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    The Russians initially advanced into German territory in 1914 but were defeated at the Battle of Tannenberg. Throughout 1915, the Russians continued to retreat and suffered around 2.5 million casualties. Revolutionaries overthrew the Russian czar in March 1917 and established a provisional government. In November, the Bolsheviks led by Lenin and Trotsky seized power and established the Soviet Union, seeking peace with Germany and the Central Powers.

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    The Russians initially advanced into German territory in 1914 but were defeated at the Battle of Tannenberg. Throughout 1915, the Russians continued to retreat and suffered around 2.5 million casualties. Revolutionaries overthrew the Russian czar in March 1917 and established a provisional government. In November, the Bolsheviks led by Lenin and Trotsky seized power and established the Soviet Union, seeking peace with Germany and the Central Powers.

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    The Russians initially advanced into German territory in 1914 but were defeated at the Battle of Tannenberg. Throughout 1915, the Russians continued to retreat and suffered around 2.5 million casualties. Revolutionaries overthrew the Russian czar in March 1917 and established a provisional government. In November, the Bolsheviks led by Lenin and Trotsky seized power and established the Soviet Union, seeking peace with Germany and the Central Powers.

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    Page 380

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    Sahara Sharma
    The Russians initially advanced into German territory in 1914 but were defeated at the Battle of Tannenberg. Throughout 1915, the Russians continued to retreat and suffered around 2.5 million casualties. Revolutionaries overthrew the Russian czar in March 1917 and established a provisional government. In November, the Bolsheviks led by Lenin and Trotsky seized power and established the Soviet Union, seeking peace with Germany and the Central Powers.

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    LD STAGE W OR

    REVOLUTION IN RUSSIA
    At rst, the Russians surprised the Germans by mobilizing rapidly. Russian troops advanced quickly into German territory but were turned back at the Battle of Tannenberg in August 1914. Throughout 1915, the Russians endured defeats and continued to retreat. By the end of 1915 they had suffered about 2.5 million casualties. The war also caused massive bread shortages in Russia. Revolutionaries ousted the czar in March 1917 and established a provisional government. In November, the Bolsheviks, led by Lenin and Trotsky, overthrew the provisional government. They set up a Communist state and sought peace with the Central Powers.

    replaced with a representative government. Now supporters of American entry into the war could claim that this was a war of democracies against brutal monarchies.

    AMERICA ACTS A light drizzle fell on Washington on April 2, 1917, as senators, representatives, ambassadors, members of the Supreme Court, and other guests crowded into the Capitol building to hear President Wilson deliver his war resolution.

    A PERSONAL VOICE WOODROW WILSON Property can be paid for; the lives of peaceful and
    innocent people cannot be. The present German submarine warfare against commerce is a warfare against mankind. . . . We are glad . . . to ght . . . for the ultimate peace of the world and for the liberation of its peoples. . . . The world must be made safe for democracy. . . . We have no selsh ends to serve. We desire no conquest, no dominion. We seek no indemnities. . . . It is a fearful thing to lead this great peaceful people into war. . . . But the right is more precious than peace.
    quoted in American Voices

    Congress passed the resolution a few days later. With the hope of neutrality nally shattered, U.S. troops would follow the stream of American money and munitions that had been heading to the Allies throughout the war. But Wilsons plea to make the world safe for democracy wasnt just political posturing. Indeed, Wilson and many Americans truly believed that the United States had to join the war to pave the way for a future order of peace and freedom. A resolved but anxious nation held its breath as the United States prepared for war.

    1. TERMS & NAMES For each term or name, write a sentence explaining its signicance.
    nationalism militarism Allies Central Powers Archduke Franz Ferdinand no mans land trench warfare Lusitania Zimmermann note

    MAIN IDEA
    2. TAKING NOTES In a chart like the one shown, list the causes for the outbreak of World War I. Causes of WWI

    CRITICAL THINKING
    3. SYNTHESIZING Describe some ways in which World War I threatened the lives of civilians on both sides of the Atlantic. 4. SUMMARIZING Why were Americas ties with the Allies stronger than its ties with the Central Powers? 5. ANALYZING ISSUES Why do you think Germany escalated its U-boat attacks in 1917? Think About: Germanys military buildup the effects of the British blockade Germanys reason for using submarine warfare

    Which was the most signicant cause? Explain your answer.

    380

    CHAPTER 11

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