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File Handling
Session 12
Objectives
Explain streams and files Discuss text streams and binary streams Explain the various file functions Explain file pointer Discuss current active pointer Explain command-line arguments
Elementary Programming with C/Session 12/ 2 of 28
File Input/Output
All I/O operations in C are carried out using functions from the standard library This approach makes the C file system very powerful and flexible I/O in C is unique because data may be transferred in its internal binary representation or in a human-readable text format
Streams
The C file system works with a wide variety of devices including printers, disk drives, tape drives and terminals
Though all these devices are very different from each other, the buffered file system transforms each device into a logical device called a stream Since all streams act similarly, it is easy to handle the different devices There are two types of streams - the text and binary streams
Text Streams
A text stream is a sequence of characters that can be organized into lines terminated by a new line character
In a text stream, certain character translations may occur as required by the environment Therefore, there may not be a one-to-one relationship between the characters that are written (or read) and those in the external device Also, because of possible translations, the number of characters written (or read) may not be the same as those in the external device
Binary Streams
A binary stream is a sequence of bytes with a one-to-one correspondence to those in the external device, that is, there are no character translations The number of bytes written (or read) is the same as the number on the external device
Binary streams are a flat sequence of bytes, which do not have any flags to indicate the end of file or end of record The end of file is determined by the size of the file
Files
A file can refer to anything from a disk file to a terminal or a printer
A file is associated with a stream by performing an open operation and disassociated by a close operation When a program terminates normally, all files are automatically closed When a program crashes, the files remain open
Basic File Functions

Name fopen( ) fclose( ) fputc( ) fgetc( ) fread() fwrite() fseek( ) fprintf( ) fscanf( ) Opens a file Closes a file Writes a character to a file Reads a character from a file Reads from a file to a buffer Writes from a buffer to a file Seeks a specific location in the file Operates like printf(), but on a file Operates like scanf(), but on a file Function
feof( )
ferror( ) rewind( ) remove( ) fflush( )
Returns true if end-of-file is reached

Returns true if an error has occurred Resets the file position locator to the beginning of the file Erases a file Writes data from internal buffers to a specified file
File Pointer
A file pointer is essential for reading or writing files It is a pointer to a structure that contains the file name, current position of the file, whether the file is being read or written, and whether any errors or the end of the file have occurred The definitions obtained from stdio.h include a structure declaration called FILE The only declaration needed for a file pointer is:
FILE *fp
Opening a Text File

The fopen() function opens a stream for use and links a file with that stream The fopen() function returns a file pointer associated with the file The prototype for the fopen() function is: FILE *fopen(const char *filename, const char *mode);
Mode r w Meaning Open a text file for reading Create a text file for writing
a
r+ w+ a+f
Append to a text file

Open a text file for read/write Create a text file for read/write Append or create a text file for read/write
Closing a Text File

It is important to close a file once it has been used This frees system resources and reduces the risk of overshooting the limit of files that can be open Closing a stream flushes out any associated buffer, an important operation that prevents loss of data when writing to a disk The fclose() function closes a stream that was opened by a call to fopen() The prototype for fclose() is:
int fclose(FILE *fp); The fcloseall() function closes all open streams
Writing a Character Text File

Streams can be written to either character by character or as strings
The fputc() function is used for writing characters to a file previously opened by fopen() The prototype is: int fputc(int ch, FILE *fp);
Reading a Character Text File

The fgetc() function is used for reading characters from a file opened in read mode, using fopen() The prototype is: int fgetc(int ch, FILE *fp); The fgetc() function returns the next character from the current position in the input stream, and increments the file position indicator
String l/O
The functions fputs() and fgets() write and read character strings to and from a disk file The fputs() function writes the entire string to the specified stream The fgets() function reads a string from the specified stream until either a new line character is read or length-1 characters have been read The prototypes are:
int fputs(const char *str, FILE *fp); char *fgets( char *str, int length, FILE *fp);
Opening a File-Binary
The fopen() function opens a stream for use and links a file with that stream The fopen() function returns a file pointer associated with the file The prototype for the fopen() function is: FILE *fopen(const char *filename, const char *mode);
Mode rb wb Meaning Open a binary file for reading Create a binary file for writing
ab
r+b w+b a+b
Append to a binary file

Open a binary file for read/write Create a binary file for read/write Append a binary file for read/write
Closing a File Binary

The fclose() function closes a stream that was opened by a call to fopen()
The prototype for fclose() is:

int fclose(FILE *fp);
The fread() and fwrite() functions

The functions fread() and fwrite() are referred to as unformatted read or write functions They are used to read and write an entire block of data to and from a file The most useful application involves reading and writing user-defined data types, especially structures The prototypes for the functions are:
size_t fread(void *buffer, size_t num_bytes, size_t count, FILE *fp); size_t fwrite(const void *buffer, size_t num_bytes, size_t count, FILE *fp);
Using feof()
The function feof() returns true if the end of the file has been reached, otherwise it returns false (0) This function is used while reading binary data The prototype is: int feof (FILE *fp);
The rewind() function

The rewind() function resets the file position indicator to the beginning of the file
It takes the file pointer as its argument

Syntax: rewind(fp );
The ferror() function

The ferror() function determines whether a file operation has produced an error
As each operation sets the error condition, ferror() should be called immediately after each operation; otherwise, an error may be lost
Its prototype is:

int ferror(FILE *fp);
Erasing Files
The remove() function erases a specified file Its prototype is: int remove(char *filename);
Flushing streams
The fflush() function flushes out the buffer depending upon the file type A file opened for read will have its input buffer cleared, while a file opened for write will have its output buffer written to the files Its prototype is:
int fflush(FILE *fp); The fflush() function, with a null, flushes all files opened for output
The Standard Streams

Whenever a C program starts execution under DOS, five special streams are opened automatically by the operating system
The standard input (stdin) The standard output (stdout)
The standard error (stderr)

The standard printer (stdprn)
The standard auxiliary (stdaux)

Current Active Pointer

A pointer is maintained in the FILE structure to keep track of the position where I/O operations take place
Whenever a character is read from or written to the stream, the current active pointer (known as curp) is advanced The current location of the current active pointer can be found with the help of the ftell() function The prototype is:
long int ftell(FILE *fp);
Setting Current Position-1

The fseek() function repositions the curp by the specified number bytes from the start, the current position or the end of the stream depending upon the position specified in the fseek() function
The prototype is:

int fseek (FILE *fp, long int offset, int origin);
Setting Current Position-2

The origin indicates the starting position of the search and has values as follows:
Origin
File Location
SEEK_SET or 0 SEEK_CUR or 1
SEEK_END or 2
Beginning of file Current file pointer position

End of file
fprintf() and fscanf()-1

The buffered I/O system includes fprintf() and fscanf() functions that are similar to printf() and scanf() except that they operate with files The prototypes of are:
int fprintf(FILE * fp, const char *control_string,..); int fscanf(FILE *fp, const char *control_string,...);
fprintf() and fscanf()-2

The fprintf() and fscanf() though the easiest, are not always the most efficient Extra overhead is incurred with each call, since the data is written in formatted ASCII data instead of binary format So, if speed or file size is a concern, fread() and fwrite() are a better choice

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File Handling

Elementary Programming with C/Session 12/ 7 of 28

Basic File Functions

Returns true if end-of-file is reached

Elementary Programming with C/Session 12/ 9 of 28

Opening a Text File

Append to a text file

Closing a Text File

Writing a Character Text File

Reading a Character Text File

Elementary Programming with C/Session 12/ 13 of 28

Append to a binary file

Closing a File Binary

The prototype for fclose() is:

Elementary Programming with C/Session 12/ 16 of 28

The fread() and fwrite() functions

Elementary Programming with C/Session 12/ 17 of 28

The rewind() function

It takes the file pointer as its argument

Elementary Programming with C/Session 12/ 19 of 28

The ferror() function

Its prototype is:

Elementary Programming with C/Session 12/ 21 of 28

The Standard Streams

The standard input (stdin) The standard output (stdout)

The standard error (stderr)

The standard auxiliary (stdaux)

Current Active Pointer

long int ftell(FILE *fp);

Elementary Programming with C/Session 12/ 24 of 28

Setting Current Position-1

The prototype is:

Elementary Programming with C/Session 12/ 25 of 28

Setting Current Position-2

Beginning of file Current file pointer position

Elementary Programming with C/Session 12/ 26 of 28

fprintf() and fscanf()-1

Elementary Programming with C/Session 12/ 27 of 28

fprintf() and fscanf()-2

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