an evolved and sophisticated repertoire of martial dances, the dancers use swords, spears and shields. Real fight scenes between the dancers show an extensive training and control of the body. Noted exponents include: 1. L Bino Devi 2. Darshana Zhaveri

Odissi closely follows the tenets laid down by the Natya Shastra. It is almost 2000 yrs old. Facial expressions, hand gestures and body movements are used to suggest a certain feeling, an emotion or one of the nine rasas. The techniques of movement are built around the two basic postures of the Chowk and the Tribhanga. The chowk is a position imitating a square - a very masculine stance with the weight of the body equally balanced. The tribhanga is a very feminine stance where the body is deflected at the neck, torso and the knees. The torso movement is very important and is an unique feature of the Odissi style. With the lower half of the body remaining static, the torso moves from one side to the other along the axis passing through the centre of the upper half of the body. Hand gestures play an important role both in nritta where they are used only as decorative embellishments and in nritya where they are used for communication. An Odissi orchestra essentially consists of a pakhawaj player (usually the Guru himself), a singer, a flutist, a sitar or violin player and a manjira player Noted exponents include: 1. Kelucharan Mohapatra 2. Sonal Mansingh 3. Madhvi Mudgal

Kuchipudi from Andhra Pradesh : In 17th century, Kuchipudi style of Yakshagaana was conceived by Siddhendra Yogi.It is said that Siddhendra Yogi had a dream in which Lord Krishna asked him to compose a dancedrama based on the myth of the bringing of paarijaata flower for Sathyabhaama, the most beloved queen of Krishna.The followers of Siddhendra Yogi wrote several plays and the tradition of Kuchipudi dance-drama continues till today. Like other classical dances, Kuchipudi also comprises pure dance, mime and histrionics but it is

the use of speech that distinguishes Kuchipudi's presentation as dance drama. Today there are two forms of Kuchipudi; the traditional musical dance-drama and the solo dance. Noted exponents include: 1. Raja Reddy and Radha reddy 2. Mallika Sarabhai (both Kuchipudi and Bharatnatyam) 3. Sonal Mansingh (both Kuchipudi and Bharatnatyam) 4. Yamini Krishnamurthy (both Kuchipudi and Bharatnatyam)

Sattriya from ASSAM : The Sattriya (Sattras i.e. Vaishnava maths or monasteries) dance form was introduced in the 15th century A.D by the great Vaishnava saint and reformer of Assam, Mahapurusha Sankaradeva as a powerful medium for propagation of the Vaishnava faith. The dance form evolved and expanded as a distinctive style of dance later on. Sankaradeva introduced this dance form by incorporating different elements from various treatises,then prevalent dance forms and local folk dances combined with his own rare outlook.Sattriya dance is a clear indication of the influence of the former on the latter. Other visible influences on Sattriya dance are those from Assamese folk dances namely Bihu, Bodos etc. Many hand gestures and rhythmic syllables are strikingly similar in these dance forms. Noted exponents include: 1. Indira PP Bora 2. Maniram Datta Moktar

. ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ <12/5 Indian Folk Music

Indian folk music (Hindi: ) is diverse because of India's vast cultural diversity. Every region in India has its own form of folk music like bhangra, lavani, dandiya and Rajasthani. Most of the folk music of India is dance-oriented. Folk music is very different from classical music as well. To begin with, it is not taught in the same way as classical musicis taught. Classical music usually requires a student devoting their entire life perfecting the forms of this music. Folk musicis more like a daily ritual without affecting the daily lives of people. People learn it since their childhood and grow up on these songs. One can always carry on with their daily life routine while listening to or singing folk music. Most of the songs are sung in small village functions like weddings, births, etc. Folk music also uses a number of instruments. The refined versions of these instruments are used for classical music. For instance the "Tabla", which is a very important instrument of classical music, is used in a crude form like daf, dholak or nal. The cruder versions of Sitar or Sarod are used in folk music, which are known as ektara, dotar, saringda, rabab and santur. Not all regions use the same instrument. In fact, the same instrument may not even be called by the same name every where. Most of these instruments are made of easily available material like bamboo, clay pots, empty coconut shells, etc. Most of the folk music in India is dance oriented and many popular forms of dance like Dandiya, Lavani, Garba, etc. are danced along the tunes of popular folk music.

Some of the known folk music include :

Uttarakhandi folk music had its root in the lap of nature. The pure and blessed music have the feel and the touch of nature and subjects related to nature. The folk music primarily is related to the various festivals, religious traditions, folk stories and simple life of the people of Uttarakhand.

Lavani is a popular folk form of Maharashtra. Traditionally, the songs are sung by female artists, but male artists may occasionally sing Lavanis. The dance format associated with Lavaniis known as Tamasha. Bhangra is a form of dance-oriented folk music that has today become a pop sensation. The present musical style is derived from the traditional musical accompaniment to the folk dance of Punjab called by the same name, bhangra.the female dance of punjab is known as gidda. Dandiya is a form of dance-oriented folk music that has also been adapted for pop music worldwide, popular in Western India, especially during Navaratri. The present musical style is derived from the traditional musical accompaniment to the folk dance of Dandiya called by the same name, dandiya. Bhavageete (literally 'emotion poetry') is a form of expressionist poetry and light music. This genre is quite popular in many parts of India, notably in Karnataka. Pandavani is a folk singing style of musical narration of tales from ancient epic Mahabharata with musical accompaniment and Bhima as hero. This form of folk theatre is popular in the Indian state of Chhattisgarh and in the neighbouring tribal areas of Orissa and Andhra Pradesh. "Garba (song), the songs sung in honor of Hindu goddesses god during Navratri." it is sung in the honour of god krishna,hanuman,ram,etc Naatupura Paatu is Tamil folk music. It consists of Gramathisai (village folk music) and Gana (city folk music). It is also sung in Rajasthan. Rajasthani Folk Music : Traditional music includes the women's Panihari songs, which lyrically describes chores, especially centered around water and wells, both of which are an integral part of Rajasthan's desert culture. Kathputli: Puppet plays based on popular legends are performed by skilled puppeteers. Displaying his skill in making the puppets act and dance, the puppeteer is accompanied by a woman, usually his wife, who plays the dholak, or drum and sings the ballad. Ghoomar Dance: This is basically a community dance for women and performed on. auspicious occasions. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++

<12/5 Indian Folk Dance India is a land of varied cultures and traditions. Diversities in all spheres make the Indian culture quite unique. Indian folk and tribal dances are product of different socio-economic set up and traditions. Folk dances are performed for every possible occasion, to celebrate the arrival of seasons, birth of a child, a wedding and festivals. These folk dances are extremely simple with minimum of steps or movement but full of energy and vitality. Important folk dances on a regional basis are : Central India Gaur dance is a popular folk dance of Bastar district of Madhya Pradesh dances. The word 'Gaur' means a ferocious bison. It is popular in the Sing Marias or Tallaguda Marias of South Bastar. Men put head-dresses with stringed 'cowries' and plumes of peacock feathers and make their way to the dancing ground. Women ornamented with brass fillets and bead necklaces with their tattooed bodies also join the gathering. The men with drums usually move in a circle and create a variety of dancing patterns as the dancing gathers momentum. As a part of the dance they attack one another and even chase the female dancers. This dance incorporates the movements of a bison namely charging, tossing of horns, hurling wisps of grass into the air, to name a few. Pandavani (Chhattisgarh)-This is popular form of story-telling prevalent among the tribals of the Chhatisgarh which serves as a means of both entertaining and educating the people. Pandavani narrates the story of the five Pandava brothers (protagonists of the epic Mahabharata). Teejan Bai is a known Pandavani artist. Eastern India

Chhau is a popular folk dance of Orissa/Bihar/Bengal. Since masks form an important feature of this dance it is called 'Chhau', which means mask. All the Chhau performers hold swords and shields while performing. The stages are decorated and brightly lit by torches, lanterns and flickering oil lamps. The musical instruments used are the Dhol (a cylindrical drum), Nagara (a huge drum) and Shehnai (reed pipes). In a Chhau performance, the depiction of birds and animals is a distinctive feature; there are also heroic dances with sword, bow or shield, by means of which the dancers demonstrate their dexterity. The themes often revolve around mythological heroes and warriors from the Mahabharata and Ramayana. It probably originated as a martial art, which is why it comprises vigorous movements and leaps. Jatra (W.Bengal & Bangladesh)-The name literally means 'going' or 'journey'. It is performing art combining acting, songs, music and dance, stylised delivery, exaggerated gestures and orations, all bordering on melodrama. Jatra is believed to have developed from ceremonial functions conducted before setting out on a journey. Yet others believe that it developed from processions brought out in honour of various deities.

North East India Bihu is a popular folk dance of Assam. It is an integral part of the Bihu festival of Assam. The dance performed on the occasion of the month-long Bihu festival that comes in midApril, when the harvesting of crops is over. Chiraw (Mizoram)-A highly colourful dance from the north-eastern state of Mizoram, it employs a grid of bamboo poles in its performance. The dancers move by stepping alternately in and out of the pairs of horizontal bamboos, held against the ground, by people sitting on either side, facing each other, who tap the bamboos open and closed in rhythmic beats. The bamboos when clapped produce a sharp sound which provides the rhythm of the dance.The dancers step in and out of the squares formed by the bamboos with ease and grace. The pattern and stepping of the dance resemble the movements of birds, swaying of trees and so forth. North India Dumhal is a dance performed by the men folk of the Wattal tribe of Kashmir, on important social occasions. There is an interesting tradition associated with Dumhal dance where the performers of this dance place a banner into the ground at a fixed location and they begin to men dance around this banner. Bhangra (Punjab)-Bhangra is a lively form of folk music and dance. While performing Bhangra, people sing Boliyaan (lyrics or couplets) in the Punjabi language. Some of the dancers play the dhol (a large drum), beating it with a stick while others play the flute and dholak (a smaller drum).Bhangra eventually became a part of social occasions including weddings Giddha (Punjab)-This dance form has its roots in the Punjab region, now split up between India and Pakistan.It is a folk dance performed by women and girls and is considered to be the female counterpart of Bhangra. Langvir Dance (Uttaranchal)-This is an acrobatic dance performed solely by the local menfolk. As a part of this dance the dancer climbs a pole and balances himself on his navel on the top of the pole.To the accompaniment of drum beats and music, he balances skillfully and rotates on his belly, performing several acrobatic stunts. South India Padayani is one of the most colorful and popular dances of Southern Kerala. Padayani is associated with the festival of certain temples, called Padayani or Paddeni. Such temples are in Alleppey, Quilon, Pathanamthitta and Kottayam districts. The main Kolams (huge masks) displayed in Padayani are Bhairavi (Kali), Kalan (god of death), Yakshi (fairy) and Pakshi (bird). Dollu Kunitha is a popular drum dance of Karnataka state. In the Dollu Kanitha dance, large

drums are adorned with colored clothes and hang around the necks of men. The songs used in this dance usually have religious and battle fervor. The main emphasis is on quick and light movement of the feet and legs. The Dollu Kunitha dance forms a part of the ritualistic dances of the Dodavas of Karnataka.

Dhimsa (Andhra Pradesh)-This dance is popular among the tribes inhabiting the Araku Valley region of Vishakhapatam, in Andhra Pradesh. It is generally performed in local fairs and festivals of the area.

West India Dandiya is a popular folk dance of Rajasthan. Dressed in colorful costumes the performers play skillfully with big sticks in their hands. Ghoomar Dance (Rajasthan)- The Ghoomar is the characteristic dance of the Bhils - a tribal community inhabiting various parts of Rajasthan.This is basically a community dance performed by groups of women on auspicious occasions. The name is derived from the word ghoomna (pirouetting). Kalbelia Dance (Rajasthan)-This fascinating dance is performed by the womenfolk hailing from the Kalbelia community, who pursue the centuries-old profession of catching snakes and trading snake venom. Hence, the dance movements and the costumes have an uncanny resemblance to the slithery creatures. recently it has been included in UNESCO intangible cultural heritage list. Bhavai in Gujarat is a popular folk theatre form but Bhavai in Rajasthan is famous folk dance. In Rajasthan, this spectcular dance form consists of veiled women dancers balancing nearly seven or nine brass pitchers as they dance dexterously, pirouetting and swaying with the soles of their feet perched on top of a glass or on the edge of a sword +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ <12/5 Indian Folk Drama ( or theatre forms of India) Traditional Theatre Forms of India
In different regions of India, there are religious festivals, fairs, gatherings, ritual offerings, prayers, almost throughout the year. During these occasions, traditional theatre forms are presented. In traditional theatre forms there are special styles of dance portraying the entry on to the stage or platform, narrative and descriptive roles. For example: The art of making the entry by dancing has been perfected in the traditional Kashmiri theatre form, Bhand Jashn. The way each character walks and enters the platform, identifies him. In traditional theatre, age-old forms, customs and the desire to improvise are intermingled. Traditional theatre forms have a common distinguishing feature that is the element of simplicity. What is the underlying force of traditional theatre forms that has enabled it to survive and maintain its simplicity? The fact remains, that it is the immediate, direct, realistic and rhythmic relationship that the spectators are able to develop with the artists of traditional theatre forms which is generally not experienced in other art forms. It is reflected in the applaud by the spectators by means of clapping their hands. In traditional theatre forms, characters keep changing their place on the stage to be more impressive and to give the situation a greater significance. This technique also reduces the chance of boredom through repetition and stillness. Dialogues delivery is usually carried out in a high pitch. This helps the actors in reaching out to a larger audience. The artists always add something or the other to the original dialogue on their own.

Different forms of traditional theatre forms are listed below :

1. Bhand Pather, the traditional theatre form of Kashmir, is a unique combination of dance, music and acting. Satire, wit and parody are preferred for inducing laughter.

2.

3.

In this theatre form, music is provided with surnai, nagaara and dhol. Since the actors of Bhand Pather are mainly from the farming community, the impact of their way of living, ideals and sensitivity is discernible. Nautanki is usually associated with Uttar Pradesh. The most popular centres of this traditional theatre form are Kanpur, Lucknow and Haathras. The meters used in the verses are: Doha, Chaubola, Chhappai, Behar-e-tabeel. There was a time when only men acted in Nautanki but nowadays, women have also started taking part in the performances. Among those remembered with reverence is Gulab Bai of Kanpur. She gave a new dimension to this old theatre form. Raasleela, played in Braj region of Uttar Pradesh is based exclusively on Lord Krishna legends; it is believed that Nand Das wrote the initial plays based on the life of Krishna. In this theatre form the dialogues in prose combined beautifully with songs and scenes from Krishna's pranks.

4. 5.

Ramleela: It is depiction of Ramayan during Dussehra days. It is played in different ways in different parts of India, particulary in North India.

Bhavai - Bhavai (meaning strolling players) is a popular traditional folk theatre form of Gujarat mainly kutch and kathiawar. According to scholars, the term Bhavai is composed of two words- Bhava and Aai. Bhava means universe and Aai is mother; together they signify the mother of the universe, Amba. So, Bhavai is as much a form of entertainment as it is a kind of ritual offering made to the goddess Amba. In the courtyard of the Ambaji temple near Mount Abu the Navratri festival is celebrated with a good many Bhavai performances. Amba (mother goddess) is the presiding deity of Bhavai performances. A salient feature of the Bhavai is subtle social criticism laced with pungent humour. Some of the Bhavai dance-dramas present a scathing review of the caste-ridden social structure. People belonging to divergent social strata, from the king to the pauper are portrayed in Bhavai. Humor plays a vital role in a Bhavai performance, which is evident enough even while dealing with mythological personages. The language of Bhavai is a blend of Gujarati, Hindi, Urdu, and Marwari. A characteristic instrument of the Bhavai is the bhungal a four feet long copper pipe, played during dance sequences and also to indicate the entry of important characters. (Note that bhavai in rajasthan refers to a folk dance) 6. Maach is the traditional theatre form of Madhya Pradesh. The term Maach is used for the stage itself as also for the play. In this theatre form songs are given prominence in between the dialogues. The term for dialogue in this form is bol and rhyme in narration is termed vanag. The tunes of this theatre form are known as rangat. 7. Bhaona is a presentation of the Ankia Naat of Assam. In Bhaona cultural glimpses of Assam, Bengal Orissa, Mathura and Brindavan can be seen. The Sutradhaar, or narrator begins the story, first in Sanskrit and then in either Brajboli or Assamese. 8. Tamaasha is a traditional folk theatre form of Maharashtra. It has evolved from the folk forms such as Gondhal, Jagran and Kirtan. Unlike other theatre forms, in Tamaasha the female actress is the chief exponent of dance movements in the play. She is known as Murki. Classical music, footwork at lightning-speed, and vivid gestures make it possible to portray all the emotions through dance. 9. Dashavatar is the most developed theatre form of the Konkan and Goa regions. The performers personify the ten incarnations of Lord Vishnu-the god of preservation and creativity. The ten incarnations are Matsya (fish), Kurma (tortoise), Varaha (boar), Narsimha (lion-man), Vaman (dwarf), Parashuram, Rama, Krishna (or Balram), Buddha and Kalki. Apart from stylized make-up, the Dashavatar performers wear masks of wood and papier mache. 10. Krishnattam, folk theatre of Kerala, came into existence in the middle of 17th century A.D. under the patronage of King Manavada of Calicut. Krishnattam is a cycle of eight plays performed for eight consecutive days. The plays are Avataram, Kaliamandana, Rasa krida, kamasavadha, Swayamvaram, Bana Yudham, Vivida Vadham, and Swargarohana. The episodes are based on the theme of Lord Krishna his birth, childhood pranks and various deeds depicting victory of good over evil. 11. Mudiyettu, traditional folk theatre form of Kerala is celebrated in the month of Vrischikam (November-December). It is usually performed only in the Kali temples of Kerala, as an oblation to the Goddess. It depicts the triumph of goddess Bhadrakali over the asura Darika. The seven characters in Mudiyettu-Shiva, Narada, Darika,

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

Danavendra, Bhadrakali, Kooli and Koimbidar (Nandikeshvara) are all heavily madeup. Theyyam is a traditional and extremely popular folk theatre form of Kerala. The word 'Theyyam' is derived from the Sanskrit word 'Daivam' meaning God. Hence it is called God's dance. The tradition of worshipping of spirits of ancestors, folk heroes, and deities of various diseases and ailments can be traced back to ancient times in South India. Theyyam is performed by various castes to appease and worship these spirits. One of the distinguishing features of Theyyam is the colourful costume and awe-inspiring headgears (mudi) nearly 5 to 6 feet high made of arecanut splices, bamboos, leaf sheaths of arecanut and wooden planks and dyed into different strong colours using turmeric, wax and arac. Koodiyaattam, Kudiyattam (Kerala)-Kudiyattam is one of the earliest and oldest theatrical arts of Kerala, based on Sanskrit theatre traditions.. Several actors appear on the stage at the same time as in a modern drama. The actor portraying the male characters is known as the Chakiar and one who portrays the female characters is known as the Nangiar.A feature of Kudiyattam is that there is a Vidushaka or clown who repeats in Malayalam all the Sanskrit verse being uttered by the actors.Kudiyattam used to be performed in temples within multi-pillared theatres known as kuthambalams (built specially for the purpose) by architects, according to the norms laid down in Bharatamuni's Natyasastra.Today Kudiyattam almost stands on the verge of extinction and is performed only in a few major temples like Irinjalakuda, Perumanam, Kottiyur etc.Emphasis on hand gestures and eye movements makes this dance and theatre form unique. Yakshagaana, traditional theatre form of Karnataka, is usually based on mythological stories from Ramayan, Mahabharat and Puranas. The most popular episodes are from the Mahabharata i.e. Draupadi swayamvar, Subhadra vivah, Abhimanyu vadh, Karna-Arjun yuddh and from Ramayana i.e. Raajyaabhishek, Lavkush Yuddh, Baali-Sugreeva yuddha and Panchavati. Although the name literally means: Song of the celestial beings, Yakshagana is more earthy and mundane than fantastic. Unlike the stylised costumes and masks of Kathakali, Yakshagana is a true people's theatre, often staged in the paddy fields at night. Therukoothu, the most popular form of folk drama of Tamil Nadu, literally means "street play". It is mostly performed at the time of annual temple festivals of Mariamman (Rain goddess) to achieve rich harvest. At the core of the extensive repertoire of Therukoothu there is a cycle of eight plays based on the life of Draupadi. Kattiakaran, the Sutradhara of the Therukoothu performance, gives the gist of the play to the audience and Komali entertains the audience with his buffoonery. Shahiri important theatre form in Maharashtra. Shri Vithal Gangaram Umap, who passed recently, was a great noted performer of the Lok Shahiri theatre of Maharashtra.

17.

Jatra (W.Bengal & Bangladesh)-The name literally means 'going' or 'journey'. It is performing art combining acting, songs, music and dance, stylised delivery, exaggerated gestures and orations, all bordering on melodrama. Jatra is believed to have developed from ceremonial functions conducted before setting out on a journey. Yet others believe that it developed from processions brought out in honour of various deities.

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ <5

Painting styles

Two types of painting can be broadly discussed: Wall paintings Cave paintings and murals 2. Miniature paintings
1.

Wall paintings:
The earliest examples of Indian painting, that we find evidence of, are on the walls of some

of the caves in the Kaimur Range of Central India, Vindhya Hills and some places in Uttar Pradesh. Example-Bhimbetka (MP), Ajanta and Ellora caves. The earliest of them is probably out in the 2nd century B.C. and the latest is sometime in the 7th century A.D. The subject matter of these paintings is almost exclusively Buddhist, excepting decorative patterns on the ceilings and the pillars. They are mostly associated with the Jatakas, collection of stories, recording the previous births of the Lord Buddha. The most important wall paintings in South India are from Tanjore, Tamil Nadu. The dancing figures from Rajarajeswara temples of Tanjore belonging to early 11th century A.D. are beautiful examples of medieval paintings. Another example of a dancing girl from Brihadeshwara temple of Tanjore belonging to the same period is a unique representation of swift movement and twisted form. The last series of wall painting in India are from Lepakshi temple near Hindupur belonging to 16th century A.D. The paintings are pressed within broad friezes and illustrate Saivaite and secular themes.

During the period from 11th century A.D. onward, a new method of expression in painting known as miniature painting on palm leaves and paper; perhaps much easier and more economical had already begun.

Miniature painting
1.

THE PALA SCHOOL (11th to 12th centuries)

The earliest examples of miniature painting in India Executed under the Palas of Bengal in the eastern India. The Pala period (750 A.D. to the middle of the 12th century) witnessed the last great phase of Buddhism and of the Buddhist art in India. A large number of manuscripts on palm-leaf relating to the Buddhist themes were written and illustrated with the images of Buddhist deities at Buddhist centres and monasteries which also had workshops for the casting of bronze images. Examples of Pala Buddhist art, in the form of bronzes and manuscripts helped to carry the Pala style to Nepal, Tibet, Burma, Sri Lanka and Java etc. The surviving examples of the Pala illustrated manuscripts mostly belong to the Vajrayana School of Buddhism. The Pala painting is characterised by sinuous line and subdued tones of colour. It is a naturalistic style which resembles the ideal forms of contemporary bronze and stone sculpture, and reflects some feeling of the classical art of Ajanta. Palm leaf and and paper was mostly used.

2.

THE MUGHAL SCHOOL (1560-1800 A.D.)

The origin of the Mughal School of Painting is considered to be a landmark in the history of painting in India. Mughal School of painting originated in the reign of Akbar in 1560 A.D. who was keenly interested in the art of painting and architecture. The Mughal style evolved as a result of a happy synthesis of the indigenous Indian style of painting and the Safavid school of Persian painting. Court life, portrait painting, album painting, wild life, birds, animals and flowers were important subjects of painting. Example: Hundreds of illustrations in Akbarnama which depict life at mughal court are masterpieces of art. So realism is the kenote of mughal school. The Mughal style was further influenced by the European paintings which came in the Mughal court, and absorbed some of the Westem techniques like shading and perspective. After 1712 A.D. the Mughal painting again started deteriorating under the later Mughals.

3.

THE DECCANI SCHOOLS (1560-1800 A.D.)

The deccani schools were contemporary to Mughal Schools. The rich colour scheme, the palm
trees, animals and men and women all belong, to the Deccani tradition. Early Deccani painting absorbed influences of the northern tradition of the pre-Mughal painting which was flourishing in Malwa, and of the southern tradition of the Vijayanagar murals as evident in the treatment of female types and costumes. Influence of the Persian painting is also observed in the treatment of the horizon gold sky and landscape. The colours are rich and

brilliant and are different from those of the northern painting. Tradition of the early Deccani painting continued long after the extinction of the Deccan Sultanates of Ahmednagar, Bijapur and Golconda.

The various schools that flourished are listed below:

AHMEDNAGAR BIJAPUR GOLCONDA HYDERABAD TANJORE STYLE OF PAINTING

The Maratha rule of Thanjavur lasted for about 2 centuries from the late 16th century. The Thanjavur school of painting evolved in a period full of political chaos in South India. Thanjavur Paintings flourished under the patronage of the Nayak & Maratha princes in the 16th to the 18th centuries. It was characterised by bold drawing, techniques of shading and the use of pure and brilliant colours. Hindu gods like Vishnu,Shiva,Krishna,Ram and Sita were the favourites of the artists. They were painted in decorative bright colours with ornamental details. A typical Thanjavur painting would consist of one main figure, a deity, with a wellrounded body & almond shaped eyes. This figure would be housed in an enclosure created by means of an arch, curtains etc. The painting would be made by the gilded and gem-set technique - a technique where gold leaves & sparkling stones are used to highlight certain aspects of the painting like ornaments, dresses etc. The conical crown appearing in the miniature is a typical feature of the Tanjore painting.

The base of Thanjavur painting consists of cloth pasted over a wooden base.
4.

THE CENTRAL INDIAN AND RAJASTHANI SCHOOLS (17TH-19TH CENTURIES)

Unlike Mughal painting which is primarily secular, the art of painting in Central India, Rajasthani and the Pahari region etc. is deeply rooted in the Indian traditions, taking inspiration from Indian epics, religious texts like the Puranas, love poems in Sanskrit and other Indian languages, Indian folk-lore and works on musical themes. The themes from the Ramayana., the Mahabharata, the Bhagavata, the Siva Purana, the Gita Govinda of Jayadeva, etc., provided a very rich field to the painter who with his artistic skill and devotion made a significant contribution to the development of Indian painting. The Rajput rulers following the example set by the Mughal Emperors employed artists to work at their courts. The important schools of paintings are Malwa, Mewar, Bundi- Kotah, Amber Jaipur, Bikaner, Marwar and Kishengarh. The Mewar paintings portray incidents mainly from the life of Krishna and his frolic with the gopis, social life of people, rural life and birds and animals. The Bundi style of painting is very close to the Mewar style, but the former excels the latter in quality. Painting in Bundi started as early as circa 1625 A.D. The peculiar characteristics of the Bundi painting, as evident in many miniature paintings, are the rich and glowing colours, the rising sun in golden colour, crimson-red horizon, overlapping and semi-naturalistic trees. The Mughal influence is visible in the refined drawing of the faces and an element of naturalism in the treatment of the trees. Court Scenes, scenes of nobles,lovers and ladies in palaces were produced throughout the 17th and 18th century. Kotah style of painting very much akin to the Bundi style also prevailed in Kotah a place near Bundi, during the late 18th and 19th centuries. Themes of

tiger and bear hunt were very popular at Kotah. In Kotah paintings, most of the space is occupied by the hilly jungle which has been rendered with a unique charm. Kishengarh School- During the second quarter of the 18th century, there developed the most charming school of Rajasthani painting in Kishengarh under the patronage of Raja Savant Singh (1748-1757 A.D.) who wrote devotional poetry in praise of Krishna. Most of them are believed to have been done by the master painter Nihal Chand who, in his works, has been able to create visual images of his master's lyrical compositions.

5.

THE PAHARI SCHOOLS (17TH TO 19TH CENTURIES)

The Pahari region comprises the present State of Himachal Pradesh, some adjoining areas of the Punjab, the area of Jammu in the Jammu and Kashmir State and Garhwal in Uttar Pradesh. The whole of this area was divided into small States ruled by the Rajput princes and were often engaged in welfare. These States were centres of great artistic activity from the latter half of the 17th to nearly the middle of the 19th century. Love is the inspiration and the main pre-occupation of the Pahari School symbolized by Krishna and Radha. Important schools are: BASOHLI - The Basohli style of painting is characterised by vigorous and bold line and strong glowing colours. The Basohli style spread to the various neighbouring states and continued till the middle of the 18th century. There is a change in the facial type which becomes a little heavier and also in the tree forms which assume a somewhat naturalistic character, which may be due to the influence of the Mughal painting. Otherwise, the general features of the Basohli style like the use of strong and contrasting colours, monochrome background, large eyes, bold drawing, use of beetles wings for showing diamonds in ornaments, narrow sky and the red border are observable in this miniature also. GULER This is the second phase of Pahari painting. The style of these paintings is naturalistic, delicate and lyrical. The female type in these paintings is particularly delicate with well-modelled faces, small and slightly upturned nose and the hair done minutely. The colours used are soft and cool. The style appears to have been inspired by the naturalistic style of the Mughal painting of the Muhammad Shah period. KANGRA - The Guler style was followed by another style of painting termed as the "Kangra style", representing the third phase of the Pahari painting in the last quarter of the 18th century. The Kangra style developed out of the Guler style. It possesses the main characteristics of the latter style, like the delicacy of drawing and quality of naturalism. KULU MANDI- Along with the naturalistic Kangra style in the Pahari region, there also flourished a folk style of painting in the Kulu-Mandi area, mainly inspired by the local tradition. The style is marked by bold drawing and the use of dark and dull colours. Though influence of the Kangra style is observed in certain cases yet the style maintains its distinct folkish character.

6. THE MADHUBANI SCHOOLS (17TH TO 19TH CENTURIES) Madhubani painting is a style of painting, practiced in the Mithila region of Bihar state. Themes revolve around Hindu Gods and mythology, along with scenes from the royal court and social events like weddings. Generally no space is left empty; the gaps are filled by paintings of flowers, animals, birds, and even geometric designs.In this paintings artists uses leaf, Herbs, Flowers to make the colour which is used to draw paintings.

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ <2 Suchitra Mitra

well-respected exponent of Rabindra Sangeet or the songs of Bengal's poet laureate Rabindranath Tagore.

Also famous singer and composer Her inherent love and commitment to Tagore's music encouraged her to found the "Rabitirtha" which today stands out significantly as one of the leading schools of Rabindra Sangeet in Kolkata she was awarded the Padma Shri by theGovernment of India in 1974.

<2 Rabindra Sangeet

Also known as Tagore Songs in English, is a form of music composed by Rabindranath Tagore who added a new dimension to the musical concept of India in general and Bengal in specific. Rabindra Sangeet used Indian classical music and traditional folk music as sources. Rabindra Sangeet has had a very strong influence on Bengali culture. These songs are regarded as cultural treasures of Bengal in both West Bengal (India) and Bangladesh. Two songs from his Rabindrasangeet (Songs of Rabindranath Tagore) canon are now the national anthems of Bangladesh and India: the Amar Shonar Bangla and the Jana Gana Mana.

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ <2 S. H Raza (Syed Haider Raza)

Legendary painter Returning to India after 60 years in France . He was awarded the Padma Shri and Fellowship of the Lalit Kala Akademi in 1981 and Padma Bhushan in 2007. He became India's priciest modern artist on June 10, 2010 when a seminal work, 'Saurashtra' by the 88-year-old sold for Rs 16.42 crore ($3,486,965) at a Christie's auction.

<2 Lohri Lohri is the harvest festival of Punjab but celebrated in entire North India equally. Lohri festival prompts people to be thankful for God's provision and to celebrate his creation, its focus on farming. In Punjab, wheat is the main winter crop, which is sown in October and harvested in March or April. In January, the fields come up with the promise of a golden harvest, and farmers celebrate Lohri during this rest period before the cutting and gathering of crops The Lohri of north India coincides with Pongal in Tamil Nadu, Makar Sankranti in Bengal, Magha Bihu in Assam, Tai Pongal in Kerala, all celebrated on the auspicious day of Makar Sankranti.

Lohri is essentially a festival dedicated to fire and the sun god. It is the time when the sun transits the zodiac sign Makar (Capricorn), and moves towards the north. In astrological terms, this is referred to as the sun becoming Uttarayan. The new configuration lessens the ferocity of winter, and brings warmth to earth. It is to ward off the bitter chill of the month of January that people light bonfires, dance around it in a mood of bonhomie and celebrate Lohri.

<2 Bhogali Bihu

Post-harvest festival in ASSAM celebrated in mid-January with traditional pomp and gaiety. It is associated with the January solstice. Bhogali Bihu, also called Magh Bihu comes from the word Bhog that is eating and enjoyment. It is a harvest festival and marks the end of harvesting season. Since the granaries are full, there is a lot of feasting and eating during this period. The festival coincides with Makar Sankranti. During this festival, Maghi Melas are being organized across the State where traditionallyproduced items are exhibited. People exchange greetings and prepared food items among the near and dear ones. They lit community bonfire in paddy fields and open grounds to bid adieu to the winter season. Different types of traditional sports like Buffalo-fight, Egg-fight, Cock-fight, Bulbul bird-fight are held throughout the day. Communal harmony rallies are also organized involving all communities on the occasion

<2 Pongal

Celebrated across Tamil Nadu on the fourteenth of January every year. It marks the beginning of Uttarayana, the Sun's movement northward for a six month period, an auspicious occasion. Thus it signals the end of winter and the onset of spring. Pongal signals the end of the traditional farming season, giving farmers a break from their monotonous routine. Coincides with Lohri and Maker Sankranti. In fact, four festivals are celebrated in Tamil Nadu for four consecutive days in that week. 'Bogi' is celebrated on January 13, 'Pongal or Surya pongal' on Jan 14 in which Pongal is offered to the Sun God, 'Maattu Pongal' (festival for the cattle) on Jan 15 in which Jalli Kattu Virattu is held and 'Thiruvalluvar Day' on Jan 16. On, the first day, Bhogi, the old clothes and materials are thrown away and fired, marking the beginning of a new life. The second day, the Pongal day, is celebrated by boiling fresh milk early in the morning and allowing it to boil over the vessel - a tradition that is the literal translation for Pongal. People also prepare savories and sweets, visit each other's homes, and exchange greetings. The third day, Mattu Pongal, is meant to offer thanks to the cows and buffaloes, as they are used to plough the lands. On the last day, Kanum Pongal, people go out to picnic, visit the houses of relatives and popular places and celebrate pongal. ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

<12/5 pre

harvest post harvest sowing festivals of India

Northern Indian Harvest Festival In Northern India, the festival is known as Lohri while in Assam it is called Bhogali Bihu, in Bihar it is known as Sankranti and In Uttar Pradesh, Sankrant is called Khichiri. Eastern Indian Harvest Festival In Eastern India the primary crop harvested is rice. Here Holi is held at the time of the full moon and is a religious festival. Luira is the seed sowing festival and Darreo is pre-harvest festival means the plucking of the new crop in Manipur. Nabanna (New Crop) is a Bengali harvest celebration usually celebrated with food and dance and music.

Nuakhai is one of the major agricultural festivals of Orissa, Nuakhai, is practiced among the tribal as well as non-tribal. Also known as Nabanna,it is however celebrated with more enthusiasm in Sambalpur region of Orissa. Nuakhai is observed to welcome the new rice-paddy of the season.

West and central Indian Harvest Festival

In Maharashtra on the Sankranti day people exchange multi-colored tilguds made from til (sesame seeds) and sugar and til-laddus made from til and jaggery. In Bundelkhand and Madhya Pradesh this festival of Sankrant is known by the name Sakarat and is celebrated with great pomp & merriment accompanied by lot of sweets. Southern Indian Harvest Festival In Southern India Pongal is a four-day harvest festival and one of the most joyful events. In Tamil Nadu, newly harvested rice is ceremonially cooked. In Karnataka, the festival is called 'Sankranti', and cows and bullocks are gaily decorated and fed on Pongal, which is a sweet preparation of rice. In Andhra Pradesh, it is celebrated as a three-day harvest festival Pongal. It is a big event for the people of Andhra Pradesh. The Telugus like to call it 'Pedda Panduga' meaning big festival. The whole event lasts for four days, the first day Bhogi, the second day Sankranti, the third day Kanuma and the fourth day, Mukkanuma. For the People of Coorg in the town of Karnataka in the South of India Puthari or Huthari is the traditional harvest festival known for a variety of folk songs and dances being displayed. The traditional harvest festival of farmers in Kakkoor south of Kochi in South India has its own unique style and Dravidian culture. This is Kakkoor Kalavayal celebrated since the immemorial days +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ <2 Kuchipudi Classical dance of ANDHRA PRADESH Performed to classical Carnatic music, it shares many common elements with Bharatanatyam. Kuchipudi, a blend of music and abhinaya, is Andhra Pradesh's unique contribution to dance. Famous Kuchipudi exponents include : Vempati Chinasatyam, Yamini Krishnamurthy, Raja Reddy Radha Reddy, and Sobha Naidu <2 Vishwa Ijtema

Viswa Ijtema means world congregation. It is said to be the second largest gathering of Muslims of the world (after Haj) on the banks of the river Turag in Tongi near Dhaka. It is an annual meeting place of Muslim pilgrims from various countries of the world for special prayers. Its main objectives are to inspire Muslims of the world to follow the norms of Islam and encourage them to lead a life that conforms to the tenets of Islam as depicted in the Quran and Hadith

<2 Me-Dam-Me-Fie festival (ASSAM)

Me-Dam-Me-Fi is considered as the most important annual religious festival of the Tai Ahoms in ASSAM. On this day, the Tai-Ahoms offer oblations to their ancestors and sacrifices to gods in traditional manner. The Tai-Ahom belief is that their worthy ancestors are still living in the Heaven. The then Ahom Kings, who ruled Assam for around six hundred years till 1826, performed this annual

'ancestor worship' initially at Charaideo, the erstwhile capital of the Ahom Kingdom, now in Sibsagar district of the State. In Tai language, Me-Dam-Me-Fi means offer of Puja and prayer in memory of their forefathers. Me means paying tributes, Dam means forefathers and Fi means gods and goddesses. In short, Me-Dam-Me-Fi signifies offer of prayer or tribute in honour of the souls of their forefathers. The Tai Ahoms celebrate this festival with great jubilation and enthusiasm on January 31 every year and this day is declared as a State holiday.

<2 Khajuraho dance festival

Started since 2002 regularly. Week long festival in Madhya Pradesh held during Feb-March. One of the most prestigious cultural events of the country. Takes place at the open-air auditorium in front of the Chitragupta Temple dedicated to the Sun God and the Vishwanatha Temple dedicated to Lord Shiva The different forms of Indian classical dances are showcased during this festival. Eminent artistes perform Odissi, Kathak, Bharatnatyam, Mohiniattam, Kuchipudi and Kathakali to an audience of dance lovers from all over the world It is organized by Culture Department of Madhya Pradesh government and Ustad Allauddin Khan Sangeet and Kala Academy every year.

<2 Surajkund Crafts Mela

The week long Surajkund Crafts Mela is organized by the Haryana Tourism Department in the month of February in Faridabad since 1981. The Surajkund Crafts is an annual event that highlight some of the finest handloom and handicraft traditions of the country. Every year, the Surajkund Crafts Mela is planned by selecting a particular Indian state as a theme and entire ambience for the fair is designed accordingly. The magic of vibrant Andhra Pradesh is the theme state for this year Mela. Uzbekistan is the Partner Country of 25th Surajkund Crafts Mela 2011. The craftpersons from SAARC Nations are also participating in the Surajkund Crafts Mela.

<2 Bharat Ratna

Bharat Ratna, the highest civilian award of the country, was instituted in the year 1954. It is awarded in four areas for exceptional service towards advancement of Art, Literature and Science, and in recognition of public service of the highest order. The recommendations for Bharat Ratna are made by the Prime Minister himself to the President. No formal recommendations for this are necessary. The number of annual awards is restricted to a maximum of three in a particular year. On conferment of the award, the recipient receives a Sanad (certificate) signed by the President and a medallion. The award does not carry any monetary grant. The first ever Indian to receive this award was the famous scientist, Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman. There is no written provision that Bharat Ratna should be awarded to Indian citizens only. The award has been awarded to a naturalized Indian citizen, Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu, better known as Mother Teresa (1980) and to two non-Indians Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan and Nelson Mandela (1990). It is also not mandatory that Bharat Ratna be awarded every year. The last time this award was given was in 2008, to Pandit Bhimsen Gururaj Joshi.

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ <2 Magh Mela/DETAILS

The Magh Mela is one of the greatest annual religious affairs for Hindus. It is held every year on the banks of Triveni Sangam (the confluence of the three great rivers Ganga, Yamuna and Saraswati) in Prayag near Allahabad in Uttar Pradesh. The auspicious Magh Mela is so called as it falls in the Magh period (Jan-Feb). It starts every year from Makar Sankranti in January and ends at Maha Shivratri in February. This annual religious event or the great bathing festival is a smaller version of the gigantic Kumbh Mela that is held after every 12 years. Every twelfth year the Magh Mela becomes the Kumbh Mela, when millions of pilgrims converge to commemorate the remarkable event. Allahabad, Haridwar, Ujjain and Nasik are four important Kumbh sites.

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ The Hindustan Times reports that the Grand Imam of Islam's Holiest Shrine in Mecca, Abdul Rahman Al-Sudais - who is to Muslims what the Pope is to Christians - will lead evening prayers at the Darul Uloom at Deoband town in UP's Saharanpur district, on Feb the 25th, in his first trip to a non Islamic Nation. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ <2 Veneshwar Mela

also known as the `Mahakumbh' of the tribal people as it is held at the confluence of three rivers Rivers Mahi, Som and Jakham in the tribal district of Dungarpur, Rajasthan. Tribal people flock to the venue from as far as Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat The ten day fair is held in the month of FEBRUARY.

<2 'Pongala' ritual Thousands of women perform the 'Pongala' ritual of the famed Attukal Bhagavathy temple in Thiruvananthapuram. This is one of world's largest all-woman religious gatherings which made its way into the Guinness Book of World Records due to its uniqueness. Cutting across class, caste and even religious barriers, devotees congregate around the temple to perform the annual ceremony of cooking of rice-jaggery mix in fresh earthen pots as their offering to the presiding Goddess of the shrine, seeking her blessings for year-round peace, plenty and prosperity. Though in the early years it was purely a local festival of small gathering of women, over the last few decades 'pongala' has become a major religious event. For the last few years the festival has been attracted an average 2.5 million women, which prompted the Guinness to record it as the biggest gathering of women on a single day for a religious ritual. Attukal temple is also called "women's Sabarimala" as only women perform the ritual while it is predominantly men who under take the pilgrimage to the hillshrine Sabarimnala of Lord Ayyappa. Women in the age group of 10-50 are not allowed to worship at Sabarimala under the temple tradition. ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

<2 Nyokum Yullo

pre-sowing festival festival of Nyishi (a major tribe of Arunachal Pradesh) the magic of Nyokum is so powerful that it binds the Nyishi fraternity together to revel the moments of pride and pleasures as well highlight the ancient heritages they are so proud of. Nyokum being a pre-sowing festival is celebrated for harvest prosperity, communal harmony, community integrations and global peace as well it also marks the advent of the Nyishi New Year.

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ <12/5 martial arts in the country Martial arts is a part of Indias ancient culture and a traditional games. The term martial arts, simply means 'arts concerned with the waging of war'. Many of the martial arts we know today, originated from ancient war skills. Large number of people are attracted to this art because of its self-defensive potential and fitness. Indian martial arts has an important influence in the development of modern Asian martial arts. As in other respects of Indian culture, Indian martial arts can be roughly divided into northern and southern styles.
1. 2.

Khusti: The Indian Wrestling is also a part of Indian Martial arts found throughout the India. Kalarippayattu: Kalarippayattu is a famous Indian martial art from land of attraction Kerala and one of the oldest fighting systems in existence. It is practiced in most of the part of south India. A kalari is the school or training hall where martial arts are taught. It includes strikes, kicks and some weapon based practiced, Footwork patterns is most important key in Kalarippayattu. It is the best Indian martial art that has been used in many movies to make it popular, like Ashoka and The myth. Silambam: Silambamis a weapon-based Indian martial art from Tamil Nadu. Every states has it own style of martial arts. A wide variety of weapons are used in silamban, some of which are not found anywhere else in the world. Silambam art also used animal movements of snake, tiger, eagle forms and footwork patterns is play a key role here as well. Another part of Silambam is Kuttu varisai, it is the unarmed kind of martial art.

3.

Gatka: Gatkais weapon-based Indian martial art basically created by the Sikhs of Punjab.There are many weapons used in Gatka like, Stick, Talwar, kirpan and kataar. The attacking and defense methods are based upon the positions of the hands feet and nature of weapons used. It is also displayed during the different celebrations or at fairs in Punjab. 5. Thoda : Thoda, the impressive martial art form of Himachal Pradesh, relies on one's archery prowess, dating back to the days of the Mahabharata, when bows and arrows were used in the epic battles, between the Pandavas and the Kauravas, residing in the picturesque valleys of Kulu and Manali. Thus, this martial art has its origin in Kulu. Thoda, the name is derived, from the round piece of wood fixed to the head of the arrow, which is used to blunt its wounding potential.
4. 6.

Musti yuddha: It is unarmed martial art from the oldest city of India Varanasi. Technique used in this martial arts are punches, kicks, knees and elbow strikes. This style is a complete art of physical, mental and spiritual development. This art is very rarely visible but was very popular in middle age.

7.

Thang Ta: Thang Ta is popular term for the ancient Manipuri Weapon based Martial Art also known as HUYEN LALLONG. Manipuri martial arts with Thang ( a sword ) and a Ta ( a spear ), is a strong yet gracefully sophisticated art. Sarit - Sarak is the technique of fighting against armed or unarmed opponents, but on many occasions there is a combined approach to the training of these martial arts. Mardani Khel: Mardani Khel is an armed method of martial art created by the Maratha. This traditional martial art of Maharashtra is practiced in kolhapur. Pari-khanda: Pari-khandaa style of sword and shield fighting from Bihar. This art is created by the rajputs. Pari-khanda steps and techniques are also used in Chau dance.

8.

9.

Cheibi Gad-Ga : This is one of Manipur's most ancient martial arts. The fighting equipment comprises a sword and a shield, now modified to a stick encased in soft leather and a shield made of leather. The contestants fight a duel, and victory goes to the person, who scores the maximum points. In ancient times, sword and spears were used by the contestants. Victory in this martial art, depends more on skill, than brawn and brute force. 11. Lathi: Lathi is an ancient armed martial art of India. It also refers one of the worlds oldest weapons used in martial arts. Lathi or stick martial arts practiced in Punjab and Bengal region of India. Lathi still remains a popular sport in Indian villages.
10.

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ <2 lathmaar holi of Barsana in Mathura

a special form of traditional festivity. It is famous and Unique Holi with sticks wherein women beat up men with sticks and men protect themselves with shields. It takes place at Barsana near Mathura in the state of Uttar Pradesh and well before the actual Holi celebration. The main attraction is Radharani temple.

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ <2 Sarhul Sarhul, is the most popular tribal festival of flowers in Orissa, Jharkhand, Bengal and Bihar Sarhul is celebrated during spring season when the Sal trees get new flowers on their branches. It is a worship of the village deity who is considered to be the protector of the tribes. Streets are decorated with Sarhul flags and various tribal groups take out processions. The festival is observed by Mundas, Oraon and Santhal tribal communities, inhabiting in the regions of Orissa, Jharkhand and Bihar. Sarhul literally means Worship of Sal. Sarhul is the worship of nature in which the people worship Dharti Mata. They also worship water, wind, plants and animals. During the festival Sal flowers are brought to the Sarna (sacred grove) and the priest propitiates all the gods of the tribes. Hadia or Diang, a wine made of stale rice is the Prasad of this festival. Traditional Sarhul Dance is also performed during Sarhul festival that lasts for several days. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++| <2 The festivals of Chaitra Sukladi, Ugadi, Gudi Padava, Chetti Chand, Navreh and Sajibu Cheiraoba are being celebrated in different parts of the country on start of hindu lunar new year. NEW YEAR CELEBRATIONS in MID-MARCH

This is the first day of the Chitra (spring) month (in March). In northern parts of India this day is celebrated as Chaitra Sukhladi. Its alternative name is Cheti Chand. Sindhis celebrate the new year as Cheti Chand: Chaitra month is called 'Cheti' in Sindhi; this day is observed as the birthday of Saint Jhulelal. The Jhuley Lal temples across the state are colourfully decorated and religious processions are taken out In Andhra and Karnataka it is celebrated as Ugadi: Yuga + aadi means start of new era. In Maharashtra and Goa it is celebrated as Gudi Padwa: Padwa means crop; it marks the end of Rabi crop and time for a new 'Vasant'/spring season. In Kashmir the new year is celebrated as Navreh: the name is derived from Sanskrit 'Nava Varsha' meaning the New Year.

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ NEW YEAR CELEBRATIONS in MID-APRIL

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Baishkhi (Punjabi/Sikh New Year) Vishu (Kerela New Year) Rongali Bihu ( Assamese New Year) 'Maha Vishuba Sankranti' (Oriya New Year) Sajibu Cheiraoba (Manipur New Year, Sajibu indicates the first of the six seasons and Cheiraoba means declaration of new year).

<2 Baisakhi Marks Punjabi/sikh new year. After the Baisakhi festival, the harvesting of rabbi crop starts which brings a sense of joy for the farmer community as the produce comes home after six months of hard work in Punjab It was on this day that the tenth Sikh Guru Gobind Singh formed Khalsa Panth in 1699 at Anandpur Sahib in Punjab by baptising five of his disciples.

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ <2 Hola Mohalla Hola Mohalla is a festival that is among the most important festivals for the Sikh community. The festival marks the New Year according to the lunar Nanakshahi calendar of Sikhs. This day is seen as an occasion for the Sikh community to show their martial skills in faux battles. In fact, 'Hola Mohalla' literally means for 'mock fights'. Originated during the time of Guru Gobind Singh, the first mock fight was held at Anandpur in 1701 AD. This too is a three day festival and on all three days there are grand celebrations including mock fights, exhibitions, display of weapons and kirtans. ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ <2 Bihu Bihu denotes a set of three different cultural festivals of Assam. Literally, Bi means "to ask" and Shu means "peace and prosperity" in the world. Hence the word BISHU gradually became Bihu to accommodate linguistic preferences. So during this occasion, the first crops of the season are offered to their supreme god - Brai Shibrai or Father Shibrai while wishing for peace and prosperity. Like most other Indian festivals, Bihu (all three) is associated with farming.
1.

Rongali Bihu - mid April

Rongali Bihu (mid-April, also called Bohag Bihu) is the most popular Bihu which celebrates the onset of the Assamese New Year (around April 15) and the coming of Spring. It is the most popular harvest festival in Assam. The farmers prepare the fields for cultivation of paddy and there is a feeling of joy around. It is a week-long festivity. This marks the first day of the Hindu solar calendar and is also observed in Bengal, Manipur, Nepal, Orissa, Punjab, Kerala and Tamil Nadu though called by different names During this occasion people from all communities get together irrespective of caste and creed in the open fields and stages for all-round merry-making by exhibiting impressive Bihu Husori dance and rich traditional Assamese culture
2.

Kongali Bihu - (mid-October, associated with the September equinox, also called KatiBihu has a different flavour as there is less merriment and the atmosphere has a sense of constrain and solemnity. During this time of the year, the paddy crops in the fields are in the growing stage and the granaries of the farmers are almost empty. So prayers are made to protect the maturing crops) Bhogali Bihu

3.

Post-harvest festival in ASSAM celebrated in mid-January with traditional pomp and gaiety. It is associated with the January solstice. Bhogali Bihu, also called Magh Bihu comes from the word Bhog that is eating and enjoyment. It is a harvest festival and marks the end of harvesting season. Since the granaries are full, there is a lot of feasting and eating during this period. The festival coincides with Makar Sankranti. During this festival, Maghi Melas are being organized across the State where traditionallyproduced items are exhibited. People exchange greetings and prepared food items among the near and dear ones. They lit community bonfire in paddy fields and open grounds to bid adieu to the winter season. Different types of traditional sports like Buffalo-fight, Egg-fight, Cock-fight, Bulbul bird-fight are held throughout the day. Communal harmony rallies are also organized involving all communities on the occasion

Thus Bihus are the national festivals of Assam. They are celebrated with fun and abundance by all Assamese people irrespective of caste, creed, religion, faith and belief. ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ <2 Vishu New Year festival of Kerela, celebrated in mid April. It is the festival of agricultural prosperity and celebrated across the state with traditional fervour and enthusiasm. The most important event in Vishu is the Vishukkani, which literally means " the first thing seen on the day of Vishu after waking up". On Vishu, the custom is to wake up at dawn and go to the puja room with eyes closed so that the Vishukkani is the first sight of the new season Devotees throng to the famous Guruvayoour temple of Lord Krishna and Lord Ayyappa temple at Sabarimala for the auspicious vishukani darshan and praying for a prosperous new year. <2 Chaita Dasi

Refers to New Year celebrations In Kathmandu Valley celebrated in April

It is marked by the Bisket Jatra festival where in a tall wooden ceremonial pole is erected in the town square to commemorate the great battle of Mahabharat with the pole symbolizing victory. In Bhaktapur a chariot carrying the images of Lord Bhairab and Badra are pulled through the city centre and a tug of war among neighbourhoods take place. The winners are considered blessed with good fortune for the coming year. The festival goes on for nine days.

<2 Pahela Baishakh

Celebrated in Bangladesh to mark the beginning of Bengali New Year Thousands of people gather in Ramna park of Dhaka city to usher in the New Year by singing the traditional Pahela Baishakh song of Guru Dev Rabindranath Tagore--"Esho hey Baishakh

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Jnanpith Award It is the highest literary award in India instituted in 1961. It is presented by the Bharatiya Jnanpith, a trust founded by the Sahu Jain family, the publishers of The Times of India newspaper. The award carries a check for Rs. 7 lakh, a citation plaque and a bronze replica of goddess Saraswati. Any Indian citizen who writes in any of the official languages of India is eligible for the honor. The first recipient, in 1965, was the Malayalam writer G. Sankara Kurup. ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Saraswati Samman

Saraswati Samman was instituted in 1991 by the K. K. Birla Foundation. It is an annual award for outstanding prose or poetry literary works in any Indian language listed in Schedule VIII of the Constitution of India. The award consists of Rs 7.5 lakh, a citation and a plaque. Candidates are selected from literary works published in the previous ten years by a panel that included scholars and former award winners. The selected work must have been written in a language listed as an Indian language in the Indian Constitution. Ismat Chughtai for Urdu Literature was first winner for 1990.

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Vyas Samman

Vyas Samman was instituted in 1991 by the K. K. Birla Foundation To be eligible for the award, the literary work must be in the Hindi language and have been published in the past 10 years. The award consists of Rs 2.5 lakh, a citation and a plaque. Dr. Ram Vilas Sharma was first winner in 1991 for Bharat ke Pracheen bhasha parivar aur Hindi in 3 volumes VISHWANATH PRASAD TIWARI is the recent winner for his collection of poems "PHIR BHI KUCH RAH JAYEGA " for 2010.

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ <12/5 National Archival Heritage Mission

Also called National Film Heritage Mission (NFHM). The 660 Crore Mission envisages preservation, digitization and restoration of archiving film heritage of the country preserved by various agencies and Departments viz National Film Archives of India (NFAI), National Film Development Corporation (NFDC), Films Division (FD), Directorate of Film Festival (DFF), Children Film Society of India (CFSI) etc. Under Ministry of Information & Broadcasting Thus the project would ensure preserving for prosperity. This mission has been regarded as the most appropriate tool to ensure inter generational link across the country as far as cultural resources were concerned. With an outlay of 660 crores the heritage mission was expected to be ready by 2013, as part of the centenary celebrations of Indian Cinema.

<5 National Mission for Manuscripts Launched in February, 2003 as a five year project, though still continuing, by the Ministry of Culture during Tenth Plan. National Archives of India, under Ministry of Culture is the nodal agency empowered to preserve, conserve the documentary heritage of India including public records and manuscripts. It also operates the following two schemes of financial assistance for preservation of archival and manuscript heritage. Objective is to save the most valuable of our cultural inheritance, i.e., manuscripts. India possesses an estimate of five million manuscripts, probably the largest collection in the world. Together, they constitute the memory' of India's history, heritage and thought. These manuscripts lie scattered across the country and beyond, in numerous institutions as well as private collections, often unattended and undocumented. The National Mission for Manuscripts aims to locate, document, preserve and render these accessibleto connect India's past with its future, its memory with its aspirations. Working with specially identified fifty Manuscript Resource Centres (MRC-s) and Manuscript Conservation Centres (MCC-s) in states all over the country, the Mission collects data on manuscripts located in a variety of places, from universities and libraries to temples, mathas, madrasas, monasteries and private collections. It also brings manuscripts and the knowledge they house to the public through lectures, seminars, publications and specially designed programmes for school children and university students. A number of other programmes are designed to promote manuscript conservation, manuscript digitization and scholarship through manuscript studies workshops. ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

<2 Jaipur foot Jaipur Foot is a rubber-based prosthetic leg for people with below-knee amputations. Research is going on for making "polyurethane foot" (instead of vulcanized rubber). The Jaipur Foot was developed in 1968 and the thesis submitted in 1971. The idea of making Jaipur foot was first conceived by Mr. Ram Chander Sharma (Masterjee) who designed and developed the foot and the limb, under the guidance of orthopaedic surgeon Dr P K Sethi Dr PK Sethi was awarded Ramon Magsaysay Award for Jaipur Foot in 1981. The Jaipur Foot is fitted free of cost by Jaipur foot making NGO Bhagwan Mahavir Viklang Sahyata Samiti, founded by Devendra Raj Mehta retd IAS. Compared to western SACH foot costing $ 8000, Jaipur Foot costs only approximately U.S. $35. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

<5 INTACH

Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage It was founded in 1984 by Pupul Jayakar, Indian cultural activist and writer. It's headquarter is in New Delhi,with chapters in 117 Indian cities, plus in Belgium, UK and USA. It is an autonomous non-governmental Indian NGO that seeks to preserve Indian Art and Cultural heritage. INTACH is the only non-governmental Indian non-profit society working for the awareness, and conservation of Indian culture, shodnatmak prakriya and heritage. It works in collaboration with various government agencies in its work. Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage recently collaborated with the CBSE to encourage children and schools to adopt heritage sites and help in their conservation. ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ <2 World Heritage Sites in India . What are the implications?

As of 2010, there are 28 World Heritage Sites in India, The last being added is Jantar Mantar at Jaipur. Of these 28 sites, 23 are cultural sites and the other five are natural sites. These are places of importance of cultural or natural heritage as described in the UNESCO World Heritage Convention, established in 1972. The WHC sites in India are: Cultural

Agra Fort (1983) Ajanta Caves (1983) Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi (1989) Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park (2004) Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus) (2004) Churches and Convents of Goa (1986) Elephanta Caves (1987) Ellora Caves (1983) Fatehpur Sikri (1986) Great Living Chola Temples (1987) Group of Monuments at Hampi (1986) Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram (1984) Group of Monuments at Pattadakal (1987) Humayun's Tomb, Delhi (1993) Khajuraho Group of Monuments (1986) Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh Gaya (2002) Mountain Railways of India (1999) Qutb Minar and its Monuments, Delhi (1993) Red Fort Complex (2007) Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka (2003) Sun Temple, Konrak (1984) Taj Mahal (1983) The Jantar Mantar, Jaipur (2010)

Natural

Kaziranga National Park (1985) Keoladeo National Park (1985) Manas Wildlife Sanctuary (1985) Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks (1988) Sundarbans National Park (1987) ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

<2 Pandit Madhava Gudi Noted Hindustani classical vocalist and singer, specialising in Khayal and light forms. Belongs to Kirana gharana was a disciple of late Pandit Bhimsen Joshi +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

<2Buddha Purnima

Buddha Poornima, which falls on the full moon night in the month of Vaisakha (either in April or May), commemorates the birth anniversary of Lord Buddha, founder of Buddhism. The most important of all the Buddhist festivals, Buddha Purnima is considered the most auspicious of all the days in the year. Bodhgaya (Bihar) and Sarnath (Uttar Pradesh) are, in particular, known for the Buddha Purnima celebrations which are held in these two cities. Notwithstanding the summer heat (the temperature routinely touches 45 degrees C), pilgrims come from all over the world to Bodh Gaya to attend the Buddha Poornima celebrations. The day is marked with prayer meets, sermons on the life of Gautam Buddha, religious discourses, continuous recitation of Buddhist scriptures, group meditation, processions, worship of the statue of Buddha. The Mahabodhi Temple in Bodggaya (Bihar) wears a festive look and is decorated with colourful flags and flowers. The Chinese scholar, Fa-Hien has recorded celebration of this festival

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ <2 Saga Dawa

Saga Dawa is an important Tibetan Buddhist festival, held each year on the full moon day of the fourth lunar month of the Tibetan calendar. Celebrated in Sikkim also. According to the Tibetan calendar, it was on this day that Lord Buddha was born, attained enlightenment and the Mahaparinirvana, though in different years. The Buddhists of the State consider it to be the most auspicious occasion. The Saga Dawa festival is being marked by performing special pujas at various monasteries of the State including the famous Rumtek monastery. Literally, Saga is million; Dawa is moon. Thus, Saga Dawa is the million multiplier month. The first month of the Tibetan calendar, beginning with Losar,is considered to be the most important month of the year. It is a 100,000 multiplier month, meaning that all our activities (good and bad) are multiplied that many times. Thus, it is considered to be an important month for practice. This is one of the four major festivals on the Tibetan Buddhist calendar.

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ <5 National Film Awards

The National Film Awards is the most prominent film award ceremony in India. The National Awards for films, which were started as an annual incentive by the Government of India , for the making of artistic, competent and meaningful films have come a long way, to cover the entire national spectrum of Indian Cinema, to judge merit by the highest possible yardstick and to become the most coveted and prestigious award in the country. Established in 1954, it is administered, along with the International Film Festival of India (IFFI) and the Indian Panorama, by the Indian government's Directorate of Film Festivals since 1973 The Awards are presented to feature films produced in the previous year. The Awards include: Golden Lotus Award (Swarna Kamal) - Best Feature Film, Best Direction etc Silver Lotus Award (Rajat Kamal) - Best Actor, Best Actress,Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration etc Dadasaheb Phalke Lifetime Achievement Award National Awards aim at encouraging the production of films of aesthetic and technical excellence and social relevance contributing to the understanding and appreciation of cultures of different regions of the country in cinematic form and thereby also promoting integration and unity of the nation.

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

<5 The Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC) Statutory body under Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, regulating the public exhibition of films under the provisions of the Cinematograph Act 1952. headquarters at Mumbai. The Board, consists of non-official members and a Chairman (all of whom are appointed by Central Government) Currently headed by noted Bharatnatyam dancer and choreographer Leela Samson. The Certification process is in accordance with The Cinematograph Act, 1952, The Cinematograph (certification) Rules, 1983, and the guidelines issued by the Central government u/s 5 (B)

At present films are certified under 4 categories : 1. U - Unrestricted Public Exhibition 2. U/A - Unrestricted Public Exhibition - but with a word of caution that Parental discretion required for children below 12 years 3. A Restricted to Adults 4. S - Restricted to any special class of persons ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ <5 North East Cultural Centre, NECC

North East Cultural Centre (NECC) will be established within the complex of Centre for Cultural Resources & Training (CCRT) at Dwarka, New Delhi. The Centre will be a permanent platform for cultural exchange among the people of the North East living in Delhi and also those from other parts of the country. Ministry of DoNER will coordinate with the Ministry of Culture for helping in the establishment of the Centre.

Also, Ministry of DoNER and the North Eastern Council will arrange funds for organising a series of events within this financial year, through active involvement of the people from North East Region residing in Delhi and the National Capital Region. It is a great step towards further cultural integration of India as a whole

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ <5 Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA) It was established in 1987 as an autonomous institution under the Ministry of Culture. It is a centre for research, academic pursuit and dissemination in the field of the arts- - from archaeology and anthropology to the visual and performing arts, enveloping them in a complementary and non-demarcated vision

The IGNCA has six functional units Kala Nidhi, the multi-form library; Kala Kosa, devoted mainly to the study and publication of fundamental texts in Indian languages; Janapada Sampada, engaged in lifestyle studies; Kaladarsana, the executive unit which transforms researches and studies emanating from the IGNCA into visible forms through exhibitions; 5. Cultural Informatics Lab, which applies technology tools for cultural preservation and propagation; and 6. Sutradhara, the administrative section that acts as a spine supporting and coordinating all the activities The IGNCA has three Regional Centres in India - Bengaluru,Varanasi and Guwahati +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
1. 2. 3. 4.

5<National Museum

It is the prime museum in the country under Ministry Of Culture The blue-print for establishing the National Museum in Delhi had been prepared by the Gwyer Committee set up by the Government of India in 1946. On the auspicious day of the 15th August, 1949, the National Museum was formally inaugurated by the Governor-General of India, Shri R.C. Rajagopalachari, and it was announced that till a permanent building for housing the National Musuem was constructed, the Museum would continue to function in the Rashtrapati Bhawan. The Museum at its present building was formally thrown open to the public on December 18, 1960 The Museum has in its possession approximately 2,00,000 works of exquisite art of diverse nature, both Indian and foreign and its holdings cover a time span of more than 5000 years of our cultural heritage. It also houses the National Museum Institute of History of Art, Conservation and Museology established in 1983 and now a Deemed University since 1989, and run Masters and Doctoral level courses in History of Art, Art Conservation and Art restoration

3< Jana- gana- mana

National Anthem of India Composed originally in Bengali by Gurudev Rabindra Nath Tagore Adopted in its Hindi version by Constituent Assembly on 24 Jan 1950 First sung on 27 Dec 1911 at Kolkata Session of INC

Complete song consists of 5 stanzas. The first stanza contains the full version of National Anthem Playing time of full version is approx 52 secs.

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3< Indian Broadcast Day

Celebrated on 23-July Indian Broadcasting Day is celebrated to commemorate the change of name from Indian State Broadcasting Service to All India Radio way back in 1936. 75 yrs of being officially AIR All India Radio now under Prasar Bharati has the distinction of being one of the major broadcasting organizations in the world. Though, Sound broadcasting started in India in 1927 with the proliferation of private radio clubs. The operations of All India Radio began formally in 1936, as a government organisation, with clear objectives to inform, educate and entertain the masses. The Indian Broadcasting Company, A private concern, went into liquidation in March, 1930 following which broadcasting came under the direct control of the Government of India. The service was designated as the Indian State Broadcasting Service. Later it was renamed All India Radio on June 8, 1936. So Indian Broadcasting Day is celebrated to commemorate the change of name from Indian State Broadcasting Service to All India Radio in 1936. With a modest infrastructure and coverage during independence, AIR today has grown manifold. Today it has 237 broadcasting centres that cover 91.85% of the area , serving 99.18% of the population in the largest democracy of the world. AIR covers 24 Languages and 146 dialects in home services. In Externel services, it covers 27 languages; 17 national and 10 foreign languages.

<12

<12 Role of All India Radio (AIR) and DOORDARSHAN in nation building

AIR and Doordarshan have reach in almost every nook and corner of Indian territory. Immense Role of Radio in Agriculture, Literature, Nation building and Music. In addition to the daily news bulletins, the News Services Division also mounts everyday a number of news-based programmes on topical subjects like Spotlight, Focus from Delhi and some other Regional News Units. This Unbiased news coverage and quality discussion on burning issues help in opinion building and taking informed decisions. It makes people aware and gives them actual vision of the society. This way AIR and Doordarshan are playing a key role in national building process. Technical programmes on Agriculture and related sectors by experts broadcasted in simple languages help farmers and other people to improve their work efficiency. It regularly organizes various music programmes for artistes from different parts of the country to showcase their talents thus preserving and propagating our rich cultural heritage. Thus All India Radio plays a catalytic role in bringing together and cementing the bond of national integration through music, which is known as the universal language. NEWS BASED PROGRAMMES, SPORTS , COVERAGE OF PARLIAMENTARY PROCEEDINGS and REGIONAL BULLETINS are some of its important programmes. Thus AIR continues to inform, educate and entertain the masses. All India Radio is still the most popular electronic media and had the maximum reach to the audience particularly in rural and remote areas particulary through FM RAINBOW CHANNEL and FM-Gold CHANNEL.

<5 Prasar Bharti

It is India's largest public broadcaster, also called as "Broadcasting Corporation of India" It is a statutory autonomous body established under the Prasar Bharati Act-1990 but came into existence only on 23 Nov 1997. It comprises Doordarshan television network and All India Radio which were earlier media units of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. Thus it provides for grant of autonomy to electronic media, namely, AIR and Doordarshan, which were previously under the Government control.

The major objectives of the Prasar Bharati Corporation as laid out in the Prasar Bharati Act, 1990 are as follows: 1. To uphold the unity and integrity of the country and the values enshrined in the Constitution; 2. To promote national integration; 3. To safeguard citizens rights to be informed on all matters of public interest by presenting a fair and balanced flow of information; 4. To pay special attention to the fields of education and spread of literacy, agriculture, rural development, environment, health & family welfare and science & technology; 5. To create awareness about womens issues and take special steps to protect the interests of children, aged and other vulnerable sections of the society; 6. To provide adequate coverage to diverse cultures, sports and games and youth affairs; 7. To promote social justice, safeguarding the rights of working classes, minorities and tribal communities. 8. To promote research and expand broadcasting faculties & development in broadcast technology. ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3<Kalidas

Kalidas is considered to be one of the greatest Indian literary personalities of all time, and his works form the cornerstone of Indian mythology. Kalidas's contribution to Indian literature is tremendous. Though his writings were in Sanskrit, they have been translated into numerous languages. Abhigyanashakuntala (Shakuntala) is his one of best known creations. Kalidas is best known for the play Shakuntala, which has gone on to receive worldwide attention. He became the most eloquent and brilliant poet in Indian history and considered as the Shakespeare of India.

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ <3 Art of Living

The Art of Living Foundation is a not-for-profit, educational and humanitarian NGO (NonGovernmental Organisation) engaged in stress-management and service initiatives. Founded in 1981 by Sri Sri Ravi Shankar with the vision of a stress-free, violence-free world. The international headquarters is located in Bangalore, India. The organisation operates globally in 151 countries. The Art of Living Foundation offers stress-elimination programmes which include breathing techniques, sudarshan kriya, meditation, yoga and ayurveda. Other activities include-diverse humanitarian projects, including conflict resolution, disaster relief, sustainable rural development, empowerment of women, prisoner rehabilitation, education

for all, and environmental sustainability. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ <3 Bnei Menashe They are Jews from north-east India, commonly referred to as Bnei Menashe It's literal meaning is "Children of Menasseh" where Menasseh refers to one of the ten lost tribes of Israel. Also known as the Shinlung, the Bnei Menashe relate their history of exile from the Northern Kingdom of Israel in 721 B.C. across the silk route finally ending up in India and Myanmar (Burma). They practice Judaism and claim Israel as their home land. Majority of them , around 9,000 people live in India's North-Eastern border states of Manipur and Mizoram. Recently Israel has re-allowed them to come back and settle in Israel after a ministerial committee on immigrant absorption decided in principle to let them in to undo the historical injustice suffered by them. The process was halted in 2007 after questions were raised on their Jewishness Some 1,700 Bnei Menashe have already immigrated to Israel. <3 Kazuo Azuma (1931-2011) He was an Noted Indologist, an eminent Tagore scholar and a great patron of Bengali literature. He translated Tagore's work into Japanese. He took up translation of Tagores complete works directly from Bengali in 1973 with a team of Japanese scholars. The work in 12 volumes was published over 20 years. Played a key role in enhancing Indo-Japan cultural ties. Was also a Japanese teacher at Vishwa Bharti from 1967 to 1971. Awarded universitys highest honour Desikottama (2000) and Rabindra Purashkar (2007) as a recognition of his lifetime achievement. He was founder of the Nippon Bhavan at the university and a greater promoter of friendship between India and Japan. <3 Visva Bharati Founded by Rabindra Nath Tagore and university status was given in 1951. It is located in the twin towns of Santiniketan and Sriniketan in the Indian state of West Bengal. Presently, A central university and an institution of national importance. Its motto is -"Yatra visvam bhavatyekanidam" means "Where the world makes a home in a single nest." <5 Rabindra Nath Tagore / also list some works by Tagore/nobel yr work. Became first non-European Nobel laureate by earning the 1913 Prize for Literature for his monumental work "Gitanjali" in Bengali, literally "song-offerings" His vast canon comprises paintings, sketches and doodles, hundreds of texts, and some two thousand songs called Rabindra sangeet. Founded Visva-Bharati University at Shantiniketan, West Bengal He reshaped Bengali literature and music. Tagore was famed throughout much of Europe, North America, and East Asia.Tagore's works were widely translated into English, Dutch, German, Spanish, and other European languages. Tagore penned two national anthems: the Republic of India's Jana Gana Mana and Bangladesh's Amar Shonar Bangla. Gitanjali (Song Offerings), Gora (Fair-Faced), and Ghare-Baire (The Home and the World) are his best-known works.

His famous stories are - Tin Sangi (1940), and Galpasalpa (1941) +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

2<Padmanabhaswamy Temple Famous Hindu temple of Lord Vishnu. Constructed in the Dravidian style of architecture It is located inside the East Fort in the city of Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala.The city of Thiruvananthapuram is named after the Lord. The word Thiruvananthapuram literally means "The land of Sree Anantha Padmanabhaswamy". The history of Sree Padmanabhaswamy Temple dates back to 8th Century. References to the temple can be found in the Divya Prabandha canon of literature written by Tamil Alwar. Alvars are the Tamil Saint poets who lived between the sixth and ninth centuries AD. References to Sri Padmanabha Temple is also said to have in the Brahma Purana, Padma Purana, Varaha Purana, and Vayu Purana. The temple is one of the 108 divya desam, the holiest abodes of Lord Vishnu.Divya Desams are the holiest abodes of the Lord Mahavishnu that are mentioned in the works of the Tamil Azhvars (saints). The main deity, Padmanabhaswamy, is a form of Vishnu in 'Ananantha-sayanam' posture (in eternal sleep of yog-nidra) For years, rich merchants, warriors and kings in Travancore donated to this temple for the well being of their concerns. Later, in 1750, in sacred ritual of Thripattidaanam, King Anizham Thirunal Marthanda Varma submitted his sword to Lord Vishnu and declared God as the king of state. He himself assumed the role of God's appointee and donated all his wealth to temple's trust. The shrine is currently run by a trust headed by the royal family of Travancore. Only Hindus are allowed inside the temple and they have rules of clothing. Even the male Hindus, must enter the temple wearing only white dhiti.

In news because a huge treasure trove of gold, diamonds and precious stones unofficially estimated at more that 1 lakh crores of rupees was unearthed from the temple. The discovery of the wealth came about after a local activist, T.P. Sundararajan, filed a complaint with India's Supreme Court accusing the temple's administrators of mismanagement and poor security. Stored in 6 vaults in temple's campus, this treasure effectively remained untouched till recently. Five vaults have been opened so far. ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ <The Copyright Amendment Bill 2010: Provisions of the Bill include: The Copyright (Amendment) Bill, 2010 was introduced in the Rajya Sabha on April 19, 2010. The Bill was referred to the Department related Standing Committee on Human Resource Development Chairperson: Shri Oscar Fernandes), which is scheduled to submit its report within two months. The Bill amends the Copyright Act, 1957, which consolidates the law relating to copyrights in India. The Bill seeks to make the provisions of the law in conformity with the World Intellectual Property Organisations WIPO Copyright Treaty and WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty. The treaties deal with protection of authors of literary and artistic works and rights of

performers and producers of phonograms. The Bill adds three definitions: commercial rental, rights management information and visual recording. It amends the definitions of author, cinematograph film, communication to the public, infringing copy, performer and joint authorship. It includes the producer and principal director of a film and the producer of a sound recording in the definition of author. It excludes a person from the definition of performer in a film if his role was incidental and in the normal course of practice is not acknowledged in the credits of a film. The Act states that the author of a work (which includes literary work, cinematograph films and sound recordings) is the first owner of copyright. It defines copyright as the exclusive right of the author to reproduce a literary or dramatic work or computer programme or artistic work. The Bill protects performers right by allowing him to make sound or visual recording of the performance and allow its reproduction in any medium, issuing copies to the public or selling or renting a copy of the recording. It also recognises the right of the performer to be identified as the performer or restrain any distortion of the performance even if he has a written agreement to include his performance in a cinematograph film. The Bill expands the definition of copyright to allow artistic works, cinematograph films and sound recording to be saved in electronic forms. It also allows the copy of the film or sound recording to be rented out or sold.

The Bill states that in case of cinematograph films the producer and the principal director shall be the joint first owner of copyright. In case of a film produced before the Bill is passed, the principal director shall have copyright for 10 years after the expiry of the copyright subject to any agreement between the principal director and the owner of the copyright. The author retains his copyright even if his work is used in a cinematograph film. The Bill enhances the term of a copyright for a cinematograph film. For a principal director, the copyright is for 70 years. For a producer, the copyright is 60 years, extended to another 10 years if he enters into an agreement with the principal director. The term of copyright of photographs has been extended to life plus 60 years. Any recognised organisation working primarily for the disabled may apply to the Copyright Board for compulsory licence of any copyrighted work for the benefit of the disabled. The Copyright Board may direct the Registrar of Copyrights to grant the licence for prescribed time. The Bill seeks to introduce a system of statutory licencing for cover version of a sound recording so that right of copyright holder of literary or musical work is protected. Also, allow statutory licencing to broadcasting organisations of published works. The rate of royalty shall be fixed by the Copyright Board. The Act provides for registration of copyright societies by authors and other owners of rights for the interest of the author and the convenience of people seeking licences. The Bill amends this to allow copyright societies to be registered only by authors of works. Each copyright society shall publish a tariff scheme. In case of dispute, the aggrieved party can appeal to the Copyright Board. The Act includes a list of activities which does not constitute infringement of copyright. The Bill excludes copying of computer programme from the list. It includes reporting of current events (including public lectures) and non-commercial libraries. The Bill penalises any person who infringes a technological measure applied for protecting rights in the law with imprisonment of upto two years and a fine.

<2 BUDDHIST RITUALS

Buddhism rituals and practices comprise of very intricate and detailed prayers. Although meditation is typically one of the most well-known Buddhist rituals, mantras, mudras, prayer wheels, and pilgrimages are some of the other ritualistic practices incorporated by traditional Buddhists. According to Buddhism, following of these rituals moves a person forward, on the path to enlightenment. Thus rituals are the means in journey towards self enlightenment.

The many schools and sects and traditions of Buddhism have diverse rituals, and there are also diverse explanations for the rituals. The ultimate purpose of all Buddhist rituals is the realization of enlightenment. http://buddhists.org/buddhist-symbols/buddhist-rituals-from-mantras-to-mudras/

<2 Chhat Puja

ancient Hindu festival dedicated to the Hindu Sun God, Surya, also known as Surya Shashti. The Chhath Puja is performed in order to thank Surya for sustaining life on earth and to request the granting of certain wishes. The rituals of the festival are rigorous and are observed over a period of four days. They include holy bathing, fasting and abstaining from drinking water (Vratta), standing in water for long periods of time, and offering prashad (prayer offerings) and aragh to the setting and rising sun. Although it is observed most elaborately in Bihar, Jharkhand and the Terai regions of Nepal in modern times, and is more prevalent in areas where migrants from those areas have a presence, it is celebrated in all regions and major urban centers in India. The festival is celebrated in the regions including but not exclusive to the northeast region of India, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Chandigarh, Gujarat,[2]Delhi,[3] Mumbai[4] and Mauritius.[5]

<2 the Hay Festival

world famous literary summit, Devised by Norman and Peter Florence in 1988 India is hosting the three day festival for the first time at Thiruvananthapuram in Kerala this year. It is attended by eminent Indian novelists and fifty renowned writers from across the world. Celebrated since last 20 yrs. And has attained the status of one the biggest literary summit in the world. It provides the unique opportunity for the best writers, thinkers and musicians to come together.. The British council, the organizers, chose Kerala to host the Hay festival after considering many other prominent destinations of India.

<2 -- (Eid-ul-Adha)

Also called as BAKRID One of two imp festivals of Muslims, Other being Eid-ul-Fitr (celebrated at the end of fasting month of Ramzaan) is also referred to as the festival of sacrifice. Other name is Id ul-Zuha Muslims around the world believe that Allah (God) commanded Ibrahim (Abraham) to sacrifice his son Ishmael. Ibrahim followed God's orders, but his son was replaced by a sheep at the last moment. Muslims celebrate this at Eid al-Adha. Eid al-Adha is called Id-ul-Adha in Arabic and Bakr-Id in the Indian subcontinent, because of the tradition of sacrificing a goat or "bakr" in Urdu. The word "id" derived from the Arabic "iwd" means "festival" and "zuha" comes from "uzhaiyya" which translates to "sacrifice". http://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/india/eid-ul-adha

<2 why celebrated Public Service Broadcasting Day? NOVEMBER 12, is observed as the Public Service Broadcasting Day in India to commemorate Mahatma Gandhis maiden visit to All India Radio (AIR) studio. On November 12, 1947, Gandhi spoke on radio to the refugees from Pakistan, stationed at the camp at Kurukshetra. It was Gandhis first and last visit to the studio of AIR. He was a communicator par excellence. He had always emphasised on the service and advocacy aspect of media, two important pillars of public service broadcasting. http://www.merinews.com/article/november-12-the-public-service-broadcasting-day/147440.shtml <2 Golden temple

The Harmandir Sahib (The abode of God) informally known as the Golden Temple Located in Amritsar, Punjab Construction of the gurdwara was begun by Guru Ram Das, the fourth Sikh Guru, and completed by his successor, Guru Arjan Dev. In 1604, Guru Arjan Dev completed the Adi Granth, the holy scripture of Sikhism, and installed it in the Gurdwara. In the early nineteenth century, Maharaja Ranjit Singh secured the Punjab region from outside attack and covered the upper floors of the gurdwara with gold, which gives it its distinctive appearance and English name of "Golden Temple" The Sri Guru Granth Sahib is the holiest literature in the Sikh religion,[6] the tenth guru of Sikhism, Guru Gobind Singh, in 1708 at Nanded made it the eternal Sikh Guru and the leader of Sikhism.

<12/5 Indian Film industries Background:

The first full-length motion picture in India was produced by Dadasaheb Phalke, a scholar on India's languages and culture, who brought together elements from Sanskrit epics to produce his Raja Harishchandra (1913), a silent film in Marathi. Ardeshir Irani released Alam Ara which was the first Indian talking film, on 14 March 1931. As sound technology advanced the 1930s saw the rise of music in Indian cinema with musicals such as Indra Sabha and Devi Devyani marking the beginning of song-and-dance in India's films.[20] Studios emerged across major cities such as Chennai, Kolkata, and Mumbai as film making became an established craft by 1935, exemplified by the success of Devdas, which had managed to enthrall audiences nationwide.[24] Bombay Talkies came up in 1934 and Prabhat Studios in Pune had begun production of films meant for the Marathi language audience. Following India's independence, the period from the late 1940s to the 1960s are regarded by film historians as the 'Golden Age' of Indian cinema. Some of the most critically acclaimed Indian films of all time were produced during this period. In commercial Hindi cinema, examples of films at the time include the Guru Dutt films Pyaasa (1957) and Kaagaz Ke Phool (1959) and the Raj Kapoor films Awaara (1951) and Shree 420 (1955). While, commercial Indian cinema was thriving, the same age saw the emergence of a new Parallel Cinema (Art Cinema) movement, mainly led by Bengali cinema. Important filmmakers include Satyajit Ray, Bimal Roy and Chetan Anand. It is known for its serious content of realism and naturalism, with a keen eye on the social-political climate of the times. This movement is distinct from mainstream Bollywood cinema and began around the same time as the French New Wave and Japanese New Wave. The movement was

initially led by Bengali cinema (which has produced internationally acclaimed filmmakers such as Satyajit Ray, Mrinal Sen, Ritwik Ghatak, and others) and then gained prominence in the other film industries of India At this juncture, Telugu cinema & Tamil cinema experienced their respective golden age and during this time the production of Indian Folklore, fantasy and Mythological films also grew up. The 1970s did, nevertheless, see the rise of commercial cinema in form of enduring films such as Sholay (1975), which solidified Amitabh Bachchan's position as a lead actor. Long after the Golden Age of Indian cinema, South India's Malayalam cinema of Kerala experienced its own 'Golden Age' in the 1980s and early 1990s. Some of the most acclaimed Indian filmmakers at the time were from the Malayalam industry, including Adoor Gopalakrishnan. The 1990s also saw a surge in the national popularity of Tamil cinema as films directed by Mani Ratnam captured India's imagination with Roja (1992) and Bombay(1995). Today, Indian cinema produces largest number of Films in the world. The various contributors include Assamese Cinema, Bengali Cinema,Bhojpuri Cinema(Eastern UP),Gujrati Cinema, Hindi Cinema (BOLLYWOOD),Kannada Cinema, Malyalam Cinema,Marathi, Oriya,Tamil, Punjabi and Telegu cinema.

Several institutes, both government run and private, provide formal education in various aspects of filmmaking. Some of them include

Film and Television Institute of India, Pune Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute, Kolkata Madras Film Institute, Chennai

Famous Awards in Indian Film Industry include: National Film Awards Dada Saheb Phalke Award.

PRESENT STATUS of INDIAN FILM INDUSTRY:

Today over 1,000 films are produced every year in India in more than 20 languages in the country. Expatriates in countries such as the United Kingdom and the United States continue to give rise to international audiences for Indian films of various languages. At the end of 2010 it was reported that in terms of annual film output, India ranks first, followed by Hollywood and China Indian filmmakers such as Shekhar Kapur,Mira Nair, Deepa Mehta, Nagesh Kukunoor found success overseas. The provision of 100% foreign direct investment has made the Indian film market attractive for foreign enterprises such as 20th Century Fox, Sony Pictures, Walt Disney Pictures and Warner Bros. Indian enterprises such as Zee, UTV, Adlabs and Sun Network's Sun Pictures also participated in producing and distributing films.Tax incentives to multiplexes have aided the multiplex boom in India. The Indian film industry revenue is expected to grow by 56 per cent to Rs 12,800 crore by 2015, from Rs 8,190 crore last year (2010) due to increasing digitalisation of the sector. Backed with 12,000 theatre screens, 400 production houses and a huge viewership, the country has world's largest film industry in terms of number of films produced and ticket size. Though the number of multiplexes is rising, the average number of screens is extremely low in India at 12 screens per million compared to 117 in the US

Unfortunately the film industry loses Rs 300 crore to 400 crore a year due to piracy and there is a shortage of world-class institutions to provide film and media training.

<2 Film Bazaar Film Bazaar is an annual film market organised by the National Film Development Corporation of India (NFDC) that is held alongside the International Film Festival of India (IFFI). It was started in 2007 and it will be the fifth edition in 2011. Will be held in Panaji (Goa) in Nov, 2011. The film market is designed to address the needs of filmmakers in the realms of production and distribution. It is the only market of its kind in South Asia, a converging point for buyers and sellers of film rights from all over the world with specific focus on South Asian cinema. FB also aims at facilitating sales of world cinema in this region. FB 2010 saw 453 delegates from 37 countries. <2 Losar

The most important holiday in Tibet is Losar, which celebrates the Tibetan New Year. However, the people in Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir also celebrate LOSAR as their new year festival.

It is the most important of all Buddhist festivals. It's celebrated in February, but the exact date varies each year according to the lunar calendar. Losar is celebrated for 15 days but mainly for three days festival. It is time for Tibetans to visit monasteries and make offerings. Losar is a sacred time and a time for feasting and celebrations. It is a time to be with the family and a time to ensure that bad omens are not carried into the New Year.

Losar is marked with activities that symbolise purification, and welcoming in the new. Buildings are whitewashed and thoroughly cleaned, people wear new clothes and special food is prepared. Buddhist monks adorn the monasteries with the finest decorations, and conduct religious ceremonies. Rituals are performed to drive away evil spirits, and people celebrate with feasts and dancing.

(Potala Palace, Tibet: historical residence of the Dalai Lamas ) <2 'Losoong' or Namsoong Lasoong, called Namsoong by the Lepchas is also called Sonam Lasoong. It is essentially the festival of harvest but also celebrated as the mark of welcoming the new year. It is celebrated all over Sikkim, Darjeeling district, Ilam of Nepal and some parts of Bhutan. On this day newly harvested paddy and fruits are offered to the gods. "Losoong is an addition of two words - Lo and Soong. Lo means new while Soong means year. The ehnic Lepcha community calls it as Namsoong. The festival, also known as the Sonam Losar or the Farmers New Year, marks the end of the harvest season when the farmers of the two

communities rejoice their harvest . Lama dances are performed at various monasteries to exorcise the evil spirits and to invoke the benign ones to grace the New Year with peace and prosperity. The festivities continue for about a week which also includes local fares and traditional archery competitions through out the State.

<2 Arpita Singh

Contemporary Indian painter. In 1991, the Sahitya Kala Parishad, New Delhi, honored Arpita Singh with 'Parishad Samman Singh's paintings are said to portray a woman's point of view about life in India. She has had a number of exhibits all over the world both individual and group exhibits. Awarded Padma Bhushan in 2011 for painting. Recently a large 16 piece mural painted by artist Arpita Singh which was sold for a whopping 9.6 crore rupees was bought by Malvinder Singh of the Fortis Group and was sold by Saffron art at a two-day online auction.

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ <2 Muharram ( )

Muharram is the first month of Islamic calendar. It is one of the four sacred months of the year in which fighting is prohibited. Muharram is so called because it is unlawful to fight during this month; the word is derived from the word haram, meaning "forbidden". Muharram festival commemorates the martyrdom of Hazrat Imam Hussain, the grandson of the Holy Prophet. It is observed by Shia Muslims This festival starts at the 1st day of Muharram and lasts for 10 days until 10th of Muharram. The tenth day of Muharram is called Yaumu-l 'Ashurah, which is known by Shia Muslims as 'the day of grief'. During this month, while on a journey, Hazrat Imam Hussain, his family members and a number of his followers were surrounded by the forces of Yazid, the Muslim ruler of the time. During the siege, they were deprived of food and water and many of them were put to death. The incident happened at a place called Karbala in Iraq in 61st year after Hijra. This dispute was result of a disagreement among Muslims on the question of succession after the demise of Hazrat Ali, the fourth caliph. On the 10th day of Muharram, large processions are formed and the devoted followers parade the streets holding banners and carrying models of the mausoleum of Hazrat Imam Hussain and his people, who fell at Karbala.They show their grief and sorrow by inflicting wounds on their own bodies. It is a sad occasion and everyone in the procession chants "Ya Hussain", with loud wails of lamentation.

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<2 Kutch festival Celebrated annually in the month of Dec-Jan in Bhuj district.

Month long colorful festival. Largest cultural extravaganza of Gujarat which takes place in Bhuj distrct. The festival is visited and enjoyed by thousands of tourists from all over the world and India.

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++ <5 100 years of DELHI AS CAPITAL of INDIA On 12 December, 1911 the National Capital of the then colonized India was shifted by the British from Kolkata to Delhi Siri, Tughlakabad, Jahanapanah,Ferozabad, Dinpanah, Shergarh and Shahajahanabad are the historic seven cities that took shape in Delhi. Shahajahanabad, built by Shah Jahan between 1639 and 1648 AD remained the capital of the Mughal Empire until 1857. The eighth city, or the present New Delhi (Lutyens Delhi), was built by the British Empire and is the one which is celebrating its 100 years. King George V, Emperor of India in 1911, laid the foundation stone for the new capital city of New Delhi during the Delhi Darbar. Lord Hardinge, was the then Viceroy of India. After the Coronation Durbar, Edwin Lutyens (Sir Edwin from 1918) was authorized by Lord Hardinge to proceed with preparing plans for building New Delhi.

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ <5 'A Century of Indian Dance:1901 -2000'

It is an exhibition organized by art historian and critic- Ashish Khokhar, son of noted dance historian and Bharatnatyam exponent Mohan Khokar (1924-99) featuring India's dance forms and its evolution over the 20th century. The exhibition is also being called the national launch of the Mohan Khokhar Dance Collection. The entire collection of almost 3 lakh memorablia showcases the milestones in Indian dance forms and how they have evolved with time It is supported by the Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR),and the exhibition will tour the world, starting from Delhi. A reference point for all major milestones and trends in the world of Indian dance in the last century, the exhibition covers all types of dances classical, contemporary, ritual and folk besides films through photographs, objects, books, posters, handbills, postage stamps and gramophone records. Recognised as a rare treasure, the Mohan Khokar Dance Collection has been hailed as India's single largest dance holding by the Lincoln Centre, New York, The Dance Museum, Stockholm, and UNESCO's Dance Council, Paris

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ <2 Vithal Gangaram Umap

Gem of India's performing art tradition Was Noted performer of the Lok Shahiri theatre of Maharashtra.He staged over five hundred performances of the latter folk drama. Awarded Sangeet Natak Akademi Award for his contribution to Folk Theatre & music of Maharashtra in 2009. His voice was heard all through the long-running documentary serial Bharat -Ek Khoj. He was associated in various capacities with art organizations such as the committee for Shahir, Tamasha and Lok Kalyan Yojana, Government of Maharshtra, the Akhil Bhartiya Marathi Shahir

Prishad, and the Bombay University's Lok Kala Academy. ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++Good Luck +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++