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Part I. ACCIDENCE
THE NOUN
Exercise 1. State the morphological composition of the following nouns.

Snow, sandstone, impossibility, widower, opinion, exclamation, passer-by, misunderstanding, inactivity, snowball, kingdom, anticyclone, mother-of-pearl, immobility, might, warmth, succession, ex-president, nurse, misdeed, wisdom, blackbird, attention, policeman, merry-go-round, girlhood, usefulness, fortune, friendship, statesman, brother-in-law, population, fellow-boarder, smelling-salt.
Exercise 2. Point out the nouns and define the class each belongs to.

1. Don't forget, Pettinger, Europe is still the heart of the world, and Germany the heart of Europe. (Heym) 2. Pursuing his inquiries, Clennam found that the Gowan family were a very distant ramification of the Barnacles... (Dickens) 3. His face was sick with pain and rage. (Maltz) 4. He drank coffee, letting the warmth go through his cold, tired body. (This is America) 5. But there is only one place I met with the brotherhood of man, and it was in the Communist Party. (This is America) 6. The mysteries of storm and the rain and tide were revealed. (Galsworthy) 7. Having set the tea, she stood by the table and said slowly: "Tea's ready, Father. I'm going to London." (Galsworthy) 8. By this time, quite a small crowd had collected, and people were asking each other what was the matter. (Jerome i(. Jerome) 9. There were several small losses: a spoon used for the baby's feeding, a pair of scissors. (Lessing) 10. He was professor of physics. (London) 11. A band of dark clouds lay across the sky, and underneath it was the last pale brilliance of the evening. (Murdoch) 12. "I have some luggage," he said, "at the Brumblehurst Station," and he asked her how he could have it. (Wells) 13. In the kitchen Bowen read the telegram aloud. (Amis) 14. The crowd laughed and moved, pushing every way and everybody. (This is America) 15. De Witt fished through his pockets, found his eyeglasses, carefully slipped them out of their case... (Heylri) 16. A stone caught her heel. (Maltz) 17. George suggested meat and fruit pies, cold meat, tomatoes, fruit and green stuff. (Jerome K. Jerome) 18. The silvercoloured carpet felt wonderfully soft beneath his feet, the furniture was of a golden wood. (Galsworthy) 19. The major seemed to be looking out at the sky... (Heytn) 20. Winslow spoke with his usual caustic courtesy. (Snow) 21. The bourgeoisie is cowardly. (London) 22. The moon was shining through the tree stems when they sax again side by side on the log seat. (Galsworthy) 23. "It's not Sunday, tomorrow," said Karg. (Heytn) 24. He looked down at his audience. (Heyrri) 25. His hair was grey and he was short and fat. (Hemingway)
Exercise 3. Give the plural oi the following nouns.

Face, portfolio, swine, house, tomato, hearth, mother-in-law, basis, clergyman, ox, cry, key, fox, downfall, looker-on, rock, bush, enemy, leaf, roof, genius, hero, bunch, sheep, ship, criterion, youth, journey, penknife, man-of-war, loss, datum, goose, deer, pie, Englishwoman, wolf, mouse, formula, bath, volcano, possibility, forget-me-not, foot, handkerchief, thief, crisis, stepdaughter, birth, echo, finger-tip, court martial, joy, mischief-maker, extremity, spy, lie.
Exercise 4. Use the appropriate form of the verb.

1. "There money in my pocket," 1 said to the porter, (is, are) (Hemingway) 2. I know my hair __ beautiful, everybody says so. (is, are) (Hardy) 3. The works __ his country, his home, his reason for being, (was, were) (Heym) 4. These white swine not live, (does, do) (Sabatini) 5. Means __ easily found, (was, were) (Thackeray) 6....this watch __ a special favourite with Mr. Pickwick, having been carried about... for a greater number of years than we feel called upon to state, at present, (was, were) (Dickens) 7. "Good," I said. "No one shall tell me again that fish no sense with them." (has, have) (Llewellyn) 8. The deer __ ravaging the man's fields, (was, were) (Twain) 9. Money __ so scarce that it
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could fairly be said not to exist at all. (was, were) (Dreiser) 10. I was here before the gates __ opened, but I was afraid to come straight to you. (was, were) (Dickens) 11. The papers __ dull, the news _ local and stale, and the war news __ all old. (was, were) (Hemingway) 12. At Capracotta, he had told me, there __ trout in the stream below the town, (was, were) (Hemingway) 13. The sugartongs __ too wide for one of her hands, and she had to use both in wielding them, (was, were) (Ch. Bronte) 14. Her hair __ loose and half-falling, and she wore a nurse's dress, (was, were) (Hemingway) 15. And the baggage __ apparatus and appliances, (contain, contains) (Wells) 16. The china __ good, of a delicate pattern, (was, were) (Dreiser) 17. The nurse's wages.: __ good... (was, were) (Collins)
Exercise 5. Explain the use of the genitive case.

1. For four months, since in the canteen she saw Jon's tired smile, he had been one long thought in her mind. (Galsworthy) 2. Agnes was at her wit's-end. (Lindsay) 3. Since his illness, however, he had reluctantly abandoned this attempt to get twentyfour hours work out of each day. (Murdoch) 4....the Radicals' real supporters were the urban classes. (Galsworthy) 5. To Elizabeth it seemed that the lines with which fear had falsely aged his face were smoothed away, and it was a boy's face which watched her with a boy's enthusiasm. (Greene) 6. For his honor's sake Torn has got to commit suicide. (Saroyan) 7. They were to leave the house without an instant's delay and go at once to the river's edge and go aboard a steamer that would be waiting there for them. (Buck) 8. And he lifted his strange lowering eyes to Derek's. (Galsworthy) 9. I was encouraged when, after Roger had proposed the guest of honor's health, Lufkin got up to reply. (Snow) 10. "Where are the children?" "I sent them to mother's." (Cronin) 11. Philip heard a man's voice talking quickly, but soothingljr, over the phone. (/. Shaw) 12. Presently Rex was on his two miles' walk to Offendene. (Eliot) 13. That early morning he had already done a good two hours' work. (Galsworthy) 14. Bowen sat on the veranda of Buckmaster's house. (Amis) 15. Crime is the product of a country's social order. (Cronin) 16. I spotted the bride's father's uncle's silk hat on the seat of a straight chair across the room. (Salinger) 17. I spent Christmas at my aunt Emily's. (Braine) 18. We took some bread and cheese with us and got some goat's milk up there on the pasture. (Voynich) 19. He was still thinking of next morning's papers. (Snow) 20. Why, for God's sake, why must we go through all this hell? (Saroyan) 21. A man stepped out from a tobacconist's and waved to them, and the car slid to the kerb and. stopped. (Greene) 22. A woman's love is not worth anything until it has been cleaned of all romanticism. (Murdoch) 23. Her skin was as dry as a child's with fever. (Greene)
Exercise 6. Put the noun in the genitive case. Explain the use of the genitive case.

1. Well, I'd rather be married to a saint that never saw my good looks than to a sinner who saw every other __. (woman) (Buck) 2. The breakfast table at __ was usually a very pleasant one, and was always presided over by Bella. (Mr. Boffin) (Dickens) 3. "I think __ friendships are much deeper than __," Mrs. Thompson said, (men, women) (Braine) 4. That night he had chosen a basement bar a __ throw from Scotland Yard... (stone) (Hansford Johnson) 5. As he passed through the __ room he saw an evening paper spread out conspicuously on the desk of the __ nephew. (clerks, director) (Greene) 6. But I suppose that need not prevent us from quarrelling to our __ content in future, (heart) (Voynich) 7. With one cold glance could she send me back into childhood with all a lonely __ terrors and shames, (child) (Lindsay) 8. I will even go farther, if you like, and admit, for __ sake and for __ sake, that the identity of Lady Glyde, as a living person, is a proved fact to Miss Hal combe "and yourself, (courtesy, argument) (Collins) 9. He stopped to dinner that evening and much to satisfaction made a favorable impression on her father. (Ruth) (London) 10. He said to her: "Look at my brother __ property." (James) (Galsworthy) 11. He had not been at __ for nearly two years. (Timothy) (Galsworthy) 12. Benson... was listening among the __ representatives cocking his head on one side, (workers) (Lindsay) 13. He had never thought that a mere __ hand could be sweetly soft, (woman) (London) 14. But he was daunted the next moment by his own and __ insignificance. (Milly) (Greene) 15. But by that time the
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bride was near the end of the first _ journey towards Florence, (day) (Dickens) 16....he too wished she had remained at home, as did most of the __ families, (congressmen) (Stone) 17. You need a good __ sleep, (night) (Shaw) 18. Haven't you noticed that other __ bread-andbutter is always much nicer than your own? Robert is like that. He always prefers __ fireside, (people, somebody else) (Maugham) 19. The __ wives were more expensively dressed than the Civil __, and in general more spectacular, (politicians, servants) (Snow) 20. One evening, on the way to the __, I saw Irwing sitting on the steps of his house, (grocer) (Saroyan) 21. I cannot be blamed for all my __ doings, (kin) (Lindsay)
Exercise 7. Translate into English, using a noun in the genitive case where possible.

1. . 2. , (intended) . 3. , , . 4. , , . 5. , . 6. . 7. . 8. . 9. . 10. , (warehouse) . THE USE OF ARTICLES

Exercise 1. Change the nouns into the plural. Use some (any) where necessary and make the other necessary changes.

1. A kitten likes to play. 2. A violet does not smell so sweet as a lily of the valley. 3. Have you bought an apple for your child? 4. Here is a letter to be posted. 5. He ate a spoonful of broth and a sandwich. 6. I must buy a postcard. 7. She did not bring me a magazine, she brought me a newspaper. 8. She made a step towards him. 9. In the bedroom a candle was burning. 10. Did she ever lend you a book?
Exercise 2. Insert articles where 'necessary. (Articles with class nouns.)

1. Not __ word was spoken in __ parlour. (Caldwelt) 2. __ room itself was filling up, so was __ staircase. (Snow) 3. I think that __ man's life is worth saving, whoever it belongs to. (Shaw) 4. Though __ earth was cold and wet, __ sky was clear and __ sun rose bright and beautiful. (Dickens) 5. He made them provide not one car, but half __ dozen. (Snow) 6.. __ compass was invented in ancient China. 7. Not __ word was spoken, not __ sound was made. (Dickens) 8. __ sky outside __ window was already dark, __ secretaries had gone home, all was quiet. (Snow) 9. Edward remained __ week at __ cottage. (Austen) 10. I tell you, he's as brave as __ man can reasonably be. (Snow) 11. After that they would meet, perhaps, two or three times __ year. (Galsworthy) 12. Dinny looked up at __ house; and suddenly saw __ face in __ window of __ dining-room. (Galsxnorthy) 13. You know I never cared for __ drama. 14. "It is not __ large house," I said. "We don't want __ large house." (Jerome K. Jercme) 15. He looks older than he is, as __ dark men often do. (Dickens) 16. Roger looked at him and, without __. word, took out his wallet and gave him __ ten-shilling note. (Snow) 17. As __ man sows, so shall he reap. 18. This morning __ tobacconist was at his door. (Bennett) 19. It was Sunday afternoon, and __ sun, which had teen shining now for several hours, was beginning to warm __ earth. (Murdoch) 20. I have __ long story to tell you. Come and sit down on __ sofa and let us have __ comfortable chat. (Marryat) 21. __ arm in __ arm, they walked toward home. (/. Shaw) 22. It was __ cottage built like __ mansion, having __ central hall with __ wooden gallery running round it, and __ rooms no bigger than __ closets. (Hardy) 23. And what __ beautiful moth there is over there on-----wall. (Murdoch) 24. She had __ key of her own. (Conan Doyle) 25. He was __ short, plump man with __ very white face and __ very white hands. It was
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rumoured in London that he powdered them like __ woman. (Greene) 26. __ old couldn't help __ young... (Galsworthy) 27. To him she would always be __ loveliest woman in __ world. (Maugham) 28. __ strongest have their hours of depression. (Dreiser) 29. Her aunt, in __ straw hat so broad that it covered her to __ very edges of her shoulders, was standing below with two gardeners behind her. (Galsworthy) 30. 1 am afraid I addressed __ wrong person. (Collins) 31. They must have had very fair notions of __ artistic and __ beautiful. (Jerome K. Jerome) 32. __ rich think they can buy anything. (Snow) 33. __ room has three doors; one on __ same side as __ fireplace, near corner, leading to __ best bedroom. (Shaw) 34. My thousand __ year is not merely. __. matter of dirty banknotes and jaundicedguineas... but, it may be, health to __ drooping, strength to __ weak, consolation to __ sad. (Ch. Bronte) 35. Thank you, Stephen: I knew you would give me __ right advice. (Shaw) 36. Sometimes... visitors rang __ wrong bell. (Bennett) 37. My family came from hereabouts some generations back. I just wanted to have look at __ place, and ask you __ question or two. (Galsworthy) 38. __ woman will only be "the equal of __ man when she earns her living in __ same way that he does. (Maugham) 39. He arrived half __ hour before dinner time, and went up to __ schoolroom at __ top of __ house, to see __ children. (Galsworthy) 40. You will see him __ steady character yet. I am sure of it. There is something in. __ very expression of his face that tells me so. (Marryat) 41. Far away in __ little street there is __ poor house. One of __ windows is open and through it I can see __ woman seated at __ table. She is __ seamstress. (Wilde) 42. _ man who entered was short and broad. He had black hair, and was wearing __ grey flannel trousers with __ red woollen shirt, open at __ neck, whose collar he carried outside __ lapels of his dark tweed jacket. (Clark) 43. Believe me, when __ woman really makes up her mind to marry __ man nothing on God's earth can save him. (Maugham) 44. I stopped,., still uncertain of myself and whether I was saying. __ right thing. (Du Maurier) 45, Then it was night and he was awake, standing in __ street, looking up at __ dark windows of __ place where he lived. __ front door was locked and there was no one in __ house. (Saroyan) 46. I believe I can tell __ very.moment I began to love him. (Galsworthy) 47. We are told that __ heart of __ man is deceitful above all __ things, and desperately wicked. (Shaw) 48. "I must do it," said Adam; "it's __ right thing." (Eliot) 49. Mr. Boythorn lived in __ pretty house with __ lawn in front, __ bright flower garden at __ side and __ kitchen-garden in __ rear, enclosed with __ wall. __ house was __ real old house. (Dickens) 50 __ bartender was __ pale little man in __ vest and apron, with __ pale, hairy arms and __ long, nervous nose. (/. Shaw) 51. __ face to __.face, he was as warm and easy-natured as he had ever been. (Snow) 52. 1 had not yet learnt how contradictory is human nature; I did not know how much pose there is in __ sincere, how much baseness in _ noble, or how much goodness in __ reprobate. 10 (Maugham) 53. During __ country house parties one day is very like another. __ men put on __ same kind of variegated tie, eat __ same breakfast, tap __ same barometer, smoke __ same pipes and kill __ same birds. (Galsworthy) 54. Almost at. very moment when r,he had returned Aileen had appeared. (Dreiser) 55. __ old man quitted __ house secretly at __ same hour as before. (Dickens) 56. We are told that __ wicked shall be punished. (Shaw) 57. __ arm in __ arm we walked on, sometimes stumbling over __ hump of earth or catching our feet in __ rabbit-holes. (Hansford lohnson) 58. Clare was __ most vivid member of __ family. She had dark fine shingled hair and __ pale expressive face, of which __ lips were slightly brightened. __ eyes were brown, with __ straight and eager glance, __ brow low and very white. Her expression was old for __ girl of twenty, being calm and yet adventurous. (Galsworthy) 59. When I was __ child my mother used to make __ cakes and send me out with them as __ presents to __ neighbours. And. __ neighbours would give us __ presents too, and not only at Christmas time. (Murdoch) 60. I wrote to __ Managing Editor that this was __ wrong moment to change their correspondent. (Greene)
Exercise 3. Translate into English.

1. ? 2. ;
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 . 3. . 4. . 5. . 6. , . 7. . 8. , , . 9. , . 10. , . 11. . 12. , . 13. . 14. . 15. . 16. . 17. . 18. .

Exercise 4. Insert articles where necessary. (Articles with nouns modified by attributes in post-position.)

1. __ man of whom I speak is __ low pantomime actor. 2. Excuse me now, I have to see __ man who's in trouble... (Galsworthy) 3 __ people familiar with these moors often miss their road on such evenings. (E. Bronte) 4. He listened attentively to a great many stories she told him about __ amiable and handsome daughter of hers, who was married to __ amiable and handsome man and lived in the country. (Dickens) 5. I always think there's something rather cold and cheerless about __ house that lacks __ woman's touch. (Maugham) 6. He stood up and looked at __ house where he had been born, grown up, and played, as if asking for __ answer. (Galsworthy) 7. Her throat aches because of __. tears locked in it. (Lessing) 8. I am persuaded that this will be __ shock of which he will feel __ effects all his life- (Eliot) 9. There were half __ dozen pocket robberies __ day in __ trams of Brussels. (Bennett) 10. There we were in __ country none of us knew anything about, amongst Indians and __ people that were only half civilised. (Galsworthy) 11. At last they reached door at which __ servant knocked cautiously. (Murdoch) 12. We passedset of chambers where I had worked as __ young man. (Snow) 13. It is in __ hour of trial that __ man finds his true profession. (Shaw) 14. We dropped into __ very pleasant nook under great elm tree, to __ spreading roots of which we fastened __ boat. (Jerome K. Jerome) 15. It chanced that when this lonely young lady was about nineteen, she, being __ fearless horsewoman, was riding, with only young lad..,. in one of __ woods near her uncle's house... and, in trotting along, her horse stumbled over __ root of felled tree. She slipped to __ ground, not seriously hurt, and was assisted home by gentleman who came in view at __ moment of her mishap. It turned out that this gentleman... was on __ visit at __ house of __ neighbouring landowner. (Hardy) 16. He was staring at __ waves like __ man cornered by __ strange animal. (Murdoch) 17. You don't know _ man you are married to. (Shaw) 18. He spoke with a very slow, distinct voice... and always looked over shoulder of __ person to whom he was talking. (Wilde) 19. There had been at dining table __ middle-aged man with __ dark eye and sunburnt face, who had attracted Martin's attention. (Dickens) 20. And he had tea sitting on __ edge of __.chair that did not look too firm, all gilt and spindly. (Galsworthy) 21. They walked __ mile or more along __ handsome street which __ colonel said was called Broadway... Turning, at length, into one of numerous streets which branched from this main thoroughfare, they stopped before __ rather meanlooking house. (Dickens) 22. Colonel Mordaunt does not look like man who would do __ mean or dishonourable thing. (Marryaf) 23. She is __ elderly matron who has worked hard and got nothing by it. (Shaw) 24. He was, in fact, __ younger edition of his father. (Galsworthy) 25. As Dick took up his pipe, __ man who had passed into __ smoking car with him put down his newspaper and looked at him. For __ moment Dick was puzzled. It was __ face he knew, but he could not put __ name to it. Where had he seen __ man? (Winter) 26. During __ twenty minutes Michael took to read __ doem, there was not __ sound, except from the sheets being turned. (Galsworthy) 27. Rosa then noticed with surprise that she was in __ room in which __ party had been held. (Murdoch)
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Exercise 5. Translate into English.

1. , , , . 2. , . 3. , . 4. , . , . 5. , , . 6. , . 7. , , , . 8. , . 9. , , . 10. , . 11. , . 12. , . 13. , . 14. ; , . 15. , .

Exercise 6. (A) Insert articles or some where necessary. (Articles with nouns- of material.)

1. We sipped __ tea so weak that it tasted like __ metal against the teeth. (Snow) 2. You will be wishing to have __ tea after your journey, I'm thinking. (Shaw) 3. George said that we must take __ rug, __ lamp, __.soap, __ brush and __ comb, __ tooth-brush, __ tooth-powder and __ couple of big towels for bathing. (Jerome K. Jerome) 4. __ children of his age seldom have natural pleasure in __ soap and water. (E. Bronte) 5. He bought __ cold beef, and __ ham, and __ French bread and butter, and came back with his pockets pretty heavily laden. (Dickens) 6. There were two bottles of __ wine, __ plate of __ oranges... with _ powdered sugar. (Dickens) 7. Here, have __ champagne, I quite forgot to offer you any, or would you rather have __ tea? (Murdoch) 8. She made __ coffee. (Murdoch) 9. __ coffee without __ bread could never honestly serve as supper. (Saroyan) 10 __ rest of us had finished eating, but Cave had cut himself another slice of __ cheese. (Snow) 11. Mrs. Leek... frankly gave way to __ soft tears while eating __ bread-and-butter, (Bennett) 12. You've caught cold: I saw you shivering, and you must have __ gruel to drive it out. (E. Bronte) 13. She did not answer, but her face was hard and pale as __ stone. (Galsworthy)
(b) Insert articles where necessary. (Articles with nouns of material.)

1. She hurried in again and found __ water almost boiled away. (Lindsay) 2.... __ blood is thicker than __ water. (Galsworthy) 3. She went about looking into __ dining room, which... had been transformed into __ kind of jewel box glowing with __ flowers, __ silver, __ gold, __ tinted glass. (Dreiser) 4. Rosa tasted __ wine. It was harsh but refreshing. (Murdoch) 5. You drank __ wine with breakfast, dinner and supper, and fifty people always drank it with you. (/. Shaw) 6. She looked with __ eager, hungry eyes at __ bread and __ meat and __ beer that __ landlady brought her. (Eliol) 7....Willows replied that he had made friends with __ sculptor in Pisa... and had commissioned this artist to make __ bust of himself in __ marble. (Hardy) 8. __ coffee was better than Dinny had hoped and very hot. (Galsworthy) 9. Without giving her __ opportunity to protest any more, he went to __. thelephone and ordered __ coffee and several sandwiches. (Caldwell) 10. She wears __ little sailor hat of __ black straw that has long been exposed to __ dust and soot of London. (Shaw) 11. The mother was yellow in colour and her skin resembled __ leather. (Murdoch) 12. The maid brought in __ pears, __ cold chicken, __ tongue, __ cheese. (Snow) 13. My heart... felt as heavy as __ lead. (D Maurier) 14. Every meal was __ bread and __ coffee and __ cigarettes, and now -he had no more bread. (Saroyan)
Exercise 7. Translate into English.

1. , . 2. . 3. . 4. . 5. ; . 6. , ! () 7.
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 . ()
Exercise 8. Insert articles where necessary. (Articles with abstract nouns.)

1. We both appreciate __ simplicity. (Du Maurier) 2. In less than __ week Cowperwood knew __ financial condition of Messrs. Waterman as well as they did, better, to __ dollar. (Dreiser) 3. It is such __ weary, weary work. (Dickens) 4. He [White] had __ comfortable feeling of working alone in __ large empty building, __ feeling of __ peace and __ complete privacy. (Wilson) 5. I've reason to believe she [Fleur] has never properly got over __ feeling she used to have. (Galsworthy) 6. I had seldom heard my friend speak with such __ intensity of __ feeling. (Conan Doyle) 7. His footsteps were now heard striking upon __ stony road at __ distance of about twenty yards. (Hardy) 8. We had __ wonderful weather. (Du Maurier) 9. You must learn to face __ life seriously, Stephen. (Shaw) 10. However, __ life of such striking monotony does not seem to depress him. (Durrell) 11. May you be happy in life you have chosen! (Dickens) 12. I love to think of __ time that must come some day when __ man will have conquered nature, and __ toilworn human race enter upon __ era of peace. (Leacock) 13. She was panting now, and in her face was __ terror which was inexplicable. (Maugham) 14. His round blue eyes behind. __ spectacles were ghastly with _ terror. (Maugham) 15. I think in some curious way __ horror which she felt for him was __ transference of __ horror which she felt for herself because he so strangely troubled her. (Maugham) 16. She was brilliantly familiar with- __ literature, __ tongues, __ art, __ history, __ physics, __ metaphysics, __ philosophy, and politics (in which I include __ modern politics). (Bennett) 17. It was __ cold, bleak, biting weather. (Dickens) 18. __ weather was sunny and dry. (Hardy) 19.. __ modern science is __ wonderful thing. (Shaw) 20. He was __ steady, uninspired researcher in __ properties of __ liquid state of __ matter. (Wilson) 21. Their blue eyes became filled with __ gaiety and __ ferocity and __ joy, and their mouths with __ laughter. (Murdoch) 22. Jon laughed, and __ sound of __ laugh was hard. (Galsworthy) 23. Then she gave __ crisp, ironic, almost cheerful laugh... (Snow) 24. On that fine day __ poverty of __ district she was entering seemed to her country-nurtured eyes intensely cheerless, (Galsworthy) 25. __ reason is __ greatest discovery ever made by __ man. Yet it is __ most disregarded and least used. (Jones) 26....what I offer is __ security and __ respect. That doesn't sound very exciting, but perhaps it's better than __ passion. (Greene) 27. And __ passion that held Strickland was __ passion to create __ beauty. (Maugham) 28. She looked __ incarnation of __ supreme loveliness, __ loveliness which was always revealing itself anew. (Bennett) 29. She (Aileen] knew nothing of __ literature except __ certain authors who to __ truly cultured might seem banal. (Dreiser) 30. __ expression on her face hungry and hard and feverish had the most peculiar effect upon Soames. (Galsworthy) 31. She listened with, __ expression impatient, strained and intent. (Snow) 32. At that age I had __ very faulty view of __ geography. (Miller) 33. __ poor fellow's face looked haggard with __ want: he had __ aspect of __ man who had not known what it was to live in __ comfort... for __ weeks, perhaps __ months past. (Ch. Bronte) 34. He longed for __ comfort of his sister's society. (Marryaf) 35. He pines for __ kindness. (E. Bronte) 36. She sighed for __ air, _ liberty, __ quiet of __ country. (Austen) 37. Miss Cherrell, I am going to do all I can to remove __ unpleasant impression you have of me. I am your very humble servant, and I hope some day to have __ chance to be something else to you. (Galsworthy) 38. Then all four sat down and began to inspect Hunter and Calvin with __ air of suspicion and curiosity. (Murdoch) 39. He spoke with __ air of someone who has got over with an unpleasant duty and can now get on to __ brighter matters. (Murdoch) 40. How quietly you live, John. I love __. silence of this room and garden. (Murdoch) 41. At other times he would come and sit for long periods in her room in __ silence. (Murdoch) 42. What noble thing __ courage is. (Reade) 43. Nothing gave him [little Hans] greater pleasure than to listen to all __ wonderful things __ Miller used to say about __ unselfishness of __ true friendship. (Wilde) 44. __ friendship which he had imposed from __ beginning he now emphasised more than ever. (Greene) 45.
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And when multitudes of men are hurt to __ death in wars I am driven to __ grief which borders on __ insanity. (Saroyan) 46. She could not only sing like __ lark... but she had such __ kindly, smiling, tender, gentle, generous heart of her own as won __ love of everybody who came near her. (Thackeray) 47. What __ delightful weather we are having! (Wilde) 48. Pray, don't talk to me about __ weather, Mr. Worthing. Whenever __ people talk to me about __ weather, I always feel quite certain that they mean something else. (Wilde) 49. Such __ weather makes everything and everybody disgusting. (Austen) 50. When he let her go, she sank breathless into __ chair, gazing at him with __ expression of such __ terror that he put his hands over his face. (Galsworthy) 51. And so, concerned in talk that touched not on __ feelings within them, they reached Mount Street. (Galsworthy) 52. Owen saw __ figure of Edward at __ distance of two or three hundred yards. (Hardy) 53. Mrs. Maylie took up her abode with her son and daughter-inlaw to enjoy during __ tranquil remainder of her days __, greatest felicity that __ age and worth can know, __ contemplation of __ happiness of those on whom __ warmest affections and tenderest cares... have been unceasingly bestowed. (Dickens) 54. __ art is manifestation of __ emotion, and __ emotion speaks __ language that all may understand. (Maugham) 55. Ada sat at __ piano, Richard stood beside her. She touched __ notes so softly, and sang so low, that __ wind, sighing away in __ distant hills, was as audible as __ music. (Dickens) 56. Mr. Bob Sawyer adjusted his skates with __ dexterity which to Mr. Winkle was perfectly marvellous. (Dickens) 57. He had not been stationary half __ minute, when he heard his own name pronounced by __ voice which he at once recognized as Mr. Tupman's, and looking upwards, he beheld __ sight which filled him with __ surprise and __ pleasure. (Dickens) 58. She sat by __ window reading. From her position she could see up __ lane for __ distance of at least __ hundred yards. (Hardy) 59. I can see __ beauty and __ peace of this home; 1 think I have never been more at __ rest in my life than at this moment. (Shaw) 60. Beside his bed, for __ first time during __ period of nearly twenty years, he fell down on his knees in __ passionate outburst of __ feeling. (Hardy) 61. It was __ new fear, different from that which she had once confided in her own flat, yet grown from __ same root. (Snow) 62. __ empty windows of __ ruins were filled with __ life of their own. (Heym) 63. Cowperwood awakened to __ sense of __ joy in __ life such as he fancied he had never experienced before. (Dreiser) 64. Mr. Pickwick stood in __ principal street of this illustrious town, and gazed with __ air of __ curiosity not unmixed with __ interest, on __ objects around him. (Dickens)
Exercise 9. Translate into English.

1. . 2. . 3. , . 4. . 5. . 6. . 7. , , , , . () 8. , , , . () 9. . , , , , . . () 10. , ? () 11. . 12. . 13. . 14. 2030 . 15. , . 16. . 17. .

Exercise 10. insert articles where necessary. (Articles with names of persons.)

1. Margaret was talking to __ Osbaldistons. (Snow) 2. In __ dim light streaming down __ stairs from behind her, he scarcely recognised __ Lily he had known. (Lindsay) 3. __ barbaric Bertie got no hint whatever that he was barbaric. (Bennett) 4. __ father and __
10

daughter appeared at last. (Wells) 5. Gradman is here, darling, and __ mother, and __ Aunt Winifred, and Kit and Michael. Is there anyone you would like to see? (Galsworthy) 6. Louis seemed... rather __ grave, still, retiring man, but __ Caroline of this evening, which was not __ Caroline of every day, thawed his reserve. (Ch. Bronte) 7. She watched __ advent of __ Tasburghs almost maliciously. Hubert and __ young Tasburgh at once discovered mutual service in Mesopotamia. (Galsworthy) 8. My visit was specially made to __ good Mrs. Ames. (Conan Doyle) 9. __ professor Beans is __ man to whom you'll be responsible for your undergraduate teaching. (Wilson) 10. This Pat wasn't at all like __ Pat of his memories. When she smiled he saw __ Pat he had known, __ Pat smiling at him froirt __ worn photo that still lay in pocketbook against his heart. But watching her ...he grew aware that __ family was divided in its attitude. Alice... and Mrs. Baxter... were partisans of new Pat. He still felt that he couldn't bring __ two Pats together; but he didn't hold that against __ Pat of __ present. (Lindsay) 11. flustered Clarice stood beside me. (Du Maurier) 12. If you are Napoln, you will play __ game of __ power; if you're __ Leonardo, you'll play for knowledge; __ stakes hardly matter. (Wallace) 13. At that time I had __ greatest admiration for Impressionists. I longed to possess __ Sisley and __ Degas, and I worshipped Manet. (Maugham) 14. I overtook __ pretty little Hetty Sorrel as I was coming to my den. (Eliot) 15. He cared to say no more; he had thrown quite dust enough into __ honest Adam's eyes. (Eliot) 16. This was __ famous Frank A. Cowperwood whom he had read about... (Dreiser) 17. __ certain Joseph Zimmerman suggested that he undertake operating in street railway shares for him. (Dreiser) 18. Elsie said she would ring up __ Doctor Worple. (Bennett) 19. __ poor Edward muttered something, but what it was nobody knew. (Austen) 20. He was gayer than I had thought... youthful and ardent in __ hundred happy ways, not. Maxim I had first met. (Du Maurier) 21. I have __ address of man in London to whom __ Professor writes. (Conan Doyle) 22. It is needless to multiply __ instances of __ high and lofty station, and __ vast importance of __ Chuzzlewits at different periods. (Dickens). 23. It has been said that there is no instance, in modern times, of __ Chuzzlewit having been found on terms of __ intimacy with __ great. (Dickens) 24. __ gentle, tender-hearted Amelia Sedley was __ only person to whom she [Becky] could attach herself in __ least. (Thackeray) 25. Yet __ room itself was bright and elegant; on one wall was fine Sisley, of poplars and sunny water, on another __ still life by Nicholas de Stael, pastel fruit in __ white dish. (Snow) 26. __ captain Cuttle lived on __ brink of little canal. (Dickens) 27. Mr. Tupman, by __ nod, intimated that his question applied to __ disappointed Rachel. (Dickens) 28. I am __ Mr. Martin for whom you were to inquire. (Dickens) 29. I'm to meet __ Professor Hallorsen on Monday. (Galsworthy) 30. If you're going West may I come with you? I want to see __ Aunt Emily and __ Uncle Lawrence. (Galsworthy) 31. During reading of __ paragraph, and for __ minute or two afterwards, he sat with his gaze fixed on modest Mr. Toots, like man entranced. (Dickens) 32. I had no doubt that you were Miss Wilfer I have often heard named. (Dickens) 33. "Oh, good evening," he exclaimed, removing his cap and bowing. "How are you?" while his mind was registering that this truly was __ beautiful, __ exquisite Sondra whom months before he had met at his uncle's. (Dreiser) 34. "I don't care about __ Captain Dobbin's complexion," she said... "I shall always like him, I know." "There is not __ finer fellow in __ service," Osborne said, "nor better officer, though he is not __ Adonis, certainly." (Thackeray) 35. __ difference between __ pair was that while __ father was violent and __ bully, son had thrice __ nerve and courage of parent, and could not merely make __ attack, but resist it; and finding that moment was not come when __ contest between him and his father was to be decided, he took his dinner with __ perfect coolness and appetite before __ engagement began. __ old Osborne, on __ contrary, was nervous and drank much. (Thackeray) 36. __ medical practitioner quite, refused to accept __ unhappy Selina's theory.
(Hardy)

11

Exercise 11. Translate into English.

1. . () 2. , . 3. . 4. , . 5. . . 6. , , , ... ? ()
()

Exercise 12. Insert articles where necessary. (Articles with geographical names.)

1. After __ tour in __ Austrian Alps they had gone to __ Hotel Splendide at __ Montreux, in order to enjoy for __ day or two __ charms of __ Lake of __ Geneva. (Bennett) 2. Dusk was already falling on __ noble curve of __ Thames. (Bennett) 3. I hear he's off to __ Central Africa. (Bennett) A. In Ivanhoe Walter Scott describes __ England of __ Middle Ages. 5. __ Capetown is in __ South Africa. 6. In __ heart of __ Central Asia lies __ Khoresm, __ small fertile area in __ sea of __ sand. 7. __ prospect ends... in little hills that come nearly to __ sea; rudiments, these, of __ Atlas Mountains. (Shaw) 8. "We've been touring __ world... We tried __ South America...We lasted three days in __ Australia..." "Have you ever been to. __ States?" (Amis) 9. Michael looked quizzically at his parent. Did he quite understand __ England of to-day? (Galsworthy)
Exercise 13. Translate into English.

I. . 2. . 3. . 4. 1890 . 5. , . 6. . 7. .
Exercise 14, Insert articles where necessary. (Articles with names of hotels, streets, ships, and newspapers.)

1. She nodded __ command to __ footman, and they drove off westward, down __ Strand, and so into __ little side street by __ Charing Cross. (Bennett) 2. I am going to Folkestone to-day, and shall stay at __ Metropole. (Bennett) 3. They were excited because they had been dining with __ editor of __ Times, and had been given __ glimpse of next day's paper. (Snow) 4. She sat in her superb private drawing room at __ Hotel Cecil. 5. __ boys loved him because he told them that __ Navy had borrowed him from __ U. S. Army just in time to blow taps on __ Maine as she was sinking, and he remained long after everyone including captain had abandoned __ ship. (Wilson) 6. He began to walk very rapidly up towards __ Trafalgar Square. (Greene) 7. He went out and ate __ ices at __ pastry-cook's shop in __ Charing Cross; tried __ new coat in __ Pall Mall; and called for __ Captain Cannon, played eleven games at __ billiards with __ captain, and returned to __ Russell Square. (Thackeray) 8. __ street was empty, unlighted save by __ reflection from __ Grandlieu Street behind them... (Faulkner) 9. In 1905 __ revolt broke out on __ Potemkin, one of __ battleships of __ Black Sea Fleet. 10. Yet, in bright drawing room in __ Lord North Street, all he was thinking of... was what __ Telegraph, __ Guardian, the popular press, would say next day. (Snow)
Exercise 15. Insert articles where necessary. (Articles with nouns modified by proper nouns.)

1. I often go to __ Pushkin Theatre. 2. I am very fond of Pushkin's short tragedies. 3. __ Tretyakov gallery was founded nearly __ century ago by Pavel Tretyakov. __ Tretyakov's devotion to __ art and his indefatigable efforts had __ magnificent results and furthered __ development of __ Russian painting. 4. I am __ medical student and have held __ post of house surgeon at one of __ London hospitals for some time. (Marryat) 5. __ Fox apartment had __ spacious old-fashioned feeling. 6. Towards __ end of __ year 1913 several young students living in Moscow founded __ small group known as __ Students' Drama Studio. It was from that group that __ Vakhtangov Theatre sprang. Vakhtangov was __ tireless innovator. Some of Vakhtan- gov's pupils became __ capable producers. 7.
12

__ sets of furniture were imitations of one of __ Louis periods. (Dreiser) 8. __ Pulkovo Observatory is over __ hundred years old. 9. __ chin of __ founder of __ Forsyte clan was settled comfortably between __ widely separated points of. __ old-fashioned collar. (Galsworthy) 10. He had known all __ pretty Montjoy sisters scattered over Society, but of them all Diana was __ youngest, __ prettiest, most tasteful and wittiest... (Galsworthy)
Exercise 16, Insert articles where necessary. (Articles with set expressions.)

1. I trust you to tell me __ bare truth, whatever it is. (Snow) 2. The maid, looking to right and left, spoke in __ low and hurried voice. (Galsworthy) 3. On his trip round __ world with Fleur he had often put his nose out and watched the dancing on deck. (Galsworthy) 4. He decided that he would not at __ present explain to her who he was. (Bennett) 5. I saw __ good deal of him during __ war. (Snow) 6. He has taken his death very much to __ heart indeed. (Collins) 7. What did her education and her accomplishments amount to? She could keep __ house. (Bennett) 8. AH seemed perfectly at their ease, by no means in __ hurry. (Dickens) 9. Somebody important must have been arriving from Europe by __ air... (Greene) 10. Am I dealing, young people, with __ case of __ love at __ first sight? (Galsworthy) 11. We've had some tea already on __ board __ yacht. (Shaw) 12. Rosa was well aware that she had never taken __ trouble to get to know Annette. (Murdoch) 13. You will go to _ sea and forget ail about me in __ month. (Galsworthy) 14. He was about to start on __ long journey, __ difficult one, by __ sea, and no soul would know where he was gone. (Eliot) 15. It is __ pleasure to see you. (Galsworthy) 16. He held __ very guarded conversation with her on his way home, for fear that she would take __ additional offence. Argument was out of __ question. (Dreiser) 17. On __ other hand, if he was beaten he took it with complete good humour. (Maugham) 18. He is beginning to lose __ heart, they say. (Reade) 19. She burned like __ fire from __ head to __ foot. (Hardy) 20. I got into conversation with him by __ chance at __ concert. (Shaw) 21. She's taken quite __ fancy to you, Ridgeon. (Shaw) 22. __ furniture was all sent round by __ water. (Austen) 23. I returned at once, and found Ada sitting at __ work by __ fireside. (Dickens) 24. He played __ flute. (Miller) 25. Somewhere __ great many men were singing. (Greene) 26. He was chronically in __ debt... (Snow) 27. __ woman I fixed my eye on was __ woman who kept __ house for me at my cottage. (Collins) 28. It is __ pity to worry her if she has __ talent for __ uneasiness. (Galsworthy) 29. He has given __ permission to go up and see her there. (Priestley) 30. Behind __ house was __ large garden, and in summer, __ pupils almost lived out of __ doors. (Ch. Bronte) 31. __ rain had stopped, and we went on __ foot to __ Ebury Street. (Snow) 32. They started at __ dawn, and __ boy I sent with them didn't come back till next day. (Maugham) 33. On being informed... that her departure would be delayed... she had flown into __ violent passion. (Collins) 34. All of __ sudden, his face had become stony. (Snow) 35. Dear, dear! It seems only __ other day since I took you down to school at Sloughl (Galsworthy) 36. Mr. Byron Waller could play __ violin. (Lee)
Exercise 17. Translate into English.

1. . 2. . 3. , . 4. , , . 5. . 6. . 7. . 8. . 9. . , . 10. . 11. , . 12. ' . 13. .

Exercise 18. Insert articles where necessary. (Articles with predicative nouns and nouns in apposition.)

1. Ostrovsky commenced __ clerk in __ Moscow Commercial Court. 2. Selina, __ daughter of __ Paddocks, had been surprised that afternoon by receiving __ letter from her once intended husband. (Hardy) 3. My father became __ rector of Burnmore when I was
13

nine. (Wells) 4. Cashel was to go to sea, so that if his affairs became desperate, he could at least turn __ pirate. (Shaw) 5. He was __ particular friend of Sir John's (Austen). 6. You are not __ person you claim to be. (Dickens) 7. His money was __ money I brought him as my marriage portion. (Shaw) 8. That meeting had occurred at __ house of __ high official of __ British Museum, __ scholar with whom Arthur was on friendly terms. (Bennett) 9. Mrs. Patterson, __ lymphatic woman, was holding her son Jim by __ hand. (Lindsay) 10. __ trained diplomat and statesman as he was, his- stern aristocratic face was upside down with __ fury. (Leacock) 11. I am not __ good fisherman myself. (Jerome K. Jerome) 12. Ever since then I haven't been able to suppress gnawing thoughts in my mind. I'm not strong enough to suppress them. I'm too weak. I'm not __ man enough. (Caldwell) 13. You were __ dear little girl; I see it now, looking back. But not __ little girl I had in my mind. (Jerome K. Jerome) 14. He looked thin, and yellow as __ guinea, and he had turned __ miser. (Reade) 15. You should have been __ woman enough to control yourself. (Hardy) 16. Martha, who was __ poor apprentice at __ milliner's, then told them what kind of __ work she had to do. (Dickens) 17. What __ charming house you have, Lady Chiltern! (Wilde) 18. I am Anthony Anderron, __ man you want. (Shaw) 19. Only, his forehead and mouth betray an extraordinary steadfastness; and his eyes are __ eyes of __ fanatic. (Shaw) 20. He had just been appointed __ Lord Justice of appeal. (Snow) 21. His clothes are not __ clothes, nor his anxious wife __ wife of __ prosperous man. (Shaw) 22.-1 was __ fool enough to ask her to live here still, and direct __ affairs of __ house for me. (E. Bronte)
Exercise 19. Translate into English.

1. 1937 . . . , . ( ) 2. , , , 50- . 3. , , , . , , . 4. , , 1780 . , . , , .

Exercise 20. Insert articles where necessary.

1. __ love seemed now so little __ thing, seemed to have lost __ warmth and __ power... (Galsworthy) 2. It was too great __ P shock to be borne with __ calmness, and she immediately left __ room. (Austen) 3. It's as good __ place, I suppose, as you could find. (Galsworthy) 4. Mrs. Todgers was __ lady, __ rather bony and hard-featured lady. (Dickens) 5. It was quite __ way down to __ main road and then we walked along __ main road about __ mile and __ half. (Hemingway) 6. But he,., gave her so long and so peculiar __ stare from __ corner where he was having tea, that she knew he had not forgiven her. (Galsworthy) 7. She seemed to take rather __ fancy to me. (Galsworthy)
Exercise 21. Translate into English.

1. . 2. , . 3. , . 4. . 5. . 6, ? 7. ! 8. . 9. . 10. , .
Exercise 22. Translate into Russian. (Ways of expressing the meaning of the English articles in Russian.)

1. I am very fond of Helen, there is a great charm about the girl. 2. The man was
14

slowly walking along the street. 3. A man was slowly walking along the street 4. We've bought the butter in this shop. 5. We've bought some butter. 6. A girl showed me the way to the station. 7. I shouldn't like to live here; there is something gloomy about the house. 8. You had better not attempt to be a governess, as the duties of the position would be too severe for your constitution. (Ch. Bronte)
Exercise 23. Translate into English.

1. , . 2. , . 3. . 4. . 5. . 6. .
Exercise 24. Insert articles where necessary. (Special cases.)

(A) Day, night, morning, evening. 1. Outside it was __ night. (Murdoch) 2. It was __ warm summer night. (Snow) 3. __ night outside seemed very quiet. (Greene) 4. It was __ foggy evening in November. (Murdoch) 5. During _ evening we played innumerable games of piquet... (Maugham) 6. It was __ evening, and he was walking across the school grounds on his way home. (Saroyan) 7. He wondered what hour it was. __ sun seemed to indicate __ late morning... (Greene) 8. I think it's going to be __ fine morning, after all. (Shaw) 9. __ morning was cold and sharp and sunny. (Greene) 10. It is __ early morning. (Shaw) 11. We are going to have __ ideal night. (Shaw) 12. __ night being sharp and frosty, we trembled from __ head to __ foot. (Dickens) 13. It was early in __ afternoon. (Murdoch) 14. __ night was __ windy one, with broken clouds drifting swiftly across __ face of __ three-quarter moon. (Conan Doyle) 15. __ night came and he sent his sadness into his sleep. (Saroyan) 16. I was up at six in __ morning. (/. Shaw) 17. She has had __ bad night, probably __ rather delirious night. (Shaw) 18. __ machines at __ factory were in perpetual motion __ day and __ night. (Murdoch) 19. Arthur did not pass __ sleepless night; he slept long and well, for __ sleep comes to __ perplexed, if __ perplexed are only weary enough. (Eliot) 20. It was about ten o'clock at __ night. (Maugham) 21. __ fine September afternoon was dying fast. (Galsworthy) 22. I persuaded him to stay __ night with me, and I put him into my own bed. (Maugham) 23. It was __ morning after Roger had talked to me in __ Park, and Margaret and I were sitting at breakfast. (Snow) 24. __ day was by This time approaching; __ West was dim, __ East beginning to gleam. (Ch. Bronte) 25. On __ bright January morning __ telephones kept ringing in my office. (Snow) 26. I cannot describe to you __ intense silence of __ night. (Maugham) 27. I shall not forget __ evening I spent with him. I had not intended to stay more than __ hour, but he insisted that I should spend __ night. (Maugham) 28. He painted and he read, and in ^ _ evening, when it was dark, they sat together on __ veranda, smoking and looking at __ night. (Maugham) 29. It was as lovely __ morning as one could desire. (Jerome K. Jerome) 30. It was __ glorious night. __ moon had sunk, and left __ quiet earth alone with __ stars. (Jerome K. Jerome) 31. Nell dropped __ curtsey, and told him they were __ poor travellers who sought __ shelter for __ night. __ schoolmaster told them that they were welcome to remain under his roof till __ morning. (Dickens) 32. Every day I was up at __ dawn, clearing, planting, working on my house, and at night when I threw myself on my bed it was to sleep like. log till __ morning. (Maugham)
Exercise 25. Translate into English.

I. . 2. . 3. , . 4. . 5. . 6. . 7. . 8. . 9. . 10. , .
Exercise 26. Insert articles where necessary.

(B) Names of seasons.

15

1. It was __ winter, and __ night of bitter cold. (Wilde) 2. You see, __ winter was __ very bad time for me, and I really had no money at all to buy __ bread with. (Wilde) 3. It was __ very dark evening for __ summer. (E. Bronte) 4. __ summer drew to __ end, and __ early autumn. (E. Bronte) 5. I wondered if __ autumn would come upon us two months before her time. (Du rier) 6. ft was __ lovely evening in __ spring time of __ year; and in. __ soft stillness of __ twilight, all __ nature was very calm and beautiful. __ day had been fine and warm; but at __ coming on of __ night, __ air grew cool. (Dickens) 7. It was pretty late in __ autumn of __ year when __ declining sun, struggling through __ mist which had obscured it all day, looked brightly upon __ little Wiltshire village. (Dickens) 8. There was going to be __ election soon, we all knew: this was. __ spring of 1955. (Snow) 9. It was __ cold fall and __ wind came dowd from __ mountains. (Hemingway) 10. It was __ fine day, early in __ spring, and we were in __ good humour. (Maugham)
Exercise 27. Translate into English.

1. . 2. , . 3. ; , . 4. . 5. 1941 .
Exercise 28. Insert articles where necessary.

(C) Bed, school, prison, town. 1. It was eleven o'clock. Annette was still in __ bed. (Murdoch) 2. Stefan, who had been sitting on the edge of __ bed, came near to her and smiled for __ first time. (Murdoch) 3. May comb was __ old town. (Lee) 4. Dolores said nothing all __ way to __ town. (/. Shaw) 5. Yes, he and my brother had been to __ school together. (Snow) 6. Before that she had taught history in __ girls' school. (Murdoch) 7. __ school was not __ particularly good one. (Conan Doyle) 8. I never knew __ lawyer yet who didn't threaten to put me in __ prison sooner or later. (Shaw) 9. Steger next visited __ county jail, close on to five o'clock, when it was already dark. (Dreiser) 10. In all probability he was already in town. (Austen) 11. Among other public buildings in __ certain town... there is one anciently common to most towns, great or small... __ workhouse. (Dickens) 12. After leaving __ school, I became clerk to her father. (Lindsay) 13. She graduated from __ Pedagogical Institute __ year ago and now she is working at __ school in __ village near Leningrad. 14. __ prison where Little Dorrit was born was called "The Marshalsea". 15. I haven't done anything that warrants my running away or going to __ prison, either. I'm merely going there to save time at __ present. (Dreiser) 16. It was in my walk that night, and in __ sleepless hours which followed when I lay in. __ bed, that __ thought first occurred to me which afterwards shaped itself into __ settled resolution* (Dickens) 17. He told with __ perfect truth... how he had in time been released from __ prison. (Dickens) 18. "When you think of me at all, John, let it only be as __ little child you have seen grow up in __ prison. (Dickens) 19. You take your man home, Mrs. Dubedut, and get him to __ bed before eleven. (Shaw)20. I'm going to be out of __ town for a few days. So I may not even see you again. (Faulkner) 21. Unless we can give __ rector. __ bed he had nowhere to lay his head this night. (Shaw) 22. Who could be in _ prison __ quarter of __ century, and be prosperous!
(Dickens)

Exercise 29. Translate into English.

1. . 2. ? 3. . 4. . 5. . 6. . 7. , . 8. . 9. , . 10. . , , , . .
16

Exercise 30. Insert articles where necessary.

(D) Names of meals. 1. He said he had letters to write and if I would allow him, would remain in his room till __ dinner was ready. (Jerome K. Jerome) 2. He came in one morning when I was having breakfast on __ terrace of __ hotel and introduced himself. (Maugham) 3. I saw to it that he had __ good dinner. (Jerome K. Jerome) 4. We had __ cold bacon for __ lunch that day. There was not much of it. I took it to be __ bacon we had not eaten for breakfast. But on __ clean dish with parsley it looked rather neat. (Jerome K. Jerome) 5. Mr. Clay settled back in his chair, savoring his drink, expecting __ good dinner. (/. Shaw) 6. __ dinner was very sound. (Bennett) 7. Come and have __ tea on __ deck. (Bennett) 8. They had __ supper in __ silence. (Murdoch) 9. __ little expedition down __ river was delightful, and __ little room overlooking __ river into which they were shown for __ dinner was delightful. (Dickens) 10. In __ tiny dining-room, we were having __ excellent dinner, cooked by Mary Osbaldiston-.. (Snow) 11. She... began to dress for __ dinner to which she had been invited. (Austen) 12. When he arrived... __ famous Contract was at __ dinner. (Dreiser) 13. When they arrived and mounted __, stairs, Stefan behaved as usual, and soon they were eating. __ supper which Jan had prepared. (Murdoch) 14. He assisted her... in setting forth __ neat luncheon, consisting of __ cold chicken, __ ham and __ tarts. (Ch. Bronte) 15. __ dinner was __ grand one. (Austen) 16. I shall be glad to see you at __ lunch at half past one. (Shaw) 17. He had given me __ dinner, and __ good one. (Snow)
Exercise 31. Translate into English.

I. . 2. , . 3. . 4. . 5. .
Exercise 32. Insert articles where necessary. (Articles with nouns modified by certain adjectives, pronouns, and numerals.)

(A) Most. 1. You have had __ most distinguished career... (Snow) 2. This was __ most painful thought of all. (Murdoch) 3. He had put himself in __ most unsatisfactory position, politically and socially. (Dreiser) 4. She was __ most beautiful young girl; __ most beautiful girl he had ever seen. (Bennett) 5. __ most of __ women had flowers or little black feathers sticking up in their hair. (Glyn) 6. I started relating __ most interesting anecdote, but was somewhat surprised to observe... that nobody was paying __ slightest attention io me whatever. (Jerome K. Jerome) 7. __ news he had conveyed to her would have terrified __ most women. (Cronin) 8. He was __ man of __ most subtle and refined intellect. __ man of __ culture, __. charm and __ distinction. One of __ most intellectual men I ever met. (Wilde) 9. Her life held so little of __ real charm; and Aileen Butler was __ most significant element of __ romance in it. (Dreiser) 10. Youth in her South Carolinian home had been simple and self-reliant; and unlike __ most American girls, she had not had too good __ time. (Galsworthy) 11. It was __ most beautiful room. It was _ most beautiful room in house. (Du Maurier) 12. Gentleman, he was __ most excellent man, __ ' most gentle, tender and estimable man, with __ simplicity of __ child. (Dickens) 13. __ Norman Conquest is one of __ most important events in __ English history, and it had __ greatest influence on __ history of __ language.
Exercise 33. Insert articles where necessary.

(B) Few, little. 1.. __ mother and I are planning to go to __ country for __ few days. (Dreiser) 2. It was __ cold, windy evening and there were __ few people in __ Park. 3. __ few words that I have to add to what 1 have written, are soon penned. (Dickens) 4. We needn't take. __ porter. We have __ little luggage. 5. When you've wanted something very badly and it comes at last, it is somehow __ little frightening. (Maugham) 6. __ little I have to say can be
17

said in __ few minutes. 7. I am commonly __ man of __ few words. (Dickens) 8. One morning, when Rose was alone in __ breakfast-parlour, Harry Maylie entered; and, with some hesitation, begged __ permission to speak with her for __ few moments. (Dickens) 9. What __ little light there was came from one small window. (Priestley) 10. He paused, wishing he had not mentioned that fact. It was __ slip of __ tongue, one of __ few he ever made, due to __ peculiar pressure of __ situation. (Dreiser) 11. Oh, I know there's no danger, but I'm __ little frightened all __ same. (Greene) 12. Well, for instance, why don't you tell me about your sister? She always sounds fascinating, from __ little I hear, but I've no real idea what she's like. (Hansford Johnson) 13. __ old man replied that there were __ few grown persons as trustworthy or as careful as she [Nell]. (Dickens) 14. Harriet closed her coat quickly and walked __ little faster. (/. Shaw) 15. We can't disguise from ourselves that there's __ little hope. (Greene) 16. He accepted willingly my invitation to remain for __ few days in my apartment. (Maugham) 17. I seem to have forgotten __ little I ever knew. (Conan Doyle) 18. He tried to orient himself by : __ stars; but it was __ cloudy night and __ few stars that were visible did not announce any constellation that he could recognize. (Murdoch) 19. Carie expostulated, begged, was very angry, even wept __ little, and then suddenly capitulated. (Buck) 20. Luf- kin's tastes were austere. He spent __ little on himself. (Snow) 21. I see very __ few women; but those are __ women of rank. (James) 22. Mary offered to lend __ little she had. (E. Bronte) 23. I've travelled __ little, but not enough. (Hansford Johnson) 24. Surely, during __ few hours he might pass in _ cottage it would be easy for her to keep out of his way. (Marryat) 25. She respected him mightily but gave him __ very little thought. (Buck) 26. When __ winter came... he suffered __ good deal from cold and __ hunger, and often had to go to __ bed without any supper but __ few dried pears or some hard nuts. (Wilde) 27. He was one of __ few men of science who never terrified me, probably because he never behaved like __ doctor. (Lee)
Exercise 34. Insert articles where necessary.

(C) Second, third, etc. 1. Of all those to whom he appealed one was actually not in __ position to do anything for him; another was afraid; __ third was calculating eagerly to drive __ hard bargain; __ fourth was too deliberate, anxious to have much time. [Dreiser) 2. Two people would have to hold __ chair, and __ third would help him up on it, and __ fourth would hand him __ nail, and __ fifth would pass him up __ hammer. (Jerome K. Jerome) 3. __ professor Earle Fox ignored for __ second time __ buzzing signal from the secretary in __ adjoining office. (Wilson) 4. One evening __ little Hans was sitting by his fireside when __ loud rap came at __ door... At first he thought it was merely the storm. But __ second rap came, then __ third. (Wilde) 5. Mr. Pickwick was perfectly aware that __ tree is __ very dangerous neighbour in __ thunderstorm. He had __ tree on his right, __ tree on his left, __ third before him, and __ fourth behind. (Dickens) 6. Take care, Caroline. I've proposed twice now. I shall not propose __ third time. (Maugham)
Exercise 35. Insert another or the other.

(D) 1. A person who has not done one half of his day's work by ten o'clock, runs the chance of leaving __ half undone. (E. Bronte) 2. Her hands lay on her lap motionless, one in __ loosely clasped. (Maugham) 3. There was __ silence, not a long one. (Snow) 4. Then she came and sat down on __ side of the hearth. (Galsworthy) 5. There was __ reason why he was disturbed. Though he was ambitious, he had high standards of behaviour. (Snow) 6. Fleur stole __ look. (Galsworthy) 7. The boy sidled nearer, moving one foot slowly after __ 8. There was __ thing I liked in Mrs. Strickland. (Maugham)
Exercise 36. Insert articles where necessary.

(E) A number, the number. 1. Thirteen years of life with Frank Cowperwood had taught her __ number of things. (Dreiser) 2. __ colonel says our losses have not been heavy. __ exact number is not
18

yet known. (Greene) 3. To this particular dinner __ number of people... had been invited. (Dreiser) 4. Those who had any letters to deliver or... any settled plan of going anywhere or doing anything, discussed their prospects __ hundred times __ day; and as this class of passengers was small, and __ number of those who had no prospects whatever was very large, there were plenty of listeners and few talkers. (Dickens) 5. While he was dancing, Cowperwood had occasion to look at Aileen... She passed close to him __ number of times. (Dreiser) 6. He went up into __ picture gallery. On __ bureau there were laid __ number of letters and things to be attended to. (Galsworthy)
Exercise 37. Insert articles where necessary.

1. What __ strange feeling it was to be going home when it was not home, and to find that every object I looked at reminded me of __ happy old home which was like __ dream I could never dream again. (Dickens) 2. On her face 1 saw __ placid and sweet expression of __ : lady whose picture had looked at me downstairs. It seemed to my imagination as if __ portrait had grown womanly and __ original remained __ child. (Dickens) 3. Rebecca's mother had had __ education somewhere and her daughter spoke __ French with __ purity and __ Parisian accent.lt was in those days rather __ rare accomplishment, and led to her engagement with __ orthodox Miss Pinkerton. (Thackeray) 4. He had __ wit, __ keen sense of __ humour, __ sense of pathos. (Dreiser) 5. __ one thing that really interested him in connection with his parents was __ existence somewhere in __ east in __ small city called Lycurgus... of __ uncle, __ brother of his father's. (Dreiser) 6. But __ bed I made up for myself was sufficiently uncomfortable to give me __ wakeful night, and I thought __ good deal of what __ unlucky Dutchman had told me. (Maugham) 7. We went down __ corridors, down __ stone stairs. We crossed over __ Park by __ lake; one of __ pelicans was spreading its wings. __ trees- were creaking in. __ blustery wind; on __ grass, __ first leaves had fallen. It was __ dark evening, with __ clouds, low and grey, driving across from __ west. (Snow) 8. I breathed deeply two or three times, but felt _ little calmer, __ enormity of __ situation was too overpowering. (Clark) 9. __ English of __ 14th century differs from __ Modern English. 10. He was young still, and in __ few years he would look back on all his misery with __ sadness in which there would be something not unpleasurable. (Maugham) 11. After __ lights within, it was very dark, and __ night was enormous and silent with __ intensity which for __ moment made her pause in __ awe. She was in __ unfamiliar street. It was __ damp night, with rare stars. (Murdoch) 12. I had often new temptations afterwards to wonder whether it was really singular, or only singular to me, that he, who was __ most grateful of mankind upon __ least occasion, should so desire to escape __ gratitude of others. (Dickens) 13. Large drops of __ rain, which pattered every now and then against __ windows of __ chaise, seemed to warn __ travellers of __ rapid approach of __ stormy night. (Dickens) 14. It's pleasant to get used to __ expensive, __ soft, __ comfortable. (Stone) 15. __ children of __ poor know but __ few pleasures. Even __ cheap delights of __ childhood must be bought and paid for. (Dickens) 16. And there began for Soames __ most confused evening he had ever spent. For in his heart were great gladness and __ great pity, and he must not show __ sign of either. (Galsworthy) 17. __ walls, down which ran __ number and variety of ^ __ pipes and cables, were painted in two contrasting shades of green dark up to __ height of five foot, lighter above that. (Clark) 18. In __ evening __ weather broke, __ wind shifted from __ South to __ North-East and brought __ rain first and then __ sleet and __ snow. (. Bronte) 19. __ Miller said all kinds of beautiful things about __ friendship, which Hans took down in __ note-book and used to read over at __ night, for he was __ very good scholar. (Wilde) 20. She drew __ little away from him; then perceived that unwittingly she had done __ right thingr for he at once tried to take her hand again. And this was her first lesson too in __ nature of __ man. (Galsworthy) 21. __ London train was on __ point of __ departure. It was yet __ early morning, __ hour of __ milkmen and __ postmen __ station had __ chill, unused, deserted look; __, passengers were few. (Bennett) 22. In __ hands of
19

__ strong, like himself when he was at his best, __ law was __ sword and __ shield, __ trap to place before __ feet of __ unwary; __ pit to dig in __ path of those who might pursue. (Dreiser) 23. It had been __ severe winter, and __ snow lay deep in __ gorges of __ mountains. (Conan Doyle) 24. __ point is that __ art now is just __ subject for conversation; and anything that anybody can understand (at __ first sight is not worth talking about and therefore not __. art. (Galsworthy) 25. I do not consider that __ cigars and whisky he consumed at my expense, and __ few dollars, borrowed with __ civil air of conferring. __ favour upon me, that passed from my pocket to his, were in any way equivalent to __ entertainment he afforded me. I remained his debtor. (Maugham) 26. He was __ psychopathologist as well as __ student of __ art, and __ subconscious had __ few secrets from him. (Maugham) 27. And now he was in __ large bedroom overlooking __ Thames, __ chamber with __ writing table, __ sofa, __ telephone, __ electric bells and __ massive oak door with __ lock and __ key in __ lock. (Bennett) 28. __ sun comes up from __ East and goes down to ; __ West. (Shaw) 29. As that day closed in, __ girl's excitement increased; and when __ night came on... there was __ unusual paleness in her cheek, and __ fire in her eye, that even Sikes observed with __ astonishment. (Dickens) 30. Mr. Skimpole could play __ piano and __ violoncello; and he was __ composer, had composed half __ opera once, and played what he composed with __ taste. After __ tea we had quite __ little concert, in which Richard and Mr. Jarndyce and 1 were __ audience. (Dickens) 31. In __ civil life, Cassilis was __ stage-designer on __ threshold of __ brilliant career. He was __ quiet man, mildly handsome, mildly intellectual, mildly witty. He was fond of __ women in __ quiet sort of way, but behaved with them always as if he were in search of __ good quiet wife. (Hansford Johnson) 32. Though __ young man was __ honest fellow, and __ son of] __ honest father, __ latter had died so early, and his widow had J had such struggles to maintain herself, that __ son was very irn-1 perfectly educated. (Hardy) 33. Next day, Margaret and I had to ! leave __ house after __ tea. __ weather had not changed. Just as when we arrived, it was __ evening so tranquil that __ chimney smoke seemed painted on __ sky, and in __ air there was __ smell of burning leaves. (Snow) 34. They never, one felt, dressed carelessly, ; said __ wrong word, were __ prey to __ untidy passion. (Greene) 35. __ Herzogs moved to __ midwest. (Bellow) 36. She was __ mountain-bred and ever __ lover of __ mountains. She could see __ little beauty in __ sea, and that only of __ terrible and overwhelming kind. (Buck) 37. __ very tall and very good-looking man who entered seemed about thirty-eight years old. His clean-shaven face was full of __ health, his eyes full of __ light, his dark hair had __ fleck or two of premature grey in it. (Galsworthy) 38. I've been taught ' __ Latin, and __ Greek, and __ mathematics. (Eliot) 39. At __ dusk, on __ evening of St. Valentine's day, Boldwood sat down to __ supper as usual. (Hardy) 40. Dinny wrote __ letter to her brother in which she said nothing of __ Hallorsen, __ Saxenden, or __ Tasburghs, but discoursed in lively fashion of __ Aunt Em, Boswell and Johnson, __ Uncle Adrian, __ Lady Henrietta... (Galsworthy) 41. I guessed that __ women would likej her as much as __ men, that if there was __ little tenderness in her nature, there was also no spite. (Hansford Johnson) 42. He left __ kitchen, went in __ dining-room and excused himself to __ Aunt Alexandra, put on his hat and went to __ town. (Lee)
Exercise 38. Follow the direction for Exercise 37.

1. He had not been here five minutes when __ vivid flash of lightning was followed by __ loud peal of thunder, that crashed and rolled away in __ distance with terrific noise; then came another flash of lightning brighter than __ other, and __ second peal of thunder, louder than __ first. (Dickens) 2. Sedov died on his way to __ North Pole. Most of __ members of his expedition died too. __ Soviet Government built __ Arctic station at __ place where Sedov died, and from that station another expedition, this time __ Soviet expedition, went to North and set Soviet flag over __ North Pole. 3. Glinka was born in 1804. His uncle had __ orchestra of his own. Very often __ boy would take up __ violon and try to repeat __ notes and rhythm of __ music he had heard. In 1818 __ Glinkas
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went to St. Petersburg, where Mikhail was placed in __ boarding school at __ St. Petersburg Central Pedagogical Institute. In 1830 Glinka went to Italy, where he stayed for __ number of years. However, it was St. Petersburg that was __ Glinka's home for __ greater part of his life. __ St. Petersburg of Pushkin played __ great part in. __ Glinka's life. man and __ human soul are expressed in __ Glinka's music with __ deep sincerity and understanding. (Soviet Literature) 4. She [Lillian] was s]ightly taller than he... and shapely, artistic in __. form and __ feature. Her hair was __ colour of dried English walnut and her complexion waxen, with __ lips of faint pink and eyes that varied from gray to blue and from gray to brown according to. __ light in which you saw them. Her beauty measured up to his present sense of __ artistic. (Dreiser) 5. There were __ number of young women who were very friendly to her, but there were _ few with whom she was really intimate. __ only person who stood out in her mind was __ certain Mary Calligan... who had attended __ school with Aileen in former years and was now __ teacher in one of __ local schools. (Dreiser) 6. Dick Stroeve, giving up his work entirely, nursed Strickland with __ tenderness and __ sympathy. He was dexterous to make him comfortable, and he exercised cunning of which I should never have thought him capable to induce him to take _ medicine prescribed by __ doctor. I shall never forget __ tactful patience with which he persuaded him to take nourishment. (Maugham) 7. __ reddish, fitful light was coming from __ window above. Great God! His picture gallery! He ran to foot of __ stairs that led up to it. __ stealthy sound, __ scent of burning much more emphatic, staggered him. He hurried up __ stairs and pulled open __ door. Heavens! __ far end of __ gallery, at __ extreme left comer of __ house, was on fire. (Galsworthy) 8. Rosa knocked several times without getting any answer and had stepped back tin to __ pavement to look up at __ closely curtained windows when __ door opened very quietly to __ gap of __ few inches and __ pale face peered out. Rosa sprang forwards with such __ alacrity that __ owner of, __ face immediately shut __ door again, and Rosa could hear __ chain being fixed. With this additional safeguard __ door opened once more to __ narrow slit and Rosa could see one pale blue eye looking out at her. (Murdoch) 9. But though so bad __ painter he had __ very delicate feeling for __ art, and to go with him to __ picture galleries was __ rare treat. I think 1 have never known __ man whose judgement was surer. And he was better educated than __ most painters. He was not ignorant of __ kindred arts, and his taste for __ music and __ literature gave __ depth and variety to his comprehension of __ painting. To __ young man like myself his advice and guidance was of __ incomparable value. (Maugham) 10. __ Volterras had __ six-room apartment with __ hall which was like __ cord holding all '. __ small rooms together. __ kitchen was nearest to __ front door, then came three bedrooms, and __ bath, __ dining room, and, at __ far end, __ living room. Despite __ smallness of __ rooms, they had __ neat cosy quality that gave Erik __ comfortable feeling. (Wilson) 11. Mrs. Pryor looked round her, and spoke of __ neighbourhood as she had once before seen it long ago. She... compared its aspect with that of other parts of England: revealing in quiet, unconscious touches of description __ sense of __ picturesque, __ appreciation of __ beautiful or __ commonplace, __ power of comparing __ wild with __ cultured... that gave to her discourse graphic charm as pleasant as it was unpretending. (Ch. Bronte) 12. They found themselves in __ matted hall, lined almost to __ ceiling with __ pictures; through this they were conducted to __ large parlour, with __ magnificent fire in __ grate; __ most cheerful of rooms it appeared as _ whole, and when you came to examine details, __ enlivening effect was not diminished. There was no splendour, but there was __ taste everywhere, __ taste, you would have said, of __ travelled man, __ scholar, and __ gentleman. __ series of Italian views decked __ walls; each of them was __ specimen of __ true art; __ connoisseur had selected them. (Ch. Bronte) 13. Mrs. Dubedut is __ arrestingly good-looking young woman. She has something of __ grace and romance of __ wild creature, with __ good deal of __ elegance and dignity of __ fine lady. She has __ figure on which any dress would look well, and carries herself
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with unaffected distinction of __ woman who has never in her life suffered from those doubts and fears as to her social position which spoil __ mannens of __ most middling people. (Shaw) 14. "I know," said Darnay, "that between you and Miss Manette there is __ affection so unusual, so touching, so belonging to __ circumstances in which it has been nurtured, that it can have __ few parallels, even in __ tenderness between __ father and __ child." (Dickens) 15. It is hard that __ man's exterior should tally so little sometimes with his soul. Dirk Stroeve had __ passion of Romeo in __ body of Sir Toby Belch. He had __ sweet and generous nature, and yet was always blundering; __ real feeling for what was beautiful and __ capacity to create only what was commonplace; __ peculiar delicacy of sentiment and __ gross manners. He could exercise __ tact when dealing with __ affairs of others, but none when dealing with his own. What __ cruel practical joke __ old Nature played when she flung so many contradictory elements together, and left __ man __ face to __ face with __ perplexing callousness of __ Universe. (Maugham) 16. Charmian, who had taken __ great fancy to Ellen, spoke of her warmly. At last, she felt, here was __ suitable wife for me; and she did her best to jockey me into __ marriage. __ experience of worrying about my future was __ soothing one to her, taking her mind off her own troubles. (Hansford Johnson)
Exercise 39. Comment on the use of articles or their absence.

1. You can't become prime minister at once. (Shaw) 2. I began once at a dinner to tell a good story. (Jerome K. Jerome) 3. The scene of yesterday was quite transformed. The sea was now pale and almost colourless, yet at the same time brilliant, a sea of liquid light. It merged without a boundary into a sky which at the horizon was of an equal pallor, though changing at the zenith to a very pale vibrating blue. Here and there in the far distance, as if suspended motionless between sea and sky, there were small sailihg-boats with triangular sails. (Murdoch) 4. Mr. Pickwick observed that fame was dear to the heart of every man. Poetic fame was dear to the heart of his friend Snodgrass; the fame of conquest was equally dear to his friend Tupman; and the desire of earning fame in the sports of the field, the air, and the water was uppermost in the breast of his friend Winkle. (Dickens) 5. The evening had already deepened into night. (Dreiser) 6. I know he couldn't love a Linton. (E. Bronte) 7. "John, dear," said Bella, "You're a good nurse; will you please hold baby?" (Dickens) 8. I must remind you again that Adam had the blood of the peasant in his veins. (Eliot) 9. She comes home to a late tea, and after tea she never sews. (Ch. Bronte) 10. He was already chairman of the department. (Wilson)~-ll. Thus he stood by the bank of thfs still lake... marvelling at the subtleties of reflected radiance, feeling the artist's joy in perfect natural beauty. (Dreiser) 12. This is Professor Hallorsen, who was head of the expedition. (Galsworthy) 13. Winter and summer a stove was burning in his room, stoked by Peter Saward's landlady, a Miss Glashan, who also brought him his meals and did the cleaning. (Murdoch) 14. George got out his banjo after supper and wanted to play it, but Harris objected. He said he had got a headache. George thought the music might do him good said music often soothed the nerves and took away a headache. Harris said he would rather have the headache. (Jerome K. Jerome) 15. A full moon rode between the elm trees and there was silence as of the grave. (Galsworthy) 16. The world is all before him where to choose. A life of stirring work and interest, a life of change and excitement, a life of domestic ease and love! (Dickens) 17. After all, we all live in the future, even if it's a future where we aren't to be found anywhere upon the earth. (Murdoch) 18. But, ere that moment, an astonishing and vivid experience happened to them. One might have supposed that, in the life of Priam Farle at least, enough of the astonishing and the vivid had already happened. (Bennett) 19. There was a certain dignity in the little elderly gentleman's manner of rebuking these youths; though it was not, perhaps, quite the dignity most appropriate to the occasion. (Ch. Bronte) 20. I went into the war when I was seventeen, ran away from school to do it, enlisting as a Tommy and telling them I was nineteen. (Priestley) 21. Phuong was drinking a glass of orange juice and I was having a beer and we sat in silence, content to
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be together. (Greene) 22. So it was that on the following day, which was a Saturday, Rosa was knocking on Mrs. Wingfield's door at about four o'clock. (Murdoch) THE ADJECTIVE
Exercise 1. State the morphological composition of the following adjectives.

Pretty, bushy, weather-stained, thoughtful, hard-hearted, illegitimate, sober, nonparty, low-bred, improbable, sceptical, counter-revolutionary, careworn, beloved, wicked, disobedient, long-legged, regular, water-proof, large, well-timed, homeless, shaky, courageous, panic-stricken, blindfold, Portuguese, newly-baked, antique, peace-making, forlorn, illegible, abundant, red-haired, small, deep-blue, bookish, snow-white, respectable-looking.
Exercise 2. Give the comparative and superlative degrees.

Cosy, merciful, bad, complete, fat, cheap, big, clumsy, stupid, far, miserable, narrow, virtuous, simple, merry, regular, expensive, low, deep, sad, significant, bitter, intimate, lazy, old, serious, tiny, clever, little, considerate, gay, good, much, dark, beautiful, dear, fit.
Exercise 3. Use the adjective in the comparative or superlative degree.

1. They had dined well and were now drinking hard... their faces getting __ and __ (red, red) (Priestley) 2. Was there anything in the world __ than indecision? (bad) (Galsworthy) 3. He was only five years __ than I was, which made him forty-five, (young) (Snow) 4. He loved his brother and he had done his brother what people seemed to consider __ of wrongs, (bitter) (Greene) 5. __ sin towards our fellow creatures is not to hate them, but to be indifferent to them, (bad) (Shaw) 6. He had been a great fencer, before the war, __ fencer in Italy, (great) (Hemingway) 7. She is stopping at one of __ hotels in town, (good) (Saroyan) 8. Difficult to believe it was so long ago, he felt young still! Of all his thoughts this was __, __ With his white head and his loneliness he had remained young and green at heart, (poignant, bitter) (Galsworthy) 9. She received congratulations as if she were __ of women, (happy) (Hansford Johnson) 10. Kate remembered the little general; he was a good deal __ than herself, (small) (Lawrence) .11. I think we'll resume the conversation when you're a little __, Caroline, (calm) (Maugham) 12. They had never made __ pretence of believing him. (little) (Greene) 13. Things went from bad to __ (bad) (Saroyan) 14. He took his trinkets, carried them to the __ pawnshop he could find, and being offered forty-five dollars for the lot, took it. (presentable) (Dreiser) 15. He felt her breathing grow and __ (slow, easy) (Cusdck) 16. To be ashamed of his own father is perhaps __ experience a young man can go through. (bitter) (Galsworthy) 17. It's __ in here than it is on the street. (hot) (Salinger) 18. I think you're about __ girl in school, (pretty) (/. Shaw) 19. All his life he had taken pains to be __, __ than his fellows, (strong, brave) (Saroyan) 20. From that moment may be dated the downfall of __ and __ of the Indian nations, that existed within the limits of the present United States, (great, civilized) (Cooper) 21. Mr. Micawber, under pretence of showing me a __ way than that by which I had come, accompanied me to the corner of the street, (near) (Dickens) 22. He would walk here and there and be no __ than an ant in an ant hill, (conspicuous) (Greene) 23. We slept in a double-bedded room, which was __ that the little country inn could do for us. (good) (Conan Doyle) 24. This is Sam Penty one of our __ artists, (good) (Priestley) Exercise 4. Translate into English. 1. , ; . 2. XVI . 3. ; . 4. . 5. . 6. , . 7. ,
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 . 8. (the boiling point) . 9. ; . 10. , , , .

Exercise 5. Point out all the substantivised adjectives and state whether they are wholly or partially substantivised.

1. He basked in the company of the young. (Snow) 2. We must take the bitter along with the sweet. (Reade) 3. She warned the domestics not to touch the child, as Mrs. Osborne might be offended. (Thackeray) 4. It was a surprise to the optimistic: but it was even more of a surprise to the experienced. (Snow) 5. Oh, I know he is a right good fellow, but it belongs to the rank of the impossible. (Meade) 6. Imogen turning her luscious glance from one to the other of the "old dears", only smiled. (Galsworthy) 7. How do I know what's gone on between you? The rights and the wrongs of it. I don't want to know. (A. Wilson) 8. Willoughby was wearing greens, garrison hat, and all his ribbons. (Heym) 9. They were like poor savages confronted with a beautiful white girl. (Murdoch) 10. This year I covered half the world and saw people in such numbers it seems to me I saw everybody but the dead. (Bellow) 11. But they had been such innocents then I (Galsworthy) 12. He was, as they saw it, part of the rich and superior class and every poor man knew what that meant. The poor must stand together everywhere. (Dreiser) 13. I was soon to discover that Gevaert was never interested in what "inferiors" had to say. (Clark) THE PRONOUN
Exercise 1. Point out the pronouns in the following sentences and define the class each belongs to.

1. There's nothing for any of us to do. (Snow) 2. Both these people were resolved to treat Mr. Polly very well, and to help his exceptional incompetence in every possible way. (Wells) 3. Tom presented himself before Aunt Polly, who was sitting by an open window in a pleasant rearward apartment, which was bed-room, break fast-room, dining-room, and library combined. (Twain) 4. Such were the reflections of Felix before the brass tablet. (Galsworthy) 5. It was the sort of solemn warning that a sanguine man gives to others, because he ought to give it to himself. (Snow) 6. Elizabeth and George talked and found each other delightful. (Aldington) 7. What we need is a higher and purer political morality. (Dreiser) 8. She hesitated a moment, and then sat down beside me, and laid her hand on mine. (Dickens) 9. The uniform had been cut for a stouter person than myself, but one, fortunately, of approximately the same height. (Clark) 10. "I didn't know anything about it," cried Charlie indignantly. "I came to see you about something else." (Priestley) 11. What about this coal strike? Will it ruin the country as the papers say? Isn't it a foolish thing on both sides? (Galsworthy) 12. She sat in a state of irresponsible exaltation, watching him, with that strange passive cruelty which is natural and proper in her sex and age. (Wells) 13. None of us except Collingwood knew what the Prime Minister thought of Roger or his policy. (Snow) 14. There were. some aviators in the compartment who did not think much of me. (Hemingway) 15. Then a guarded voice said, "Who goes there?" (Twain) 16. Husbands and wives never listen when they talk to each other, only when the other is talking to somebody else. (Fowler) 17. Let me tell you something. (Priestley) 18. There was at least one person in the world who knew that he was alive and attached some importance to the fact. (Saroyan) 19. What are you talking about? (Snow) 20. I can only say what I think. (Hemingway) 21. He seemed to get prouder and prouder over each item of his own deficiency. (Leacock) 22. We said good-bye to one another and arranged to meet in the autumn. (Maugham) 23. What was it in this girl that reminded turn of that one with whom he had lived but two years, and mourned fifteen? (Galsworthy)Exercise 2. Use the appropriate form of the possessive pronoun.

1. She put out __ hand and took out __ (her, hers; my, mine).
24

(Hemingway)

2. "Let me

see your passports," I gave him __ and Catherine got __ out of __ handbag (my, mine; her, hers; her, hers). (Hemingway) 3. Mind __ own business and I'll mind __ (your, yours; my, mine). (Lindsay) 4. Diitcher put his hand gently on _ to calm her (her, hers). (/. Shaw) 5. The next voice to speak up was not the Lieutenant's but __ (my, mine). (Salinger) 6. That, at least, is my opinion of him; and I see it is not very far removed from __ (your, yours). (Dickens) 7. __ was not a marriage that could last (their, theirs). (Bellow) 8. __ nerves are as bad as __ (your, yours; my, mine). (Greene) 9. His eyes were as bright as __ (her, hers). (Snow) 10. After all, this is __ home just as much as __ (your, yours; my, mine). (Maugham) 11. "Go with Lucy," said Mrs. Bretton. "I would rather keep __ seat." Willingly would I have kept __ also, but Graham's desire must take precedence of my own; I accompanied him (my, mine; my, mine). (Ch. Bronte) 12. His own hand shook as he accepted a rose or two from and thanked her (her, hers). (Dickens)
Exercise 3. Point out the reflexive pronouns and define their function.

1. Much more than most politicians Gave knew himself. (Snow) 2. Meanwhile, he paraded himself gloriously before this young man. (Priestley) 3. Of course, I myself used to be very wealthy... (Clark) 4. He was not doubting the logic, he realized suddenly; what he was doubting was himself. (Jones) 5. Still, he must be thankful that she had been too young to do anything in that war itself. (Galsworthy) 6. Simon calmed himself with an effort. (Sheckley) 7. But you might remember that one respects oneself more afterwards -if one pays one's way. (Galsworthy) 8. Miss Adele Gerry opened the door herself. (I. Shaw) 9. He sunned himself in Chanton's admiring gaze. (Priestley) 10. What was the use even of loving, if love itself had to yield to death? (Galsworthy) 11. This is where we wash ourselves, Eliza, and where I am going to wash you. (Shaw) 12. Gevaert cleared his throat and addressed himself to me. (Clark) 13. They blamed themselves for this unlucky marriage. (Hardy) 14. The theatre manager himself... came to shake hands with them. (Priestley) 15. I have made myself perfectly pleasant here. (Shaw) 16. Several times he reminded himself that he had not rung up Shuckleworth yet. (Priestley) 17. He could talk races with Hurstwood, tell interesting incidents concerning himself. (Dreiser) 18. I want to be kept in constant touch with his progress myself. (Clark) 19. Anne's terror of being discovered in London or its neighbourhood, whenever they ventured to walk out, had gradually communicated itself to Mrs. Clements. (Collins) 20. Soames added: "Well, I hope, you'll both enjoy yourselves" (Galsworthy) 21. Cave might have concealed from others, but not from himself, that he profoundly envied Roger. (Snow)
Exercise 4. Supply some or any.

1. She had __ children of her own family in her house, and : __ children of other people. (Dickens) 2. I don't want __ money. (Hemingway) 3. He sat there, like __ 1 unhappy little animal. (Galsworthy) 4. A few had gone beyond the gate. __ were shouting hoarsely, and waving. (Heym) 5. "Do you want __ water?" "No, I don't want __ water." (Maltz) 6. The wounded were coming into the post, __ were carried on stretchers, __ were walking and __ were brought on the backs of men that came across the field. (Hemingway) 7. In the town there were... __ new hospitals. (Hemingway) 8. Well, if you want to know, I have no money and never had __. (Shaw) 9. "Couldn't you find tomato sauce, Barto?" "There wasn't __," Aymo said. (Hemingway) 10. Don't let us have __ nonsense about this job. (Shaw)
Exercise 5. Supply somebody or anybody, someone or anyone.

1. You are __ now, and don't let __ forget it. (Priestley) 2. How can __ who has travelled so much be so appallingly juvenile, he wondered? (Murdoch) 3. In a town of a sensible size you had a good chance of meeting __ you were looking for... (Priestley) 4. He was wearing a dinner-jacket, unlike __ at the supper-party. (Snow) 5. "You've no business to say such a thing!" she exclaimed. "Why not? __ can see it." (Galsworthy) 6. There was a light tap on the door. And __ came in. (Priestley) 7. Once upon a time Clennam had sat at that table taking no heed of __ but Flora... (Dickens) 8. Here was __ to remember, to think about.
25

9. "Look here," said Hunter at last, "have you shown that picture to __ ?" 10. There is __ nice, anyway, who likes being out instead of in that stuffy drawing-room, playing bridge and talking, talking. (Galsworthy)
(Priestley) (Murdoch)

Exercise 6. Supply something or anything.

1. The. word Germans was __ to be frightened at. We did not want to have __ to do with the Germans. (Hemingway) 2. But I can't do __ for him. (Galsworthy) 3. He was a rather small man, but there was __ naturally commanding about him. (Priestley) 4. Everyone said he could turn __ into money. (Saroyan) 5. I do not know what I expected to see, but 1 did not see __ except the fields and the bare mulberry trees and the rain falling. (Hemingway) 6. __ is wrong somewhere. (Hemingway) 7. She looked at me with violence, with __ like hate. (Snow) 8. The room was far more splendid than __ Little Dorrit had ever imagined, and would have been splendid and costly in someone's eyes. (Dickens) 9. I can bear __ but that. (Galsworthy) 10. When he read those books __ happened to him. (Galsworthy) 11. It was __ he didn't want to remember. (Cusack) 12. Even when she talks nonsense in that slightly affected way she seems to be saying __ valuable... (Aldington)
Exercise 7. Point out conjunctive, relative, and interrogative pronouns.

1. She was heartily sick of London fog and cold and soot and niessy open fires which fill the room with dust but don't warm it. (Aldington) 2. "Who is that girl with yellow hair and dark eyes," he asked. (Galsworthy) 3. You see, Hushabye, you are what women consider a good-looking man. (Shaw) 4. Who could tell what his son's circumstances really were? (Galsworthy) 5. You don't want to do anything that you'll be sorry for. (Dreiser) 6. A man is mostly what you want to see in him. (Heym) 7. What do you expect me to believe? (Snow) 8. She rises with an air of one who waits and is almost at the end of her patience. (Shaw) 9. It was evident, indeed, that she wished me to drop the subject, which I did accordingly. (Ch. Bronte) 10. Several times their eyes accidentally met, and then there poured into hers such a flood of feeling as she had never experienced. (Dreiser) 11. Would she go with them or stay here and write to William. Which, which should it be? (Mansfield) 12. He mentioned things in the play which she most approved of, things which swayed her deeply. (Dreiser) 13. I do so wonder what Jolyon's boy is like. (Galsworthy) 14. What hurt him most was the fact that he was being pursued as a thief. (Dreiser) WORDS DENOTING STATE
Exercise 1. Point out the words denoting state. Translate into Russian.

1. The afternoon was full of transfiguring sunshine, some Judas trees were abloom in the villa gardens... (Wells) 2. I did not mind for myself. I should not have cared if had been alone. (Du Maurier) 3....his soul was all ablaze with bliss... (Twain) 4. We are not afraid of the truth. (Gow and DUsseau) 5. The rest of his costurne... were the things he had worn at the funeral of his father. So nearly akin are human joy and sorrow. (Wells) 6. The lieutenant... Jay asleep on the other bed. (Hemingway) 7. He lit a pool of paraffin on the scullery floor and instantly a nest of wavering blue flame became agog for prey. (Wells) 8, He [Mr. Polly] rattled and stormed and felt the parlour already ablaze behind him. (Wells) 9. But Mr. Polly's establishment looked more like a house afire than most houses on fire contrive to look from start to finish. (Wells) 10. You know- everything there is to know about me. There's not much, because I have not been alive for wery long. (Du Maurier) . He did not answer. I was aware again of that feeling of discomfort. (Du Maurier) THE VERB
Exercise 1. State the morphological composition of the verbs.

To worry, to precipitate, to forbid, to retire, to retell, to do away, to whitewash, to whiten, to ascend, to apologize, to engage, to enfold, to give in, to decompose, to translate, to transport, to browbeat, to subscribe, to subordinate, to run away, to underestimate, to backbite, to mislead, to forget, to succeed, to disobey, to take off, to overrun, to satisfy, to
26

recede, to come in, to resign, to superintend, I to descend, to blackmail, to put up, to unbind, to win, to counteract, to go on, to forecast, to befriend, to go away, to lie, to predispose.
Exercise 2. Point out notional, auxiliary, modal, and link verbs.

She went into the drawing-room and lighted the fire; then, picking up the cushions, one by one, that Mary had disposed so care-1 fully, she threw them back onto the chairs and the couches. That] made all the difference; the room came alive at once. As she wasi about to throw the last one she surprised herself by suddenly hugging it to her, passionately, passionately. But it did not put ou the fire in her bosom. Oh, on the contrary! The windows of the drawing-room opened onto a balcony overlooking the garden. At the far end, against the wall, there wasi a tall, slender pear tree in fullest, richest bloom; it stood perfect,' as though becalmed against the jade-green sky. Bertha couldn't! help feeling, even from this distance, that it had not a single bud] or a faded petal. Down below, in the garden beds, the red and yellow tulips, heavy with flowers, seemed to lean upon the dusk. A grey cat, dragging its belly, crept across the lawn, and a black; one, its shadow, trailed after. The sight of them, so intent and scj quick, gave Bertha a curious shiver. Really really she had everything. She was young. Harry and she were as much in love as ever, and they got on together splendidly. She had an adorable baby. They didn't have to worry about money. They had this absolutely satisfactory house and garden.
(Mansfield)

Exercise 3. Point out all the verbs. State whether they are transitive oi intransitive. Translate into Russian.

1. She had spoiled his life, wounded his pride to death, de frauded him of a son. (Galsworthy) 2. The door opened, and a thick set heavy-looking young man entered... (Eliot) 3. The paddock was fairly well filled with people and they were walking the horses around in a ring under the trees behind the grandstand. (Hemingway) 4. Fleur did not answer. She stood for a moment looking at him and he mother... (Galsworthy) 5. After turning the matter over and con suiting with Irene, he wrote to his daughter, Mrs. Val Dartie.. (Galsworthy) 6. The soldiers pushed the foreign workers into groups and led them off. (Heym) 7. Hughson marched him up to a sort of jarge desk that was all glass and shining metal. (Priestley) 8. While she stood hesitating, the door opened, and an old man came forth shading a candle with one hand. (Hardy) 9. Fleur looked at her watch and rose. (Galsworthy) 10. It was Fleur's turn now. She spoke of dogs, and the way people treated them. (Galsworthy) jl. The stream which worked the mill came bubbling down in a dozen rivulets. (Galsworthy) 12. He was waiting for us... at the public house; and asked me how I found myself, like an old acquaintance. I did not feel, at first, that I knew him as well as he knew me, because he had never come to our house since the night I was born, and naturally he had the advantage of me. (Dickens) TENSES IN THE ACTIVE VOICE
Exercise 1. Insert the Present Indefinite or Future Indefinite.

1. When you __ to Martin, we shall often meet, (to be married) (Murdoch and Priestley) 2. Wait here, in case I __ you. (to want) (Collins) 3. Where __ you __ "when the seminary __, Padre? (to go, to close) (Voynich) 4. Give me the railway guide, and I'll tell you when he __ here to-morrow, (to be) (Collins) 5. You __ here till it __ time to go to the barrier, (to stay, to be) (Voynich) 6. If you __ me who you are I __ the dog on you. (to tell negative, to set) (Abrahams) -7. I'm going abroad next week. I don't know when I __ back, (to be) (Greene) 8. My father-in-law is asleep... As soon as he __, he will, I know, want to see you. (to wake) (Christie) 9. I __ Blackstable till I __ your wife, (to leave negative, to be) (Maugham) 10. You must wait, my friend, before you __ an answer to that question, (to get) (Christie) 11. Will you wait a minute while I __ the manuscript? (to look through) (Voynich) 12. If you __ not to tell mother, I __ you something, (to promise, to tell) (Voynich) 13. "I want to see Annette." I don't know if she __ you." (to see) (Maugham) 14. I a,m sure you'll
27

like him when you __ him. (to see) (Maugham) 15. Heaven knows when your poor child __ England again, (to see) (Dickens) 16. "Do they know when he __ in?" asked Charlie, (to be) (Priestley) 17. The day will come when you __... why I am silent even to you. (to know) (Collins) 18. She'll then be sent to some place of detention for a time. However, after a reasonable interval she'll be allowed to leave, provided she __ in Austria, (to stay negative) (Hilton)
Exercise 2. Translate into English, using the Future Indefinite or Present Indefinite.

(A) 1. , . 2. , . 3. , . 4. , . 5. | , , , . 6. , - . () 1. [] ... , . () 2. , . () 3. , ] . () 4. , . I () 5. , - ] ... () 6.... (] , , . ()

Exercise 3. Insert the Present Indefinite or Present Continuous.

1. "Where is Kitty?" "Susan __ her to bed." (to put) (Collins) 2. Light __ more quickly than sound, (to travel) 3. I should like to know why you __ always __ (to read) (Maugham) 4. "Sorry, Ted. I must go. I'm late." "Where __ you __ ?" "I __ to have tea with Nurse Hopkins." (to go, to go) (Christie) 5. He __ best, who __ last, (to laugh, to laugh) 6. I don't interrupt people when they __ (to read) (Collins) 7. I never __ him doing any work there, whenever I __ He __ behind a bit of glass all day. (to see, to go in, to sit) (Jerome K. Jerome) 8. Actions __ louder than words, (to speak) 9. Robert __ just now __ to my uncle, and they __ hands, (to speak, to shake) (Ch. Bronte) 10. And now my written story ends. I look back, once more for the last) time before I close these leaves. I __ myself, with Agnes at my side, journeying along the road of life. I __ our children and our friends around us; and I __ the roar of many voices, not indifferent to me as I travel on. (to see, to see, to hear) (Dickens) 11. "Why __ you __ ?" she cried. "Because you __ nonsense." (to answer negative, to talk) (Maugham) 12. Every star __ its own orbit, (to have) 13. My tooth-brush is a tiling that haunts me when I __ and __ my life a misery, (to travel, to make) (Jerome K. Jerome) 14. This is Mr. Slush's latest book. It __ a wonderful sale, (to have) (Leacock) 15. A stitch in time __ nine, (to save) 16. "I've got fever, Kong," gasped Skelton. "Get me the medicine chest and blankets, I __ to death!" (to freeze) (Maugham) 17. That's the way she always __ (to talk) (Twain) 18. I'm so careless. I __ always __ my bag about, (to leave) (Maugham) 19. "Hallo, darling. You _ very tragic." (to look) (Christie) 20. I __ to you house next Thursday, (to come) (Hilton)
Exercise 4. Translate into English.

(A) 1. He . . 2. . 3. . 4. , . 5. ? . 6. . 7. . - . 8. , , . . 10. ? () 1. ?.. ; -. () 2. , . () 3. , ? () 4. ? () 5. ? (. ) 6. . . () 7. ! ? () 8. ... ? () 9.

28

 . () 10. ! ! . () 11. , ?.. ... ? () 12. , ? (. ) 13. , . () 14. , ? . ()

Exercise 5. Insert the Past Indefinite or Past Continuous.

1. Montanelli entered the room where Arthur __ for him at the supper table, (to wait) (Voynich) 2. Miss Marple's telephone rang when she __ (to dress) (Christie) 3. I lighted my pipe afresh and nodded to him to show that I __ (to listen) (Leacock) 4. Leila felt the girls __ really __ her. They __ towards the men. (to see negative, to look) (Mansfield) 5. The Sergeant __ when his clients __. (to write, to enter) (Dickens) 6. She __ constantly __ me to lunch and dine with her and once or twice a year. __ me to spend a week-end at her house in the country, (to ask, to invite) (Maugham) 7. Gretta had the feeling that everyone __ at her, and she __ her eyes... (to look, to lower) (Caldwell) 8. For some seconds she stood watching him and both __ very quickly, (to think) (Weils) 9. They walked on a little and then he __ she __ (to see, to cry) (Maugham) 10. I looked at the First of the Barons. He __ salad, (to eat) (Mansfield) 11. Clyde __ as she talked how different she was from Hortense. (to think) (Dreiser) 12. Sir Henry looked into the lounge... In the lounge Hugo McLean __ a crossword puzzle and __ a good deal over it. (to do, to frown) (Christie) 13. The storm grew worse and worse, and the rain fell in torrents, and little Hans could not see where he __. (to go) (Wilde) 14. It was warm and cosy in the kitchen when he walked in. Madam Perier __ and her husband __ a Paris-Soir. Annette . stockings, (to cook, to read, to darn)
(Maugham)

Exercise 6. Translate into English.

(A) 1. , . 2. , . . 3. , , . 4. . 5. . . 6. . () 1. , , . 2. , . () 3. . () 4. . () 5. , .() 6. [] . () 7. . () 8. , . () 9. , . () 10. , . () 11. ( ] , -. () 12. . () 13. , . ()

Exercise 7. Insert the Past Indefinite or Past Continuous.

1. She heard him sigh while he __ (to read) (Collins) 2. While the water __, Ma Parker began sweeping the floor, (to heat) (Mansfield) 3. While he __ the tea she __ him. (to make, to watch) (Abrahams) 4. Mrs. Presty __ at him with some anxiety on her daughter's account, while he __ the message on Randal's card, (to look, to read) (Collins) 5. It was quite late at night, and the brother __ aloud while the sister __, her needle, when they were interrupted by a knocking at the door, (to read, to ply) (Dickens) 6. While Mrs. Calligan __ the table Mamie went to her room and Aileen followed her. (to set) (Dreiser) 7. While the doctor __, Mrs. Presty __ her own conclusions from a close scrutiny of Mr. Sarrazin's face, (to speak, to draw) (Collins) 8. While he __ he __ the doorbell, then voices, (to wash, to hear) (Abrahams) 9. While the gendarmes __ the room, Arthur __ waiting on the edge of the
29

bed. (to ransack, to sit) (Voynich)

Exercise 8. Insert the Present Perfect or Past Indefinite.

1. You __ never __ me why you're called Tony when your name is James, (to tell) (Galsworthy) 2. 1 __ her name in the papers rather often of late, (to see) (Maugham) 3. "The rain __, carino," Montanelli said after sunset. "Come out; I want to have a talk with you." (to stop) (Voynich) 4. " __ you __ a job?" "There are none." (to find) (Galsworthy) 5. " __ you __ all the necessary preparations incident to Miss Sedley's departure, Miss Jemima?" asked Miss Pinkerton. (to complete) (Thackeray) 6. His father __ just a week ago to-day, (to die) (Galsworthy) 7. I know where you the morning, (to spend) (Austen) 8. Gh! You __. someone with you. Introduce me. (to bring) (Shaw) 9. Barbara! You __ the education of a lady. Please, let your father see that and don't talk like a street girl, (to have) (Shaw) 10. ""Let's go," said Abra- niovici; "I __ my appetite." (to lose) (Heym) 11. "Oh oh you are Mary Gerrard?... You __ I I wouldn't have recognized you." (to change) (Christie) 12. "Where's the paper?" asked Edward. I __ the leading article yet." (to read negative) (Maugham) 13. Montanelli __ awake the whole night through, (to lie) (Voynich) 14. Mr. Worthing, I suppose, __ from London yet? (to return negative) (Wilde) 15. It's the most tasteless, repulsive idea I __ ever __ of (to hear). (Murdoch and Priestley) 16. Mother, I __ just __ to him. (to write) (Wilde) 17. My hands are all wet with these roses. Aren't they lovely? They __ up from Selley this morning. (to come) (Wilde) 18. Young Mako __ a match, __ his pipe, and __ them slowly, (to strike, to light, to approach) (Abrahams) 19. In fact I __ just __ a telegram to say that my poor friend Bunbury is very ill again, (to have) (Wilde) 20. You __ even __ at that book I got you on the war in the Pacific, (to look negative). (Murdoch) 21. When __ you first __ the co-respondent...? (to see) (Galsworthy) 22. We __ in silence for a few minutes. He __ at last, (to sit, to speak) (Dickens) 23. "I __ so little experience yet," she said. "I only __ school yesterday, you see." (to have, to leave) (Beresford) 24. "I __ surely __ very long," returned Florence. "When __ I __ here? Yesterday?" (to sleep, to come) (Dickens) 25. I __ Ann at her father's house twenty odd years ago and __ her ever since, (to meet, to know) (Stone)
Exercise 9. Translate into English.

(A) 1. ? . 2. . 3. . . 4. . 5. . 6. . . 7. . . . 8. . 9. ? 10. , . 11. , . 12. . . 13. ? . (B) 1. , ? () 2. ... [] . . () 3. ? . () 4. ? . ... . () 5. , , . () 6. ? . () 7. , ? () 8. . () 9. ? . ; . () 10. . () 11. , . () 12. ? ?... ... . ()

30

Exercise 10. Insert the Present Indefinite or the Present Perfect.

1. My child, what brings you here before I __ ? (to breakfast) (Ch. Bronte) 2. I'll go there directly I _ my breakfast, (to finish) (Dickens) 3. "My dear Bertha," said Miss Ley, "the doctor will have an apoplectic fit, if you __ such things." (to say) (Maugham) 4. When you __ your fortune, you must come back and assert yourself in London, (to make) (Wilde) 5. "Yes, dear, but till she __ you herself, I can't say more." (to tell) (Galsworthy) 6. I must go to him, Martin, now, literally tonight, as soon as I _ some things, (to pack) (Murdoch and Priestley) 7. As soon as Harry __ his letters, we're going for a walk, (to finish) (Maugham) 8. "Are you ill, darling?" "I shall know that when Dr. Cornish __ me." (to examine) (Maugham) 9. My dearest Edith will be her natural and constant guardian when you __. (to return) (Dickens) 10. "If you __," Scotty said, "I can give you something to eat." (to get up) (Aldridge) 11. When I meet with real poetry, I cannot rest till I __ it by heart, (to learn) (Ch. Bronte) 12. Signor Rivarez, you must take something before you __ (to go) (Voynich) 13. I dare not approach the subject of the moonstone again until time __ something to quiet her. (to do) (Collins) 14. If you __ to speak to us, wait till my brother __ (to want, to come) (Hardy) 15. If you __, shall we set off for Hunterbury? (to finish) (Christie) 16. But perhaps we can continue this chat when my dear brother __ (to go) (Murdoch)
Exercise 11. Translate into English.

(A) 1. , . 2. , . 3. , . 4. , . 5. , . 6. , . 7. , . 8. , . () 1. , . () 2. , - . () 3. , , . () 4. , . () 5. , . () 6. , ? ()
Exercise 12. Insert the Past Indefinite or Past Perfect.

1. Gemma __ badly the last few nights, and there were dark shadows under her eyes, (to sleep) (Voynich) 2. When he returned to his hotel he found a message that someone __ in his absence... (to telephone) (Hilton) 3. The Gadfly __ a moment, glancing furtively at Gemma; then he __ (to pause, to go on). (Voynich) 4. They __ the door of their inn, and __ a little way down the village, before they __ the precise spot in which it stood, (to pass, to walk, to recollect) (Dickens) 5. The moon __ There was nothing to dispel the dark of the night, (to rise negative) (Abrahams) 6. Hardly __. she __ when a very stout gentleman __ into the chair opposite hers, (to sit down, to flop) (Mansfield) 7. They did not speak to him again, until he __ (to eat) (Greene) 8. Now the madman on the stairs spoke again and his mood __ suddenly __ ; he seemed quietly merry, (to change) (Priestley) 9. When Martini __ the room, the Gadfly turned his head round quickly, (to enter) (Voynich) 10. No sooner __ he __ a drink himself, than Mrs. Fettle __ in. (to take, to look) (Lessing) 11. Those grey hairs startled me. I __ they were there, (to know negative) (Cain) 12. Gemma __ her hand and __ into the house. When the door __ behind her he __ and __ the spray of cypress which __ from her breast, (to pull away, to run, to close, to stoop, to pick up, to fall). (Voynich) 13. The fire __ dead, the moon __ down, and the window grey before I went to sleep, (to be, to go, to be). (Cain) 14. I told him everything. He __ and __, like a figure cut in stone, till I __ (to stand, to listen, to finish) (Voynich) 15. When I __ Viste Grande towards dusk I found two notes awaiting me... (to reach) (Hilton) 16. He __ hardly __ another cigarette when the general __ into the courtyard, (to light, to come). (Maugham) 17. Gemma went slowly down the stairs, Martini following in silence. She __ to look ten years older in these few days, and the gray streak across her hair __ into a broad band, (to grow, to widen) (Voynich) 18.
31

Presently the sounds of voices and footsteps approaching along the terrace roused her from the dreamy state into which she __ (to fall) (Voynich) 19. She was a woman of nearly fifty who __ obviously __ pretty once. (to be) (/. Shaw) 20. They crouched down behind the group of statuary and __ till the watchman __ (to wait, to pass) (Voynich) 21. Moreover, to him [the doctor] the affair was commonplace; it was just a hysterical woman who __ with her lover and __ poison, (to quarrel, to take) (Maugham) 22. The moon __ yet __ I sat in the sultry dark, making patterns with the end of my cigarette and listening, listening, (to rise negative) (Hansford Johnson) 23. One night there Hew over the city a little Swallow. His friends __ away to Egypt six weeks before, but he __ behind. (to go, to stay) (Wilde) 24. By this time Collard's offer __ a thing of nightmare, (to become) (Hansford Johnson) 25. When Alison __ the first strains of the orchestra came stealing out to me from inside the hall, (to disappear) (Cronin) 26. He __ just __ the hall when a stranger __ (to leave, to enter) (Leacock) 27. On glancing at the address, he observed that it contained no name. The stranger __ far, so he made after him to ask it. (to go __ negative) (Dickens)
Exercise 13. Translate into English.

(A) 1. He , . , . 2. , . 3. , . 4. . . 5. , , . 6. , . , , , . 7. , . 8. , , . 9. , . (B) 1. ... , . () 2. . . () 3. , , , . () 4. : . () 5. , . () 6. - . () 7. []... , ... () 8. , . () 9. , . () 10. ... . () 11. . () 12. , . () 13.... , - , . () 14. , . () 15. ; . () 16. , , : - . () 17. , , ... () 18. , . () 19. , . () 20. , , . (-) 21. , . () 22. , . () 23. ... ... . () 24. , ... . () 25. , . () 26. , . () 27. , . ()
32

Exercise 14. Insert the Past Continuous or Past Perfect.

1. The Gadfly __ just __ washing the boy, and __ him in a warm blanket, when Gemma came in with a tray in her hands. (to finish, to wrap) (Voynich) 2. They __ the peacock door and stood there, talking, (to reach) (Galsworthy) 3. She [Nurse Hopkins] herself __ just __ and __ her bonnet strings when Mary entered. (to come in, to untie) (Christie) 4....she could see their faces in a looking-glass. They __ evidently __ themselves, (to enjoy) (Mit- ford) 5. Mr. Picku i:k found that his three companions __ and __ his arrival to commence breakfast, (to rise, to wait) (Dickens) 6. I led her to the sitting room. Antonia __ her tears and __ her nose again. She greeted Rosemary, (to dry, to powder) (Murdoch) 7. When Gemma returned with the milk the Gadfly __ the riding-cloak and. __ the leather gaiters which Martini __ (to put on, to fasten, to bring) (Voynich) 8. When I looked up again I saw that she __, and __ with her hand on the handle of the door, (to move, to stand) (Du Maurier) 9. Then, quite suddenly, I noticed a movement in the garden: someone. __ from the gate at the far end of the lawn and __ rapidly across towards the house, (to enter, to move) (Clark) 10. He hurried out into the big, dim vault of the station... The rain __ at the rails and wind was cold after the closed-in carriage, (to lash) (Lindsay) II. Elinor __ more than half a dozen steps... when a hand fell on her arm from behind, (to take negative) (Christie) 12. When daylight came the storm __ still __ but the snow __. (to blow, to stop) (Hemingway)
Exercise 15. Translate into English.

(A) 1. . 2. . 3. . 4. , 5. . 6. . 7. . 8. . 9. . 10. , . 11. . . 12. . . 13. , . 14. , . 15. , . 16. , , , . 17. , . , . . 18. , , . 19. , * . (B) 1. , , . () 2. ... , . () 3. [] ... ... ( 4. [] . [] . () 5. . , . () 6. , . () 7. : . . () 8. , , , , . ... () 9. , . ()
Exercise 16. Comment on the use of tenses expressing iuture actions slates.

I. I'm not going to Bertha; I'm going to Craddock direct anc I mean to give.him a piece of my mind. (Maugham) 2. Pearl, be quick and go. Minnie will be wondering why you
33

don't come. (Maugham) 3. "Dr. Ramsay is coming to luncheon tomorrow," she said. "I shall tell them both that I'm going to be married to you." (Maugham) 4. I'm terribly sorry not to be able to ask you to lunch, but we're having it early in rather a rush and leaving immediately after. (Murdoch) 5. I am not going to play at all, I must see to the tea, and I daresay some more people will be coming in presently. (Maugham) 6. "Well, so long, anyway, Gretta," Royd called to her. He waved his hand in her direction. "I'll be seeing you again, too. Maybe I'll be seeing you at the Roundabout some night soon." (Caldwell) 7. I hope you're going to enjoy staying in the house. Nobody will bother you there. And if you yell in the night, I'll probably hear and I'll rush in to wake you. (Hilton) 8, I shall be having a quiet day with Antonia. We're staying in London this time. Rosemary will be at Rembers with Alexander. (Murdoch) 9. You'll be sorry for what you've said when you've calmed down and then you'll want me to forgive you. (Maugham) 10. "Are you going out again, Miss Jane?" "Not me, I'm ff to bed soon with a good book." (Hilton)
Exercise 17. Insert one of the tenses expressing future actions or states (Future Indefinite, Future Continuous, Future Perfect, Present Indefinite, Present Continuous or to be going+ infinitive).

(A) 1. I have not visited the place yet. I __ there to-morrow. (to go) 2. Our train __ at 8 p. m. to-morrow, so if you __ at 5 o'clock we __ still __ (to start, to come, to pack) 3. At 4 o'clock tomorrow we __ packing and by 6 we __ with ease, (to begin, to finish) 4. __ you __ dinner by the time I come back? (to have) 5. Ring me up at II, I __ yet. (to sleep negative) (B) 1. I __ on my round by the time you go, so I'll say good-bye to you now. (to start out) (Maugham) 2. "I think you __ him," said Elinor, "when you know more of him." (to like) (Austen) 3. "Shall we go downstairs and meet the man?" "Let us stay here; he __ at our door in a moment, you will see," said Sylvi- ane. (to knock) (Bennett) 4. As a number of episodes from this novel __ the public through their wireless sets before it is published, a few words of explanation are necessary, (to reach) (Priestley) 5. I suppose everyone __ me questions and it's so awkward. (to ask) (Christie) 6. But you __ I won't let you. (to.go negative) (Murdoch and Priestley) 7. "When __ I __ your brother?" said Georgie. (to meet) (Murdoch) 8. What __ you __ this afternoon? (to do) (Galsworthy)
Exercise 18. Translate into English.

(A) 1. . 2. . . 3. . , . 4. , . () 1. , . () 2. . () 3. . () 4. , . () 5. , . () 6. . () 7. ? () 8. ... . () 9. : . , , . () 10. ?.. ? () 11.... ? () 12.... ? .

()

Exercise 19. Insert the Present Perfect or the Present Perfect Continuous.

1. I __ him since he came back from the East, (to see negative) (Greene) 2. "Ever since I was a young girl," said Miss Ley, "I __ not to take things seriously..." (to try) (Maugham) 3. I will be your friend: I __ always __ you. (to like) (Ch. Bronte) 4. Your wife flies into a temper and stabs a man you __ with for over a year, (to work) (Hilton) 5. I __ for a long time to make you a little present, Bertha, (to want) (Maugham) 6. Lord Caversham __ some time in the library for Sir Robert, (to wait) (Wilde) 7. I __ to England for sixteen years, (to be negative) (Maugham) 8. I suppose you know, Peggy dear, I __ awfully fond of you
34

for quite a long time, (to be) (W. Locke) 9. It is highly probable you __ with him for the last three weeks... (to correspond) (James) 10. They __ the news in the streets since two o'clock, (to yell) (Conrad) 11. "How about playing a little something for me?" he said. "Oh, Lonnie! I __ for ages. And I'll wake the children." (to play negative) (Benson) 12. The house __ in my charge for more than a year, (to be) (Du Maurier) 13. "I can't remember my aunt's address. We __ from her for years, (to hear negative) (Christie)
Exercise 20. Translate into English.

(A) 1. ? 2. . 3. . 4. . 5. - ? 6. . 7. . 8. , . 9. , . 10. . . 11. , , . 12. ? - ? () 1. : . () 2. ... () 3. . () 4. [] . () 5. . () 6. . () 7. . () 8. , , , . ()

Exercise 21. Insert the Present Continuous or the Present Perfect Continuous.

I. "Oh, Mr. Craddock, let me come near you," cried Mrs. Branderton, "I __ to get at you for twenty minutes." (to try) (Maugham) 2. I __ here all the morning to see either her or Robert. (to wait) (tilde) 3. "What's the matter?" "The matter? The girl's ill. She __ " (to die) (Christie) 4. My dear girl, what __ you __ about now? (to think) (Beresford) 5. I __ so much about it since I received your letter, (to think) (Marryat) 6. I __ the streets of the city for you for two years and this is the first time I've admitted it even to myself, (to search) (/. Shaw) 7. I hear you __ for a new house, (to look) (Lindsay) 8. Of course, we have problems, but we __ to handle them, and I must say, quite successfully, (to learn) (Gow and DUsseau) 9. When her voice ceased, he moved uneasily and said, "I __ well for the last ten days." (to feel negative) (Conrad) 10. She __ extraordinary well to-night (to feel) (Wells) 11. What else have I to live for but my children? It's you and the rest of them that I __ and __ for all these years, (to work, to plan) (Dreiser)
Exercise 22. Translate into English.

1. ? () 2. , ... . () 3. , ... () 4. ... . () 5. , . () 6. ?.. ? () 7. , , , , . () 8. . ()

Exercise 23. Insert the Past Indefinite, Past Perfect, or Past Perfect Continuous.

1. After some desultory conversation, the Director inquired how long he __ Montanelli. (to know) (Voynich) 2. It was almost dinner-time by then, and we __ no food all day, but neither of us was hungry, (to have) (Hilton) 3. We __ in silence for some time when Ah-Yen spoke, (to smoke) (Leacock) 4. The party __ already __ for a week before I could get away from London, (to sail) (Snow) 5. Breakfast __ long __ on the table, when Arthur came tearing into the room, (to be negative) (Voynich) 6. Me. Morrough, who __ my doctor for some years and __ also my friend, came at once, (to be, to be) (Hansford Johnson) 7....since his arrival in April he __ simply __ round the house, helping Ann with the washing up, running errands, (to hang) (Murdoch) 8. She __ there more than two months
35

when she fell down a flight of steps and hurt her spine, (te be negative) (Mansfield) 9. He found that he __ stockstill for over half an hour, wrestling with his thoughts, (to stand) (Lindsay) 10. Bertha __ at her husband since he came into the room, unable in astonishment to avert her eyes, (to look) (Maugham) 11. For a week the Gadfly __ in a fearful state, (to lie) (Voynich) 12. After he __ about three hours, he arrived at the Doctor's house, (to walk) (Wilde) 13. The Carrier expected that Tackleton would pay him an early visit, and he was right. He __ to and fro before his open door many minutes when he saw the toy merchant coming in his chaise along the road, (to walk negative) (Dickens) 14. They __ from noon till sunset, (to journey) (Ch. Bronte) 15. Marian broke up their talk, and told Mr. Townsend to run away to her mother, who __ for the last half hour to introduce him to Mr. Almond, (to wish) (James) 16. I went into a fish-and-chip shop in a poor street near the station. I __.since lunch and I ordered myself a twopenny portion of chips, (to eat negative) (Cronin) 17. The feeling of an overhanging disaster, which __ ever since his father's stroke, settled down over his mind, (to grow) (Lindsay)
Exercise 24. Translate into English.

(A) 1. . 2. , . 3. . 4. , . 5. , . 6. , . 7. , . 8. , . (B) 1. . () 2. , . () 3. [] . () 4. [] . . () 5. , . () 6. . () 7. . () 8... , [] [] . ()

Exercise 25. Insert the Past Continuous or the Past Perfect Continuous.

!. The four of them went out and joined Mark Gaskell, who __ at the extreme end of the terrace by himself, (to sit) (Christie) 2. Gretta __ through the blowing snow for several minutes when a man, his head lowered against the wind, walked directly into her. (to walk) (Caldwell) 3. It continued to fain and at Vienna __ still __ (to rain) (Hilton) 4. We __ maybe an hour when she began to lean forward and look out, and then she told me to stop, (to run) (Cain) 5. I __ at the bar one evening with an acquaintance when the man with the scar came up. (to stand) (Maugham) 6. She took his arm, and led him out to the cab that __ at the door, (to wait) (Collins) 7. When I came down to Burlington to work in the lumber mill, I was only a kid about sixteen. My brother __ there already a year... (to work). (Reed) 8. Sitting by the window at a table, where she seemed to have been writing or drawing, was a lady, whose head __ on her hand, (to rest) (Dickens) 9. Nell awoke and saw that it was still night, and that the stars __ brightly in the sky. (to shine) (Dickens) 10. He __ about half an hour when he saw Cornelius coming along the path, (to walk) (Hardy) 11. He __ of her all the morning: he of her now. (to think, to think) (Collins) 12. When the doctor awoke, Miss Reid __ still __ (to work) (Maugham)
Exercise 26. Translate into English.

1. . . () 2. , . . () 3. . . () 4.
36

 , . 5. - . ... , ? () 6. [] , . () 7. , ... . ()
Exercise 27. Insert the Past Continuous, Past Perfect, or Past Perfect Continuous.

1. Abbey resumed the newspaper she __ (to read) (Dickens) 2. By three o'clock he __ all his own cigarettes and those he could borrow from others. He __ about lunch, (to finish, to forget) (Wilson) 3. When she came out again her tears and cries __, but there was a band of rosy flush across her forehead, (to cease) (Hansford Johnson) 4. He __ still __ at her, when two of the prowlers halted on his left, (to gaze) (Lindsay) 5. Approaching the door, she found herself face to face with Mr. Linley. He __ just __ directions to one of the servants, and was re-entering the drawing-room, (to give) (Collins) 6. Rosa made a contemptuous gesture. Then she tossed the book she __ on to the ground, (to read) (Murdoch) 7. I got up from where I __ at the Carlton House writing table and went over to the fireplace, (to sit) (Murdoch) 8. She looked up at him, and found he __ her closely, (to watch) (Wells) 9. She was on the edge of tears, as nearly dishevelled as so tidy and businesslike a girl could be. I thought she __ (to cry) (Hansford Johnson) 10. It __, but it __, and a street lamp some way off streaked the roadway with reflections, (to rain __ negative, to rain) (Murdoch) 11. Cowperwood got up. He was a little afraid now of this deep-seated passion he __ (to arouse) (Dreiser) 12. She picked up the chair she __ in and quickly slipped away with it into the house, (to sit) (Maugham) 13. Elinor __ still __ at this missive... when the door opened, (to stare) (Christie) 14. "Oh, don't get up, dear Miss Ley," said the visitor as her hostess slowly rose from the sofa upon which she __ so comfortably __. (to lie) (Maugham)
Exercise 28. Translate into English.

(A) 1. , , . 2. , . 3. , . 4. . . -, . 5. : . 6. , , . 7. , . 8. , , . 9. , . 10. . 11. , . 12. , . (B) 1. , , . () 2. , . () 3. , , . () 4. [] , , . (). 5. , . () 6. . ?.. ()

Exercise 29. Comment on the use ot the Present Indefinite, Present Continuous, Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous.

1. Women are constantly trying to commit suicide for love, but generally they take care not to succeed. (Maugham) 2. You probably haven't seen her since those summer holidays when Mum and Dad were abroad. (Christie) 3. Gerald, if you are going away with Lord Illingworth, go at once. Go before it kills me: but don't ask me to meet him. (Wilde) 4. There's the car. Arnold's come back. I must go and bathe my eyes. I don't want them to see I've been crying. (Maugham) 5. I am seeing the other nurse, Nurse O'Brien, to-day. (Christie) 6. As she turns to go, she finds that Bella has entered and is staring at her and her father with impassive hatred. (Gow and DUsseau) 7, Bella is a Negro woman of fifty who
37

has been in the Langdon home for twenty-four years and thus occupies a favored position. (Gow and DUsseau) 8. "You are being very absurd, Laura," she said coldly. (Mansfield) 9. When I've taken off my things we shall go into the next room and have tea. (Mansfield) 10. I'm always doing things on the spur of the moment to ray own inconvenience and other people's. (Maugham) 11. He has all the virtues. Dr. Ramsay, Miss Glover, even Mrs. Branderton have been drumming his praise into my ears. (Maugham) 12. Fatty came over to Lanny's table. A fat, cheerful Greek with laughing wrinkles at the sides of his eyes. "You're alone to-day," Fatty said. Lanny nodded and lit a cigarette. "I'm leaving to-night." "Leaving?" "Yes, Fatty. I'm going home to the Karroo." (Abrahams) 13. D'you know that Robert Qldham and Caroline have been madly in love with one another for the last ten years? They've waited all this time, and now at last Caroline is free. (Maugham) 14. This will be the death of her when she hears it. (Dreiser) 15. You have told my learned friend that you have known Mr. Pickwick a long time. (Dickens) 16. He is always breaking the law. (Shaw) 17. "It is Mrs. Sedley's coach, sister," said Miss Jemima. "Sambo, the black servant, has just rung the bell." (Thackeray) 18. She doesn't like me... She's always saying sharp things to me. (Christie) 19. "I think you are being very wise. A complete holiday, a complete rest, that is what you need. Have you decided where you are going?" "I've changed my mind," I said. "I don't think I'm doind away after all." (Murdoch) 20. Ah, Miss Marple. Good morning. Glad you've come. My wife's been ringing you up like a lunatic. (Christie) 21. A woman never acknowledges such a nondescript age as forty-eight unless she is going to marry a widower with seventeen children. (Maugham) 22. "By the way, you've been talking about me. I see it written in your faces. Your silence tells me all. I could even guess what you've been saying..." "You've been listening," Gladys cried, making a face at him. (Priestley) 23. You are being far too romantic about it. (Hilton) 24. "Do you like me at all, Bertha?" he asked. "I've been wanting to ask you ever since you came home." (Maugham) 25. Years have passed since we began this life. (Dickens) 26. I've been making some sandwiches. Won't you come up and have some? (Christie) 27. I cannot imagine why I've lived thirty years with a man I dislike so much. (Maugham) 28. "Antonia has been telling me about your flat," said Rosemary. "It sounds ideal. And there's a heavenly view over to Westminster Cathedral." (Murdoch) 29. We've been going to pictures about twice a week ever since. (Maugham) 30. I've flown a kite every Saturday afternoon ever since I was a kid and I'm going to fly a kite as long as ever I want to. (Maugham) 31. I know this is an old story, I don't understand it myself and if I set it down in black and white it is only with a faint hope that when I have written it I may get a clearer view of if. (Maugham) 32. Who is coming to tea? (Wilde) 33. "I don't know what's been the matter with me. I've been so miserable, Eddie..." "You've been crying." (Maugham)
Exercise 30. Insert the Present Indefinite, Present Continuous, Present Perfect, or Present Perfect Continuous.

1. I __ the bell for the last quarter of an hour, (to ring) (Maugham) 2. I want to see how much he __ since I saw him last, (to change) (Voynich) 3. __ you __ any word from her since she left here? (to have) (Dickens) 4. I don't want to take a cure at all. I am perfectly happy. All my life I __ perfectly happy. (to be) (Hemingway) 5. Signora Grassini greeted Gemma affectionately, exclaiming in a loud whisper: "How charming you __ tonight!" (to look) (Voynich) 6. Here's my keys. I __ (to leave) (Gow and DUsseau) 7. I __ to Mr. Boldwood since the autumn. I want to explain. I __ to do it ever since I returned, (to speak nejtive, to long) (Hardy) 8. I requested them to suspend their decision until they. __ my narrative, (to read) (Collins) 9. Wait till you __ Moose and __ with him. (to see, to talk) (Aldridge) 10. "But what __ we __ ?" she asked. "I __ about it a lot. I __ about it all week. But 1 __ what to do." (to do, to think, to think, to know negative) (Caldwell) 11. I muet not let my eyes get all red and swollen, or Henry'll know I __ (to cry) (Maugham) 12. The sun __ with different degrees of heating power in different parts of the world, (to shine) 13. "Look," I said, "I __ Francis very well. I __ him since we were very young men." (to
38

know,! to know) (Snow) 14. "Well, I __ that Iris isn't going to be married," I said after a while, (to hear) (Maugham) 15. He says he __ to the same tunes for fifteen years, (to listen) (Maugham) 16. Cesare you and I __ friends for all these years, and I __ never __ you what really happened about Arthur, (to be, to tell) (Voynich) 17. What are we going to say to the king when he __ ? (to come in) (Shaw 18. "Dear little Hans," cried the Miller, "I am in great trouble. My little boy __ off a ladder and __ himself." (to fall, to hurt (Wilde) 19. "As I __ you for the past six months," he said, "business is bad." (to tell) (/. Shaw) 20. "This other gentleman," cried Mr. Pickwick, "is, as you will see when you __ the letter... a very near relative, or I should rather say a very particular friend of your son's." (to read) (Dickens) 21. Maude: You __ both ; __ forward to this moment ever since you met one another. Carol ine: And now it __ (to look, to come) (Maugham) 22. But you ought to have been telling your tale. Now you begin and when you __, we'll go back and see what __ really __ (to finish, to happen) (Priestley) 23. What __ you. __ with yourself since I've been away? (to do) (Christie) 24. You __ here two weeks. __ you __ your opinion of the South? (to be, to change) (Gow and DUsseau) 25. "1 am very hungry and tired," replied Oliver. "I __ a long way. I __ these seven days." (to walk, to walk) (Dickens) 26. My good man, Signora Bolla __ head nurse in general to all of us. She __ after sick people ever since she was in short frocks, and __ it better than any sister of mercy I __ I needn't leave any directions if she __ (to be, to look, to do, to know, to come) (Voynich) 27. As Arthur mounted the stone steps leading to the street, a girl in a cotton dress and straw hat ran up to him with outstretched hands. "Arthur! Oh, I am so glad!.. I __ here for half an hour... Arthur, why __ you __ at me like that? Something __ Arthur, what __ to you? Stop!" (to wait, to look, to happen, to come) (Voynich) 28. "Mr. Bithem here yet?" asked Miss Mass. "Oh, yes, dear," cried the chorus. "He __ here for ages. We all __ here for more than an hour." (to be, to wait) (Mansfield) 29. "Are we alone now?" "The waiter __ and the door is locked." (to go) (Caldwell) 30. I __ happy. I __ always __ happy, (to be, to be) (Hemingway)
Exercise 31. Translate into English.

(A) 1. ? . 2. . 3. . 4. , . 5. . 6. ? . 7. , . 8. . (B) 1. , ? , , ! () 2. ?.. ? () 3. , . () 4. [) . () 5. , . () 6. ... , . () 7. , ? ! () 8. ? () 9. , . () 10. (). ? . . () 11. ? , ... ... () 12. . () 13. . () 14. , ... . () 15. ? () 16.... , ... . () 17. - [] ? . () 18. , . () 19. , ... - . () 20. , ? ? () 21. , , ... , . () 22. !.. . .
39

. () 23. [] , . ()
Exercise 32. Comment on the use of the Past Indefinite, Past Continuous, Past Perfect and Past Perfect Continuous.

1. The cook used to snatch away the letters from home, before she [Ma Parker] had read them. (Mansfield) 2. As she neared the kitchen, Chris came from the garage where he'd been attending to a lorry with a magneto trouble, wiping his hands on some waste. (Lindsay) 3. She was always telling herself that the only rational course was to make Edward a final statement of her intentions, then break off all communications. (Maugham) 4. I realized that he had come away with me in order to discuss once more what he had been already discussing for hours with his sister-in-law. (Maugham) 5. I saw that it was 2 o'clock. We had been sitting there an hour and a half. (Du Maurier) 6. It had long been dark when Arthur rang at the front door of the.great house in the Via Borra. (Voynich) 7. It was three o'clock. The wind had fallen, the moon was shining over the quiet sea. (Christie) 8. Every Sunday morning Ethel would read aloud while Ma Parker did her washing. (Mansfield) 9. We'd got to Ruby's room by then. She wasn't there, of course, but she'd been there, because the dress she had been wearing was lying across a chair. (Christie) 10. To take off her boots or to put them on was an agony to her, but it had been an agony for years. (Mansfield) 11. Here I saw this man, whom I had lost sight of some time; for I had been travelling in the provinces. (Dickens) 12. When the Gadfly raised his head the sun had set, and the red glow was dying in the west. (Voynich) 13. It was Sunday morning and they had all been back at Grayhallock for three days. (Murdoch) 14. Rainborough noticed that she had been crying, her face was stained with tears... (Murdoch) 15. Ann was certainly being bravely cheerful in a way which both exasperated Hugh and half compelled his admiration. (Murdoch) 16. The moment the noise ceased, she glided from the room; ascended the stairs with incredible softnees and silence; and was lost in the gloom above. (Dickens) 17. We hadn't been married a month before 1 was out of love with him. He was in Lincolnshire at the time, and I was living near him. (Hansford Johnson),18. When Cowperwood reached the jail, Jasper was there. (Dreiser) 19. Susan Nipper stood opposite to her young mistress one morning, as she folded and sealed a note she had been writing. (Dickens) 20. The whole party arrived in safety at the Bush before Mr. Pickwick had recovered his breath. (Dickens) 21. He [Hugh] jumped to feel Ann's clasp upon his arm. She had been saying something to him. (Murdoch) 22. He had scarcely had time to form this conclusion, when a window above stairs was thrown up. (Dickens) 23. The door was just going to be closed...when an inquisitive boarder, who had been peeping between the hinges, set up a fearful screaming. (Dickens) 24. Mr. Pecksniff and his fair daughters had not stood warming themselves at the fire ten minutes, when the sound of feet was heard upon the stairs. (Dickens) 25. He [Cowperwood]... was forever asking questions with a keen desire for an intelligent reply. (Dreiser) 26. He turned off the electric light. The electric light had been burning all night. (Hemingway) 27....she would go on discussing a book she said she had read but manifestly hadn't or she would break up a dull conversation with some fantastic irrelevance for which everyone was secretly grateful. (Hilton) 28. When Katie brought in the tea-tray, the boy opened his eyes and sat up with a bewildered air. (Voynich) 29. When we were boy and girl we used to call each other by our Christian names. (Maugham) 30. There were bits of the work that, because I had been doing them so long, I knew better than anyone else. (Snow) 31. He had sat down with the child on his knees, and was helping her to put the flowers in order. (Voynich) 32. He had sat ruminating about the matter for some time, when the voice of Roker demanded whether he might come in. (Dickens) 33. He seemed to be quietly and carefully deciding what he was going to say. (Murdoch) 34. There was no doubt that their arrival had transformed the factory for her. Rosa had been working in the factory for about two years. Before that she had been a journalist. (Murdoch) 35. After dinner Ruby came and sat with us in the lounge. She
40

remained even after the dancing had started. We had arranged to play bridge later, but we were waiting for Mark... and also for Josie. She was going to make a fourth with us. (Christie) 36. She used to sit with him and his family a lot. He used to take her for drives sometimes. (Christie) 37. George made no answer, and we found... that he had been asleep for some time. (Jerome K. Jerome) 38. She talked and laughed and positively forgot until he had come in... that Pearl Fulton had not turned up. (Mansfield) 39. Some years ago, when I was the Editor of a Correspondence Column, I used to receive heartbroken letters from young men asking for advice and sympathy. (Leacock) 40. 1 took the sculls. I had not been pulling for more than a minute or so, when George noticed something black floating on the water. (Jerome K. Jerome) 41. The voice had no sooner ceased than the room was shaken with such violence that the windows rattled in their frames. (Dickens) 42. The figure had suddenly retreated from the gate, and was running back hastily to the mill. (Ch. Bronte) 43. As he was in dinner dress, Fanny asked where he bad been dining. (Dickens)
Exercise 33. Insert the Past Indefinite, Past Continuous, Past Periect or Past Perfect Continuous,

1. Then she found that the tears _ a _ quietly __ from her eyes. Perhaps they __ for a long time, (to flow, to flow) (Murdoch) 2. One day of the new year she __ as usual at her window when Edward came prancing up the drive on horseback, (to sit).(Maugham) 3. He and I __ friends since our early twenties. At this time he was fifty-two, and already an elder statesman of science. (to be) (Snow) 4. I __ out Honor's letter and __ it, and __ to the post. The fog __ When I __ I __ some biscuits and _ myself with whisky and hot milk, (to copy, to seal, to go, to clear, to return, to eat, to dose) (Murdoch) 5. He told me that an American Signore __ there for three months, (to stay) (Maugham) 6. She [Aileen] stole downstairs and out into the vestibule, open- ing the outer door and looking out into the street. The lamps __ already __ in the dark, and a cool wind __ (to flare, to blow| (Dreiser) 7. It was true that we __ one another almost intimatelj! for five and twenty years, (to know) (Maugham) 8. I __ hardly __ more than the first three chapters when my attention was divertet by a conversation going on in the front of the store, (to read (Leacock) 9. She __ mortally with my husband only ten minute! ago. (to quarrel) (Shaw) 10. He __ scarcely __ outside the dooj when he heard Wardle's voice talking loudly, (to get) (Dickens) 11. The next day he __ some honeysuckle against the porch, when he heard the Miller's voice calling to him from the road, (to nai| up) (Wilde) 12. Roddy __ rapidly and nervously up and downthj room for a minute or two. (to walk) (Christie) 13. I knew righi away that there was the place I __. all my life, (to look for (Maugham) 14. Half-past eleven. He [the Gadfly] __ still __ though the hand was stiff and swollen, (to file) (Voynich) 15. A few seconds after the stranger __ to lead Mrs. Budger to her cai riage, he darted swiftly from the room, (to disappear) (Dickert) 16. At nine o'clock that evening a long black Packard roadster drew up to her door, and Arnie stepped out of the front seat where he __ with the driver and a girl between them, (to sit) (Wilson) 17. I do not stop to say what adventures he began to imagine, or what career to devise for himself before he __ three miles from home, (to ride) (Thackeray) 18. Mrs. Banty put down the telephone receiver. She __ up twice and each time the answer __ the same: Mrs. Marple was out. (to ring, to be) (Christie) 19. The sun __ a long way up and it __ to get really hot. (to move, to begin) (Abrahams) 20. He was in the extremity of indecision and very wounded by Rosa's refusal to help him. She __ even __ him for the last few days, (to avoid) (Murdoch) 21. The light in his flat showed that Mrs. Simpson __ in for him. (to wait) (Greene) 22. I called on Mrs. Strickland before I left. I __ her for some time, and I noticed changes in her; it was not only that she __ older, thinner, and more lined; I think her character __. (to see negative, to be, to alter) (Maugham) 23. He __ since nine that morning and his stomach __ with hunger, (to eat negative, to growl) (/. Shaw) 24. They __ no sooner __ at this point than a most violent and startling knocking was heard at the door, (to arrive) (Dickens) 25. The old lady was dressed out in a brocaded gown which __ the light for twerity years, (to see negative) (Dickens) 26. Very often, afterwards,
41

in the midst of their talk, he would break off, to try to understand what it was the waves __ always __ (to say) (Dickens) 27. The women and children and old men __ Now he was alone with his mother in the little two-roomed shack, (to go) (Abrahams) 28. I,tried to feel my heart. I could not feel my heart. It __ beating, (to stop) (Jerome K. Jerome) 29. After he __ there some time, he sold the sack of flour for a very good price, (to wait) (Wilde) 30. Mr. Moore now __ silent for several minutes, (to sit) (Ch. Bronte) 31. I think he showed me about thirty canvases. It was the result of the six years during which he __ (to paint) (Maugham) 32. Grimly she began to pack her goods and to prepare to leave the hovel. It __ for days and water __ up on the earthen floor... (to rain, to well) (Buck) 33. Seven o'clock __ hardly __ striking on the following morning when Mr. Pickwick's comprehensive mind was aroused from the state of unconsciousness in which slumber __ it, by a loud knocking at the chamber door, (to cease, to plunge) (Dickens) 34. When the Gadfly __ himself that no one __ at the spy-hole he __ the piece of bread and carefully __ it away. In the middle was the thing he __, a bundle of small files, (to satisfy, to watch, to take up, to crumble, to expect) (Voynich)' 35. Gemma __ the room and. __ for a little while looking out of the window. When she __, the Gadfly __ again __ on the table and __ his eyes with one hand. He __ evidently __ her presence, (to cross, to stand, to turn round, to lean, to cover, to forget) (Voynich) 36. He __ the key out of the lock, __ the door after he __ through it; __ the key in his pocket, and __ into the garden, (to take, to secure, to pass, to put, to go down) (Collins) 37. It __. still __ It __ for days. I arrived at Hereford Square, __ the water off my overcoat and it up, and __ into the drawing room. A bright fire __ and the lamps were, all on.-. Antonia, who __ by the fire, jumped up to welcome me... She __ me and __ what sort of day I __. (to rain, to rain, to shake, to hang, to tramp, to burn, to read, to kiss, to ask, to have) (Murdoch) 38. It was in this direction that her mind when her father sent for her to come to him in his room. He __ home from his office early in the afternoon and by good luck found her in. She __ no desire to go out into the world these last few days, (to run, to come, to have) (Dreiser) 39. Arthur took out of his portmanteau a framed picture, carefully wrapped up. It was a crayon portrait of Montanelli, which __ from Rome only a few days before. He __ this precious treasure when Julia's page __ in a supper-tray on which the old Italian cook, who __ Gladys before the harsh new mistress __, __ such little delicacies as she considered her dear signorino might permit himself to eat. (to come, to unwrap, to bring, to serve, to come, to place) (Voynich) 40. The first person upon whom Arthur's eyes fell, as he __ the room where the students' little gatherings were held, was his old playmate, Dr. Warren's daughter. She __ in a corner by the window, listening with an absorbed and earnest face to what one of the "initiators", a tall young Lombard in a threadbare coat, __ to her. During the last few months she __ and __ greatly, and now __ a grown-up young woman... She was dressed all in black, and __ a black scarf over her head, as the room __ cold and draughty. The initiator __ passionately __ to her the misery of the Calabrian peasantry, (to enter, to sit, to say, to change, to develop, to look, to throw, to be, to describe) (Voynich) 41. They __ in this way about three miles, when Mr. Wardle, who __ of the window for two or three minutes, suddenly __ his face and __ in breathless eagerness, "Here they are!" (to travel, to look out, to draw in, to exclaim) (Dickens) 42. He __ on the step for some time..., when he was roused by observing that a boy, who __ him carelessly some minutes before, __, and __ now __ him... from the opposite side of the street, (to crouch, to pass, to return, to survey) (Dickens) 43. When the Gadfly __ into Zita's room she __ before a mirror, fastening one of the sprays into her dress. She __ apparently __ her mind to be good-humoured and __ to him with a little cluster of crimson buds tied together, (to come, to stand, to make up, to come up) (Voynich) 44. He __ about half an hour ago. (to arrive) (Wilde) 45. Godfrey rose and took his breakfast earlier than usual, but lingered in the wainscoted parlour V'H his younger brothers __ their mea! and __. (to finish, to go out) (Eliot)

42

Exercise 34. Translate into English.

(A) 1. , , . 2. - . 3. , . 4. , . 5. , . 6. , . 7. . 8. . 9. , . 10. . , . 11. , . 12. , . , , , . 13. . 14. , , . (B) 1. , . 2. , : . 3. , . 4. , . 5. , . (C) I. , . 2. . 3. , . 4. , . 5. , . (D) 1. , . 2. , , . 3. 42 . . 4. . (E) 1. : . () 2. , , , , . () 3. , . () 4. , . (. ) 5. , , . 6. , . ... . () 7. : . () 8. , , ; , . () 9. [] , . () 10. , . () 11. [] . . () 12. ... , . () 13. [] , .., , , . () 14.
43

 . , , . () 15. , [] . . () 16. [] , ... , . . () 17. ... . . () 18. . () 19. , . () 20. [] , . () 21. , . () 22. , . () 23. . . () 24. [] , . () 25. , , . . () 26. ; , . () 27. -. () 28. , . 29. , . () 30. , . ()
Exercise 35. Translate into English.

(A) 1. , , . 2. . . , . 3. : . 4. , , . 5. , . , . 6. . . (B) 1. , . 2. . 3. , . . 4. : , . 5. , , . 6. . 7. , . 8. , . , , . 9. . 10. . 11. . 12. . (C) 1. , . 2. : ; . 3. . 4. , , . 5. , . . 6. , . 7. , , . 8. , . 9. , , , . 10. , . . , , . 12. , , . 13. ,

44

 . 14. , . 15. , . . . 16. : , . 17. , . 18. : . 19. , . (D) 1. ... . () 2. , , ..., . ()^. . ? , . () 4. , , , ... () 5. ? , , , . () 6.... - , [] ... () 7. ... , ? , . () 8. ? . () 9. , , ... , , ... , [] . () 10. ! [], . () 11. . 12. , , , . () 13. , . 14. . . . ! () 15. , , . () 16.... . ... , , , . () 17. [ 1 . : . () 18. , . () 19. . . () 20. , . () 21. , . () 22. , , , , ? , . () 23. ? . () 24. [] ... , . () 25. . () 26. ... , ' . () 27. , , ; , * , . () 28. [] . () 29. , ! : , . () 30. ? , . () 31. , , ... . - , , , , , . () 32. , . () 33.
45

 . () 34. , . () 35. , . () 36. , [] . () 37.... , . () 38. . . () 39. ; . () 40. ? ! . . () 41. , , . () 42. , . () 43. . () 44. ? . ; . . () 45. ? ? () 46. , ; [] ..., ... () 47. . . () THE PASSIVE VOICE
Exercise 1. Insert the required tense (Passive Voice).

1. "I don't want to hear another word. I __ never __ so __ in my whole life, (to insult) (/. Shaw) 2. But what shall I do if you __ ? (to kill) (Shaw) 3. Godfrey waited, before he spoke again, until the ale __ and the door __ (to bring, to close) (Eliot) 4. In whatever spare time he could find, he read the current research journals, trying to understand the implications of the experiments which __ throughout the world, (to perform) (Wilson) 5. Merriman, order the dog-cart at once. Mr. Ernest __ suddenly to town, (to call back) (Wilde) 6. Upon the Doctor and the widow the eyes of both Mr. Tuprnan and his companion __ for some time, when the stranger broke silence, (to fix) (Dickens) 7. In 1834, the Houses of Parliament, with the exception of Westminster Hall __ by fire. They __ '. by Sir Charles Barry, (to destroy, to rebuild) 8. "I'm afraid that we're going to have to move," he said. "This lab won't be big enough for us after all. But there's a double room on the eleventh floor that __ " (to use negative) (Wilson) 9. Lanny noticed that he __ by three white men from the coffee stall on the other side of the road, (to watch) 10. It was past eleven o'clock a late hour for the little village of Cobham when Mr. Pickwick retired to the bedroom which __ for his reception, (to prepare) (Dickens) 11. We __. if we __, but never mind, (to scold, to see) (Ch. Bronte) 12. The Nobel Prize __ to him in 1924 when the advent of wave mechanics had revealed the importance of his work, ten years after his famous experiment __ (to give, to perform) (Wilson) 13. The camp of peace will not allow the outbreak of a new war that __ by the imperialists. (to prepare) 14. I called... to ask if a diamond brooch of mine __ (to find) (Wilde) 15. The tea-things __ scarcely ___ when the London coach deposited Mr. Weller, senior, at the door, (to put away) (Dickens) 16. Annette's most valuable stone was ruby, which __ to her when she was twelve by an Indian prince who was in love with her mother, (to give) (Murdoch) 17. He [Jim] put down his pail... and bent over the toe with absorbing interest while the bandage __ (to unwind) (Twain) 18. He carefully examined the contents of his case, and did not speak again until the beer __ and he had paid for it. (to bring) (Priestley) 19. The little patient and __, and now lay composed in her crib, (to examine, to soothe) (Ch. Bronte) 20. It was an idea that __ at that moment __ by Colonel Melchett and Colonel Bantry. (to discuss) (Christie) 21. Lanny __ cruelly, heartlessly in the way Sara __ When he __, the barking of a dog __ It __ by hurried footsteps, (to beat, to beat, to beat, to hear, to follow) 22. H [Arthur] went up to his room. Nothing in it __ since his arrest, (to change) (Voynich) 23. You can feel when you __. (to watch] (Hilton) 24. The oldest of London's present-day theatres is th( Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, which __ in 1663 and __ since __ several times, (to open, to reconstruct) 25. Below decks the atmosphere was close. Many cigarettes __, and __. (to smoke to smoke) (Clark) 26. She kept an eye on the Leanharn people to see that her action
46

__ duly ___ (to notice) (Maugham) 27. Rumania is a Balkan State which __ long __ for its mineral springs. (to know) (Maugham) 28. After a few routine questions __ and __, Dr. Lord leant back in his chair and smiled at his patient, (to ask, to answer) (Christie) 29. Ettore was twenty-three. He __ by an uncle in San Francisco and was visiting his father and mother in Torino when war __ (to bring up, to declare) (Hemingway) 30. He strode up to the front door of the forlorn house and rang the bell like one who __ there for weeks, (to expect) (Priestley) 31. After lunch, we heard that Charles Lenton __ for. (to send) (Snow) 32. Breakfast __ scarcely ___ when a waiter brought in Mr. Dowler's card, (to clear away) (Dickens) 33. One could not walk or drive about Philadelphia without seeing or being impressed with the general tendency toward a more cultivated and selective social life. Many excellent and expensive houses __ (to erect) (Dreiser) 34. I __ constantly __ in the street. I like it. It gives an amusement to the dullest walk, (to follow) (Maugham) 35. A minute earlier, a small boy with a partly deflated red balloon had run out into the cleared forbidden street. He __ just __ : and __ back to the curb by his father... (to capture, to drag) (Salinger) 36....the railway __ at all at that time, (to use negitive) (Shute) 37. Ant on i a: Thank you. Thank you. Martin: What __ I __ for? (to thank) (Murdoch and Priestley) 38. The gentleman was so startled that he took the night train for the Continent and __ never __ of since, (to hear)
(Maugham)

Exercise 2. State where the combination to be + Participle II is a simple predicate and where it is a compound nominal predicate.

1. Mr. Dorrit's rooms were reached. Candles were lighted. The attendants withdrew. (Dickens) 2. The door was instantly opened. (Ch. Bronte) 3. I have been treated and respected as a gentleman universally. (Dickens) 4. About noon, I was summoned to dress madame. (Ch. Bronte) 5. My boxes are locked, strapped and labelled; I hate being hurried. (Collins) 6. This brisk little affair was all settled before breakfast. (Ch. Bronte) 7. He was like a man who had been separated from one he loved for many years... (Greene) 8. I stopped at a barber shop and was shaved and went home to the 'hospital. (Hemingway) 9. We shall have time to-morrow, when my packing is finished.(Voynich) 10. My wife and daughters were charmed with her. (Collins) 11. The purchase was completed within a month. (Dickens) 12. You are deceived. (Hardy) 13. the door was opened by a girl. (Priestley) 14. I'll be dressed in a minute. (Hemingway) 15. The small room was lit only by a dying fire and one candle with a shade over it. (Eliot) 16. A short bridge over a canal was blown up but we climbed across on what was left of the span. (Hemingway) 17. The chambermaid's curiosity was aroused at once. (Priestley) 18. Was your novel ever published? (Wilde) 19. He has not been well educated up to now. (Clark) 20. Huckleberry was filled with admiration of Tom's facility in writing and the sublimity of his language. (Twain) 21. The beds, which for years had been neglected, now were trim with the abominations of carpet bedding. (Maugham) 22. A whisper goes about the house that Mr. Dombey's hair is curled. (Dickens) 23. He was in the house when the diamond was lost. (Collins) 24. When at last the notes were finished, I typed them out... (Hilton) 25. Penn was fascinated and troubled by this suggestion. (Murdoch) 26. The big brightly lit stone-flagged kitchen was silent... The shutters were closed and barred. (Murdoch) 27. Red carpet was laid down for the occasion; hothouse plants and evergreens were arranged in bowers at the extremities and in every recess of the gallery. (Eliot) 28....perhaps you know that Mirah's brother is found. (Eliot) 29. Another half-hour and all doors would be locked all lights extinguished. (Ch. Bronte) 30. Sam's body was twisted and deformed. But he had not been, born like that... Early one morning farm laborers on their way to work from Stilleveld had come upon a twisted heap lying in the open. It had turned out to be Sam... The right side of his head had been crushed in, as though by a boot. Most of the ribs in the right side of his chest were broken. His right arm was broken in many places. (Abrahams) 31. The scoop, under the ranger's fence, cannily selected for his sleepingplace, was overhung by branches. (Galsworthy) 32. My things are all packed. (Hemingway) 33. Two doors opened out of it [the
47

passage] to the left and to the right. One of these had obviously been closed for many weeks. (Conan Doyle) 34. In the front room the bricks of the floor were being tumbled aside by the shoots from old tree-roots. (Lessing) 35. She realized that the old life was gone and done with. (Maugham)
Exercise 3. Translate into Russian.

1. That day she was seen little of. (Hardy) 2. At that moment hasty steps were heard in the entry. (Hardy) 3. A man who is much talked about is always very attractive. (Wilde) 4. I was told, too, that neither masters nor teachers were found fault with in that establishment. (Ch. Bronte) 5. I shall be quite safe, quite well taken care of. (Dickens) 6. I've been sent for urgently, to get at the truth. (Christie) 7. A sound of a piano is heard in the adjoining room. (Wilde) 8. He could see that the bed was empty, and that it had not been slept in. (Bennett) 9. The gate was opened by one of the maids. (Dickens) 10. Nothing more was said on either side. (Dickens) 11. 1 don't suppose there's anybody who isn't cared for by someone or other. (Maugham) 12. With old and young great sorrow is followed by a sleepless night... (Maugham) 13. He was forbidden to receive either letters or telegrams. (Collins) 14. The visitor was allowed to come forward and seat himself. (Eliot) 15. The match was looked upon as made by her father and mother. (Hardy) 16. Klesmer bowed round to the three sisters more grandly than they had ever been bowed to before. (Eliot) 17. That's a thing I've not been accused of before. (Maugham) 18. The child shall be taken care of somehow. (Eliot) 19. I just chatter when J'rn chattered to. (Hilton) 20. And for four years now I have been trying to make myself heard in the popular press. I have been laughed at as a crank. I have endured insults. (Priestley) 21. Knight had been looked upon as a bachelor by nature. (Hardy) 22. We know that she likes Nurse O'Brien and is well looked after. (Christie) 23. Her uncle and mother came two days ago, and she is being well taken care of. (Eliot) 24. The effect of my education can never be done away with. (Eliot) 25. The strained and precarious relationship between Ann and Randall, which had been quite unprepared for, was also a constant source of pain and surprise. (Murdoch) 26. She is so absolutely to be relied on as that? (Collins) 27. Fabrizi told me he had been written to and had consented to come and take up the campaign against the Jesuits. (Voynich) 28. One child in a household of grown people is usually made very much of, and in a quiet way I was a good deal taken notice of by Mrs. Bretton, who had been left a widow, with one son, before I knew her. (Ch. Bronte) 29. She's quite well thought of in Cambridge. (Murdoch) 30. I was taught music and singing. (Eliot) 31. Habble was dismissed, but Kinney was not allowed to retire with him. (Priestley) 32. By now we had been joined by two other people... (Hansford Johnson) 33. About an hour or so later I was sent for and found Mary Gerrard unconscious. (Christie) 34. She (Gemma] was both pleasant to look at and interesting to talk to. (Voynich)
Exercise 4. Translate into English, using the Passive Voice where possible.

(A) The Passive Voice and the Compound Predicate. 1. . ? 2. , . 3. , . 4. , . 5. , . 6. , , IX . 7. . 8. 9. , . 10. . 11. , . 12. . 13. , . . 14. 76 . 15. . . 16. , ,
48

 . 17. , . . 18. , . () 19.... , , . () 20.... ... ... () 21. ? () 22. , ... () 23. , . () 24. . ... () (B) 1. , , . () 2. , . () 3. . () 4. [] . () 5. . () 6. ... : . , . () 7. , . () 8. . (.) 9. , . () 10. , ... .. - . () 11. , . () (C) 1. . 2. . 3. . 4. . 5. . 6. , . 7. . 8. 9. , . 10. . 11. . 12. . 13. , . 14. , . 15. . 16. , . 17. . 18. 19. . 20. , , . () (D) 1. . 2. . 3. . 4. ? 5. . 6. . 7. , . 8. . 9. . 10. , . 11. . . , . 12. , . 13. . 14. . 15. , . 16. . 17. ? (. ) 18. . () 19. . () () 1. , , . 2. , . 3. . . 4. , . 5. . 6. . 7. , . 8. . 9. . 10. ,
49

 . 11. . 12. , . 13. . 14. , , . MODAL VERBS

Exercise 1. Comment upon the meaning of modal verbs. Translate into Russian (can, may).

1. "Can't you sleep, Signor Tenente?" he asked. "No." "I can't sleep, either." (Hemingway) 2. Alice: I'll come too if I may. (Gow and DUsseau) 3. I said, "I am Martin Lynchgibbon. We have met before, though you may have forgotten. Palmer asked me to meet you. May I carry something?" (Murdoch) 4. "She cannot have heard of her father's death," said Braybrooke. "But she had! For I expressed my sympathy and she thanked me." (Hichens) 5. It was not many hours ere he, Esmond, was in London, of that you may be sure, and received with open arms by the old Dowager of Chesley... (Thackeray) 6. Darling, I'm sorry I was so drunk yesterday... I may have seemed churlish, but don't think I'm not deeply grateful for your concern. I may yet need your help... (Murdoch) 7. Julia: Why is she coming home? Maude: I don't know... I suppose she got fed up with Paris after five years. She couldn't have had much fun. (Taylor) 8. Howard: Lieutenant, may I ask a question? (Gow and DUsseau) 9. "Can I possibly have made a mistake?" she thought. (Forster) JO- Oh. this house, this house! I come back to it after twenty-three years and it is just the same... really. Hesione might at least have been here: some preparation might have been made for me. (Shaw) 11. "He may not even know I'm here." (Forster) 12. They can't understand the English language, anyway. (Hemingway)
Exercise 2. Insert may (might), can (could) or the contracted forms of may not, might not, cannot, could not (mayn't, mightn't; can't, couldn't). Translate into Russian.

1. "There is a man I know," I said; "you __ have met him, a man named Longrush." 2. He noticed at once that her manner was as natural almost as a frank, manly schoolboy's,... there __ never (he thought] have been a grain of affectation in her. (Hichens) 3. I _ - neither lie comfortably in bed nor find anything to do with myself if I got up. (Murdoch) 4. She jumped up when she saw me and said, "Really, I think she __ have waited a bit before dismantling the house!" (Murdoch) 5. I beg the Magistrate's pardon, but __ I request a few minutes private conversation with him on a matter of deep importance to himself? (Dickens) 6. "You are a sworn constable?" "I be, sir." "Then pursue the criminal at once, with assistance, and bring him back here. He have gone far." (contracted) (Hardy) 7. I said, " __ I help you?" (Murdoch) 8. "Perhaps," said the Captain, "you __ have heard your head governor mention my name?" (Dickens) 9. "She's gone, she's gone! Your Heathcliff's run off with her!" gasped the girl. "That is not true!" exclaimed Linton, rising in agitation. "It not be: how has the idea entered your head? Ellen Dean, go and seek her. It is incredible: it __ not be." (E. Bronte) 10. "I didn't say he wasn't a colonel," he said, "he __ have been once for all I know. After all, he's almost forty." (Benson) II. Catherine's cup was never filled: she __ neither eat nor drink (E. Bronte) 12. Oh, welf, you __ be right. I don't know. I'm not going to try to explain or adjust myself now. (Dreiser) 13. "Old Callendar wants to see me at his bungalow", he said not rising. "He have the politeness to say why." (Forster)
(Jerome K. Jerome)

Exercise 3. Translate into English using the verbs can and may whenever possible.

1. He , ; , , . 2. , , ., . 3. , , . 4. ? 5. ? 6. , , ; , . 7.
50

 , . 8. , , . 9. ? 10. , , , . 11. ; , , . 12. , , , , ? 13. ? , . , , , . 14. - ! , , .

Exercise 4. Comment on the meaning of modal verbs. Translate into Russian.

1. I have brought back your man not without risk or danger; but every one must do his duty. (Hardy) 2. "May I escort you home?" he said. (Hichens) 3. Blanche: I'm sorry. I must have lost my head for a moment. (Tennessee Williams) 4. "There must be something wrong somewhere," he said w-ith a solemn, dejected movement of his head. (Caldwell) 5. Gracing the centre table was a Bible and a yellow plush album, in which was not a single picture... It must have been the yellow plush that had fascinated them. (Dreiser) 6. "Something must have happened. He behaves quite differently to me, he's cold and he looks at me in such a terrifying way as if he were thinking about killing me... And honestly Martin, I'm frightened." "...Pull yourself together," I said. "You must be imagining all this." 7. Sir Robert: Gertrude, what you tell me may be true, but it happened many years ago. It is best forgotten! Mrs. Cheveley may have changed since then. (Wilde) 8. She passed the girls' room, noticed that they were quiet and therefore must be doing as they had been told, and went on to the children's room. (Benson) 9. "May not the editor have been right in his revision of your Sea Lyrics...?" she questioned. "Remember, an editor must havej)roved qualifications or else he would not be an editor." (London) 10, Stanley: That must have been a pretty long time ago. (Tennessee Williams) 11. Both of you behaved very badly. You might have given me a little encouragement. (Maugham)
Exercise 5. Insert may (might) or must. Translate into Russian.

I. She said: "Please, please make no sign. That man at the door is mad. Do something. He __ kill me!" (Dreiser) 2. He was the father of three sons and two daughters, so I was told, all of whom __ have hated him; those I knew did anyhow. (Dreiser) 3. You __ be exhausted after all the tennis you played this afternoon, Minnie. (Maugham) 4. You __ be getting better, since you can leave your bed? (Ch. Bronte) 5. "I can't stay," Stephanie said. 79 As she walked down the corridor, she heard Marguerite calling after him. "You __ have told me before I started tea." (Saxton) 6. I said, "What time is it, Antonia?" "Ten o'clock"... "I have slept for twelve hours." (Murdoch) 7. She __ have recognized his voice, for the light disappeared from the apartment, and in a second or two the door was unlocked and opened... (Hardy) 8. Late 299 stood, smiling, in front of the door. "Well, Bertha?" he said. "Ah, Beryl! Well, Jack!" His daughter alone replied. "Well, Father, you __ have let us know beforehand!" (Galsworthy) 9. "How did it happen?" "It was the streetcar," Esther said. "It hit her. It have tossed her right onto the cinders at the side of the track." (Benson) 10. It occurred to him that perhaps his hostess __ be in, her boudoir. It was a possibility; he would go and see. (Huxley) 11. The doorway was all dark. The lights in the house __ have gone out. (Priestley) 12. I __ do-these things sometimes in absence of mind; but surely I don't do them habitually. (Shaw)
Exercise 6. Translate into English using the verbs can, may, must.

1. . ; , . 2. , , , , . 3. , , . 4. ; , , , . 5. , "
51

?. . , : . , , . 6. ? , , , . , - ; . -, - , , , . 7. , . , . 8. ; . 9. ? 10. ? 11. , . 12. , , . , , . 13. ? , , . 14. , , ,

Exercise 7. Translate into English using the verbs can, may, mast. (Based on an episode from To Let by J. Galsworthy.)

xy, . ? . , , . , , , ( ), , ". ? , ? . , , , . ? ? ? , , , . ! ! . - . ? ! . , , , , .
Exercise 8. Comment and translate into Russian (to be + infinitive).

1. The typewriter people were again clamoring for money, insistently pointing out that according to the agreement rent was to be paid strictly in advance. (London) 2. By that time of evening only a few persons were to be seen on the wet streets and most of the shops and stores were dark and closed for the night. (Caldwell) 3. "You're to go now, Blick!" said Hunter, getting up. (Murdoch) 4. I distinctly told you to stay with her every minute I was away. You are not to be trusted. (Fischer) 5. It was after breakfast, and we had been summoned in from the playground, when Mr. Sharp entered and said: "David Copperfield is to go into the parlour." (Dickens) 6. Demetrius was nowhere to be found. (Douglas) 7. When my wife and I settle down at Willowmere it's possible that we shall all come together. But if this isn't to be, for Heaven's sake, let us recognise that it is simply because it can't be, and not wear hypocritical faces and suffer and be wretched. (Pinero) 8. The snow which had lain so thick and beautiful when I left the country was scarcely to be seen in the city... (Murdoch) 9. Your mother arranged that she was to come down from London and that I was to come over from Dover to be introduced to you. (Shaw) 10. Mrs. Moore, your delightful doctor has decided on a picnic, instead of a party in his house; we are to meet him out there... (Forster) 11. For June this evening, that was to have been "her treat", was the most miserable she had ever spent. (Galsworthy) 12. Eliza, you are to live here for the next six months, learning, how to speak beautifully, like a lady in a florist's shop. (Shaw)
Exercise 9. Comment and translate into Russian (to have+ infinitive, to be+ infinitive).

1. Blanche: I didn't save a penny last year and so I had to come here for the summer. That's why I have to put up with my sister's husband. And he has to put up with me, apparently so much against his wishes. Surely he must have told you how much he hates
52

me. (Tennessee Williams) 2. "His mother, my dear," said Miss Tox, "whose acquaintance I was to have made through you, does not at all resemble her." (Dickens) 3. I had made arrangements so as not to have to come to the office again for a little while. (Murdoch) 4....I could scarcely repress my curiosity as to the nature of this composition which was to be published, at his request, presumably, by The Banner. (Dreiser) 5. There are some things that have to be said sooner or later, and I'd rather hear them from you than from anybody else. (Caldwell) 6. She [Ellie] begins stroking Mangan's head, reversing the movement with which she put him to sleep. "Wake up, do you hear! You are to wake up at once. Wake up..." (Shaw) 7. "I can't stay in this place any longer!" she cried in utter desperation. We've got to move out of this apartment. (Caldwell) 8. He had been indeed with that luckless expedition of the Chevalier de St. George, who was sent by the French King with ships and an army from Dunkirk, and was to have invaded and conquered Scotland... (Thackeray)
Exercise 10. Insert to have (to have got) or to be in the appropriate form. Translate into Russian.

1. He toiled on all day, recollecting, at the last moment, that he __ to have dinner at the Morses'. (London) 2. He shook his head again, when Gertrude offered him money, though he knew that within the day he __ to make a trip, to the pawnbroker. (London) 3. There were thirty poems in the collection and he __ to receive a dollar apiece for them. (London) 4. But just then we hit a stretch of unpaved road where the mud was thick and the ruts were hard to follow. I __ to stop talking and watch what I was doing. (Maltz) 5. During their absence, Mahmoud Ali had gone off in his carriage leaving a message that he should be back in five minutes, but they __ on no account to wait. (Forster) 6. At this meal they arranged their daily habits. The major __ to take the responsibility of ordering everything to eat and drink; and they __ to have a late breakfast together every morning, and a late dinner together every day. (Dickens) 7. Stella: People to tolerate each other's habits, I guess. (Tennessee Williams) 8. He told me to say you __ not to worry about him and that he'll recover in time. (Murdoch) 9. She trembled that day as she prepared to go down to the wedding. She __ to be a bridesmaid. (Lawrence) 10. The time was fixed for his sailing. It __ to take place almost immediately: yet much remained to be done; many domestic preparations __ to be made. (Gaskelt) 11. "You see practically the minute he left town, Lon spent his whole ailowance. All of it." "But he's only been there a week and that money to last him through October," Mrs. Smith said. (Benson)
Exercise 11. Translate into English using the verbs can, may, must and the expressions to be + infinitive and to have-f- infinitive.

1. , , . 2. - , , . 3. , , , , . 4. , , , . , . 5. , , , . 6. , , , . 7. , , , . , , .
Exercise 12. Translate into English using modal verbs and expressions (should, ought, to have to, to be to).

1. 1948 . 2. , -

. ? . . 3.
53

, . 4. , . 5. , , . 6. , . 7. , . 8.. , , . 9. , , ; . 10. , .
Exercise 13. Comment on the meaning of modal verbs. Translate into Russian (shall, will).

1. "Don't want it, thanks. Finish it yourself." "Shall I? or shall I keep it for an emergency?" (Priestley) 2. No, Hubert; no chivalry and that sort of nonsense. You shan't have all this beastliness alone. I'm going to share it. (Galsworthy) 3. I ask your advice; and I am waiting for it. I will not have all the responsibility thrown on my shoulders. (Shaw) 4. El lean: I will offer to go down to the village with Paula this morning shall I? Aubrey (touching her hand gently): Thank you do. (Pinero) 5....I am yours for ever and ever. Nothing can or shall divide me from you, unless you stop loving. (Galsworthy) 6. Soames lifted his eyes: "I won't have anything said against her," he sa!d unexpectedly. (Galsworthy) 7. Let snobbish people say what they please: Barbara shall marry not the man they like, but the man I like. (Shaw) 8. Sir George: The fact is, Mrs. Tanqueray, I am not easy in my mind about the way I am treating my poor old mother. Lady Orreyed (to Paula): Do you hear that? That's his mother, but my mother he won't so much as look at. (Pinero) 9. And now, Dr. Trench, since you have acted handsomely, you shall have no cause to complain of me. There shall be no difficulty about money; you shall entertain as much as you please: I will guarantee all that. (Shaw) 10. "If I could have a picture of you, I should treasure it." "Of course you shall!" (Galsworthy) 11. I've told you over and over again that I will not be inter-; fered with when I'm playing patience. (Maugham) 12. Will you have rum in your tea? (Galsworthy) 13. I've proved to you that I love you more than anybody else loves you and still you won't leave that Glenn Kenworthy and go with me. (Caldwell) 14. Barbara. I will not have Charles called Cholly: the vulgarity of it positively makes me iil. (Shaw) 15. Only don't talk to me about divorce, for I simply won't hear of itl (Murdoch)! 16. Princess. You must come and see me and you shall tell me! all the news of home. (Maugham) 17....he won't see a doctor,] or take any advice. He won't see anyone. (Galsworthy) IS, The! editors, subeditors, associate editors, most of them... are men wha| wanted to write and who have failed. And yet they, of all crea-1 tures under the sun the most unfit, are the very creatures whoi decide what shall and what shall not find its way into print.. J (London)
Exercise 14. Insert shall, will or the contracted forms oi shall not, wlla not (shan't, won't). Translate into Russian.

1. Ellie: You __ not run away before you answer. I have found out that trick of yours. (Shaw) 2. " __ you come in a moment?" "Thank you kindly, young man." ( contracted) (Cronin) 3. Napoleon (beside himself):...Once more, and only once, will you give me those papers or __ I tear them from you by force! (Shaw) 4, You must be tired, dear; __ you go to bed? (contracted) __ I bring you something up? (Galsworthy) 5. Soames is very fond of you, he __ have anything said against you; why don't you show him more affection? (contracted) (Galsworthy) 6. Aubrey: Have you seen EHean this morning? Paula (coldly): Your last observation but one was about Ellean. Aubrey: Dearest, what __ I talk about? (Pinero) 7. __ you please leave my room? (Galsworthy) 8. Then he __ be here in a few minutes! What __ I do? (Shaw) 9. " __ I speak to Diana, then, about what we've been saying?" "If you __, Dinny." (Galsworthy) 10. Mohammed Latif _ be severely punished for inventing this. (Forsier) 11. Jack: Gwendolen, __ you marry me? (Goes on his knees.) Gwendolen: Of course I __, darling. (Wilde) 12. I give and bequeath a hundred pounds to my younger son Christopher Dudgeon, fifty pounds to be paid to him on the day of his marriage to Sarah Wilkins, if she __ have him. (Shaw) 13. "Martin darling, you're drunk," said Antonia. " __ I
54

order you a taxi to go home in?" (Murdoch) 14. Mrs. Cortelyon: You know we are neighbours, Mrs. Tanqueray. Paula: Neighbours? Are we really? __ you sit down? (contracted) (Pinero) 15. A man who __ work is no good, take that from me. ( contracted) (London) 1(3. I'11 go, Dinny, if Hallorsen __ take me. (Galsworthy) 17. Since you have taken the minister's place, Richard Dtfdgeon, you __ go through with it. The execution will take place at 12 o'clock as arranged; and unless Anderson surrenders before then, you __ take his place on the gallows. (Shaw) 18. "I'm not lying," I said. "If you __ believe what I say why do you keep asking me?" (contracted) (Murdoch) 19. Lady: I cannot permit you, General, to enter my chamber. Napoleon: Then you __ stay here, madam, whilst I have your chamber searched for my papers. (Shaw) 20....you stood by my father, and by G I I'll stand by you. You __ never want a friend, Harry, while Francis James Viscount Castlewood has a shilling. (Thackeray) 21. "Your master is a true scoundrell" I replied. "But he _ answer for it." (E. Bronte) 22. __ we go, Blanche? (Tennessee Williams) 23. You may come, if you __ (E. Bronte) 24. Aubrey: __ I burn this, dear? (Referring to ihe letter he holds in his hand.) Let me, let me! (Pinero) 25. Paula: Why are you here? Why aren't you with your friend? El lean: I've come home if you __ have me. (Pinero)
Exercise 15. Comment on the meaning of modal verbs. Translate into Russian (should or ought, would).

1. If I do lose my temper, 'tis not with ye, or Cornelia either, but with him that should be helping me and never does. (Dreiser) 2. Dad's away at some parsonical conference. I wanted him to take me, but he wouldn't. (Galsworthy) 3. The courage of a Military Tribune should not be squandered in banquet-halls. (Douglas) 4. "I was for letting you sleep on," she said, "but they would go up and wake you. I said you didn't really want to come," (Maugham) 5. He ought to have phoned Simkin earlier, knowing his habits, (Bellow) 6. After a hasty breakfast they consulted. To whom should they go? "Not to the police," said Dinny. "No, indeed." "I think we should go to Uncle Adrian first." (Galsworthy) 7. The lady I liked wouldn't marry me that is the main point, but that's fifteen years ago and now means nothing. (Forster) 8. If only one editor, he sometimes thought, would descend from his high seat of pride to write me one cheering linei (London) 9....I did something a certain thing something I shouldn't have done but couldn't help itl (Catdwelt) 10. And now you feed me, when then you let me starve, forbade me your house, and damned me because I wouldn't get a job. (London) 11. It isn't the sort of thing one should talk of in private. (Wilde) 12. He seemed to me quite normal, except that he would not go out or see anybody. (Galsworthy) 13. "If Clare's to see Kit and Kat before we start," said Dinny, "we ought to go up, Fleur." (Galsworthy)
Exercise 16. Insert should or would. Translate into Russian.

1. Never forget that we __ always think of others and work for others. (Shaw) 2. Anna began to feel a little uncomfortable, but she __ not admit it. (Fischer) 3. I had that door painted only.last week,...you __ be more careful. (London) 4. You, Patty and Priscilla, are going to college, and __ realize the necessity of being prepared. (Webster) 5. "Then Agnes came by with Bunchie's sister," Tootie went on. "They were going to ride on the bridge, and we wanted to go... But she and Bunchie __ n't take us." (Benson) 6. I tried often to get him to talk. It was not that "he __ n't talk, it was rather that he didn't seem to hear me.. (Maltz) 7. A man __ always have an occupation of some kind. (Wilde) 8. Every one, except Mrs. Reffold, seemed to recognize that Mr. Reffold's days were numbered. Either she did not or __ not understand. (Harraden) 9. Algernon: Oh! it is absurd to have a hard and fast rule about what one __ read and what one, __ n't. (Wilde) 10. All of her other former belongings... had either been sold or lost for non-payment of dues. Just the same, she either could not or __ not work. (Dreiser) 11. Eunice: How is she? Stella: She __ eat anything but asked for a drink. (contracted) (Tennessee Williams) 12. "Why didn't you come before?" he said. "You __ have come, instead of writing." (E. Bronte)
55

Exercise 17. Comment on the meaning of modal verbs. Translate into Russian.

1. On the fourth day, feeling that she could bean the suspense no longer, she telephoned to Fleur and asked if she might come up to them. (Galsworthy) 2. I should be grateful if you would keep your hands off my business in future. (Murdoch) 3, You know you didn't dare give the order to charge the bridge until you saw us on the other side. (Shaw) 4. Mitch Poker shouldn't be played in a house with women. (Tennessee Williams) 5. They didn't have to worry about money. (Mansfield) 6. Although his residence and his family were in the country... he was frequently to be found about the restaurants and resorts of the radical section of the city. (Dreiser) 7. She would not answer me, of course, but went on cording the crate... And when I thought it was done with, she found a volume slipped under a chair... and she would open up the crate and put it in. (Morgan) 8. "I suppose you know what I've been through since that bag came this morning," said mother. "You might have had some consideration for me. There is simply no excuse for all this..." (Fischer) 9. You need not meet him unless you like. (Shaw) 10. He's... let me see... He can't be more than thirty, dear. (Swinnerton) 11. Mischa followed her, and they were to be seen a moment later in conversation. (Murdoch) 12. Meanwhile, Margaret seemed to hear a Taint knocking, but as no one appeared to hear it, she thought she must be mistaken. (Priestley) 13. And of course you should have introduced us long ago. (Murdoch) 14. I could not, and would not, believe that she was becoming interested in me. That could not be. (Dreiser) 15. Anyhow, Callendar won't hear of you seeing her. (Forster) 16. And here now was this young and promising doctor, who could, if he would, keep her supplied with work, and might even eventually marry her. (Dreiser) 17. Aubrey: What is to be her future? It is in my hands; what am I to do? (Pinero) 18. Your family may object to me; and then it will be all over between us. (Shaw) 19. Rosa reflected, as the train was leaving Naples, that perhaps she ought not to have left Hunter alone. (Murdoch) 20. How dare he speak so to me? (E. Bronte) 21. I need hardly say I would do anything in the world to ensure Gwendolen's happiness. (Wilde) 22. How dare you address me as dear Sir, Sir? How dare you look me in the face and do it, Sir? (Dickens) 23....Mama came down, and in a voice which was both astonished and distraught, exclaimed: "Grandpa is not upstairs. Where can he have gone?" (Cronin) 24. But you might have been firing away at the Australians still if we cavalry fellows hadn't found the ford and got across... (Shaw) 25. You must be dying with curiosity. Take a peep. (Shaw) 26. Madam, may I speak to you a moment? (Mansfield) 27. She gazed at me severely. "You ought to be in at your essay." (Cronin) 28. Christy (interrupting her with an apprehensive glance at the door by which Essie went out): Shi She may hear you. (Shaw) 29. The substance of her observations, along with those of others, is to be found in a series of articles published in a series of screen publications of the time. (Dreiser) 30. But you've got to finish college. We can't get married for a long time. (Carter) 31. Cain said: "I don't have to pay to find that out.. I could have asked anybody at the meeting, and found out." (Carter) 32. Soames would often come down to watch with secret pride the building of the house which was to have been his home. (Galsworthy) 33. Miss Femm opened the door. "I've none of this electric light. I won't have it. You'll have to wait till I've lit the candles." (Priestley) 34. "Well," he [James] said, with a perplexed, nervous emphasis, "I don't see what you want with a tree." "It shall come down to-morrow," said Bosinney. (Galsworthy) 35. "What are we to do?" she gasped. "Can't we stay here? Lock the door?" (Priestley) 36. I felt suddenly dizzy with pain and unable to face whatever scene was to follow. (Murdoch) 37. But Sally, with a towel round her, went down to the water's edge. "You're to come out this minute, Philip," she called, as though he were a small boy under her charge. (Maugham) 38. It seemed like an age, but I suppose the whole thing can't have lasted thirty seconds really. (Forster) 39. "Land ought to be very dear about there," he said. (Galsworthy)
Exercise 18. Insert modal verbs and explain their use (use the contracted forms shan't, won't, shouldn't, wouldn't if necessary). Translate into Russian.

1. You __ have looked lovely in a veil, Aunt Em. Didn't she, Uncle?
56

(Galsworthy)

2.

Won't you sit down, Mr. Anderson? I __ have asked you before; but I'm so troubled. (Shaw) 3. I went over to the window....The pavements were damp and reflected the yellow light. It __ have rained to-day. (Murdoch) 4. "Now please tell me how you are going to celebrate the great event of my having won a scholarship. __ we have a grand sort of schoolroom treat?"... "We certainly will," replied the mother. "You have worked hard and __ have your reward." (contracted) (Meade) 5. "I mean they're sending me to New York for good. To be the head of the New York office." "I don't believe it," Mrs. Smith said... "I simply don't believe it. I think you __ have lost your mind." "It's true," he said,..."I __ to start a week from Saturday." (Benson) 6. There were two letters for him. One from his guardian..., the other irom his sister. The man she was engaged to... was afraid that his leave was going to be curtailed. They would __ to be married at once. They might even __ to get a special licence. (Galsworthy) 7. Pearl: I sent out to the garage and gave instructions that the old Rolls-Royce __ to be taken down at once and the other __ to go to London. (Maugham) 8. "Tootie __ have been in school this year," Mr. Smith said defiantly. "And would have been too, if you hadn't carried on so about her being the baby. She'll __ to start school sometime, you know." (Benson) 9. Hsshl He's still asleep. What __ we to do when he wakes? __ we go up to him and wait for it? (Galsworthy) 10. Let's go over and see old Shropshire. He __ have known your father well, Con. (Galsworthy) 11. "Did you __ to take a cab?" "No... there was nothing much to bring." (Cronin) 12. Mrs. Ferse asked him if he had had dinner, and if he would like to go to bed; and if he would see a doctor; but he __ speak, he sat with his eyes closed. (contracted) (Galsworthy) 13....from time to time he and Esther Norn __ to be seen together. (Dreiser) 14. Paula: Ahl (She sits at the piano and touches the keys.) Lady Orreyed: Oh, yes, do play! That's the only thing I envy you for. Paula: What __ I play? (Pinero) 15. A doctor called in at this late hour...He suggested a nurse, but this Mrs. Widdle, ill as she was, __ not hear of. It would cost so much. (Dreiser) 16. You __ not be so careless with your things. (Gow and DUsseau) 17. You __ not to tell Dad what I told you, Mother. (Galsworthy) 18....indignation against Martin ran high. No one __ have anything to do with a Socialist traitor. (London) 19. It's all over the town, and __ injure your reputation. (Forster) 20. We __ have children, Gretta a lot of children. There would be no time to worry about ourselves then. (Caldwell) 21. "O Sue!" he cried, sitting down beside her and taking her hand. "How is this! You couldn't write?" "No, it wasn't thatl" she answered. "I did catch a bad cold but I could have written. Only I __ I" (contracted) (Hardy) 22. She was always well-dressed and carried herself with an inimitable air that __ have been bora in her. It __ never have been acquired. (Dreiser) 23. To Zedelbush Wolff said, "Go and order your men to drop their arms. They __ to leave the hotel singly and with upraised hands." (Heym) 24. There are some houses there somewhere. We'll ask, they __ have seen him. (Galsworthy) 25. "Well, Annie," he said. "I gave Trask a dollar for his trouble." "You __ not have done that, Father/' Mrs. Smith said. "After all, we do pay him to watch the house." (Benson) 26. On the inland side hills __ to be seen, spotted with olive trees... (Murdoch) 27. " __ I ask," he said..., "what it is that is bothering you, my dear?"(Carter) 28. "I __ be out again directly," he said to the driver, or I __ be kept some time." (Galsworthy) 29. You __ to stay out so late: it makes you fit for nothing, (contracted)
(Galsworthy)

Exercise 19. Translate into English, using modal verbs.

1. ? , , . 2. , . . 3. , , . , , . 4. , . 5. ' , , ! 6. , . 7. , ,
57

 . 8. , , . 9. , . 10. , , , . 11. ? . 12. , . 13. , . 14. ; , . 15. " ? , ; , , , . 16. , . 17. , , .

Exercise 20. Translate into English, using modal verbs whenever possible. (Based on an episode irom David Copperfield by Ch. Dickens.)

1. , . 2. , , , . 3. : . 4. , , , , . 5. , , , ' , .
Exercise 21. Translate into English, using modal verbs.

1. , - . 2. , , . 3. . , , , , . 4. , . 5. . 6. , , , , , - .
Exercise 22. Translate into English, using modal verbs. (Based on an episode irom The Citadel by A. Cronin.)

1. , . 2. , , , , . 3. , , . 4. , , , . 5. , , , . 6. , : , , , . 7. , , , , , . 8. , , . 9. , , , , .
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Exercise 23. Translate into English, using modal verbs whenever possible. (Based on an episode from David Copperfield by Ch. Dickens.)

I. , . 2. , ? 3. , . 4. , , , , , . 5. , , . 6. . 7. ? , . 8. , - . 9. . , , . 10. , ? 11. , , . 12. , , , , . 13. , , , , , . 14. , , , , , , . 15. , .

Exercise 24, Translate into English, using modal verbs whenever possible. (Based on an episode from David Copperfield by Ch. Dickens.)

1. ? , , . 2. , , , . 3. , , , , , , , . 4. , ? . 5. , , . 6. , , , . 7. , . 8. , , , . 9. . , , , , , , , . THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD

Exercise 1. Insert the appropriate form o! the Subjunctive Mood. Comment on the form and the use of the Subjunctive Mood. Translate into Russian (conditional sentences).

1. I honestly think it __ better if we __ each other for awhile. (to be, to see 2. If you __ already married, Mr. Clay, I __ ior you. (to be Now if only Betty __ able to come this evening she __ it. But, of course, she had to choose this evening to go and see her mother, (to be, to do) (A. Wilson) 4. If he __ ordinary, I __ him (to be, to love negative) (Galsworthy) 5. And if anything __ to him, there __ something in the Press, (to happen, to be) (Priestley) 6, I __ it a few months ago, Mr. Chapin. (to believe) (Dreiser) 7. If I __ you, I think I __ very much as you do. (to be, to feel) (Snow) 8. You first brought your friend into my sister's company, and but for you we __ never __ him. (to see) (Dickens) 9. I certainly won't leave you so long as you are in mourning. It __ most unfriendly. If I __ in mourning you __ with me, I suppose, (to be, to be, to stay) (Wilde) 10. He was a power in the College, and __ in any society, (to be) (Snow) 11. If you __ news before morning, ring me up at once, (to have) (Hansford Johnson) 12. I like the place. The air suits me. I __ surprised if I __ here, (to be negative, to settle down) (Shaw) 13. There is nothing the Barkers __ for a few pounds, (to do negative)
negative) (Hansford Johnson) negative, to wait) (Stone) 3.
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14. Well that wasn't true what she said and, if it __ that __ no business of hers, (to be, to be) (A. Wilson) 15, "She told me the other day that her heart stopped for five minutes when that horrid nurse was rude to her." "Nonsense! She __ alive now if her heart __ for five seconds." (to be negative, to stop) (Shaw) 16. I think it __ her so much good to have a short stroll with you in the Park, Dr. Chasuble. (to do) (Wilde) 17. The story I have to tell __. never __ if one day I __ across the street, (to happen, to walk negative) (Maugham) 18. "She is so wretched," I told him, "that she __ gladly __ to-morrow morning if it __ for the baby." (to die, to be negative) (Hansford Johnson) 19. If I __ you I _ abroad agaia.. (to be, to go) (Hardy) 20. "I think, Edward," said Mrs. Dashwood, "you a happier man if you __ any profession to engage your time and give an interest-to your plans and actions. Some inconvenience to your friends, indeed, might result from it: you __ able to give them so much of your time." (to be, to have, to be negative) (Austen) 21. Jago was longing for me to say that he ought to be the next Master. A few years before I __ yes on the spot, (to say) (Snow) 22. And if I __ I was going to meet you, I __ differently. (to know, to dress) (/. Shaw) 23. If he __ here, send him to us at once, (to return) (Priestley) 24. 1 __ what I am but for him. (to be negative) (Maugham) 25. "Why are you talking this rubbish," he said, "and making me talk it too?" "If what you say __ true, women __ either poisonous or boringl" (to be, to be) (Murdoch) 26. Just think, if I __ the pictures I __ a rich woman now. (to buy, to be) (Maugham) 27. Mr. Gresham, this marriage will, at any rate, put an end to your pecuniary embarrassment, unless, indeed, Frank __ a hard creditor, (to prove) (Trollope) 28. Anyhow, a fire started, and if a young fellow who's working here __ instantly __ with an axe, their big storage tank of gasolene __ in the air and God knows what __ then, (to set about negative, to go up, to happen) We all __ with it. (to go) Honestly, we're all lucky to be alive. If it __ for this chap, we __ (to be negative, to be negative) (Priestley)
(Wilson)

Exercise 2. Translate into English, using the Subjunctive Mood where required (conditional sentences).

(A) 1. , (to keep late hours). 2. , . 3. , , . 4. , , , . 5. (to sit in the draught),. . 6. , . 7. , . 8. , . 9. , . 10. , . 11. , , , . 12. , . 13. , . 14. , . 15. , . 16. , , ? 17. , , . 18. , . 19. , , , . (B) (Based on an episode from David Copperfield by Ch. Dickens.) 1. , . 2. , , , (homeless) . 3. : , ; (to adopt) , . 4. , , - , , . 5. , . ,
60

 . 6. (kind) , , , . 7. , . , , , . 8. , , . 9. , . 10. (dull) . , , (to get stupefied), , . () 1. , , , . ... ? (. ) 2. (to moan), , . () 3. , (to turn in another direction)... () 4. , . , (to put oneself) . (. ) 5. , , (to put oneself at the point of view of somebody) , , , . (. ) 6. , ... , , . (. ) 7. , ... () 8. , m-lle Bourienne , . (. )
Exercise 3. Point out mood auxiliaries and modal verbs. Translate into Russian.

1. If Savina were with him at this moment, his doubts and loneliness would evaporate. (Wilson) 2. She felt if she could lose herself in her mother's arms she would be able to endure the pain that was so intense. (Caldwell) 3. Herzog pictured what might have happened if instead of listening so intensely and thoughtfully he had hit Madeleine in the face. (Bellow) 4. When she's alone and humiliated and broken it would be dreadful if she had nowhere to go. (Maugham) 5. I think, if he wouldn't mind, 1 should rather Hke him to spare me five minutes. (Snow) 6. If the tradition be ever broken it will be for an abler man than Stephen. (Shaw) 7. Jeff wished to suggest that it might be best if he went back to Lord's Creek. (Caldwell) 8. It would be worse than before if I should lose you now. (Greene) 9. I left a message for him... that I should be glad to see him for a moment on a matter of importance for himself, and that if he would look in here when he was passing he would be welcome. (Shaw) 10. He wondered what Bob Watson would say and do if he should happen to see one of his tenants' crops in that condition. (Caldwell) 11. My shirt and trousers, stained with heat, dew, grass, and the Kentish soil on which I had slept and torn besidesmight have frightened the birds from my aunt's garden, as I stood at the gate. (Dickens) 12. She thrilled from head to toe at the question. A piece of ice dropped down her back could not have startled her more. (Dreiser) 13. I should tell your son to keep away from him if I were you. (A. Wilson) 14. If I had gone overseas, instead of him, I might have learned something and been somebody. (Baum) 15. If she could have been compressed to about three quarters of her actual width, she would have been very attractive. (Amis)
Exercise 4. Insert the appropriate form of the Subjunctive Mood. Comment on the form and the use of the Subjunctive Mood. Translate into Russian (simple sentences, conditional sentences, adverbial clauses of purpose and concession).

1. She wanted him to be a member of Parliament only that he __ a claim on the gratitude of his party, (to have) (Maugham) 2. God __ me from such friends in future, (to save) (Lindsay) 3. Andrews turned up the collar of his coat, lest he __ (to recognize
61

passive) (Greene) 4. I am prepared to gratify all your whims, however unreasonable they __ (to be) (Maugham) 5. Do you think she __ and have lunch with me if I her? (to come, to telephone) (Hansford Johnson) 6. "Oh God __ you! How could you strike an otd woman like that?" (to forgive) (Shaw) 7. Tell them I leave my country that I __ free, and it is the end and the beginning, (to be) (Buck) 8. "Mr. Penty," said the doctor.... "in my experience, very few people are perfectly well, although they __ they are." (to imagine) (Priestley) 9. I keep a diary in order to enter the wonderful secrets of my life. If I __ them down, I __ probably __ all about them, (to write negative, to forget) (Wilde) 10. He seemed to be dozing when she returned, and she put the low fire together very softly lest she __ him. (to awake) (Dickens) 11. Whatever your father __ once __, to day he's decay; he's age; he's everything that's corrupt and evil, (to be) (Gow and DUsseau) 12. God __ for her kind heart, (to thank passive) (Lindsay) 13. If necessary, 1 could cable her to tell her his address in order that she __ Australia without seeing him. (to leave negative) (Shute) 14. I __ you if I __ a way out, but there isn't one. (to press negative, to see) (Maugham) 15. It was plain that however conscientious Cassilis __, however desperately hard and intelligently he __, he would never get his captaincy, (to be, to work) (Hansford Johnson) 16. And, fearful lest he __ Soames turned away and mounted slowly to his room, (to see passive) (Galsworthy) 17. This was true, and he __ to meditate on this sad confession if he __ otherwise engaged, (to pause, to be negative) (Murdoch) 18. He had to admit to himself that whatever Miss Dobb's faults __, she was the right sort of girl to take to a restaurant, (to be) (Lessing)
Exercise 5. Translate into English, using the Subjunctive Mood where required.

1. (acoustics); , . 2. ; , . 3. ,. . 4. , . 5. , . 6. : , . 7. , , , . 8. , . 9. : . , , . 10. , . 11. , . 12. , . 13. , . 14. , . 15. , , (to be pitch dark). 16. , . 17. , . 18. , . 19. , . 20. , .
Exercise 6. Insert the appropriate form ! the Subjunctive Mood. Comment on the form and the use of the Subjunctive Mood. Translate into Russian (simple sentences, conditional sentences, adverbial clauses of purpose, concession and comparison, predicative clauses, and subject clauses).

1. She took up her work and began to sew, as if it __ always __ her custom to work in this room, (to be) (Greene) 2. It's important that he __ what he wants, (to have) (A. Wilson) 3. Have you realized that though you __ towns and win battles, you cannot conquer a nation, (to occupy) (Shaw) 4. It was not Sir Edgar's intention that such a remarkable performance __ (to curtail passive) (A. Wilson) 5. You __ to carry so much weight if you __ the proper exercise, (to have negative, to take) (Caldwell) 6. Mrs. Strickland was taking her family to the coast of Norfolk, so that the children __ the sea and her husband golf, (to have) (Maugham) 7. You look as if you __ toothache... (to have)' (Wilde) 8. Then he looked at his hands; he looked at them as if he __ just __ he had them and __ yet __ what they were
62

for. (to discover, to puzzle out negative) (Faulkner) 9. The poor little woman will stand up for her brother, whatever he __ (to be) (James) 10. I thought it was necessary that we __ a short conversation before I left this house. (to have) (Maugham) 11. You are as right as can be and far __ it from me to tell you otherwise, (to be) (Dickens) 12. He sounded as though he __ us to see, __ himself to see, that he was happy. (to want negative, to want negative) (Snow) 13. I dared not express my anxiety, lest it __ her offence, (to give) (Dickens) 14. Without his help she __ never __ able to achieve an independent establishment and a clientele, (to be) (Murdoch) 15. After a while she saw Tommy. She went straight towards him, as if she __ for him all the while, (to look) (Faulkner) 16. We must remember that though she __ grievously in leaving her home, she is still our sister, (to err) (Hardy) 17. If only he __ freel (to be) (Galsworthy) 18. Letters came to her from the family worded with a sort of anxious astonishment that Soames __ such a thing happen to him. (to have) (Galsworthy) 19. She had brought the nurse back to attend to Laura, so that all her time __ for her husband and his mother, (to be) (Hansford Johnson)
Exercise 7. Translate into English, using the Subjunctive Mood where required.

(A) Based on an episode from Vanity Fair by W. Thackeray. 1. , - , . 2. , , ( ), (to give up) (parties), . 3. (Chiswick), , , - . 4. , , , , . 5. (in every way possible) . , . 6. , , , . , . 7. , (worst enemy). 8. , , . , , . 9. , , , , . , , , . 10. , , . () 1. (separation), , ... () 2. ... : , ! Farewell! () 3. , , , , , . (. ) 4. ... , , . (. ) 5. (to intend) , , , , ... () 6. ; , , . () 7. [] , , , , . (. ) 8.... , . (. ) 9. (to tell) , ,
63

 ... (. ) 10. : , ... ()

Exercise 8. Insert the appropriate form of the Subjunctive Mood. Comment on the form and the use ol the Subjunctive Mood. Translate into Russian (object clauses, attributive clauses, sentences with the emotional should).

1. Strange that so simple a thing __ birth to beautiful delight. (to give) (Young) 2. I wish I __ what has frightened you so. (to know) (Shaw) 3. I hajte telephones. I wish I __ never __ one put in. (to have) (Maugham) 4. When we had sat for an hour or so, she insisted that we __ all __ to the restaurant beiow and have supper, (to go) (Hansford Johnson) 5....that they __ before nine o'clock to see him off was astounding, (to arise) (Sinclair) 6. It's time I __ a new leaf, (to turn over) (Du Maurier) 7. Oh! I am so ill! so miserable! Oh, I wish I __ dead, (to be) (Shaw) 8. Apart from his awe, and his concern that the tent __ up, Goldstein was watching the storm with a fascinated interest, (to remain) (Mailer) 9. I proposed that we __ all __ and eat ices in the park, (to go) (Maugham) 10. I wish Fleur __ seriously to watercolour work. (to take) (Galsworthy) 11. Why __ people __ with others like that? (to interfere) (Galsworthy) 12. I appreciate your coming, yet in a way I wish you __ (to come negative) (Hansford Johnson) 13. I suggest that he __ home for a while, (to go) (Maugham) 14. I wish I __ your talent, (to have) (/. Shaw) 15. It seemed unbearable to him that she __ (to suffer) (Greene) 16. I thought also of Field himself, of his easy charm, of his genuine desire that all __ happy so long as it involved no inconvenience to himself, (to be) (Hansford Johnson) 17. Soon I said that it was time I __ home, (to go) (Snow) 18. She wished he __ pestering her with this sort of reminder, (to stop) (Lessing) 19. "I demand," says the small man, "that you __ with me." (to come) (Saroyari) 20. "I want to be treated with respect," Miss Zelinka wailed. "I was brought up in a good family, why __ I __ with respect?" (to treat negative, passive) (/. Shaw)
Exercise 9. Translate into English, using the Subjunctive Mood (object clauses and attributive clauses).

(A) 1. , . , , . 2. , . , . 3. , . . 4. , , . 5. , . 6. (to have a good ear for music). , . . 7. , . 8. , ; , . 9. , , . 10. , . 11. , ; , . 12. , . 13. . , . 14. , , . 15. , . 16. , . 17. (to be anxious), . 18. , , . 19. ; (to be off). 20. . () 1. . (. ) 2. , , , , . (. ) 3.... , ( ) . (. ) 4. , ,
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 , ... , . () 5.... St.-Jerome... (to go for a ride) . (. ) 6. , (to announce somebody). (. ) 7. , , , , ... (. ) 8. , , . ()
Exercise 10. Translate into English, using the emotional should.

(A) Based on an episode from Oliver Twist by Ch. Dickens. 1. , , . , . 2. , ; , , , . , ? 3. , , . (it is impossible), , . 4. , , . , , (to be disappointed in somebody) (B) 1. ? ; ? () 2. , ? (. ) 3. , , , , , , . (. ) 4. , ?.. . . (. ) 5. , , . (. ) 6. ?., (to try one's luck). ()
Exercise 11. Insert the appropriate form of the Subjunctive Mood. Comment on the form and the use of the Subjunctive Mood. Translate into Russian.

1. Strickland was certainly forty, and I thought it disgusting that a man of his age __ himself with affairs of the heart, (to concern) (Maugham) 2. He brightened as if he __ a gift. (to. receive) (Lawrence) 3, I wish you __ me alone now. (to leave) (Dreiser) 4. It's time I __ it out again from the beginning, (to think) (Snow) 5. When I suggested that he __ to bed he said he could not sleep. (to go) (Maugham) 6....glancing sidelong at his nephew, he thought: "I wish I __ his age!" (to be) (Galsworthy) 7. If I __ you and __ going to be a banker, I __ first __ a year or so in some good grain and commission house, (to be, to be, to spend) (Dreiser) 8. "God __ us always," I said, "from the innocent and the good." (to save) (Greene) 9. She held her baby up to the window that she __ the pretty silvery tinkle of the little bells on the pagoda, (to hear) (Buck) 10. She had a conviction that, long as she __, her aunt would live at least as long, and always retain her brilliancy and activity, (to live) (James) 11. The arrangement was that Miss Everdene __ them by coming there for a day or two... (to honour) (Hardy) 12. She was by now feeling so happy that she __ for joy if it __ for the delicious spell which she felt herself to be under and which still enjoined silence, (to shout, to be negative) (Murdoch) 13. Why __ he __ the one to hurt her, when really he had wanted to be her friend from the beginning? (to be) (Saroyan) 14. For a fortnight it was necessary that someone __ with him all night, and she took turns at watching with her husband, (to stay) (Maugham) 15. Lady Bracknell, I admit with shame that I do not know. I only wish I __ (to do) (Wilde) 16. Hunter was anxious that a certain person __ it. (to see negative) (Murdoch) 17. Except for the unexpectedly sad lines which ran from his nose to the corners of his mouth he __ like a boy. (to look) (Mailer) 18. Her face looked strange, as if she __ to cry and __ how. (to want, to forget) (Galsworthy) 19. But I still don't begin to understand why these people, however silly they __ about their beliefs, __ ready to risk
65

murder, (to be, to be) (Priestley) 20. They were a pleasant pair, and I told myself it was far better that Avice __ him than Roger. (to marry) (Snow) 21. Heaven __ me, I left you alone with that scoundrel, (to forgive) (Shaw) 22. Mrs. Mann gave him a piece of bread-andbutter, Test he __ too hungry when he got to the work-house. (to seem) (Dickens) 23. He was still puffing and blowing as if he __ just __ a mile, (to run) (Priestley) 24. I regret to say, Miss Chiltern, that I have no influence at all over my son. I wish I __.. If I __, I know what I __ him do. (to have, to have, to make) (Wilde) 25. "I want to marry Aileen," Cowperwood repeated, for emphasis' sake. "She wants to marry me. Under the circumstances, however you __, you can have no real objection to my doing that, I am sure." (to feel) (Dreiser) 26. Besides, it's high time you __ down, (to settle) (Maugham) 27. Sir Gregory Hatchland was a poor public speaker,... but he had seen to it that there some good speakers on the platform, (to be) (Priestley) 28. She ran down to her cabin that she __ the ship pulling away and widening the chasm between her and her beloved shore, (to see negative) (Buck) 29. I wish you __ me. (to interrupt negative) (Maugham) 30. There had been a time when I __ surprised to see girls like Avice and Tonia drink spirits, but I had come to accept it as another of the things which are inevitable in these troubled days of ours and I could not see any possible reason why they __ whisky if they liked it. (to be, to drink negative) (Snow) 31. Far __ it from me to marry any woman on account of her money, (to be) (Trotlope) 32. Your father tells me you think highly of his accomplishments whatever they __ (to be) (Lindsay) 33. A little Jater Fox suggested that he __ her a monthly allowance, in addition to the rent of the room, (to pay) (Murdoch) 34. She __ to bed last night just as if nothing __ if I __ her. (to go, to happen, to let) (Shaw) 35. She [Aileen] was greatly outraged to think you __ detectives on her trail, (to put) (Dreiser) 36. Perhaps, if such a thing __ again, Mrs. de Winter will tell me personally? (to happen) (Du Maurier) 37. It seemed to me important that the weather __, not the least cloud __ on the horizon; I was almost frightened to stare too long at the colour of the water lest it __ or darken by the least degree, (to change negative, to appear, to dull) (Hansford Johnson) 38. He wished now that he __ to look at. Fleur's portrait; it __ him something to talk of. (to stop, to give) (Galsworthy) 39. My people told me this story about the man so that I __ what a fool he was and not be like him. (to understand) (Saroyan) 40. I am feeling very drowsy, and it is time I __ to bed. (to go) (Maugham) 41. As she spoke to me she was glancing about the bar, her gaze hopping from one face to the next, as if it __ imperative that she __ nothing of what was going on in a shrivelling world, no matter how trivial it __ (to be, to miss, to be) (Hansford Johnson) 42. I wish you __ with your work instead of interrupting me all the time, (to get on) (Maugham) 43. Why __ there __ one law for men, and another for women? (to be) (Wilde) 44. She proposed that in a little while she and 1 __ married, (to get) (Coppard) 45. Anything's better than to sit there as if you __ you __ a thousand miles away, (to wish, to be) (Shaw)
Exercise 12. Translate into English, using the Subjunctive Mood. (Based on an episode from David Copperfield by Ch. Dickens.)

1. , , . 2. , . 3. , . 4. , , . 5. , . 6. , , . (it is impossible), . 7. ? . , ! 8. , . 9. , , . 10.

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, , , . 11. , . 12. , , . 13. , , , . 14. (dearly) , , . 15. , , . 16. , . 17. , , . , . 18. (Salem House) . , . 19. , . 20. , (to divert oneself from something).
Exercise 13. Insert should or would and state whether they are auxiliary or modal. Translate into Russian.

1. She smiled; her smile was really very sweet, and she blushed a little; it was singular that a woman of that age __ flush so readily. (Maugham) 2. He glanced at Sir Edgar, but the old man __ not share the joke. (A. Wilson) 3. Richard proposed that we all __ go to London together. (Dickens) 4. He saw a thousand things he __ have done, but had not done. (Jones) 5. It is no use, I fear, to ask Tod; but of course if he __ come too, both4 Stanley and myself __ be delighted. (Galsborthy) 6. I wish you __ not talk about that, Father. (Dreiser) 7. Her eyes were fixed on Lady Arabella, and her position seemed to say that it was time that her ladyship _ go. (Trollope) 8. At the gate of Huntercombe whom __ they meet but Compton Bassett, looking very pale and unhappy? (Reade) 9. It was lonely! A woman in the room __ have made all the difference. (Galsworthy) 10. I asked him one or two questions, but he __ not answer. (Maugham) 11. I wish you not talk like that. (Hardy) 12. He looked more than ever out of place: he __ have stayed at home. (Greene) 13. I went to my bureau, with a sort of haste and trembling lest Madame __ creep upstairs and spy me. (Ch. Bronte) 14. You see that it is necessary that he __ pay us a visit, don't you? (Shaw) 15. Why __ you expect her to act as you __ act yourselves? (Galsworthy) 16. Now again he had forgotten that unemployment was not a mark of the lazy man; that the beggar did not beg because he __ not work. (Greene) 17. She promised to inform him if anything important __ occur. (Reade) 18. In his weary and hungry state, he __ never have come here. (Dreiser) 19. Please, say to Mr. Townsend that I wish he __ leave me alone. (James) 20. It is most important that you __ be good. (Shaw) 21. He hesitated. "It's queer that you __ be treating me like this, like a friend." (Greene) 22. During I the year she was sent to a Chinese boarding-school where she was given an education in her own language, for Carie __ not sepa- \ rate the child from her own people. (Buck) 23. I was thinking angrily of Roger. He __ have broken the news himself. (Snow) 24. He says, naturally enough, that it is absurd that he __ be asked to provide for the children of a man who is rolling in money. (Shaw) 25. I swore that I forgave her everything, but she __ not listen. (Maugham)
Exercise 14. Comment on the Subjunctive Mood and modal verbs. Translate into Russian.

1. There was no immediate answer, but presently I heard my name again, in a tone so very mysterious and awful, that I think I should have gone into a fit, if it had not occurred to me that it must have come through the keyhole. (Dickens) 2. As he walked along the north side of a certain street, what should he see but the truly beautiful and remarkable eyes of Mr. Angelo. (Reade) 3....you should never neglect a chance, however small it may seem. (Conan Doyle) 4. I hope he may not return here just yet. I pray God he may not come into my sight, for I may be tempted beyond myself. (Hardy) 5. Annette sighed. If Nicholas
67

were only here, he would advise her. As he was not here, should she confide in Rosa? That was the question. (Murdoch) 6. Harper Steger... walked always as though he were a cat and a dog were! prowling somewhere in the offing. (Dreiser) 7. It was as if she had received a physical blow and were rocking on her feet. (Heym) 8. She had suggested that Abraham arrive precisely at one-thirty. (Stone) 9. If 1 were to dieand I may die soonit would be dreadful that you should always think mistakenly of me. (Trollope) 10. She strove to ensnare him with comfort and would not see that comfort meant nothing to him. (Maugham) 11. I wished he would not always treat me as a child. (Du Maurier) 12. It is likely that except for the instruction of his grandfather, Karl himself would now be more like the other children. He would not have the military manner of walking which is the chief difference between him and the other children. (Saroyan) 13. He proposedto change his will to the effect that his collection should be bequeathed to the city only on certain conditions, the most important of which was that I should be retained as curator. (Hansford Johnson) 14. His spirits fell, however, when, upon reaching the park, he waited and waited and Carrie did not come. Could something have happened out there to keep her away? (Dreiser) 15. I never saw a man so hot in my life. I tried to calm him, that we might come to something rational; but he got hotter and hotter, and wouldn't hear a word. (Dickens) 16. I think you might have the decency to treat me as a prisoner of war, and shoot me like a man instead of hanging me like a dog. (Shaw) 17. At lunch she did not tell Michael she was going he might want to come, too, or at least to see her off. (Galsworthy) 18. It's odd, bethought, very odd; I must be mistaken. Why should he have followed me this distance? (Greene) 19. My only terror was lest my father should follow me. (Eliot) 20. But I find now that you left me in the dark as to matters which you should have explained to me years ago. (Shaw) 21. Tony must have had several drinks by the time Erik arrived, and he insisted that Erik join him in still one more. (Wilson) 22. It would be monstrously selfish if I disturbed a state of things which is eminently satisfactory to you both. I will not come between you. (Maugham) 23. You shall smart for this!.. You shall rue it to the end of your days. (Conan Doyle) 24. And I will arrange that the funeral shall take place early tomorrow. (Hardy) 25. Your husband shall be treated exactly as if he were a member of the royal family. No gratitude, it would embarrass me, I assure you. (Shaw) 26. He felt as if something in him were collapsing. (Heym) 27. I am sure this William Wallace is a fine fellow... but I can't see why my daughter should marry without even sending me an invitation to the wedding. (Stone) 28. Stener was to be sentenced the maximum sentence for his crime in order that the party and the courts should appear properly righteous. (Dreiser) 29. Vincent knew that his sketches from life were not all what they should have been; but he was confident that if he worked hard they would come right in the end. (Stone) 30. An old gentleman suggested that she walk' to the village where she might yet catch the bus to the Plaza. (Baum) 31. This was to be the very last dinner he would ever eat at Mrs. Fawset's...; but he did not know this and neither did Mrs. Fawset. (Priestley) 32. That girl that I spoke of was to have married me twenty years ago. She was forced into marrying that same Drebber, and broke her heart over it. (Conan Doyle) 33. Indoors nothing was to be heard save the droning of blue-bottle flies. (Hardy) 34. The light was not good where they had stopped, and he might have made a mistake. (Priestley) 35. No doubt life held many strange secrets. Perhaps it was essential that somebody should investigate them. However that might be, the call of his was in another direction. His business was to make money. (Dreiser) 36. Your feelings do you honour. You are young; may you never outlive your feelings! (Dickens) 37. This mayn't be the first time you've pulled me out of a mess, but I swear it shall be the last. (Hansford Johnson). 38. He insisted that the boy remain in bed. (Cronin) 39. I ought not to have left Knapwater last night. I wish I had not. (Hardy) 40. You must have mistaken him, my dear. He could not have intended to say that. (Trollope) 41. Hooker repeated the name as if he had never heard it before. (Priestley) 42. If the tradition be ever broken it will be for an abler man than Stephen. (Shaw) 43. Whatever unfortunate entanglement my dear boy may have got into, I
68

will never reproach him with it after we are married. (Wilde) 44. I may have been foolish, inspector, but I've never done anything wrong before the law. (Lindsay)
Exercise IS. Follow the direction for Exercise 14.

1. Erik carried the books silently down to his own office, picked up his hat and coat as though he were in a daze and left the building. It would be a lovely thing, he thought, if Haviland were to get killed in an accident tomorrow so that nobody would ever know what a fool Erik was going to make of himself in embarking upon an impossible job. (Wilson) 2. He began to whistle to the snake, to see if the music would have any effect on its movements, if it would make the snake dance... but the snake would not dance. (Saroyan) 3. If she [little Emily] should come home while I'm away... or if I should bring her back, my meaning is, that she and me shall live and die where no one can reproach her. (Dickens) 4, That she should have been there, to hear everythingit was the last thing he had wanted. (Cronin) 5. Later that evening, he got still another confirmation that he must be on the right track no matter what anyone else might say. (Wilson) 6. When he reached the top landing, he had to stop, not simply because he was out of breath, but because a swelling excitement inside threatened to suffocate him. (Priestley) 7. She [Fleur] looked as if as if she might do something to herself! She had no veronal, or anything of that sort, he hoped. And all the time he was wondering what had happened. If the issue were still doubtful if she were still waiting, she might be restless, feverish, but surety she would not look like thisl No! It was defeat. (Galsworthy) 8. She never condemned him for not earning money, or suggested that he do anything but paint. (Stone) 9. The assistant Commissioner stood at the corner as if he had forgotten something... I wish I had spoken to that man, the Assistant Commissioner thought, I wish I had asked him how he came to be unemployed; it might have been possible to find him work; but what good after all would that have been?... he is only one; it is impossible for me to help these men, only the state can do that... (Greene) 10. How good he had always been to herl Incredible that he should die and take that goodness away, that she should never hear his flat-toned voice again, or feel the touch of his moustache on her cheeks or forehead. Incredible that he should never give her a chance to show that she had really loved him. (Galsworthy) 11. Should I encounter the rascal in the street or a tavern... he would treat me familiarly as though I were his dearest friend. (Lindsay) 12. Whatever else he might have been, beyond question he was Lord Cranstoun's brother. When a few days later he left with his kinsman Lord Mark for a stay in Bath, I began to hope that he might take this opportunity to slip away from Henley. (Lindsay) 13. Mr. Lightwood would propose to me, if I would let him. (Dickens) 14. What I want is that Tod should be made to see that his family mustn't quarrel with his nearest neighbours. (Galsworthy) 15. But Bronwen must have seen me strain to move and speak, for she left the chair quickly as though she had jumped. (Llewellyn) 16. She was a business woman of high acumen, who saw to it that I should meet all people who might possibly be of professional value to me in the future. (Hansford Johnson) 17. It was the kind of outcry no little gentleman should ever permit himself, however deeply he may be aggrieved. (Wells) 18. May your life together be as happy as mine and my old woman's has been. (Abrahams) 19. I did not have to meet Ellen's eye, as she would not glance in my direction. (Hansford Johnson) 20. I should value it if you would keep me in touch. (Snow) 21. "You should not have made me wait so long," he said. "I don't know how I have been living; every hour seemed like years. You should have decided sooner." (James) 22. It was important to him that she should be alone, that she should be available to speak with him privately at any hour, that she should be able to entertain his anonymous guests. (Murdoch) 23. Whatever Rose may have been, she is not now a responsible scholar. (A. Wilson) 24. I'm in favour now. It may not last twelve months. Things may begin to go the other way. You ought to know what to expect... For all we know, I'm at the top of the hill tonight. I may start moving downwards tomorrow. Or perhaps I've already started. We 've all got to remember that. (Snow) 25. And now the day arrived when Mr. Dorrit and his family were to leave the
69

prison for ever, and the stones of its much-trodden pavement were to know them no more. (Dickens) 26. Nina stood stiffly for a moment, as if she were about to cry out. (Murdoch) 27. After all, if he had any talent I should be the first to encourage it. If it weren't for the children, I wouldn't mind anything. I could be just as happy in a -shabby studio in Chelsea as in this flat. (Maugham) 28. You shall come, whether you like it or not. (Reade) 29. As Dr. Thome is our hero... and as Mary 'Thorne is to be our heroine... it is necessary that she shall be introduced and explained and described in a proper, formal manner. (Trollope) 30. The fact is, sir, I have made up my mind that Mary Thorne shall be my wife sooner or later, that is unless, of course, she should utterly refuse. (Trollope) 31. When so much has been written about Charles Strickland, it may seem unnecessary that I should write more. (Maugham) 32. There is no flattery too gross for a male. However much you may be on your guard, however much you ma'y think you dislike it, you will find yourself instinctively angling for female flattery and getting it. (Aldington) 33. God may soften major Swindon's heart. (Shaw) 34. Notwithstanding he thought it better that she should not remain in everyday contact with his father and one day he suggested that they should go back to live in Florence. Laura and the Count were astonished that he should propose such a thing and would not hear of it. (Maugham) 35. If I'd only waited, perhaps it would have gone all right. I shouldn't have been so impatient. Oh, poor child, what have I driven her to? (Maugham) 36. "She might have gone back home, you know." "She might, but I'll bet anything she hasn't." (Priestley) 37. He twisted himself a little round that he might more easily use the paper, pen and ink I had brought him. (Lindsay) 38. Of course, I told myself, he might have been detained for some reason at the American Legation, but surely in that case he would have telephoned to the restaurant he was very meticulous about small courtesies. (Greene) 39. She had to show herself half an hour later, and she was sustained at table by the immensity of her desire that her father should not perceive that anything had happened. (James) 40. Aunt Juley tried to say something pleasant: "And how will dear Irene like living in the country?" June gazed at her intently, with a look in her eyes as if her conscience had suddenly leaped up into them; it passed; and an even more intent look took its place, as if she had stared that conscience out of countenance. She replied imperiously: "Of course she'll like it; why shouldn't she?" Mrs. Small grew nervous. "I didn't know," she said, "I thought she mightn't like to leave her friends. Your Uncle James says she doesn't take enough interest in life. We think. I mean Timothy thinks she ought to go out more. I expect you'll miss her very much!" June clasped her hands behind her neck. "I do wish," she cried, "Uncle Timothy wouldn't talk about what doesn't concern himl" (Galsworthy)
Exercise 16. Translate into English, using the Subjunctive Mood and modal verbs where required.

(A) Based on an episode from In Chancery by J. Galsworthy. 1. (country house), , . 2. , . , . , , . , , . 3. , . . , ? 4. , , . , . , . 5. (after all these years of utter separation). . , . . 6. , , : , . 7. , . 8. , ( ) . 9.
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 , . , (to be sprayed) . 10. . (to interfere with somebody)? . . 11. : . , (to abandon one's legitimate interest)? . 12. . (to be anxious), . , , , , . (B) Based on an episode irora Jane Eyre by Ch. Bronte. 1. TaKojni , , (the fairy land), , . 2. , , , . , , , . , , . 3. , (to break off the ceremony), , (to open) . 4. , , . , . , . 5. , . , , . 6. , , . , . , , . 7. , (to be anxious), , . 8. , , . 9. , (wedding day) . () Based on Running for Governor by M. Twain. . , (pre-election campaign), (to be nominated for governor) -. , , , . , , (to gain by a lawsuit) (Cochin-China) (patch of land). . , . , ? . , , ? , , , (to bear the same name). , , . . . , , . , , (fellow-workers) (to lose) , , , . . (to lay a charge upon somebody), , . . , . .
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 , (to ruin); , (to refute) . . , , , . . , . (platform), , (to clasp somebody around his legs), , : ! . . , . (D) Based on a fairy-tale. (Cinderella) , . , (to please) , . , (to find fault with somebody). (to announce), . . , . , ! . , ! , , ! , ? , . , . , . , . , . , , . , . : . . : (to enjoy oneself), . , ( , ) (moonbeams), (to step) . . , ; ( , ) . , , , , - . , . . , . , . , (to drive) . , . ? . (to be lost to somebody)? , , . , (to try on) (glass slipper), . , , , . , . . , . (to slip on with the greatest ease), (dismay) , . , .
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() 1. , , . (. ) 2. , , . (. ) 3. , , , ... (to be weighed down by something). () 4. , , ; , - , ... () 5. ... () 6. (to feel better); . () 7. , , , . () 8. , , . () 9. . (lime-flower tea). , . () 10. ... (. ) 11. , , (to disturb) , . (. ) 12. ... , , ... (. ) 13. , , ... . (. ) 14. , . () 15. , ! . (to live long) . () 16. , , (matrimony). () 17. , , - , . (to start one's work), , , . () 18. , , , ; , . () 19. , , , . () 20. , ? , , , ... () 21. , ... () 22. : . () 23. , , , . () 24. __ , , . (. ) 25. , , . , , , , , . (. ) 26. , , , . (. ) 27. , (to stay) , ... (. ) 28. ... , , . (. ) 29. , , , , , (to define). (. ) 30. , , , , [] . (. ) 31.... , , ... (. ) 32. ? , ,
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 . , ! (. ) 33. , . (. ) 34. , . () 35. , , (to hurt somebody's pride). () 36. ; . () THE NON-FINITE FORMS OF THE VERBS (VERBALS) THE PARTICIPLE
Exercise 1. Insert the appropriate form oi Participle I.

1. Derek, who had slept the sleep of the dead, __ none for two nights, woke __ of Nedda. (to have, to think) (Galsworthy) 2. The street was full of people, t- and __ home, (to laugh, to go) (Greene) 3. The gypsy smiled, __ his teeth, (to show) (Hemingway) 4. While __ my directions, he glanced at me now and then, suspiciously, from under his frost-white eye-lashes, (to obey) (Ch. Bronte) 5. __ them, he raised his coffee cup. (to watch) (Cronin) 6. It (the letter] contained very little matter, __ in haste; but the meaning was bulky enough, (to write) (Hardy) 7. He went upstairs again, __ past the door, and, __ his room, switched on the light, (to tiptoe, to enter) (Galsworthy) 8. The missionary, __ daily opportunities of looking at this seascape for thirty years or so, pays no heed to it, __ in trimming a huge red geranium bush. (to have, to absorb) (Shaw) 9. __ my back on him I started down the steps, (to turn) (Clark) 10. At that moment he was plunged in the depth of an easy-chair, __ to by Mr. Vandernoodt. (to talk) (Eliot) 11. There was only one candle __ on the rough board table. (to ficker) (Stone) 12. Boldwood, __ her comparatively isolated, came up to her side, (to see) (Hardy) 13. On the sultry platform of Grand Central he opened the bulky Times..., __ the valise on his feet, (to set) (Priestley) 14. Young Herndon had done preparatory work at Illinois College for a year but, not __ to the college proper, had returned home, (to admit) (Stone) 15. __ his hands and __ a towel over his face, he followed her down the stairs of the hushed house, (to wash, to pass) (Galsworthy) 16. Frank __ the step on the gravel, turned sharply round. (to hear) (Trollope) 17. She had not brought him money or position, __ no more than the daughter of a Wort ley doctor, (to be) (Cronin) 18. Abraham was back at the end of three weeks, __ an extra eighty miles, (to ride) (Stone) 19. Then swiftly __ neither to left nor right, she returned to Adrian, (to look) (Galsworthy) 20. And __ this in her official and impersonal tone of voice, the chambermaid then grinned, winked and vanished, (to say) (Priestley) 21. The campaign progressed uneventfully, from day to day, no longer __ in news broadcasts, (to mention) (Mailer) 22. __ that no one else was coming, Mr. Lincoln rose, (to see) (Stone) 23. __ dinner, Soames lighted the second of his two daily cigars, and took up the earpieces of the wireless, (to finish) (Galsworthy)
Exercise 2. State the form and the function of Participle I. Translate into Russian.

1. Having traversed seven hundred miles he was now travelling toward the border of the United States. (Horgan) 2. There was a tiny smile playing about the corners of his mouth. (Stone) 3. He bad a beautiful old house in Queen Anne Street, and being a man of taste he had furnished it admirably. (Maugham) 4. Dona Carlotta covered her face with her hand, as if swooning. (Lawrence) 5. Turning in anger, she gave John a shove, spilling his tea. (Lindsay) 6. To Maggie, the new protective gentleness of her son was sweet, and also very frightening. (Lessing) 7. Judging him by his figure and his movements, he was still young. (Collins) 8. Placing his drink upon the mantlepiece the ex-convict stood for a moment observing the young man out of the corner of his eye. (Cronin) 9. Being very tired with his walk however, he soon fell asleep and forgot his" troubles. (Dickens) 10. He [Lincoln] raised his eyes, looked at her as though peering over the top of spectacles. (Stone) 11. There were four girls sitting on the wooden benches of the agency's front room. (/. Shaw) 12. Having shaken hands with them, he brought his own hands together with a sharp slap. (Priestley) 13. Manuel went in, carrying his suitcase. (Hemingway) 14. While pondering this problem, I sat
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in the dormitory window-seat. (Ch. Bronte) 15". I am going to Rome, having friends there. (Dickens) 16. There was sunlight coming in through the shutters. (Hemingway) 17. Abraham appeared at noon the next day, bringing with him two hundred dollars in cash. (Stone) 18. Much of the afternoon I looked out of the window, as though thinking, but not really thinking. (Snow) 19. He was thoughtful for a moment while leaning perilously close to the fire. (Stone) 20. Cecilia had heard very little being absorbed in her own reflections. (Crawford)21. Having breakfasted, out I went. (Ch. Bronte) 22. He looked at his father listening with a kind of painful desperation. (Cronin) 23. She recrossed her legs comfortably, as though preparing for a long session on the sofa. (/. Shaw) 24. Never having encouraged friends to drop in spontaneously, she was almost totally alone. (Stone) 25. A cold wind swept the pavement, bearing a scrap of silver paper from a chocolate box across the lamplight. (Greene)
Exercise 3. Translate into English, using Participle I where possible.

(A) 1. , . 2. , , . 3. , , . 4. , , . 5. , , . 6. , . 7. , . 8. , (to leave something in the left luggage room). 9. , . 10. , (to come across). 11. , . 12. , (to be fully recovered). 13. , , . 14. , , . () Based on an episode from Uncle Tom's Cabin by H. E. Beecher-Stowe. 1. , , . 2. , , . 3. , ., . 4. , (public house). 5. , , . 6. , . 7. , . 8. , , (to overlook the river). 9. , . 10. , . 11. , (to open to the river). 12. , . 13. (a slab of ice), . 14. (to leap) , . 15. , , .
Exercise 4. State the function oi Participle II, Translate into Russian.

1. Stirred by the beauty of the twilight, he strolled away from the hotel. (Cronin) 2. All the country near him was broken and wooded. (Aldington) 3. For a moment the trio stood as if turned to stone. (Murdoch) 4. Through the dark hall, guarded by a large black stove... I followed her into the saloon. (Mansfield) 5. If left to myself, I should infallibly have let this chance slip. (Ch. Bronte) 6. He spoke when spoken to, politely and without much relevance. (Hansford Johnson) 7. He cast upon her one more look, and was gone. (Hichens) 8. Miss Brodrick, though not personally well known in the county, had been spoken well of by all men. (Trollope) 9. Prepared, then for any consequences, I formed a project. (Ch. Bronte) 10. Thus absorbed, he would sit for hours defyng interruption. (Stone) U. As directed, I took the
75

lead, almost happily. (Salinger) 12. He looked at her for a moment as though amazed at her friendliness. (Greene) 13. Fancy a married woman doomed to live on from day to day without one single quarrel with her husband. (Jerome K. Jerome) 14. He bowed low when presented to Dinny. (Galsworthy) 15. Displeased and uncertain Brande gazed from his son to the Spanish gardener. (Cronin)
Exercise 5. Translate into English, using Participle II where possible.

1. , . 2. , (to tell the truth). 3. . 4. (to cage). 5. , (to ask for). 6. . 7. , . 8. , . 9. , . 10. , . 11. , , (to cut) .
Exercise 6. Insert Participle I or II.

1. It was a windy day, and the air __ on Little Dorrit's face soon brightened it. (to stir) (Dickens) 2. He took a __ strip of paper from his vest and gave it to the reporter, (to fold) (Faulkner) 3. There was one bright star __ in the sky. (to shine) (Dickens) 4. He reminded you of a __ sheep __ aimlessly hither and thither, (to frighten, to run) (Maugham) 5. At one end was a group of beautiful women exquisitely __, __ diamonds on their heads and bosoms... (to gown, to wear) (Stone) 6. Maxim stooped, and picked up a __ petal and gave it to me. (to fall) (Du Maurier) 7. They came to the quiet little station __ by a single bulb, almost __ in a mass of oleander and vines and palmettos, (to light, to hide) (Faulkner) 8. She remained silent but her silence was like a question __ in the dark between them. (to hang) (Lessing) 9. With __ eyes he leaned back on the bench, (to close) () 10. We walked down the hall and down the wide thickly __ stairs, (to carpet) (Hemingway) 11. There were __ candles on the table, (to light) (Hemingway) 12. There was a long line of __ trucks and carts on the road __ up the bridge, (to abandon, to lead) (Hemingway) 13. A tall, thin man with a sharp pointed face sat at a table __ for dinner, (to lay) (Greene) 14. The voice had something __ in it. (to appeal) (Dreiser) 15. There was a balcony along the second floor __ by the columns, (to hold up) (Hemingway) 16. On the next afternoon Horace went out to his sister's, again in a car. (to hire) (Faulkner)
Exercise 7. Translate into English, using Participle I or II as an attribute where possible.

(A) 1. , (of late years), . 2. , , 1 . 3. , , . 4. , . 5. , , . 6. , . 7. , , . 8. , . 9. , 12 , (to post, to deliver) . 10. , , . 11. , (the Tchaykovsky music contest). (B) 1. , . () 2. , (to fall) ... () 3. []. (. ) 4. (to assign) . () 5. , , . () 6.
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, , (open) . () 7. [] , . () 8. , [] ... () 9. [ ] . , . (. ) 10. , , (to furnish) . () 11. , , , . (. ) 12. , , . (. ) 13. [] ... , (chief secretary). (. ) 14. (bewildered) ... (. ) 15. , , ... . ()
Exercise 8. Translate into English, using the Participle where possible. (Based on an episode from Oliver Twist by Ch. Dickens).

1. , , . 2. , , . 3. , , , , , . 4. , , - (to know), . 5. , . 6. , , . 7. , . 8. , , (to surround), . 9. , . 10. , (companions) , , . 11. , (errand), . 12. , (to raise an alarm), . 13. , , , .
Exercise 9. Point out the Objective and the Subjective Participial Construction. Translate into Russian.

1. In the midday quiet of the bush she heard a small bird singing. (Young) 2. The taxi could be seen waiting outside. (Murdoch) 3. His face clouded when he heard his name spoken. (Greene) 4. She had the drawing-room redecorated. (Maugham) 5. All the while she felt her heart beating with a vague fear. (Eliot) 6. The darkness found him occupied with these thoughts. The darkness found Mr. and Mrs. Plornish knocking at his door. (Dickens) 7. Somewhere a long way off a telephone bell rang and a voice could be heard speaking. (Greene) 8. For their New Year's Eve party she had all the furniture moved out of the parlor and sitting-room. (Stone) 9. Get your things packed. (Cronin) 10. Temple heard the woman fumbling at the wall. (Faulkner) 11. The two- men were heard descending. (Dickens) 12. Two days later she heard sleigh bells coming up the drive. (Stone) 13. They wanted the Committee convened over the week-end. (Snow) 14. She had her bed moved to the corner of the porch. (Buck) 15. Mary could feel Elizabeth reviewing their hopes and dreams, their relationship as sisters. (Stone) 16. She averted her eyes each time she found herself being stared at. (Caldwell) 17. The din in the entrance hall continued, and more vehicles could be heard arriving at the door. (Murdoch) 18. She heard the musicians tuning up in the back parlour. (Stone)

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Exercise 10. Translate into English, using the Objective or the Subjective Participial Construction.

(A) 1. . , - . 2. , - . 3. , . 4. , . 5. , , . , . (B) 1. (garden gate). . () 2. , ... (. ) 3. , , (to come out). () 4. , (to come on board). (. ) 5. , (to run up the alley) . (. )
Exercise 11. Translate into English, using the verb to have or to get followed by the Objective Participial Construction.

1. . 2. , , ? (to be out of tune). 3. , . 4. ? 5. ? 6. ? 7. 8. ? 9. , ( ). 10. -; ?

Exercise 12. Point out the Nominative Absolute Participial Construction. State what kind of adverbial modifier it expresses. Translate into Russian.

1. The weather being dark and piercing cold, he had no great temptation to loiter. (Dickens) 2. Out in the shadow of the Japa-| nese sunshade she [Irene] was sitting very still, the Jace on her! white shoulders stirring with the soft rise and fall of her bosom. (Galsworthy) 3. His tale told, he put his head back and laughed. (Stone) 4. She had put some order into the drawing-room by now, her housewifely instincts having got the better of her dismay, j (Maugham) 5. This being understood, the conference was over and' Lufkin got up to join his guests. (Snow) 6. The next morning, it] being Sunday, they all went to church. (Buck) 7. They went downj the stairs together, Aileen lingering behind a little... (Dreiser)) 8. For the moment the shop was empty, the mechanic having] disappeared into a room at the back. (Hansford Johnson) 9. She | paused listlessly, her head dropping upon her breast. (Crown) 10. No one having as yet expressed any such opinion, this was the more readily assented to. (Galsworthy) 11. Sir Henry was deep in his papers, his long, white, unringed hands moving nervously in rhythm with his thoughts. (Greene) 12. The constraint caused by Timothy's presence having worn off a little, conversation took a military turn. (Galsworthy) 13. This done, and Sikes having satisfied his appetite, the two men laid themselves down on chairs for a short nap. (Dickens) 14. She rose from the bed and removed her coat and stood motionless, her head bent, her hands clasped before her. (Faulkner) 15. There being nothing eatable within his reach, Oliver replied in the affirmative. (Dickens)
Exercise 13. Point out the Absolute Constructions and state what kind of adverbial modifier they express. Translate into Russian.

1. Mrs. Maylie being fatigued, they returned more slowly home. (Dickens) 2. Then she [Becky] sprang away and ran around the desks and benches, with Tom after her, and took refuge in a corner at last, with her little white apron to her face. (Twain) 3. In the afternoon, with the wind from the south, the big canoes... had come drifting across the waters. (Lawrence) 4. The concert over, the lottery... came next. (Ch. Bronte) 5. Dinner being over, Bathsheba, for want of a better companion, had asked Liddy to come and sit with her. (Hardy) 6. Now he sat down in an armchair opposite Charlie, sat bolt upright, with his hands on his knees, and looked hard at Charlie. (Priestley) 7. Abraham too looked well, his
78

cheeks filled out, his eyes cheerful. (Stotjie) 8. Then, with her heart beating fast, she went up and rang the bell. (Galsworthy) 9. She sat on the steps, with her bare arms /crossed upon her knees. (Wilson) 10. Mr. Pickwick's mouth and chin having been hastily enveloped in a large shawl, his hat having been put on his head and his great coat thrown over his arm, he' replied in the affirmative. (Dickens) 11. With the watch in her hand she lifted her head and looked directly at him, her eyes calm and empty as two holes. (Faulkner) 12. He stood shamefully, hesitating, the strength of his resolution exhausted in his words. 13. With Lowell closely watching, he slowly removed a paper and spread it carefully on his desk. (Lindsay) 14. The door of the opposite parlour being then opened, I heard some voices. (Dickens) 15. Catherine looked at me all the time, her eyes happy. (Hemingway) 16. I admired her, with love dead as a stone. (Hansford Johnson) 17. They lived the life of normal suburban children, school and holidays passing in a gentle rhythm. (Shute) 18. The first bustle of installation over, time hurig heavy on his hands. (Galsworthy) 19. The child lay on the bed, its eyes shut, flushed and sweating, breathing in short, whistling gasps. (Faulkner) 20. Now this Miss Barbary was extremely close... for a female; females being generally rather given to conversation. (Dickens)
Exercise 14. Translate into English, using Absolute Constructions.

(A) 1. , . 2. , . 3. ; . 4. , . 5. , . 6. (grand meeting) , . (B) 1. , . () 2. , . () 3. , (to give) . () 4. . () 5. , ... . () 6. (I would look round...) , . (. )
Exercise 15. State the function of the Participle and Participial Constructions.

1. Philip limped to the door, turned there, meaning to say something, saw Adele Gerry sitting in her chair, looking blankly at the floor, with her face a ruin of sorrow... and age. (I. Shaw) 2....the girl being really weak and exhausted, dropped her head over the back of a chair and fainted. (Dickens) 3. Poor luck pursuing him, he had secured but ten cents by nightfall. (Dreiser) 4. Vincent glanced over at Christine knitting by the fire. (Stone) 5. At that moment footsteps were heard coming across the hall. (Murdoch) 6. He had discovered the loss of his pound when taking his coat off, and had at once suspected Loo; but then he had wondered if he hadn't had his pocket picked at the pub. (Lindsay) 7. She frowned a little as though puzzled. (Greene) 8. His meal over, and numerous questions from his mother answered, he turned from the table to the hearth. (Ch. Bronte) 9....he came in quietly, cap and coat on, and sat down, looking at the candles. (Llewellyn) 10. I imagine that she saw her husband installed in a luxurious suite of rooms, dining at one smart restaurant after another, and she pictured his days spent at race-meetings and his evenings at the play. (Maugham) 11. She looked at me slyly, as if concealing something. (Hansford Johnson) 12. A man could be seen advancing from the outskirts towards them. (Hardy) 13. But is a man not equally attractive when married? (Wilde) 14. She found Abraham pacing the- house, his head down, his hands clasped behind his back. (Stone) 15. In the night, going slowly along the crowded roads we passed troops marching under the rain, guns, horses pulling wagons, mules, motor trucks, all moving away from the front. (Hemingway) 16. I never saw a woman so altered. (Wilde) 17. Collingwood did not usually utter a word unless
79

spoken to. (Snow) 18. Rosa's voice could now be heard rising above the din. (Murdoch) 19. This thought broke her down and she wandered away, with the tears rolling down her cheeks. (Twain) 20. Having closed it [the door] on him, Fledgeby returned to Lammle, standing with his back to the bedroom fire, with one hand under his coat-skirts, and all his whiskers in the other. (Dickens) 21. The floor, though regularly swept every evening, presented a littered surface. (Dreiser) 22. When next he comes he'll find everything settled. (Maugham) 23. The city lay around Central Park in a deep hush, the four-o'clock-in-themorning sky mild with stars and a frail softly rising mist. (/. Shaw) 24. As if touched by wand, Annette and Rainborough froze into a silent immobility, arrested in wild gestures of the struggle. (Murdoch) 25. She went to the front.window to see if the rain had stopped; there coming down Eighth Street, a carpet bag in one hand, an unopened umbrella in the other, with his coat-tails flying in the breeze, and his head craned forward, was Abraham. (Stone) 26. He listened as though brooding... (Snow) 27. Those days are finished. They are blotted out. (Du Maurier) 28. Temple held the child, gazing at the woman, her mouth moving... (Faulkner) 29. One evening he was seen... going into this very house, but was never seen coming out of it. (Jerome K. Jerome) 30. They now had all her telephone calls intercepted. (Snow) 31. She was understanding. Educated. Well situated in New York. (Bellow) 32. He sat alone, with hate curled inside him, and envied them all, the shouting children, the barking dogs, the lovers whispering. (Greene) 33. She saw Abraham coming up the street carrying a blue cotton umbrella. (Stone) 34. And still she sat there, her hands lying loosely in front of her, staring at the wall. (Lessing) 35. Having finished dinner, he sat with his cigar in a somewhat deserted lounge, turning over weekly papers... (Galsworthy) 36. Giano had hesitated with the answer, not wanting to lie, yet not quite knowing how to tell the truth. (Baum)
Exercise 16. Translate into English.

(A) 1. M. . , , (to be inspired with love) . 2. , ; . 3. , . 4. , - (the Slavonic-Greek-Latin Academy). 5. , , . 6. , . 7. , , . 8. (to be concerned with) , , . 9. , (to embrace) . 10. , . 11. , , ; (the law of preservation of matter). 12. . (B) Based on an episode from The Pickwick Papers by Ch. Dickens. 1. , , . 2. , . 3. , (to overlook the garden). 4. , . 5. , . 6. , . 7. , (to fire). 8.
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 - , (the charge hit his arm). 9. , . 10. , (small shot). 11. , . 12. , .. (C) Based on an episode Irom David Copperfield by Ch. Dickens. 1. , , , , (Dover). 2. , , , (donkey-cart). 3. , ,) . 4. , o , . 5. (penniless), . 6. , (Salem House). 7. , , , , . 8. , , . 9. , , . 10. , , . 11. , . 12. , . (D) 1. , ... . () 2. ... (. ) 3. , , . (. ) 4. , (the Pretender). () 5. , , (to have no feeling for nature). () 6. [ ] . , . () 7. [], , , , (to his father's place). () 8. , (droshky). () 9. , , , ... () 10. [] , , , . (. ) 11. , . (. ) 12. , [] , -... (. ) 13. ..., . (. ) 14. , , . (. ) 15. , . (. ) 16. , , [] . (. ) 17. [] - , . (. ) 18. , , . (. ) 19. ..., , (to decorate) , . (. ) 20. . (. ) 21. [] (turned cold) , , ... . (. ) 22. , , , ... (. )

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THE GERUND
Exercise 1. Insert lhc appropriate form of the gerund.

1. Stark sat down without __ (to speak) (Jones) 2. He did not go without __ by Amy. (to congratulate) (Dickens) 3. After __ more closely than usual and __ his hair, he [Herzog] took the bus uptown, (to shave, to brush) (Bellow) 4. At South Square, on __ that Michael and Fleur were out, he -did not dress for dinner, but went to the nursery, (to discover) (Galsworthy) 5. I had to sound as if I didn't mind __, as though I had no temper of my own. (to insult) (Snow) 6. She kept on __, her voice low and controlled, (to talk) (Braine) 7. In the morning light, she was, ashamed of herself for __ so __ the night before, (to elate) (Snow) 8. The house wanted __ (to do up) (Galsworthy) 9. Even a criminal must be told the nature of his crime before __ (to convict) (Stone) 10. She showed none of the usual feminine pleasure at __ hard to understand, inscrutable, mysterious, (to be) (Priestley) 11. I still reproached myself for not __ open with Douglas Osbaldiston from the start, when he had invited me to do so. (to be) (Snow) 12. No woman looks her best after __ up all night, (to sit) (Shaw) 13. His legs were somewhat stiff from not or __ for days, (to hike, to climb) (Baum) 14. I'm tired of __ like a silly fat lamb, (to treat) (Coppard) 15. I know everyone who's worth __ (to know) (Maugham) 16. After __ this, he; cursed himself for not __ the opposite, so that he might have used the expected guest as a lever to get rid of Misha. (to say, to say) (Murdoch) 17. There is vivid happiness in merely __ alive, (to be) (Coppard) 18. "Your tie needs," Mrs. Simpson said, (to straighten) (Greene) 19. The attempt is at least worth __ (to make) (Collins) 20. Mr. Creakle then caned Tommy Traddles for __ in tears, instead of cheers, on account of Mr. Mell's departure... (to discover) (Dickens) 21. He apologized to Hooker for __ so late, (to be down) (Priestley) 22. One could not walk or drive about Philadelphia without __ and __ with the general tendency toward a more cultivated and selective social life, (to see, to impress) (Dreiser) 23. I just couldn't stand __ away from you any longer, (to be) (Stone) 24. I remember __ him with her and Marner going away from church, (to see) (Eliot) 25. When I told him that I meant to live in Paris for a while, and had taken an apartment, he reproached me bitterly lor not __ him know, (to let) (Maugham) 26. He had a flat smooth face with heavy-lidded green eyes that gave the impression of __ at a slant, (to set) (Braine) 27. His latest craze was to discover her age, which he cursed himself for not __ when he hadher passport in his hands, (to observe) (Murdoch) 28. Let me tell you whose house you've come into without __ or __ (to ask, to want) (Faulkner) 29. I'm tired of __ to you. (to talk) (Maugham) 30. They soon discovered that the gate was securely locked. They looked at one another in a mixed fashion, a trifle disappointed at __, but still triumphant at __ the place, (to hold up, to find)
(Priestley)

Exercise 2. Point out the Gerundial Construction and comment on the way !he nominal element is expressed. Translate into Russian.

1. You must excuse my being so breathless, I'm not really breathless, it's just the excitement. (Leacock) 2. These happy events occurred without any recommendation having been made by Rainborough, and indeed without his having been officially informed. (Murdoch) 3. The maid said something about the American lady's having corne back to Rodnik. (Heym) 4. It was easy to imagine Cave sitting silent. (Snow) 5. She was interrupted by her father's voice and by her father's hat being heavily flung from his hand and striking her face. (Dickens) 6. He brought in a portmanteau with him, which he doubted its being worth while to unpack. (Dickens) 7. Besides, there's no danger of it happening again. (Hansford Johnson) 8. "It's no good you staying," Jack Burton said. (Aldridge) 9. Jack laughed. Their being bothered amused him. (Lawrence) 10. He was wakened by someone knocking at the door. (Faulkner) 11. There is something so inexpressibly absurd to me in the idea of Caddy being married. (Dickens) 12. I was not surprised by Caddy's being in low spirits. (Dickens) 13. You knew young Pyle well didn't you? I can't get over a thing like that happening to him. (Greene) 14. She laughed at the thought of her husband and Johnny
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looking after the house. (Priestley) 15. He felt almost a gloomy satisfaction at the thought of all these disasters happening at once. (Murdoch)
Exercise 3. Translate into English using the gerund where possible.

(A) 1. , . 2. , ? 3. . 4. , , . 5. , . 6. . 7. . 8. , . 9. . 10. , . 11. , , . 12. , . 13. , . 14. , . 15. , , , , . 16. , . 17. (to feel like) . 18. , . 19. , . 20. , . 21. , . 22. , . 23. , . 24. . 25. , . 26, ,- . 27. , . 28. ," . 29. , .
() Based on an episode from The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by M. Twain.

1. . 2. , . 3. , , . 4. , . 5. ; . 6. , . 7. , . 8. , , . 9. ; : . 10. , , . 11. , (to set to work) , (to mind), . 12. , , . 13. : , , (to enjoy the work). 14. , , , . 15. (that put the thing in a new light), . 16. , . , , . 17. , , . 18. (to keep on) , , , . 19. , . 20. , (to leave off) . 21. , . 22. ,
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 , . () 1. (to be shy of somebody). () 2. . . () 3. . () 4. ..., , . (. ) 5.... , (to get away from the regiment). (. ) 6. , , , . . (. ) 7. , . (. ) 8. , (to mind), ? . (. ) 9. ... (to put on airs); , (to ride a hunter). (. ) 10. , , ... () 11. [ ] (to keep) . () 12. : (to exchange glances with somebody). () 13. [] (to give up) ... () 14. , (to cease) . () 15. (. ) 16. [] , , , ... (. ) 17. ... (to make it a rule to do something); . (. ) 18. , - (to grieve over somebody), ... (. )
Exercise 4. State the function oi the gerund and Gerundial Constructions. Translate into English.

1. Nobody can go on living without some belief. (Greene) 2....she did not like being plunged back into a slave state. (Stone) 3. He greeted me noisely, but I cut him short by giving him the telegram. (Snow) 4. "She cannot sleep without seeing and speaking to you once more," I said. "She does not like the thought of leaving you." (Ch. Bronte) 5. Without putting anything into words, they bade each other farewell. (Wilson) 6. I remember laughing aloud, and the laugh being carried by the wind away from me. (Du Maurier) 7. There came the sound of the door closing then being locked. (Priestley) 8. Upon awakening she dressed quickly and left the house. (Stone) 9. He felt better for having written the letter. (Cronin) 10. "It's no good you hating it," said Mr. Bunting, becoming didactic. (Greenwood) 11. Do you mind giving me your name and telephone number, please? (Priestley) 12. Peter Saward only replied by staring at the paper knife and shaking his head slowly to and fro, and twisting his long legs into knots under the desk. (Murdoch) 13. Mr. Dorrit positively trembled in addressing the great man. (Dickens) 14. Unfortunately this fruitful silence was ruined by the sound of a door being banged. (Priestley) 15. He never ceased talking. (Coppard) 16. Well, it's no use my telling you a lie. (Shaw) 17. Life seemed worth fighting for. (Dreiser) 18. Petra sat through her first lesson without saying a word and without paying much attention to the lecture and the examples on the blackboard. (Heym) 19. But now a difficulty arose hostile Indians could not break the bread of hospitality together without first making peace, and this was a simple impossibility without smoking a pipe of peace. (Twain) 20. Only the other day they had been talking about something happening, and now it had happened to him. (Snow) 21. I was torn between the fear of hurting a nice woman's feelings and the fear of being in the way. (Maugham) 22. She cursed herself for not having thought to bring a visiting card. (Murdoch) 23. It is awfully hard work doing nothing. (Wilde) 24. He was angry with me for bringing the news. (Snow) 25. He went on talking to my wife. (Hemingway) 26. She was listening hard all the time for any sound of Jan Lusiewicz descending the stairs. (Murdoch) 27. After washing his heavy stone cup and tin plate..., he stretched himself
84

wearily on the bed. (Dreiser) 28. She enjoyed giving parties. (Stone) 29. He knew that I, or any competent man would not have denied a point so specific without being dead sure. (Snow) 30. I wish I'd never told you the truth, but it's no use denying it. (Braine) 31. He meant to begin his investigation by seeing the church. (Galsworthy) 32. But outside it kept on raining. (Hemingway) 33. They could not understand how he had so nearly succeeded in deceiving them. (Priestley) 34....in ] passing under a lamp, Graham encountered my eye. (Ch. Bronte) 35. Stephen was absorbed the greater part of the time in wishing he were not forced to stay in town yet another day. (Hardy) 36. Why was going with Joseph any different from going with Elinor? (Heym) 37. She tried, by staring into the glass, to see what the expression was on the man's face. (Murdoch) 38....little Hans nodded and smiled, and felt very proud of having a friend with such noble ideas. (Wilde) 39. "You can't: have a war," said Douglas, "without someone getting hurt." (Snow) 40. She was not conscious of having shown any special interest in Mr. Lincoln. (Stone) 41. I began... by explaining the situation in the North. (Greene) 42. Being alone in your own country is worse than being alone anywhere else. (Heym) 43. Mr. Bumble's conduct on being left to himself was rather inexplicable. (Dickens) 44. He could stand behind the door and take a chance at surprising Joseph. (Priestley) 45. She seemed a little self-conscious now and she avoided meeting his eyes. (Wilson) 46. At night... I would imagine him going up my stairs, knocking at my door, sleeping in my bed. (Greene)
Exercise 5. Insert the correct preposition before the gerund where required.

1. "I hated the idea __ your going," he said simply. (Greene) 2. She said: "Excuse me __ corning in __ knocking." (Lessing) 3. The others insisted __ accompanying them. (Lessing) 4. I am tired __ being old and wise. (Greene) 5. We'll look forward __ seeing you. (Hansford Johnson) 6. Why were you so anxious to prevent anybody. __ leaving the house? (Maugham) 7. I'm afraid I shan't succeed __ being as sympathetic as you have the right to expect. (Maugham) 8. I was afraid __ saying the wrong thing. (Maugham) 9. Look here, it may sound funny, but I'm terrifically grateful to you __ saying it. (Hansford Johnson) 10. Both windows needed __ cleaning. (Hansford Johnson) 11. I've paid very heavily __ being a romantic girl. (Maugham) 12. She could not bear __ lying. (Priestley) 13. I suppose nothing is gained __ delaying. (Maugham) 14. They were in the habit __ coming up to I ondon for the season. (Maugham) 15. We wouldn't mind __ being poor again. (Hansford Johnson) 16. I didn't at all like the idea __ going to the station in the luggage cart. (Maugham) 17. He looked at me for a long time __ answering. (Clark) 18. He felt he was going to be denounced __ daring to suggest such a thing. (Priestley) 19. I thought you had just been blaming me __ being neutral. (Snow) 20. If you won't tell me what's wrong, what's the use __ my being here? (Braine)
Exercise 6. Insert not+participle or without+gerund.

1. Dr. Wallace filled a pipe from the bowl on his desk, then put it down __ it. (to light) (Stone) 2. __ what he wanted, he looked slowly about the room, (to find) (Priestley) 3. Zee drew a breath and leaned against the birch for a moment __ anything. (to say) (Aldridge) 4. I won't go abroad __ you. (to see) (Gatsworthy) 5. __ what.to reply, I remained silent, (to know) (Maugham) 6.... on the street he would look directly at friends __ them, (to see) (Stone) 7. Only thea.., __ what further to say, had he become silent, (to know) (Stone) 8. We walked __ for a short while, (to speak) (Hansford Johnson) 9. Would she have gone away __ you if she loved you? (to see) (Heym) 10. Then she saw Lise and turned away, __ to talk with her. She went hastily to cross the road __ and was almost run over by a bus. (to want, to look) (Lindsay) 11. __ to leave him in the club, I offered to take him home to my wife, or to go with him to his own house, deserted now. (to like) (Snow) 12. He returned the salutes of several privates __ them, (to see) (Jones) 13. He stopped, __ how to continue and stood shifting from one foot to the other, (to know) (Greene) 14. Miss Casement stood for a moment, __ whether to be pleased or not at this unforseen familiarity, (to know) (Murdoch) 15. He sat down, __ his mackintosh, (to take off) (Snow) 16.
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__, the driver rudely shrugged his shoulders, (to turn around) (Salinger) 17. __ 1 any sale to take place 1 told Evan I wanted a chat with him and took him downstairs, (to wish) (Hansford Johnson) 18. They sat there __ for several minutes. (to talk) (Mailer) 19. __ him greatly, she could not be jealous in a disturbing way. (to love) (Dreiser)
Exercise 7, Translate into English, using not + participle or without -(gerund.

1. (posmaster), , . () 2. , ... . () 3. , (to dry one's eyes) ... (. ) 4. , (retreating) . () 5. (password), . () 6. (to be in the habit) , [] , , . () 7. , , . () 8. (to make the round of...) , , , (to search) . . (. ) 9. - , , (to hear somebody to the end), . (. ) 10. , , . (. ) 11. , . [ ] , , . (. ) 12. , , . (. ) 13. ... (half-shut) , , , ... (the steps). (. ) 14. , , . (. ) 15. , , , ... (. )
Exercise 8. Translate into English, using the gerund where possible. (A) Based on an episode from The Pickwick Papers by Ch. Dickens.

1. , : , ? , . 2. , . , , . 3. , (to be out of practice): , . 4. , . 5. , : . 6. . 7. , (to make circles) , , . 8. , , , (with the points behind). 9. , . , . 10. , , : , - . 11. , , (unassisted), . 12. (to disengage oneself from somebody's grasp), . 13. , . 14. , , . 13. , (humbug). () 1. , [] . () 2.
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 , (to stand) . () 3. . () 4. , -, . () 5. , (to set a nobleman over somebody); , (accusation). () 6. (to ride). () 7. . () 8. , . () -9. ... . () 10. , (] , ... () 11. , , [ ] -, , . () 12.... (vanity) , , (neither of them) . () 13. , ... (. ) 14. , . (. ) 15. , , . (. ) 16. , . (. ) 17. , , ... (. ). 18. , , [] . (. ) 19. , , (to blush up to the roots of one's hair), , ... . (. ) 20.... [] , ... (in them) . (. ) 21. [] , ... ... . (. ) 22. [] , , (to be made clear and definite) . (. ) 23. , , - . (. ) 24. , . (. ) 25. (orders), ... - . (. ) 26. ... (to buy back) . (. ) 27. (fall) ... ... (to our lessons). (. ) 28.... (to resume its former course), , . (. ) 29. (the members of the staff) , . (. )
Exercise 9. Point out the gerund, the participle, and the Predicative Constructions, and state their function. Translate into Russian.

1. She thought of her father sitting on the veranda..., a palm-leaf in his hand, watching the Negro mow the lawn. (Faulkner) 2. She was woken out of her fevered doze by Harry shaking her, holding her arm. (Lindsay) 3. On trying the door of the girl's room, she found it still locked. (Hardy) 4. I wouldn't say such a thing without being sure. (James) 5. "You are young yet, you could go back to the cities and better yourself without lifting more than an eyelid," he said. She didn't move leaning lightly against the wall, her arms folded. (Faulkner) 6. Lying back on the cushioned seat, the warm air flying at his face, Felix contemplated with delight his favourite country-side. (Galsworthy) 7. You must go and lie down. It's no good making yourself ill. (Maugham) 8. The old man walked away, and Cowperwood heard his steps dying down the cement-paved hall. He stood and listened, his ears being greeted occasionally by a distant cough, a faint scraping of some one's feet..., or the iron scratch of a key in a lock. (Dreiser) 9. In the heart of the forests great trees grew almost a hundred yards high, their lowest limbs sprouting out two hundred feet from the
87

ground. Through the densest portions a man would lose an hour in moving a few hundred steps. (Mailer) 10. I've got your drawing framed and hung above my bureau, and very jolly it looks. (Galsworthy) 11. He took the Taylor road, increasing speed. He drank again from the jar without slowing down. (Faulkner) 12, Seeing me he stood irresolute, his eyes dark and mournful. (Hansford Johnson) 13. The idea of anybody wasting his time was obnoxious to him. (Dreiser) 14. She listened to the tapping for a while before she finally got up, grumbling for being disturbed when she felt so comfortable in bed. (Caldwell) 15. As if summoned from a long distance, Sir Lawrence galvanitically refixed his monocle. (Galsworthy) 16. When immersed in a book, she was, as her husband had put it, its slave. (Cronin) 17. Mechanically he went to the telephone. He found the number with difficulty, his eyes being misty. (Galsworthy) 18. He stopped angrily, as if looking for words. (Mailer) 19. Being your husband is only a job for which one man will do as well as another. Being my wife is something quite different. (Shaw) 20. For six years now... she had watched these slave gangs being pushed along the road. (Stone) 21. From somewhere toward the rear they could hear a dinner table being set, and a woman's voice singing obviously to a small child. (Faulkner) 22. Then came the loud ringing of a bell, mingled with the noise of firearms, and the sensation of being carried over uneven ground. (Dickens) 23. I distinctly recalled hearing someone moving about in the lounge on entering after my morning walk with Kitty. (Clark) 24. Firing the machine gun had partially deafened him. (Mailer) 25. Although they loved each other, their minds were like two countries at war, with the telegraph wire down and the rails torn up. (Greene) 26. Nessie fiddled with her teaspoon, dropped it, then blushed shamefully as though discovered in a wicked act. (Cronin) 27. I got into the dinghy, and found William and Christopher sitting in it, staring bad-temperedly at one another. (Snow) 28. I'll have you watched as long as you stay in Lewes. (Greene) 29. The man remained standing, with his hands in his pockets... (Dickens) 30. Please, do make an effort at entertaining her. (Heym) 31. Being a doctor he knows that he won't live much longer and he's afraid of dying; which, being a doctor, he ought not to be. (Baum) 32. After prolonging his visit by every conceivable excuse in his power, he summoned courage, and offered her his hand and his heart. Being in no way disinclined to him,... and her uncle making no objection to the match, she consented to share his fate... (Hardy) 33. There was no getting a word more out of him on the matter of the Moonstone. (Collins) 34. They had thought the question settled. (Galsworthy) 35. Now there's just one thing I feel I ought to say, Mrs. Atwood, and you mustn't mind my saying it. (Priestley) 36. Cursing himself for not having learned to drive a car, he woke up Toni and swept him down to the garage. (Baum) 37. I could feel the sense of disquiet growing rapidly. (Clark). 38. It's terribly disappointing. (Walpole) 39. Dale was near jumping with pride and satisfaction... (Cronin) 40. His eyes on the window, he ran on tiptoe across the bare space between the coppice and the wall. (Greene) 41. On descending, I found Paulina seated at the breakfast table... (Ch. Bronte) 42. But it was lovely walking in the woods. (Hemingway) 43. His footsteps could be heard descending the stairs at a run. (Murdoch) 44. She was angry with herself for letting her voice become hoarse. (Stone) 45. Warden looked over at him, almost startled, without moving, a look of actual real hurt coming on his face. (Jones)
Exercise 10, Translate into English, using the gerund or the participle where possible.

(A) Based on David Copperfield by Ch. Dickens. 1. , (a wax doll), . 2. , . 3. , . 4. , , (along the garden path) . 5. (to glow on somebody) , . 6. , , , ,
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 (against the glass). 7. , , : . 8. , , (Rookery). 9. , , . 10. ; , . 11. , (to give birth to a boy), . 12. . (in the winter twilight) . 13. . , . 14. , , , , . 15. , . 16. , , 17. . 18. , . 19. , , . 20. , ; . 21. ; , , . 22. , ; , , (to be in the open sea). 23. , . 24. , . 25. (to overcome) , . 26. , , , , . 27. (upon the beach), . 28. , , . 29. , . 30. , , . 31. , . 32. , , . 33. , . 34. , , . 35. , . 36. , . 37. , , . 38. , . 39. . 40. , . 41. , , . () Based on Vanity Fair by W. Thackeray. 1. , , , , , . 2. , (to announce) , , . 3. , . 4. , . 5. , .
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, , . 6. , , , . 7. , . (to overlook the street). 8. , , (to put all in a heap in a corner) , . 9. , , . 10. , . . , (to make an attempt at) , . 12. (to start an argument) - . 13. , . 14. 5 , . 15. . (to drive in. the coach), , . 16. (Queen's Crawley), , . 17. , , , , . 18. , , , . 19. , . 20. , , . 21. , , , . 22. , , . 23. . , . 24. (to insist), . 25. , , . 26. (to win somebody's favour). 27. , , , . , . () 1.... ... (to discuss politics). (. ) 2. , , . (. ) 3. [] , . (. ) 4. , , , , []... (. ) 5. , ... (. ) 6. , , . (. ) 7. , , , , (his triumph of the previous day) . (. ) 8. [] : , , (to pass over to somebody). (. ) 9.... , [] , , ... (tears came into her eyes). (. ) 10. [] , , , , . (. ) 11. , . (. ) 12. , , , ; , , . (. .) 13. , , . () 14. (to transfer) . () 15.
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 , , . () 16. , . () 17. , ... (about the room), . () 18.... ... () 19. , ... ... () 20. , . (. ) 21. ... (ambulance tent) , , ... (. ) 22.... , (to rise in one's throat), . (. ) 23. - , (to perceive) , , . (. ) 24. , (the subject), . (. ) 25.... , (to have a bad and uncertain seat on horseback). (. ) 26. , - . (. ) 27. , , , ... (. ) 28. . (to shout at) , . (. ) 29.... . (. ) 30. , [] (quarters). (.
)

THE INFINITIVE
Exercise 1. Insert the appropriate form of the infinitive.

1. But there was nothing now __ for. (to wait) (Wilson) 2. She put on the cape, and turned round __ (to admire) (Cain) 3. He appeared __ (to listen) (Lessing) 4. He appeared __ plenty of money, which was said __ in the Californian goldfields. (to have, to gain) (Conan Doyle) 5. "When I seemed __ a long while, the Master of Salem House unscrewed his flute into the three pieces, put them up as before, and took me away, (to doze) (Dickens) 6. Every feature seemed __ since he saw her last, (to sharpen) (Galsworthy) 7. This fellow seemed __ a famous explorer or something of that sort, (to be) (Priestley) 8. The house appeared __ recently... (to repair) (Hardy) 9. Nobody seemed __ his entry, but there he certainly was. (to perceive) (Hardy) 10. Paula would be the first concentration camp __ by American troops, (to liberate) (Heym) 11. Willoughby was not the man __ the lessons of his predecessor. (to overlook) (Heym) 12. A twelve year old girl, Patience Barlow, was the first __ his attention or __ by him. (to attract, to attract) (Dreiser) 13. One might guess Mr. George __ a trooper once upon a time, (to be) (Dickens) 14. I suppose Mr. Jelleby had been more talkative and lively once; but he seemed __ long before I knew him. (to exhaust). (Dickens) 15. Dave seemed __ Stephanie, waiting for her to make the first move, (to watch) (Saxton) 16. For the last few days she seemed __ to nobody but strange men. (to talk) (Priestley) 17. I lack the will-power __ anything with my life, my position by hard work, (to do, to better) (Durrell) 18. There's no time _. (to lose) (Clark) 19. And, in a 140 very little while, the Murdstone and Grinby life became so strange to me that I hardly believed in it, while my present life grew so familiar, that I seemed __ it a long time, (to lead) (Dickens) 20. Roger Quaife was a youngish Concervative member who was beginning __ about, (to talk) (Snow) 21. He is said __ a small fortune, (to put away) (Durrell) 22. That Jolyon seems __ in 1710, son of Jolyon and Mary, (to be born) (Galsworthy)
Exercise 2. Insert to before the infinitive where required. Translate into Russian.

1. Do you think I plan __ spend the rest of my life in the same situation? I would rather __ die! (Monsarrat) 2. She could not help but __ feel a little choked for breath. (Dreiser) 3. Why not __ come down to my place? (Wilson) 4. He gave a quick grin that made his lean twisted face __ look more lean and twisted than ever. (Priestley) 5. Ever since I came into this silly house I have been made __ look like a fool. (Shaw) 6. He did nothing from
91

morning till night but __ wander at random. (Maugham) 7. I'm the cook, and I won't have anyone __ come interfering in my kitchen. (Maugham) 8. Abe let the hammer __ drop out of his hands and __ fall on the step. (Caldwell) 9. You'd better __ take me back to Oxford. (Faulkner) 10. They ought. __ have asked my advice. They ought __ have. (Snow) 11. The poor boy was absolutely broken up. It made my heart __ bleed. I couldn't __ let him __ go without a word of comfort. (Maugham) 12. I've got nothing __ do but __ talk, talk. (Greene) 13. I would die sooner than __ ask him for another penny. (Shaw) 14. Your mother's gone to some friends they do nothing but __ play bridge. (Galsworthy) 15. I know... there's nobody in the world I would rather __ work with or __ have greater respect for. (Dreiser) 16. Conrad had never known her __ talk so much. (Greene) 17. But Elfride knew Mrs. Jethway __ be her enemy, and __ hate her. (Hardy) 18. Then why not __ try __ save yourself? (Shaw) 19. She opened the iron gateway and bade me __ enter. (Maugham) 20. You'd better __ get some sleep. (Hemingway) 21. English women in our station have duties... but we, strangers in a strange land, have nothing __ do but __ enjoy ourselves. (Maugham) 22. I want __ look at him and hear him __ talk. (Heym) 23. The key of the door below was now heard in the lock, and the door was heard __ open and close. (Dickens) 24. She felt herself __ be tall and slim and fresh. (Murdoch) 25. I felt my blood __ freeze. (Cain) 26. And if you say you gave me no encouragement I cannot but __ contradict you. (Hardy) 27. When she reached the front steps, she heard the taxi __ drive away. She turned around and watched the red tail-light __ disappear in the darkness. (Caldwell) 28. Tommy really does nothing but __ propose to me. (Wilde) 29. I thought that I had better __ try __ speak openly myself. (Snow) 30. Arthur could not but __ glance at Daniel Doyce in the ensuing silence. (Dickens) 31. Why not __ write to her? (Hardy) 32. At first I tried. __. excuse myself, for the present, on the general ground of having occupation __ attend to, which I must not __ neglect. I then said that I had much __ learn myself before I could __ teach others. For these reasons, I thought it best __ be as useful as I couid, and __ render what kind services I could to those about me: and __ try __ let that circle of duty gradually __ expand itself.
(Dickens)

Exercise 3. Translate into English, using the to-infinitive or the bare infinitive.

1. / . 2. , - . 3. , . , . 4. ? 5. , (to admit one's fault). 6. , . 7. . 7.... (subtly) . . (. ) 8. , . (. ) 9. , (match)... ?... () 10.... , ... - ... (. ) 11. , ? maman. . (. ) 12. (to know), . (. ) 13. (chain) . ()
Exercise 4. State the function of the infinitive. Translate into Russian.

1. A man must have something bigger than himself to believe in. (Jones) 2. It was impossible not to invite the Butiers for both afternoon and evening. (Dreiser) 3. The heat and dust were enough to strangle you. (Cain) 4. To cut a long story short, the infant that's just gone out of the room is not your son. (Maugham) 5....the next thing to be done is to move away from this house. (Eliot) 6. All the deep maternity in her awoke, never to sleep again. (Buck) 7. He paused as if to find a way to phrase his next thoughts. (Mailer) 8. Nobody asked you to come out here. I didn't ask you to stay. I told you to go while it was daylight. (Faulkner) 9. It was too hot to go out into the town. (Hemingway) 10. The prospective buyer is someone who is not, to put it mildly, a supporter of female emancipation. To consent to this sale would be to consent to change the character of the newspaper altogether. (Murdoch)
92

11. He hat! been one of the first to become interested in the development of the street-car system. (Dreiser) 12. The floor of the forest was soft to walk oa.. (Hemingway) 13. He was a man to attract immediate sympathy. (Maugham) 14. He knew he must say anything at all in order to establish communication with her. (Horgan) 15. After all, you're young enough to be my son. (Clark) 16. To begin with, he did not like the way his editor... had spoken to him that morning. (Priestley) 17. To make the real decisions, one's got to have the real power. (Snow) 18. To know all is to forgive all. (Priestley) 19. Other people, men particularly, found it difficult to face Cowperwood's glazed stare. (Dreiser) 20. It must be awful to have a brilliant future behind you. (Snow) 21. She makes a gesture as if to touch him. (Shaw) 22. Indeed, she had nowhere to go. (Murdoch) 23. To speak frankly, 1 am not in favour of long engagements. (Wilde) 24. He found the sky so pallid as to be almost invisible. (Baum) 25. He dropped back, so as to let me get on a level with him. (Collins) 26. When he met Savina at the station, she came to him with a joyous expression of anticipation to find his troubled silence. (Wilson) 27. Rubin did not, in any case, find it easy to be as direct as Roger. (Snow) 28. True insincerity is hard to find. (Priestley) 29. She leaned forward with kindled eyes as if to impress the word on the inspector. (Lindsay) 30. She's a spoiled child not to be trusted. (Galsworthy) 31. It is against all ethical concepts of medical science to pronounce a death verdict to a gravely ill person. (Baum) 32. His age was difficult to guess. (Wilson) 33. They were the last to come. (Maugham) 34. I awoke a little after sunrise to find Evan gone. (Hansford Johnson) 35. Truth to tell, he wanted to say a great deal. (Dreiser) 36. Her large eyes were of a blue so pale as to be almost white. (Murdoch) 37. Her first proceeding... was to unlock a tall press, bring out'several bottles,, and pour some of the contents of each into my mouth. (Dickens) 38. To lie is not my custom. Too much complication and uncomfort. (Baum) 39. I had many weary hours still to wait through. To while away the time, I looked at my letters. (Collins) 40. To begin with, Mrs. Anderson is a pleasanter person to Hye with than Mrs. Dudgeon. (Shaw) 41. With another look round at the furniture, as if to gauge his sister's exact position, Soames went out towards Piccadilly. (Galsworthy) 42. Three or four plans suggested themselves, only to be ruled out by their self-evident absurdity. (Hansford Johnson) 43. But the heat of the afternoon was, to say the least, oppressive. (Salinger)
Exercise 5. Translate into English, using the infinitive.

1. . 2. , . 3. , . 4. , , . 5. ; , . 6. . 7. . 8. , . 9. , . 10. , .
Exercise . Point out the infinitive attributes. Translate into Russian.

1. It's a chance not to be missed. (Murdoch) 2. No one liked to be the first to move. (Lindsay) 3. I have a word to say to my daughter. (Shaw) 4. There was not a moment to lose. (Dreiser) 5. There is no time to be lost. (Wilde) 6. We are going to find a place to phone from, and maybe have some refreshment! (Salinger) 7. Davy was never one to promise and not keep his word. (Llewellyn) 8. So you've got nothing to reproach yourself with. (Wilson) 9. There was so much to do. (Lessing) 10. He was quickwitted, unpompous, the easiest man to do business with. (Snow) 11. He was the first to speak again. (Hardy) 12. I haven't any time to spare. (Dreiser) 13. I promise you there's nothing to fear. (Maugham) 14. I won, but it's no victory to be proud of. (Wilson) 15. We came into Spezia looking for a place to eat. (Hemingway), 16. Haviland was really someone to admire. (Wilson) 17. I told the driver the address to drive to. (Hemingway) 18. There was no taxi to be seen outside the hotel... (Priestley) 19. I have dreadful news to break to her. (Dickens) 20. She had a long way to go. (Hansford Johnson) 21. Strickland isn't the man to make a woman; happy. (Maugham) 22. One
93

should always have something sensational to read in the train. much to be] proud of in that respect. (Snow)
Exercise 7. Translate into English, using infinitive attributes,

(Wilde)

23. But I haven't

(A) 1. . 2. . 3. , . 4. - . 5. , . 6. . 7. , . 8. . 9. , . 10. , . 11. , . 12. , . (B) 1. . () 2. : , () 3.... , -. () 4.... . (. ) 5. , ... . (. ) 6.... , , . (. ) 7. , , . (. )

Exercise 8. Point out the Objective-with-the-Iniinitive and the Subjective Infinitive Constructions. Translate into Russian.

1. Never once had she been seen to cry. (Mansfield) 2. It was the first time he had ever seen her weep. (Buck) 3. He didn't mean this to be a long meeting. (Snow) 4. There was a rumour that at last they were likely to be married, (Snow) 5.... without remonstrance she suffered me to have my own way. (Ch, Bronte) 8. Irving proved to be a long, sallow-faced butler chap, solemn as an undertaker. (Priestley) 7. Mr. Worthing is sure to be back soon. (Wilde) 8. I came to get someone to tell me the truth. (Hansford Johnson) 9. I'll have Bertha bring you breakfast. (Stone) W. Unfortunately, at this moment he chances to catch sight of Judith's face. (Shaw) 11. I have never known Hector Rose behave like this. (Snow) 12. His "office" turned out to be in one of the back streets close by Olympia. (Snow) 13. Conrad pulled out a chair and made her sit down. (Greene) 14. He... looked at his watch, rang the bell, and ordered the vehicle to be brought round immediately. (Eliot) 15. Paul felt his heart lift as at a great victory. (Croniri) 16.... people took an oath, a pledge, when they were married, and that was supposed to hold them together. (Lindsay) 17. You make me think of spring flowers... (Braine) 18. At thirteen he began to read books that were said to be evil. (Saroyan) 19. She watched him go up the street and enter a door. (Faulkner) 20. He [Cowperwood] appeared to be an ideal home man. (Dreiser) 21. Young men of this class never do anything for themselves that they can get other people to do for them. (James) 22. He said he wouldn't suffer a word to be uttered to him in his uncle's disparagement. (E. Bronte) 23. She doesn't seem to want to do anything I suggest. (Dreiser) 24. Cecily and Gwendolen are perfectly certain to be extremely great friends. (Wilde) 25. He heard the town clock strike twelve. (Faulkner) 26. Nearly a year ago, 1 chanced to tell him our legend of the nun... (Ch. Bronte) 27. Harriet, pale and trembling... suffered her to go on uninterrupted. (Dickens) 28. "You will not allow this base newspaper slander to shorten your stay here, Mr. Winkle?" said Mrs. Pott, smiling through the traces of her tears. (Dickens) 29. He turned out to have no feeling whatsoever for his nephew. (Snow) 30. I don't like him to be so long alone. (Hansford Johnson) 31. From the extreme freshness and purity of her complexion I estimated her age to be sixteen, or less perhaps. (Clark) 32. This appeared to amuse the policeman. (Priestley) 33. I can't bear any one to be very near me but you. (Eliot) 34. At any moment he was expecting Erik to pull a gun and rob him. (Wilson) 35. He decided to write her... and ask for an explanation, as well as have her meet him. (Dreiser) 36. You can easily get in through a window if the door happens to be locked. (Priestley) 37. You are sure to be there to-morrow night, you, Professor Engelfield?... (Priestly) 38. He was said to be one of the most promising of nuclear physicists. (Snow) 39. Why can't
94

he get a valet to stay with him longer than a few months? (Shaw) 40. The peasants did not seem to see her, (Hemingway) 41. He then ordered her horse to be put into the gig. (Hardy) 42. Mrs. Merridew instantly permitted herself to be taken by the arm, and led into the garden...
(Collins)

Exercise 9. Translate into English, using the Objective-with-the-lnlinitive Construction where possible.

(A) 1. , . 2. , . 3. , - . 4. , . 5. . 6. . 7. . 8. , . 9. , . 10. , . 11. , . 12; , -. 13. , - . 14. , , (to set to work). 15. , , . 16. , (to consult a doctor). 17, . 18. . 19. , . 20. , . (B) Based on an episode from David Copperfield by Ch. Dickens. 1. , , , . 2. . 3. , . 4. , . 5. . 6. , . 7. , , - . 8. , . 9. , , , . 10. , , , . 11. , (to dismiss), , . 12. , . 13. , ( ).
Exercise 10. Translate into. English using the Subjective Infinitive Construction.

1. , . 2. , VIII . 3. . 4. , . 5. , . 6. , -, ; , ? 7. . 8. . 9. , , . 10. , (Shakespeare Memorial Theatre). 11. . 12. , , ; , . 13. , , . 14. . 15. ; , , . 16. , XVII .
95

Exercise 11. Translate into English, using the Objective-with-the-Infinitive or the Subjective Infinitive Construction.

1. . , . (. ) 2. . () 3. , , . () 4. , (porch), , - (through the window into his room). () 5. , , , ... () 6. , (spiteful), . (. ) 7. (the shooting) , . (. ) 8. , : ... , , . () 9. ... (. ) 10.... , , . (. ) 11. , . () 12. ) , . (. ) 13. [] , (to ask somebody for a waltz), , . (. ) 14. ... (pier), , . () 15. , , , , . () 16. , , , , , , (dull) , . ()
Exercise 12. Translate into English, using the infinitive or Infinitive Constructions where possible. (Based on Uncle Tom's Cabin by H. E. Beecher-Stowe.)

1. , , , , . 2. , . 3. , , , , , . 4. , , . 5. , . 6. , , ( ). 7. , . 8. . 9. ; , , . 10. , , . 11. , , , . 12. . , . 13. (to be of short duration): , , . 14. , , , . 15. , . , .

Exercise 13. State the function of the /or-to-Infinitive Construction. Translate into Russian.

1. There was no home for him to goto.

96

(/. Shaw)

2. He waited for me to sit down.

(Hemingway) 3. It seemed almost (Snow) 4. And it is not fpr you to

a shame for anyone to be as pretty as she was tonight. make terms. It is for you to accept them. (Wilde) 5. There's nothing for us to do but amuse ourselves. (Maugham) 6. But the pain in James' head asserted itself too cruelly for him to think of anything else for the moment. (Young) 7. He cordially extended one forefinger for Erik to shake. (Wilson) 8. Some trouble with the authorities had made it necessary for him to be much abroad. (Maugham) 9. There were plenty of papers for him to read, but he left them alone. (Priestley) 10. Since you are so anxious for me to; distinguish myself I have concluded to do so. (Stone) 11. It is impossible for me to write about that time in detail I can't bear to. (Hansford Johnson) 12. He opened the door of his room for her to go out. (Murdoch) 13. Buttonwood street, where he spent the first ten years of his life, was a lovely place for a boy to live. (Dreiser) 14. She longed for night to come to bring sleep to her. (Cronin) 15. It was really warm for May, and still light enough for him to see his cows in the meadow beyond the river. (Galsworthy) 16.... the idea is for us to give a special concert at the Festival Hall. (Lessing) 17. My house is always ready for anyone to come into. (Shaw) 18. My dear, this isn't the time for us to quarrel. (Hansford Johnson) 19. Erik saw that she was impatient for him to be gone. (Wilson) 20. He waited for Bert to say something. (Caldwell)
Exercise 14. Translate into English, using the /or-fo-Infinitive Construction where possible.

(A) 1. , . 2. , . 3. , . 4. . 5. , . 6. , . 7. , . 8. . 9. , . 10. , , . (B) Based on an episode from David Copperfield by Ch. Dickens. 1. , , . 2. , , , , . 3. (cookery book), . 4. , . 5. , , , . 6. , , , (beneficial) . 7. , (exposure) , (to cope with). 8. , , . 9. , (accountbooks) . 10. , . 11. , - . 12. (to be anxious), , . () 1. , . (. ) 2. (can it be that) , ? . (. ) 3. , ... (. ) 4. (to lay too much stress on) , , ... (. ) 5. , (to have anything to do with somebody). (. ) 6. , , . (. ) 7.
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 , . , ... (. )

(. )

8.

Exercise 15. State the function of the infinitive and Infinitive Constructions. Translate into Russian.

1. It was then an easy matter for me to go to Paul's room and make an appropriate signal to Kitty, and she turned back, up the street to disappear round the corner into Church Square. (Clark) 2. She made a curious, fumbling gesture towards me, as if to convey a sort of affection. (Hansford Johnson) 3. It was charming to see him play with the two children. (Maugham) 4. To tell you the truth, Mr. Butler, I did not want Aileen to leave your home at all. (Dreiser) 5. I happen to know that he was supposed to come to the wedding. (Salinger) 6. Gertrude gave a long soft exhalation. It made the young man smile at her again; and this smile made her blush a little. To take refuge from blushing she asked him if, after his long walk, he was not hungry and thirsty. (James) 7. Charles Lomax's exertions are much more likely to decrease his income than to increase it. (Shaw) 8. Your shortest way will be to follow the boulevard, and cross the park... but it is too late and too dark for a woman to go through the park alone. (Ch. Bronte) 9. In spite of herself the colour fled from her cheeks instantly, only to come back in a hot, defiant wave. (Dreiser) 10. They hardly expect him to recover consciousness; it was a terrible knock. But jf he does, he's sure to want to see you, even if he can't speak. (Galsworthy) 11. Some of the rumours we knew to be nonsense, but not all. (Snow) 12. Addy and Ellie look beautiful enough to please the most fastidious man. (Shaw) 13. It was something to be sitting like this in the front of a box in one of the biggest theatres in London. (Priestley) 14. Anyway, just to begin with, don't you think you might treat me as a moral equal? (Snow) 15. He was said to be bearing Roger no malice, to be speaking of him with dispassion. (Snow) 16. Paul waited for Harriet to say something about the bar, but she didn't even seem to notice it. (/. Shaw) 17. Idleness is a great sin, and I certainly don't like any of my friends to be idle or sluggish. (Wilde) 18. The only way to guard his future and retain his financial friends was to stand trial as quickly as possible and trust them to assist him to his feet in the future. (Dreiser) 19. To keep his attention engaged, she talked with him about his wardrobe.. (Dickens) 20. To accept too many favors from Ramona was dangerous. He might have to pay with his freedom. (Bellow) 21. To be frank with you, he didn't pay. That's the truth. (/. Shaw) 22. There was a sandy little garden and a' stone wall high enough to keep the children safe but not too high for her to lean upon and pierce the distance with her gaze. (Buck) 23. Her heart sank; she felt on a sudden a cold chill pass through her limbs and she shivered. (Maugham) 24. He appeared to be a man of considerable wealth, and was reputed to be a bachelor. (Coiian Doyle) 25. The thing to do is to gain time. (Dreiser) 26. Now I don't choose her to be grateful to him, or to be grateful to anybody but me. (Dickens) 27. Mr. Weller left the room, and immediately afterwards was heard to shut the street door. (Dickens) 28. He felt lonesome the minute he left Bert and heard the screen door slam behind him. (Caldwetl) 29. It was not customary for her father to want to see her in his office. (Dreiser) 30. The appearance of Frank Cowperwood at this time was, to say the least, prepossessing and satisfactory. (Dreiser) 31. I happen to be pretty comfortably placed. (Snow)'32. Was Aileen in any way to blame? (Dreiser) 33. Go arid get Bessie to give you some tea, Tony. (Maugham) 34. There's only one thing for her to do, and that's to divorce him. (Maugham) 35. I have devised my own system and have never known it fail. (Maugham) 36. His salary was fifty dollars a week, and he was certain soon to get more. (Dreiser) 37. It was often naif to be too suspicious, much more naif than to believe too easily. (Snow) 38. Like all women, she was there to object and be convinced. It was for him to brush the doubts away and clear the path if he could. (Dreiser) 39. He's thought to be lucky to have gone as far as this... (Snow) 40. Our final decision is to have a conference tomorrow afternoon, before which each one is to think the matter over. (Benchley) 41. She longed so much for people to be happy. (Buck) 42. He turned out to be the most efficient clerk that the house of Waterman and Co. had ever known. (Dreiser) 43.
98

The delay didn't seem to affect him. (Salinger) 44. A sudden rattle on his right hand caused him to start from his reverie and turn io that direction. (Hardy)
Exercise 16. Memorize the following expressions and use them in examples, of your own.

1. He is hard to please. ( .) 2. He is difficult to deal with. ( .) 3. The book is! difficult to translate. ( .) 4. She is pleasant (beautiful, pretty) to look at. ( , .) 5. I have something to tell you. 1 ( - .) 6. There is nothing to be gained;) by it. ( .) 7. There is nothing to bel done. ( .) 8. There are many things to bel done. ( .) 9. The house is to let. ( .) 10. Who is to blame? ( ?) 11. Be sure toj come. ( .) 12. There is nothing left for him to do but wait. (, , .)
Exercise 17. Translate into English, using the infinitive.

1. . 2. , . 3. , . 4. ? 5. ; e . 6, . , , . 7. . - . 8. ! ? 1846 . 9. ,, . 10. . 11. , . 12. .

Exercise 18. Translate into English, using the infinitive where possible.

(A) 1. , . 2. , . 3. , . 4. , . 5. , , , . 7. , 8. , . 9. . 10. , . (B) 1. , , cousin! ... ! () 2. , , . (. ) 3. [] . , (. ) 4. ... , , (to wait upon). (. ) 5. , , . , . () 6.... ; , . (. ) 7. , , ... () 8. , , []. (. ) 9. , , (horseguardsman), , ... . () 10. : , , . ()
Exercise 19. Translate into English, using the infinitive or Infinitive Constructions where possible.

(A) Based on an episode from The Old Curiosity Shop by Ch. Dickens. 1. (to lead a solitary life); , . 2. , - . 3. , (to lose one's fortune in gambling). 4. , . , . 5.
99

 , , . 6. , (all about the town). , . 7. , , (to mock) , ( ) . 8. , , , . 9. (doorway), ; , . 10. , - . 11. , . 12. , , ( ), , . 13. , ( , ), . 14. , , . 15. : , , , . 16. , . (to arrange) , , . 17. . , , - . 18. , - . 19. : , . () Based on an episode from Vanity Fair by W. Thackeray. 1. , (to owe) . 2. , , . 3. , , . 4. , , . 5. , , (connections), . 6. , , , . 7. , , . 8. , (to praise somebody to the skies). 9. , (perfections and accomplishments) . 10. . , , , . 11. , (to be anxious), . 12. , . 13. , j , , (music). 14. , . 15. , , , , . 16. ! . . 17. , (to speak ill of somebody), , . 18. , . 19. , . 20. , . 21. , , , . 22. , (to break with somebody altogether). ,
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 , . 23. , , . 24. , , . 25. , (to disinherit). , , , . () 1. , , (to give) . (. ) 2.... ; . () 3. , , (bashful), (trifle) . (. ) 4.... , . (. ) 5. , , - ... (. ) 6. (the steps)... () 7. , , . () 8. , (to bring round) . () 9. ... . ... , , ; , , . () 10. (kennels) . () 11. , ... (to misbehave). () 12. , (to see somebody halfway down the road), . () 13. . ! ... () 14. (to disperse), ; , . () 15. (to rouse) (approaching meeting) . (. ) 16. , . (. ) 17. , , . (. ) 18. : (not right), (to keep out of the district business). (. ) 19. (I tell you what): , , , . . (. ) 20. , , . (. ) 21. , [] , . (. ) 22. [] (to put in) ... (. ) 23. [] , (unbecomingly), . , . (. ) 24. 1816 , *** ... ()
Exercise 20. Analyse the Predicative Constructions. Translate into Russian.

1. The sound of the door opening again made him start like a guilty thing. (Murdoch) 2. He really strolled about, thinking, and then, the weather being cold, stepped into a hotel. (Dreiser) 3. He heard her answer him, words dropping with a soft, tender, cooling touch into the heat of his brain. (Greene) 4. I can't imagine your coming to see me at a time when you are fully satisfied with your life and work. (Caldwell) 5. After all these years it really is not worth while for you to play hide-and-seek with one another. (Maugham) 6. Calvin... departed laughing, and could be heard laughing and sneezing all the way down the stairs. (Murdoch) 7. He was afraid of the strike continuing a few days longer, of more taxes, of a"Government defeat. (Greene) 8. Day after day through the spring no rains fell, and farmers, waiting for the floods of the rainy season to fill their rice-fields, saw their young
101

crops dry up before their eyes. (Buck) 9. He watchend her at evening, sitting by the lamp, with the mending on her lap, in the shabby livingroom. (Lessing) 10. 1 won't have Carl talk that way. (Hemingway) 11. Every night the old man would have a fire of logs lit in the great stone fire-place. (Buck) 12. Cn his will being opened, after a decent interval, it was found to consist of two portions. (James) 13....we had heard planes coming, seen them pass overhead, watched them go far to the left and heard them bombing on the main high road. (Hemingway) 14. The film was not bad, but I could feel impatience radiating from her and knew she was longing for it to end. (Hansford Jchnson) 15. She was moving towards the door, her head reverted, her heels clattering. (Faulkner) 16. I never knew, when' we planned to meet, in what, mood I should be likely to find her. (Hansford Johnson) 17. You can have no idea of... how I have missed the thought of your being near me somewhere! (Horgan) 18. I had heard these topics argued between the Americans and ourselves for years. (Snow) 19. She appeared to be very rich and important... (Priestley) 20. The sound of Mistress Affery cautiously chaining the door before she opened it, caused them both to/look that way. (Dickens) 21. The sun rose higher and soon it would be time for the others to come home for the noon meal. (Buck); 22. She heard Miss Reba's voice booming from somewhere and listened to her toiling slowly up the stairs. (Faulkner) 23. We both knew that her marriage to Skidmore was supposed to have been an abnormally happy one. (Snow) 24. Carefully and slowly, with his eyes fixed on her, he stepped down. (Qreene) 25. Our little country newspaper is sure to chronicle the fact next week. (Wilde)
Exercise 21. State the function of the verbals and Predicative Constructions. Translate into Russian.

1. He and the poet are now in the office, with him trying to make the poet go to bed, and the poet refusing. (Faulkner) 2. Once or twice only he looked round to see her sitting like something dead, so white and motionless (Galsworthy) 3. The man in the football jersey moved back to the side of the road, leaving room for the bicycles to pass. (/. Shaw) 4. He passed by with studied indifference, his face averted, eyes fixed straight ahead, as though to avoid seeing him. (Croniri) 5. Deafened by the noise of the traffic, splashed with mud from the grinding wheels, he still kept on plodding along the gutters. (Croniri) 6. Arthur had managed to get his way. It had been easy to coax Margaret into inviting them to stay with us for a week. It had not been so easy for Penelope to accept. (Snow) 7. Rebecca stood serene, with her lips parted, the faint breeze blowing her hair back from her wide brows. An inner glow seemed to merge with the sunlight blandly brushing her cheeks. (Lindsay) 8....she loved receiving at formal parties. Her pleasure at being surrounded by these close friends made her eyes sparkle. (Stone) 9. It hardly does much good to have a complex mind without actually being a philosopher. (Bellow) 10. Her first season passed without the perfect suitor presenting himself, and the second also; but she was young and could afford to wait. Mrs. Garstin told her friends that she thought it a pity for a girl to marry till she was twenty-one. (Maugham) II. Tom, wiping his eyes with his sleeve, began to blubber out something about a resolution to escape from hard usage and lack of sympathy at home by roaming abroad into the great world, never to return. (Twain) 12. Reading that article had not caused Mr. Bunting to stop drinking tea after dinner. (Greenwood) 13. She was thinking of Roger coming to her, marrying her. (Snow) 14. Hawkins at once goes briskly to the table and takes the chair nearest the sofa, Christy having left the inkstand there. (Shaw) 15. Waiting for his turn, he stared out at the vague rows of faces and found his thoughts wandering. (Lindsay) 16. We happened then to cross the street, and the traffic prevented us from speaking. (Maugham) 17. It might be easier to be out of work without having a wife and a child... (Wilson) 18. He's got sense enough to know that there's nothing to be gained by making a scandal. (Maugham) 19. I have the honour of knowing more distinguished men, my poor child, than you are likely to see in a lifetime. (James) 20. Kate sat in absolute dismay, waiting for the other woman to recover herself. (Lawrence) 21. Old Todd... disliked his married sons calling unless told to come. (Lindsay) 22. The sound of the telephone
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ringing seemed to have woken every nerve in my body. (Du Maurier) 23. No child of his thought of running to him to have a shoe tied or a button fastened. (Buck) 24. It must be very peaceful, he [Tom] thought, to lie and slumber and dream for ever and ever, with the wind whispering through the trees and caressing the grass and the flowers of the grave, and nothing to bother and grieve about, ever any more. (Twain) 25. He had stopped to look in at a picture shop. (Galsworthy) 26. He stopped speaking. He glanced up to see the chairman watching him. (Wilson) 27. He arose very cautiously, as if fearing to find every bone broken. (Hansford Johnson) 28. And, after that dance, she stole away home having no heart to see him dance with his water-nymph. (Galsworihy) 29. Enders turned and stared full at Miss Zelinka, trying, with the deep intensity of his glance, to get her to look at him, smile at him... (/. Shaw) 30. I walked up to the wood, but it was too wet for me to go inside; so I went down to the gate, hoping to see a human soul, someone quite ordinary and cheerful. (Hansford Johnson) 31. I was afraid of hurting Mr. Micawber's feelings, or, at all events, Mrs. Micawber's, she being very sensitive... (Dickens) 32. But I don't like to think of you going into danger. (Galsworthy) 33. Miss Folgers readily confessed to having taken the child, whom she claimed to have found playing in Elysian Park, to her farm. () 34. It was customary for Aileen to drive alone almost every afternoon a spirited pair of bays, or to ride a mount. (Dreiser) 35. The General... listened that evening to the Japanese artillery bombarding the field. It seemed impossible to maintain any sort of order. (Mailer) 36. I lit a cigarette and watched the red end mirrored in the water. (Snow) 37. When Paul entered tentatively, after knocking and getting no reply, he found her lying in her old dressinggown, her eyes averted, her face flushed and exhausted. (Lessing) 38. Uncle Titus promptly marks his approval of her action by rising from the sofa, and placing a chair for her to sit down upon. (Shaw) 39. She had something to say to him, but she kept it back for fear of irritating him. (James) 40. But being in love, and recently engaged, Shelton had a right to be immune from discontent of any kind... (Galsworthy) 41. Erik saw their eyes meet for a moment, and Fabermacher allowed the silence to grow with brutal relentlessness. (Wilson)
Exercise 22. Follow the direction for Exercise 21.

1. He was extremely considerate; he was very attentive to her comfort; she never expressed the slightest wish without his hastening to gratify it. When she happened to feel ill no one could have been kinder or more thoughtful. She seemed to do him a favour when she gave him the opportunity of doing something tiresome for her. And he was always exceedingly polite. He rose to his feet when she entered a room, he gave her his hand to help her out of a car; if he chanced to meet her in the street he took off his hat, he was solicitous to open the door for her when she left a room... He treated her not as Kitty had seen most men treat their wives, but as though she were a fellow-guest in a country house. (Maugham) 2. Wilson looked around and saw Goldstein sitting alone at the next tent, writing a letter. Abruptly, it seemed shameful to Wilson for them to drink without including anyone else in the squad. For a few seconds he watched Goldstein scribing busily with a pencil, moving his lips soundlessly... (Mailer) 3. That angry afternoon appeared to have happened so long ago that to apologize now for what had been said was foolish. Haviland seemed to have forgotten the bitterness entirely. "The thing to do now, Erik," he said, "is to close up, go home and sleep for a day or two." (Wilson) 4. Next morning, meeting me in the hall, she told me that she was too tired to go out with the guns. It was the first time I had known her energies flag. She was still enough herself to give me instructions. (Snow) 5. The tongue of Fleur's dog licking his dabbled hand interrupted this somewhat philosophic reflection. Animals were too human nowadays, always wanting to have notice taken of them... (Galsworthy) 6. Perhaps having written this to you I may never show it to you or leave it for you to see. But yet I must write it. Of all conceivable persons you, when you have grown to manhood, are the most likely to understand. (Wells) 7. He lay in bed, dressed, with the light burning, until he heard the clock strike three. Then he left the house, putting his watch and his tobacco pouch into his pocket. (Faulkner) 8. That" evening the instinct
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vouchsafed at times to lovers in place of reason caused him to pack his bag and go to Cannes. (Galsworthy) 9. He sat there in the little waiting room, wearing an old cloth cap that Ronnie had found at the back of the car and. insisted upon his taking. The only other people, a sleepy elderly country couple... did not seem to notice anything surprising about his appearance. (Priestley) 10. He followed the direction of her glance. They stood facing the windows that led out on the verandah. They were shuttered and the shutters were bolted. They saw the white china knob of the handle slowly turn. They had heard no one walk along the verandah. It was terrifying to see that silent motion. A minute passed and there was no sound. Then, with the ghastliness of the supernatural in the same stealthy, noiseless and horrifying manner, they saw the white china knob of the handle at the other window turn also. It was so frightening that Kitty, her nerves failing her, opened her month to scream; but, seeing what she was going to do, he swiftly put his hand over it and her cry was smothered in his fingers. Silence. She leaned against him, her knees shaking, and he was afraid she would faint. Frowning, his jaw set, he carried her to the bed and sat her down upon it. (Maugham) 11. He [Francisl would not appear to be encouraging his daughter to marry a fortune. It amused me, having known Francis since we were both young. I had seen him, less orthodox than now, marrying for love, but also marrying into a rich family. (Snow) 12. Erik wanted them to like each other because he cared for them both, but he suddenly dreaded the thought of their becoming friendly because he had a conviction that they could form a friendship which would have no real need of him. He interrupted to make Mary talk shop. (Wilson)
Exercise 23. Translate into English, using verbals where possible.

1.... , , , . (. ) 2. [] , , ... , ... (never-ceasing) . (. ) 3. , (to force something on somebody), , , (to drive out). (. ) 4.... [] , , , ... (. ) 5. (to come to oneself after one's illness), ... , , , , ... , , . (. ) 6. , ... ; , - . (. ) 7. . () 8. . , , ... : , . () 9. , . () 10. , , . () 11. , (postmaster) , ... (to harness to) ; , , : , , . () 12. (to stand still) , [] . (. ) 13. , , , , . (. ) 14. [] , , (to speak), . (. ) 15. [] , , , ... , , . (. ) 16. , ,
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 (to seem) . (. ) 17. [] , , (unnoticed). (. ) 18. (to consult) (foreign watering-place)... . (. ) 19. , , [], , , , , , . (. ) 20.... (to rouse oneself), , , , . (. ) 21 __ , , (to write below): . . 6 . (. ) 22. (]... , , , , (foreign watering-place), . (. ) 23. [] ... , , ; , , , (to take leave) (chief secretary). (. ) 24. (to seem) , . (. ) 25. , , . () 26. , ...; . () 27. , . () 28.... , , ... (. ) 29. , , . () 30. , (fortune). () 31.... , , (to happen) , . () 32. , (to paint) m-me Lebrun. () 33. , , . , , , , . () 34. , ... () 35. , , . () 36. , . () 37. , , (the game)... () 38. , , , . () 39. M-me Schoss, , (to describe) , ... (. ) 40.... , ... (. ) 41. , ... (the steps). (. ) 42. , ... ... . (. ) 43. . , , , , , , . (. ) 44. ... (to lie) . ... , . (. ) 45. , monsieur de Beausset ... (. )

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THE ADVERB
Exercise 1. State the morphological composition of the following adverbs

Where, abroad, too, tenfold, nowadays, inside, quickly, underneath, once, homeward, seldom, nowhere, heartily, afoot, headlong, twice, beyond, then, eastward, otherwise, upstairs, rarely, late, outside, ahead, forever, so, beneath, forward, fast, scarcely,' inquiringly, sometimes, good-naturedly.
Exercise 2. Point out the adverbs and define the group each belongs to.

I. She talked to them naturally, sang a little song to them... And gave them their Sunday toys. (Buck) 2. He [Jolyon] was free to go off with his easel where and when he liked. (Galsworthy) 3. The man must have had diabolically acute hearing. (Wells) 4. Patients insist on having microbes nowadays. (Shaw) 5. As soon as Annette found herself outside, she began to run. (Murdoch) 6. I never felt better in my life. (Saroyan) 7. I think sometimes there is nothing before me but hard work... (Galsworthy) 8. It was as if his soul had been cramped and his eyes bandaged from the hour of his birth. Why had he lived such a life? Why had he submitted to things, blundered into things? (Wells) 9. Yes, George had lived too fast, or he would not have been dying twenty years before his time too fasti (Galsworthy) 10. She consulted her husband at once. (Galsworthy) 11. Fleur having declared that it was "simply too wonderful to stay indoors," they all went out. (Galsworthy) 12. And she lived at Mapledurham a jolly name, too, on the river somewhere. (Galsworthy) 13. A week later I am visited by a very stylishly dressed young woman. (Saroyan) 14. They had been dancing together. (Dreiser) 15. He (SoarnesJ remembered her birthday well he had always observed it religiously. (Galsworthy) 16. The driver, was ordered to take the car to the pool, and Jates and Karen went afoot. (Heym) 17. The only thing is to cut the knot for good. (Galsworthy) 18. Why, you've hardly started, it isn't fair to bother you. (Cronin) 19. Twice I doubled round corners, thrice I crossed the road and came back on my tracks. (Wells) 20. They went eyeing each other askance.. (Galsworthy) 21. He took a few steps towards her and looked less at her than at the open doorway behind her... (Greene) 22. In another moment Adyl was leading the way downstairs. (Wells) 23. Soames looked at her hard (Galsworthy) 24. The boy was due to go to-morrow. (Galsworthy) 25. She seems to be simple enough. (This is America) 26. It [the cry] came from the terrace below. (Galsworthy) 27. They are quiet atpresent. (Galsworthy) 28. I must get the money somehow. (Shaw) 29. He [Soames] had never had a love of music. (Galsworthy) 30. He spoke little and listened much. (Horgan)
Exercise 3. Use the comparative or superlative degree of the adverbs.

1. Then the bus... began to run, __ still, through a long avenue, (fast) (Faulkner) 2....moreover, he was __ educated than the others, (well) (Buck) 3. She was the one who was being hurt __. (deeply) (Wilson) 4. He contrived to get a glimpse of Montanelli once or __ in every week, if only for a few minutes. (often) (Voynich) 5. Driving __ now, she arrived between four and five, (slowly) (Galsworthy) 6. However, I must bear my cross as __ I may. (well) (Shaw) 7. Then he dismissed the thought as unworthy and impossible, and yielded himself __ to the music. (freely) (London) 8. He followed her mental process __ now, and her soul was no __ the sealed wonder it had been, (clearly; long) (London) 9. Felix's eyebrows rose __ than ever, (high) (James) 10. It was a comfort to Margaret about this time, to find that her mother drew __ and __ towards her than she had ever done since the days of her childhood, (tenderly; intimately) (Gaskell) MODAL WORDS
Exercise I. Point out all the modal words and define their meaning.

1. Over the ridge she would find him. Surely she would find him. (Wells) 2. He had stopped their mouths, maybe, but at what a cost. (Galsworthy) 3. She s just engaged to him. Of course she is frightfully excited about it, and naturally he wants her to come away and marry. [Wells) 4. Winifred could barely get a word out of him, he ate nothing, but he
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certainly took his liquor and his face kept getting whiter. (Galsworthy) 5. She was probably dissatisfied just as he was. (Dreiser) 6. Knowledge of something kept from her made him, no doubt, unduly sensitive. (Galsworthy) 7. The Buccaneer, watching him go so sadly, felt sorry perhaps for his behaviour to the old man. (Galsworthy) 8. Thorp was actually too sick to see anybody. (Heym) 9. "Allow me, Sir, the honour of grasping your hand permit me, Sir, to shake it," said the grave man. "Certainly," said Mr. Pickwick. (Dickens) 10. My dear Ma'am, you deserve a very excellent husbandyou do indeed. (Dickens) 11. Bertine and I are just on our way home, truly. (Dreiser) 12. He saw Fleur, standing near the door, holding a handkerchief which the boy had evidently just handed to her.. (Galsworthy) THE INTERJECTION
Exercise 1. Point out all the interjections and say whether they are emotional or imperative.

1. "The Boers are a hard nut to crack, uncle James." "H'm!" muttered James. "Where do you get your information? Nobody tells." (Galsworthy) 2. "Oh! My eyel" he said looking very lowspirited, "I am sorry for that." (Galsworthy) 3. "Good Lord!" said Fleur. "Am I only twenty-one? I feel forty-eight." (Galsworthy) 4. "Good Heavensl" cried my mother, "you'll drive me mad!" (Dickens) 5. Heavens! How dull you arel (Sheridan) 6. "Oh, Karen," he said, "it's good to have you around!" (Heym) 7. Alas! The white house was empty and there was a bill in the window. (Dickens) 8. A man jumped on top of the barricade and, waving exuberantly, shouted. "Americains! Hurrah." (Heym) 9. Hallo, Michael! I'm rather late; been to the club and walked home. (Galsworthy) 10. Ah! you are both of you good-natured. (Sheridan) 11. "Hark!" cried the Dodger at this moment, "I heard the tinkler," catching up the light, he crept softly upstairs. (Dickens) 12. "Who is that?" she cried. "Hush, hush!" said one of the women, stooping over her... (Dickens) 13. Well, I don't like those mysterious little pleasure trips that he is so fond of taking. (Voynich) 14. Now, Maria, here is a character to your taste... (Sheridan) 15. Here! I've had enough of this. I'm going. (Shaw) THE PREPOSITION
Exercise 1. State the morphological composition of the following prepositions:

In, below, with regard to, during, concerning, till, in front of, without, behind, under, in view of, outside, off, into, until, across, according to, with, along, up, inside, out of, owing to, at, regarding.
Exercise 2. Insert prepositions and define their meaning where possible.

1. The life __ the Dutch settlement now began to be built into the life __ the American nation. This these people did consciously and __ their own will, although there were the older ones some who longed, as did even Mijnheer Stulting __ times, __ the comfort and security __ his old home. It had been a sad blow __ him when the pastor died __ the early years and lie was never again satisfied altogether __ any who tried to take his place. (Buck) 2. Bitterly tired, he lay down __ the sofa __ his fur coat and fell asleep. (Galsworthy) 3. __ the appointed time __ the evening Mr. Micawber reappeared. (Dickens) 4. They were __ earnest conversation. __ time __ time they would halt and one __ them would, it seemed, explain something __ the other, who __ turn would nod his head sagely. (Clark) 5. There was only one other event __ this hall-year,... that made an impression __ me which still survives. (Dickens) 6. He reached his house __ midnight. (Galsworthy) 7. He looked __ his watch. __ half an hour the doctor would be back. (Galsworthy) 8. Bing went __ the soldier, who had the serious face __ a child thrown __ the world too soon. (Heym) 9. He stared __ her __ amazement. He had forgotten that she was ignorant __ his story and __ his flight __ Carlion. (Greene) 10. __ these studies the excellent Mrs. O'Dowd was __ great assistance __ him. (Thackeray) 11. A child __ 1901, he had come __ consciousness when his country, just over that bad attack __ scarlet fever, was preparing __ the Liberal revival __ 1906. (Galsworthy) 12. Mrs. Reed's hands still lay __ her work inactive, her eyes __ ice
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continued to dwell freezingly __ mine. (Ch. Bronte) 13. When __ the first week __ December he decided to go __ Paris, he was far __ admitting that Irene's presence was influencing him. (Galsworthy) 14. Stroeve was, of course, delighted __ her. He could not do enough to show his gratitude __ the whole hearted devotion __ which she had accepted the burden he laid __ her. (Maugham) 15. Just before Christmas, Reggie Burnside passed __ London __ his way __ Murren. He dropped __ Elizabeth's studio ir _ tea. (Aldington) 16. One autumn morning I was __ my mother __ the front garden, when Mr. Murdstone, I knew him __ that name now, came by __ horseback. (Dickens) 17. He was proud __ this enlistment; proud __ his boy forgoing off to fight __ the country. (Galsworthy) 18. An accidental circumstance cemented the intimacy __ Steerforth and me, __ a manner that inspired me __ great pride and satisfaction though it sometimes led __ inconvenience.
(Dickens)

Exercise 3. Insert by or with.

1. The Germans, he had been assured __ everybody, were on the run, and it was unlikely that they would stop running so soon... (Heym) 2. He was busy making entries __ a lead pencil in a book which lay open before him. (Dreiser) 3. Both men were loaded down __ field equipment and the bottles contributed __ the grateful people of Paris. (Heym) 4. They dined in the small restaurant, which had been "decorated" __ rather feeble pictures __ young artists. (Aldington) 5. But the nearer he came to the center of the town, the more difficult it was to walk; the road was strewn __ stones and bricks and rubble. (Heym) 6. I remember being met at the Zoo station __ one of their scholars. (Snow) 7. He sat down vigorously and lighted a cigarette __ trembling hands. (Murdoch) 8. The streets, crowded __ people, still reminded Yates of the first days in Paris, the honeymoon of liberation. (Heym) 9. She had been appointed __ one of Rainborough's predecessors. (Murdoch) 10. The hills around Rollingen, usually illuminated __ the fires in the blast furnaces, were crowded __ the lightning of far-off guns. (Heym) THE CONJUNCTION
Exercise 1. State the morphological composition oi the following conjunctions:

For, as well as, unless, now that, and, neither... nor, while, although, not only... but also, provided, as though, supposing, no sooner... than, or, so that, if, both... and, as long as, so, either... or, as... as, when, until, before, after, as if, as soon as, lest, for fear that, notwithstanding, nor.
Exercise 2. Point out all the coordinating conjunctions and define the group each belongs to.

1. The stranger had not gone far, so he made after him to ask the name. (Dickens) 2. Be quick, or it may be too late. (Dickens) 3....real accuracy and purity she neither possessed, nor in any number of years would acquire. (Ch. Bronte) 4....Mrs. Septimus Small let fall no word, neither did she question June about him. (Galsworthy) 5. The river was not high, so there was not more than a two or three mile current. (Twain) 6. It seemed to him that he could contrive to secure for her the full benefit of both his life insurance and his fire insurance... (Wells) 7. Karl is solid and extremely certain of himself, while Joseph on the other hand, though no less certain of himself, is a good deal less solid. (Saroyan) 8. He could see no one, and he began to believe that either his instinct had deceived him, or else that the shadowing was over. (Greene) 9. But for a long time we did not see any lights, nor did we see the shore, but rowed steadily in the dark riding with the waves. (Hemingway)
Exercise 3. Point out all the subordinating conjunctions and say what kind of subordinate clauses they introduce.

1. She stood quite silent while Butler appealed to her. (Dreiser) 2. Since Miss Wilfer rejected me, I have never again urged my suit. (Dickens) 3. Whenever I looked at Susan she gave me a frank full-hearted smile. (Braine) 4. So the tiny woman closed the shutter of the cottage window and fastened the door, and trembling from head to root for fear that any one should suspect her, opened a very secret place, and showed the Princess a shadow.
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5. And yet tired though he was after his three long days, Soames dreaded the moment when the car should stop. (Galsworthy) 6. I extinguished my taper, locked my bureau, and left her, since she would not leave me. (Ch. Bronte) 7. Once they reached the open country the car leapt forward like a mad thing. (Murdoch) 8. He was a tall fellow with a very wide mouth and prematurely bald in front, so that he appeared to have a colossal forehead. (Priestley) 9. The reference was as plain as it was unexpected. (Clark) 10. Early as he was, another man was there before him. (Dreiser) 11. We're as we're made. (Maugham) 12. They were all smiling wid'ely at me as I came toward them. (/. Shaw) 13. He was a fattish, worried, untidy man, always looking as if he had slept in the expensive clothes he wore. (Priestley) 14. Mr. Pancks has come down into the Yard to-night, on purpose that you should hear him. (Dickens) 15. The most I can say now is that it is very cold in San Francisco, and I am freezing. (Saroyan) 16. Give me your promise that this shall be done. (Priestley) 17. In that small room he seemed even bigger than I remembered him. (Maugham) 18. Whatever I intend to do I'll do without advice from the outside. (Dreiser) 19. Breakfast was not yet over before the men came to put up the marquee. (Mansfield) 20. He prized the pencil, because it had been a gift from his mother. (Warren) 21. As soon as he had gone, I looked at the clock. (Snow) 22. After a sleepless night, he [Cowperwood] wrote his resignation to the chairman of the board of directors, in order that he should be prepared to hand it to him at once.
(Dickens) (Dreiser)

THE PARTICLE
Exercise 1. Point out the particles and define the group each belongs to.

1. It is just because I want to save my soul that I am marrying for money. (Shaw) 2. Rosa feared this power, but she enjoyed it too. (Murdoch) 3. Oh, doctor, do you think there is any chance? Can she possibly survive this last terrible complication? (Shaw) 4, We merely want to see the girl and take her away. (Dreiser) 5. I shall also try to be there at ten. (Wells) 6. Don't come any nearer. You're at just the right distance. (Bennett) 7. He had taken up with it solely because he was starving. (London) 8. Soames was but following in the footsteps of his father. (Galsworthy) 9. I am interested only in man. Life I love and before death I am humble. (Saroyan) 10. Just then the telephone rang. (Snow) 11. Tom, you'll manage it and if you do I'll give you something ever so nice. (Twain) 12. He needed the peculiar sympathy that a woman alone can give. (Locke) 13. She ought to have written at once and told htm exactly what had happened. (Wells) 14. I think, he's been a simply perfect father, so long as I can remember. (Galsworthy) 15. They did not even look at him. (Faulkner) 16. Not a career for a man of his ability. (Galsworthy) 17. We followed him along the corridor... He never looked back, he never hesitated. (Collins) GRAMMATICAL HOMONYMS
Exercise 1. State whether the boldfaced word is an adverb, a modal word, or a particle.

1. Miss Whitmore was truly taken by surprise. (Dreiser) 2....the time had come in which she must speak to him truly. (Trollope) 3. The hall looked exactly as it did when he used to dine there with Jack Herring. (Galsworthy) 4. My mother knew so exactly how to dress. 5. You are coming right out into life facing it all. (Wells) 6. She would never persuade them that she had done right. (Wells) 7. "You will be sure to come?" said Mr. Snodgrass. "Oh, certainly." (Dickens) 8. Soames smiled. Certainly Uncle James had a way with him. (Galsworthy) 9. Lammlein rose. "We have fulfilled our obligations," he said pompously, and yet not quite certainly. (Heym) 10. Tom, you'll manage it and if you do I'll give you something ever so nice. (Twain) 11. I don't think I shall ever be afraid of you again, Bessie. (. Bronte) 12. Fleur having declared that it was "simply too wonderful to stay indoors," they all went out. (Galsworthy) 13.-She looked at him simply, directly... (Dreiser) 14. They just came in. They are sitting in number 7 booth. (This is America) 15. I'll just tap and ask them to come out. (Dreiser) 16. I don't know just what to do. (Dreiser) 17. What are they that they should judge us? Yet they do unhesitatingly. (Shaw) 18. There was
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yet another source of difference between us. (Dickens) 19. But the gentleman had not finished his requests yet. (Priestley) 20. "I had another reason for suspecting the deceased woman," he said, "which appears to me to have been stronger still." (Collins) 21. He had no purpose in going about the room, but he was not still a moment. (Dickens) 22....Charlie felt sure that she was still somewhere in London. (Priestley) 23. Old Mr. Ablewhite never made his appearance that night. (Collins) 24. Mrs. Reed was blind and deaf on the subject. She never saw him strike or heard him abuse me. (Ch. Bronte) 25. To be loved beautifully was surely the crown and climax of her being. (Wells) 26. Slowly, surely, with the secret inner process that works the destruction of an old tree, the poison of the wounds to his happiness, his will, his pride, had corroded the comely edifice of his philosophy. (Galsworthy) 27. In turn, each of these brothers was very different from the other, yet they, too, were alike. (Galsworthy) 28. They said of him that he was too serious. (This is America)
Exercise 2. State whether the boldfaced word is an adverb or a preposition.

1. Somebody outside pulled at the door. (Greene) 2. Outside it was getting dark. (Hemingway) 3. It was a nice little place and he liked the high mountain hauling up beyond. (Hemingway) 4. Outside, and beyond the road, lay the Park. (Murdoch) 5. There, just inside the door, stood a wide, shallow tray full of pots of pink lilies. (Mansfield) 6. It was dark inside. (Hemingway) 7. He wandered down the street again. (Lindsay) 8. He dressed for dinner early and was first down. (Galsworthy) 9. I drove back up the narrow road. (Hemingway) 10. They mounted up and up, through the musty smell of an old close house, little used, to a large garret bedroom. (Dickens) II. It was just that he had never really looked into a human face before. (Warren) 12. The afternoon before the attack was spent in putting the boats ready.
Exercise 3. State whether the boldfaced word is an adverb, a conjunction, a preposition, or a postposition.

1. They were reluctant to interfere in their niece's private affairs. (Lindsay) 2. A cool March air came in through the revolving door whenever the page-boy passed the guests in or out. (Baum) 3. She came back with a package and got in and we drove on. (Hemingway) 4. Bertine and I are just on our way home, truly. (Dreiser) 5. After dinner they sat about and smoked. (Aldington) 6. After she had left me I brooded on my situation. (Clark) 7. A little before midnight the thick fog that had been falling over the city became rain. (Saroyan) 8. She thought for a moment before she replied. (Trollope) 9. You have never worked at anything like this before, have you? (Dreiser) 10. I was born there, but have never been there since I was a baby. (Trollope) 11. I knew him well, but it was some years since, and I valued him as a man of singular probity and spirit. (Trollope) 12. On one point they were in agreement George had degenerated terribly since joining the army. (Aldington) 13. At other times he was working in his vineyard from dawn till the heat drove him to rest and then again, when it was a trifle cooler till dusk. (Maugham) 14. After tea she fulfilled that promise to herself and took Jon up the hill. (Galworthy) 15. Rinaldi picked up the candle, lit it and went on reading. (Hemingway) 16. He glanced up reproachfully, caught the comic lift of her eyebrow just like their father's, laughed and felt better. (Galsworthy) 17. Lady Anna stood at the open window, looking across at the broad field and the river bank beyond... (Trollope) 18....there was a little hill and beyond a stone wail, an apple orchard. (Hemingway) 19. What, after all, did an extra five minutes matter? But he would pretend to himself that they mattered beyond measure. (Mansfield) 20. But he missed Fleur, who came down last. (Galsworthy) 21. The sun was going down and the day was cooling off. (Hemingway)
Exercise 4. Define the part of speech the boldfaced words belong to.

1. The only thing is to cut the knot for good. (Galsworthy) 2. I have only just come. I have not seen him yet. (Shaw) 3. Carrie said nothing, but bent over her work. (Dreiser) 4. It seemed to him that life was hollow, and existence but a burden. (Twain) 5. You never talk anything but nonsense. (Wilde) 6. He could not go on living here alone. (Galsworthy) 7. For your suggestion alone I could have you court-martialed. (Heym) 8. Clare had made one of her greatest efforts. (Galsworthy)- 9. With age one suffered from the feeling that one might
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have enjoyed things more. (Galsworthy) 10. The lieutenant's exile was to be only a temporary one. (Lindsay) 11. He steeled himself with that phrase, and tiptoed on; but the next door was harder to pass. (Galsworthy) 12. His tone was different from that of his friends. (Snow) 13. The startling discovery so terrified her that she could hardly repress a sound. (Hardy) 14. He ate all that was placed before him... (Dickens) 15. Look round this room. (Dickens) 16. They were only five at a round table, and it was very pleasant indeed. (Dickens) 17. I have just returned from my round of m.edical visits... (Collins) 18. At that moment the woman at the fire turned round. (Mansfield) 19. Columbus intended to round Africa and thus find a waterway to India. 20. Once we got inside the dressing-room, Jack lay down and shut his eyes. (Hemingway) 21. And life, unfortunately, is something that you can lead but once.
(Maugham)

Part II. SYNTAX

THE SIMPLE SENTENCE
Exercise 1. Define the kinds of sentences according to the purpose of the utterance.

Laura was terribly nervous. Tossing the velvet ribbon over her shoulder, she said to a woman standing by, "Is this Mrs. Scott's house?" and the woman, smiling queerly, said, "It is, my lass." Oh, to be away from this! She actually said, "Help me God!" as she walked up the tiny path and knocked. To be away from these staring eyes, or to be covered up in anything, one of those women's shawls even! I'll just leave the basket and go, she decided. I shan't even wait for it to be emptied. Then the door opened. A little woman in black showed in the gloom. Laura said, "Are you Mrs. Scott?" But to her horror the woman answered, "Walk in, please, miss," arid she was shut in the passage. "No," said Laura, "I don't want to come in. I only want to leave this basket." The little woman in the gloomy passage seemed not to hear her. "Step this way, please, miss," she said in an oily voice, and Laura followed her. (Mansfield)
Exercise 2. Define the type of question

1. "Who is he?" I said. "And why does he sit always alone, with his back to us too?" (Mansfield) 2. "Did she have a chill?" he asked, his eyes upon the floor. (Cronin) 3. You have Mr. Eden's address, haven't you, Mr. Ends? (London) 4. Is literature less human than the architecture and sculpture of Egypt? (London) 5. We shall be having some sort of celebration for the bride, shan't we, Mr. Crawley? (Du Maurier) 6. "Can I see the manager?" I said, and added politely, "alone." (Leacock) 7. When had the carriage been back from taking Miss June to the station? (Galsworthy) 8. What is the meaning of that? She is going to live in the house, isn't she? (Galsworthy) 9. He couldn't understand what Irene found wrong with him: it was not as if he drank. Did he run into debt, or gamble or swear? (Galsworthy) 10. Were you talking about the house? I haven't seen it yet, you know. Shall we all go on Sunday? (Galsworthy) 11. Don't you realize it's quite against the rules to have him. (Cronin) 12. How will you carry the bill into effect? Can you commit a whole country to their own prisons? (Byron)
Exercise 3. Point out two-member sentences (say whether they are complete or elliptical) and one-member sentences.

1. He stared amazed at the calmness of her answer. (Galsworthy) 2. We must go to meet the bus. Wouldn't do to miss it. (Cronin) 3. Obedient little trees, fulfilling their duty. (Kahler) 4. Lucretius knew very little about what was going on in the world. Lived like a mole in a burrow. Lived on his own fat like a bearin winter. (Douglas) 5. He wants to write a play for me. One act. One man. Decides to commit suicide. (Mansfield) 6. A beautiful day, quite warm. (Galsworthy) 7. "What do you want?" "Bandages, stuff for wounded." (Heym) 8. "How did he look?" "Grey but otherwise much the same." "And the daughter?" "Pretty." (Galsworthy) 9. And then the silence and the beauty of this camp at night. The stars. The
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mystic shadow water. The wonder and glory of all this. (Dreiser) 10. "I'll see nobody for half an hour, Macey," said the boss. "Understand? Nobody at all." (Mansfield) 11. "Mother, a man's been killed." "Not in the garden?" interrupted her mother. (Mansfield) 12. Garden at the Manor House. A flight of grey stone steps leads up to the house. The garden, an oldfashioned one, full of roses. Time of year, July. Basket chairs, and a table covered with books, are set under a large yewtree. (Wilde)
Exercise 4. Point out the subject and say by what it is expressed. Translate into Russian.

1. At that moment the postman, looking like a German army officer, came in with the mail. (Mansfield) 2. The clock struck eight. There was no sign of any of the other guests. (Huxley) 3. Now, there is something peculiarly intimate in sharing an umbrella. (Mansfield) 4. Together we walked through the mud and slush. (Mansfield) 5. Something impersonal and humble in that action seemed to reassure the Consul. (Cronin) 6. The sight of them, so intent and so quick, gave Bertha a curious shiver. (Mansflied) 7. Eight o'clock in the morning. Miss Ada Moss lay in a black iron bedstead, staring up at the ceiling. (Mansfield) 8. Still, the good of mankind was worth working for. (Galsworthy) 9. Sometimes the past injects itself into the present with a peculiar force. (Heym) 10. Forgetting some things is a difficult matter. (Voynich) 11. To cross from one end to the other was difficult because of the water. (Heym) 12. "A person doesn't have to be rich to be clean," Charles said. (Braine) 13. There was an eagerness and excitement in the faces of the men. (Heym) 14....and Timothy's was but one of hundreds of such homes in this City of London... (Galsworthy) 15. Let's get out quick. It's no good wasting time. (Maugham) 16. "Very well," said Soames, "then we know where we are." (Galsworthy) 17. Now, to go through a stormy night and with wet clothes, and, in addition, to be ill nourished and not to have tasted meat for a week or a month, is about as severe a hardship as a man can undergo. (London) 18. She did not know. The "No" was stronger than her craving to be in Frisco's arms and forget this dreary existence. (Prichard) 19. The mining industry might make wealth and power for a few men and women. But the many would always be smashed and battered beneath its giant treads. (Prichard) 20. Yes, that did sound rather far-fetched and absurd. (Mansfield) 21. This, of course, in her present mood, was so incredibly beautiful... She began to laugh. (Mansfield) 22. To live on good terms with people one must share their work and interests. (Prichard) 23. These three deemed themselves the queens of the school. (Ch. Bronte) 24. Who were these people? What are they? (Galsworthy) 25. His was the harsh world of reality. No one could walk around his drawing. (Stone) 26. Governing the district of Cremmen wasn't turning out to be an easy and pleasant job. (Heym) 27. The firing increased in volume. (Heym) 28. High and low all made fun of him. (Thackeray) 29. For a woman to look at her best is a point of discipline. (James) 30. Your coming home has made me as foolish as a young girl of nineteen. (Abrahams) 31. And now his heir and nephew, Thomas Esmond, began to bid for his uncle's favour. (Thackeray)
Exercise 5. State the nature of it. Translate into Russian.

1. It was dusky in the dining-room and quite chilly. (Mansfield) 2 The bell rang. It was lean, pale Eddie Warren in a state of acute distress. (Mansfield) 3. Oh! Ohl Oh! It was a little house. It was a little pink house. (Mansfield) 4. But in her bosom there was still that bright glowing place. It was almost unbearable. (Mansfield) 5. She sat up, but she felt quite dizzy, quite drunk. It must have been the spring. (Mansfield) 6. It was marvellous to be made love to like that. (Prichard) 7. It is the moon that makes you talk to yourself in that silly way. (Shaw) 8. It is very distressing to me, Sir, to give this information. (Dickens) 9. He took the path through the fields: it was pleasanter than the road. (Huxley) 10. If this is liberty, it isn't going to mean a thing. (Heym) 11. It was now almost four-thirty in the afternoon. (Dreiser) 12. I took a good room. It was very big and light and looked out on the lake. (Hemingway)
Exercise 6. Point oui the predicate and say to what type it belongs.

1. Presently she grew tired of that and looked across at her sister.
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(Galsworthy)

2. You

shall have as many dances as you like. I shan't dance with anyone except you End Maxim. (Du Maurier) 3. Well, d'you feel any better now? (Priestley) 4. Harry was enjoying his dinner. (Mansfield) 5. Alice went on, he ought to stop doing nothing and criticising everybody. (Lindsay) 6. Everything is being taken down and used against you. (Lindsay) 7. The story will only get repeated and exaggerated. (Du Maurier) 8. But I've got to have a word with him. We got to do something about it. (Pnchard) 9. She became bitter and unapproachable. (Thorne) 10. Her marriage was more or less fixed for the twenty-eighth of the month. They were to sail for India on September the fifth. (Lawrence) 11. Leila's partner gave a little gasping laugh. (Mansfield) 12. You are to go straight to your room. You are to say nothing of this to anyone. (De la Roche) 13. He was a country doctor. He died young. (Sanborn) 14. I began to stammer my apologies. He would not listen to me. (Du Maurier). 15. To walk in this way behind him seemed to Annette already a sufficient marvel. (Murdoch) 16. A ship the Vestris is reported to be arriving at Joppa. (Douglas) 17. Led was having a little new sort of weeping fit daily or every other day. (Wescott) 18. Even now he was able to find a thin excuse for that young idiot. (Kahler) 19. Do not delay, there is'no time. Teacher Williams lies dead already. (Buck) 20. The grey house had ceased to be a home for family life. (Buck) 21. Kit had. been told to do nothing in particular. (Lindsay) 22. Lately he'd made efforts to bring the matter up with Brian or Colin. (Lindsay) 23. The sky shone pale. (Mansfield) 24. These days are finished. They are blotted out. I must begin living all over again. (Du Maurier) 25. Next day, by noon, I was up and dressed, and sat wrapped in a shawl by the nursery hearth. (Ch. Bronte) 26. And all the while he felt the presence of Pat and had to keep on resisting the impulse to turn round. (Lindsay) 27. But Abramovici remained quiet. (Heym) 28. Morning broke quiet and hushed, subdued as if holding its breath. (Abrahams) 29. There were a number of people out this afternoon. And the band sounded louder and gayer. (Mansfield) 30. This has proved surprisingly difficult. (Murdoch)
Exercise 7. Say where the predicate is simple and where it is compound (nominal or verbal).

1. Two young girls in red came by. (Mansfield) 2. Demetrius came alive and pressed a flock of inquiries. (Douglas) 3. And in many ways along lines you'd more or less approve, I am coming to feel the mill apart of myself. (Lindsay) 4. He tried to be both firm and friendly. I've felt dependent on him. (Lindsay) 5. He now felt only a confused ache of memory and a growing desire to be home. (Lindsay) 6. No one was there to meet Dick. He felt a twinge of disappointment. (Lindsay) 7. There was a silence but not an uncomfortable one. (Braine) 8. He was vaguely aware of his father standing by kitchen-range with his coat off. (Lindsay) 9. The day of our wedding came. He was to cal( for me to choose the furniture. (Mansfield) 10. A good reliable husband he'd make. And our Alice is a great one for wanting a place of her own. (Lindsay) 11. That made all the difference. The room came alive at once. (Mansfield) 12. "She sounds serious," Albertine insisted. "She keeps talking about it." (Kahler) 13. Not even her own children had seen Ma break down. She'd keep a proud face always. (Mansfield) 14. My lady keeps a list of the names in a little red book (Mansfield) 15. Charlie kept quiet. (Priestley) 16. Cedric Thompson stood a good three inches above me. (Braine) 17. For a moment I stood aghast, peering after her shadowy figure, and wondering what had taken her. (Weyman) 18. And then they sat silent for a few moments together. (Trollope) 19. I sat writing letters on a piece of paper with a pencil. (Haggard) 20. And for some time he lay gasping on a little flock mattress, rather unequally posed between this world and the next. (Dickens) 21. After many adventures I and a little girl lay senseless in the Bad Lands. (Haggard) 22. He seemed glad to see me. (Du Maurier) 23. At that moment everything in her life seemed to be a source of desperate anxiety. (Murdoch) 24. You can smile away till you split your cheek, but you still got to do a day's work to earn a day's wages. Apples don't grow on monkey-trees. (Lindsay) 25. She grew to know the two elderly men better than any other member of Eden's family. (London) 26. Yates grew impatient. (Heym) 27. She turned once more to Mr. Godfrey. (Collins) 28. Gwendolen turned
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pink and pale during this speech. (Eliot) 29. Mr. Bruff remained to dinner, and stayed through the evening. (Collins) 30. Michelangelo remained silent. (Stone) 31. I gave up the attempt and went upstairs to unpack. (Braine) 32. Michelangelo's knees went weak. He sat down on his bed. (Stone) 33. I looked at the photograph above the mantelpiece and saw my own lace for the first time. (Braine) 34. Giovanni looked crestfallen. (Stone) 35. He was beginning to sound really angry. (Murdoch)
Exercise 8. Say where the reflexive pronoun is part of the predicate and where it is an object or a predicative.

1. On my estate, we pride ourselves on other things besides hay. (Erskine) 2. She paused, her eyes never leaving my face. "I shall always blame myself for the accident." (Du Maurier) 3. She raised herself suddenly in the tall chair, and looked straight at him. (Erskine) 4. Dick found himself walking in the direction of his friend Mike's place. (Lindsay) 5. It was a Tuesday. My lady wasn't quite herself that afternoon. (Mansfield) 6. He felt himself j unusually on edge, unable to maintain the impersonally smug tone of Stephenson. (Lindsay) 7. Mrs. Danvers showed herself at last. (Du Maurier)
Exercise 9. Point out the predicative and say by what it is expressed.

1. Annette was completely dazed. (Murdoch) 2. Their highest concept of right conduct, in his case, was to get a job. (London) 3. I'm five foot eleven in my socks. (Braine) 4. Sally, herself, was quite content for a while to enjoy becoming acquainted with her son, washing and feeding him, taking him for walks in thej bush, singing him to sleep. (Prichard) 5. Mr. de Morfe was as; generous and hail-fellow-well-met with them as ever.' (Prichard)\ 6. I am cold. And I always was such a one for being warm. (Mansfield) 7. Your resemblance to your mother is very striking.] (Murdoch) 8. He did not answer. I was aware again of that feeling] of discomfort. (Du Maurier) 9. I hated myself. My question had been degrading, shameful. (Du Maurier) 10. Their interests were' hers as well as the interests of everybody. (Prichard) 11. He's a good chap. He makes you feel it's worth while being alive. I (Lindsay) 12. Arrived here, his first act was to kneel down on a| large stone beside the row of vessels, and to drink a copious draught from one of them. (Lindsay) 13. Either course seemed unthinkable, without any connection with himself. (Lindsay) 14. The nightmare of my life has come true. We are in danger of our lives. We are white people in a Chinese city. (Buck) 15. The best thing is for you to move in with me and let the young lady stay with your mother. (Abrahams) 16. But she was herself again, brushing her tears away. (Lindsay) 17. The rest of the time was yours. (Douglas) 18. How do you feel physically? (Ch. Bronte] 19. Who are you? (Shaw) 20. The Irish are a philosophic as well as a practical race. Their first and strongest impulse is to make the best of a bad situation. (Dreiser)
Exercise 10. Use the adjective or adverb.

1. Catherine smiled at me very __ (happy, happily) (Hemingway) 2. I felt very __ myself, (good, well) (Hemingway) 3. I felt __ when we started, (terrible, terribly) (Hemingway) 4. He sounded __ and __. (brisk, briskly; cheerful, cheerfully) (Priestley) 5. It wil sound __. (strange, strangely)' (Dickens) 6. The hay smelled __ (good, well) (Hemingway) 7. I write English __ (bad, badly); (Ch. Bronte) 8. I looked at her __ (attentive, attentively) (Ch. Bronte) 9. But don't look __, my little girl. It breaks my heart, (sad, sadly) (Ch. Sront'e) 10. He was looking at me __ and __ (grave, gravely; intent, intently) (Ch. Bronte) 11. It [the wine] tasted very __ after the cheese and apple, (good, well) (Hemingway) 12. The brandy did not taste __ (good, well) (Hemingway) 13. The pistol felt __ on the belt, (heavy, heavily) (Hemingway) 14. Silas received the message __. (mute, mutely) (Eliot) 15. I thought he looked __ (suspicious, suspiciously) (Hemingway)
Exercise 11. Point out the subjective and the objective predicative and say by what part of speech it is expressed.

1. How do you feel? (Hemingway) 2. The half hour he had with her... left him supremely happy and supremely satisfied with life. (London) 3. How to be shown things and
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make appropriate comments seems to be an art in itself. (Leacock) 4. She had her arms about him, murmuring his name in a pleading question, but he held her away from him. (Wilson) 5. From behind the verandah she heard these words: "I don't, Annette." Did father know that he called her mother Annette? (Galsworthy) 6. He did not grow vexed; though I continued icy and silent. (Ch. Bronte) 7. John Ferrier felt a different man now. (Conan Doyle) 8. I would suggest that in the meantime we remain perfectly quiet and keep these matters secret even from Oliver himself. (Dickens) 9. He [Harper Steger] was not poor. He had not even been born poor. (Dreiser) 10. Gilt held him immobile for only an instant... (Wilson) 11. As a gesture of proud defiance he had named his son Francis Nicholas. (Cronin)
Exercise 12. Translate into English, using a compound nominal predicate.

1. . 2. . 3. . 4. . 5. . 6. . 7. . 8. . 9. . 10. . 11. . 12. . 13. . 14. . 15. .

Exercise 13. Point out the predicate and say to what type it belongs. Translate into Russian.

1. "It's no use," she said quietly. "I am bound to Morris." (Prichard) 2. Her feet were never bound as the Chinese then bound the feet of their girls. (Buck) 3. "I don't want to tell you," said Galahad. "But you are bound to have it." (Erskine) 4. "You are not bound to answer that question," he said to Rachel. (Collins) 5. One of them was later sent to board in a missionary school and she was compelled to lose the foot bandages. (Buck) 6. When she was sixteen she was a beauty. As the result she was compelled to go to the Emperor's palace. (Buck) 7. I was compelled to idleness. I had to listen to her long monologues on the Japanese. (Buck) 8. My mother was plainly fading. I was increasingly anxious about her. (Buck) 9. We were anxious to cooperate. 10. My father gave it to my mother. It is the only possession I was able to save. (Douglas)
Exercise 14. Point out the subject and the predicate.

1. On her going to his house to thank him, he happened to see her through a window. (Dickens) 2. To describe one's character is difficult and not necessarily illuminating. (Murdoch) 3. The three on the sofa rise and chat with Hawkins. (Shaw) 4. Nothing seemed to matter. (London) 5. To be wanted is always good. (Stone) 6. Seeing you there will open up a new world. (Murdoch)!. Thereafter I read everything on the subject. I came to know many Negroes, men and women. (Buck) 8. Elaine, this Jll-advised behaviour of yours is beginning to have results. (Erskine) 9. Presently all, was silent. They must have gone through the service doors into the kitchen quarters. (Du Maurier) 10. The citizens of occupied countries were to be subjugated individually. (Wescoit) 11. It was all wrong this situation. It ought not to be happening at all. (Du Maurier) 12. My way is not theirs, it is no use trying to run away from them. (Lindsay) 13. No one got the better of her, never, never. (Du Maurier) 14. Lewisham stopped dead at the corner, staring in blank astonishment after these two figures. (Wells) 15.... We and all the people have been waiting patient for many an hour. (Jerome K. Jerome) 16, One cannot help admiring the fellow. (Dickens) 17. Then he [Tom] gave a low distinct whistle. It was answered from under the bluff. (Twain) 18. The girl [Aileen] was really beautiful and much above the average intelligence and force. (Dreiser) 19. This religion did give promise of creating a new society. There all men could be equally valuable as human beings. (Buck) 20. We must begin here and now to show. Thus we might prove our difference from those white men. (Buck)
Exercise 15. Explain why the predicate verb is used in the singular or in the plural.

1. The family were still at table, but they had finished breakfast. (Twain) 2. There was a crowd of soldiers along the fence in the infield. (Hemingway) 3.... the band was
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stopped, the crowd were partially quieted, and Horatio Fizkin, Esquire, was permitted to proceed. (Dickens) 4. Down by the Embankment... a band of unemployed were trailing dismally with money-boxes. (Galsworthy) 5. The multitude have something else to do than to read hearts and interpret dark sayings. (Ch. Bronte) 6. The newly married pair, on their arrival in Harley Street, Cavendish Square, London were received by the chief butler. (Dickens) 7. There was a dreaminess, a preoccupation, an exaltation, in the maternal look which the girl could not understand. (Hardy) 8. The company are cool and calm. (Dickens) 9. As of old, nineteen hours of labour a day was all too little to suit him. (London) 10. There were still two hours of daylight before them. (Aldington) 11. At last they came into a maze of dust, where a quantity of people were tumbling over one another... (Dickens) 12. Tom's whole class were of a pattern-restless, noisy and troublesome. (Twain) 13. A group of men were standing guarded by carabinieri. (Hemingway) 14. The loving couple were no longer happy. (Reade)
Exercise 16. Use the appropriate iorm of the verb.

1. Huckleberry's hard pantings __ his only reply, (was, were) (Twain) 2. There __ many a true word spoken in jest, Mr. Cokane. (is, are) (Shaw) 3. Each of us __ afraid of the sound of his name, (was, were) (Bennett) 4. On such meetings five minutes __ the time allotted to each speaker, (was, were) (London) 5. Neither his father nor his mother __ like other people... (was, were) (Dreiser) 6. It was dark and quiet. Neither moon nor stars __ visible. (was, were) (Collins) 7. Plenty of girls __ taken to me like daughters and cried at leaving me... (has, have) (Shaw) 8. He and I __ nothing in common, (has, have) (Galsworthy) 9. But I wonder no wealthy nobleman or gentleman __ taken a fancy to her: Mr. Rochester, for instance, (has, have) (Ch. Bronte) 10. To be the busy wife of a busy man, to be the mother of many children ... __, to his thinking, the highest lot of woman, (was, were) (Trollope) 11. Her family __ of a delicate constitution, (was, were) (E. te)12. Hers __ a large family, (was, were) 13. "Well," says my lady, " __ the police coming?" (is, are) (Collins) 14. Nobody __ I am here, (knows, know) (London) 15. But after all, who __ the right to cast a stone against one who __ suffered? (has, have; has, have) (Wilde) 16. There are men who __ dominion from the nature of their disposition, and who __ so from their youth upwards, without knowing... that any power of dominion belongs to them, (exercises, exercise; does, do) (Trollope) 17. Plain United States __ good enough for me. (is, are) (London) 18. He half started as he became aware that someone near at hand __ gazing at him. (was, were) ((Aldington) 19. Fatting cattle __ from 5 to 10 gallons of water a head daily, (consume, consumes) (Black) 20. She is supposed to have all the misfortunes and all the virtues to which humanity __ subject, (is, are) (Trollope) 21. It was a market-day, and the country people __ all assembled with their baskets of poultry, eggs and such things... (was, were) (Thackeray) 22. The precept as well as the practice of the Primitive Church __ distinctly against matrimony, (was, were) (Wilde) 23....Ratterer and Hegglund..., as well as most of the others, __ satisfied that there was not another place in all Kansas City that was really as good, (was, were) (Dreiser) 24. Twelve years __ a long time, (is, are) (Galsworthy) 25. There __ a great many ink bottles, (was, were) (Dickens) 26. May and I just friends, (is, are) (Keating) 27. The bread and butter __ for Gwendolen, (is, are) (Wilde) 28. I am afraid it is quite clear, Cecily, that neither of us __ engaged to be married to anyone, (is, are) (Wilde) 29. It __ they that should honour you. (is, are) (Trollope) 30. Great Expectations by Dickens __ published in I860, (was, were) 31. The family party __ seated round the table in the dark wainscoted parlour... (was, were) (Eliot) 32. Everybody __ clever nowadays, (is, are) (Wilde) 33. There __ a number of things, Martin, that you don't understand, (is, are) (Wilde) 34. The number of scientific research institutes in our country __ very large. (is, are) 35. Her hair, which __ fine and of medium brown shade, __ brushed smoothly across the top of her head and then curled a little at each side, (was, were; was, were) (Priestley) 36. After some apologies, which __ perhaps too soft and sweet... the great man thus opened the case, (was, were) (Trollope) 37. It was as if the regiment __
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half in khaki, half in scarlet and bearskins: (was, were) (Galsworthy) 38. Youth and Age __ a weekly, and it had published two-thirds of hjs twenty-one-thousand-word serial when it went out of business, (was, were) (London) 39. There __ a number of men present, (was, were) (Walpole) 40....the flowers came in such profusion and such quick succession that there __ neither time nor space to arrange them, (was, were) (Heytn)
Exercise 17. Point out the kind of object and say by what it is expressed. Translate into Russian.

I. What have you got there? (Cronin) 2. She pretended not to heart (Mansfield) 3. Marcellus found the luggage packed and strapped for the journey. (Douglas) 4. I know all about it, my son. (Douglas) 5. I have to show Dr. French his. room. (Shaw) 6. I never heard you express that opinion before, sir. (Douglas) 7. Halting, he waited for the Roman to speak first. (Douglas) 8. He was with you at the banquet. (Douglas) 9. They don't want anything from us not even our respect. (Douglas) 10. I beg your pardon for calling you by your name. (Shaw) 11. I found myself pitying the Baron. (Mansfield) 12. I've got it framed up with Gilly to drive him anywhere. (Kahler) 13. He smiled upon the young men a smile at once personal and presidential. (Kahler) 14. Gallio didn't know how to talk with Marcellus about it. (Douglas) 15. Laura helped her mother with the good-byes. (Mansfield) 16. Why did you not want him to come back and see me to-day? (Mansfield) 17. Mr. Jinks, not exactly knowing what to do, smiled a dependant's smile. (Dickens) 18. He found it impossible to utter the next word. (Kahler) 19. Marcellus issued crisp orders and insisted upon absolute obedience. (Douglas) 20. He's going to live his own life and stop letting his mother boss him around like a baby. (Kahler) 21. I will suffer no priest to interfere in my business. (Shaw) 22. Papa will never consent to my being absolutely dependent on you. (Shaw) 23. Do you know anything more about this dreadful place? (Douglas) 24. She hated Frisco and hated herself for having yielded to his kisses. (Prichard) 25. They had been very hard to please. Harry would demand the impossible. (Mansfield) 26. His part in the conversation consisted chiefly of yesses and noes. (Kahler) 27. Michelangelo could not remember having seen a painting or sculpture of the simplest nature in a Buanarrotti house. (Stone)
Exercise 18. Point out the Complex Object and say, by what it is expressed. Translate into Russian.

1. He could see the man and Great Beaver talking together. (London) 2. She had lied about the scullery door being open on the night of the disappearance of the bank-notes. (Bennett) 3. Each woman thought herself triumphant and the other altogether vanquished. (Buck) 4. Thus these two waited with impatience for the three years to be over. (Buck) 5. Sammy watched Mr. Cheviot slowly take the receiver from the girl. (Priestley) 6. He hated her to work in the boarding house. (Prichard) 7. The Consul felt his legs, give way. (Cronin) 8. Mother objected to Aimee being taken away from her game with the boys. (Prichard) 9. They had never heard him speak with such urgency, his eyes glowing like amber coals in the fading light. (Stone)
Exercise 19. Translate into English.

1. . 2. , , . 3. . 4. . 5. . 6. , - ? 7. . 8. , . 9. . 10. . 11. , . 12. . 13. , , . 14. , . 15. . 16. .

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Exercise 20. Point out the attribute and say by what it is expressed.

1. The first day's journey from Gaza to Ascalon was intolerably tedious. (Douglas) 2. What do you say to a stroll through the garden, Mr. Cockane? (Shaw) 3. It was such a cruel thing to have happened to that gentle, helpless creature. (Prichard) 4. He was always the first to enter the dining-room and the last to leave. (Mansfield) 5. Sally hated the idea of borrowing and living on credit. (Prichard) 6. The two men faced each other silently. (Douglas) 7. It was an easy go-as-you-please existence. (Prichard) 8. I am not in the habit of reading other people's letters. (Shaw) 9. He thrust his hands deep into his overcoat pockets. (Galsworthy) 10. It was not a matter to be discussed even with a guide, philosopher and friend so near and trusted as the Professor. (Kahler) 11. Ethel, the youngest, married a goodfor-nothing little waiter. (Mansfield) 12 He pointed to a house on a near-by shady knoll. (Douglas) 13. It was just one little sheet of glass between her and the great wet world outside. (Mansfield) 14. She had a pair of immense bare arms to match, and a quantity of mottled hair 'arranged in a sort of bow. (Mansfield) 15. Dicky heard right enough. A clear, ringing little laugh was his only reply. (Mansfield) 16. To think that a man of his abilities would stoop to such a horrible trick as that. (Dreiser) 17. There was a blackbird perched on the cherry-tree, sleek and glistening. (Braine) 18. A middle-aged man carrying a sheaf of cards walked into the room. (Braine) 19. Daniel Quilp began to comprehend the possibility of there being somebody at the door. (Dickens) 20. Still, Pett's happiness or unhappiness is quite a life and death question with us. (Dickens)
Exercise 21. Point out the apposition and say whether it is close or loose.

1. Maria, the mother, had not taken off her shawl. (Croniri) 2. One of our number, a round-faced, curly-haired little man of about forty, glared at him aggressively. (Braddon) 3. There are plenty of dogs in the town of Oxford. (Jerome K. Jerome) 4. You look all right, Uncle Soames. (Galsworthy) 5. James, a slow and thorough eater, stopped the process of mastication. (Galsworthy) 6. He felt lost, alone there in the room with that pale spirit of a woman. (London) 7. But the doctor a family physician well past middle age was not impressed. (Carter) 8. They, the professors, were right in their literary judgement... (London) 9. In consequence neither Oscar nor his sister Martha had had any too much education or decent social experience of any kind. (Dreiser) 10. But now he had seen that world, possible and real, with a flower of a woman... (London)
Exercise 22. Point out the kind of adverbial modifier, and state by what it is expressed. Translate into Russian.

l.Gallio slowly nodded his head. (Douglas) 2. He's coming Saturday at one o'clock. (Cronin) 3. Lucia stopped them in their tracks with a stern command. (Douglas) 4. Sally was sitting on the front seat of the buggy, dumb and unhappy at being ignored. (Prichard) 5. I feel my own deficiencies too keenly to presume so far. (Shaw) 6. A few miners hung on, hoping the mines would reopen. (Prichard) 7. The first bar of gold raised hopes sky high. (Prichard) 8. She had to talk because of her desire to laugh. (Mansfield) 9. Gallic pushed back his huge chair and rose to his full height as if preparing to deliver an address. (Douglas) 10. He takes a glass and holds it to Essie to be filled. (Shaw) 11. Morris was walking too quickly for Sally to keep up with him. (Prichard) 12. The poor woman was annoyed with Morris for dumping his wife on her. (Prichard) 13. It was quite a long narrative. (Douglas) 14. Of course Laura and Jose were far too grown-up to really care about such things. (Mansfield) 15. Now and then Gavin would stop to point out silently some rarity. (Cronin) 16. And for all her quiet manner, and her quiet smile, she was full of trouble. (Dickens) 17. The young schoolteacher's spirits rose to a decided height. (Dreiser) 18. Evil report, with time and chance to help it, travels patiently, and travels far. (Collins)
Exercise 23. Follow the direction for Exercise 22.

1. At the top of the stairs she paused to wave to him. (Douglas) 2. Marcellus accepted this information without betraying his amazement. (Douglas) 3. Having knocked on his door, she firmly entered Grandpa's room. (Cronin) 4. After waiting for a few minutes, he
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marched up the steps, closely followed by Demetrius. (Douglas) 5. Why do you always look at things with such dreadfully practical eyes? (London) 6. David appeared in the open door, one hand clutching a sheaf of bills, under his other arm an account book. (Stone) 7. That night I could scarcely sleep for thinking of it. (Cronin) 8. She did feel silly holding Moon's hand like that. (Mansfield) 9. Then Gallio cleared his throat, and faced his son with troubled eyes. (Douglas) 10. We have some exceptionally fine roses this year. (Douglas) 11. Jonathan shook his head slowly, without looking up, his tongue bulging his cheek. (Douglas) 12. But it was of no use. Marcellus' melancholy was too heavy to be lifted. (Douglas) 13. She [Sally] never would have been able to make a success of the dining-room but for the kindness and assistance of the men. (Prichard) 14. On being informed of the old man's flight, his fury was unbounded. (Dickens) 15. To be a complete artist it is not enough to be a painter, sculptor or architect. (Stone) 16. Sally was furious with herself for having fainted. (Prichard) 17. With all her faults, she was candor herself. (Hardy) 18. The receiving overseer, Roger Kendall, though thin and clerical, was a rather capable man. (Dreiser) Exercise 24. Point out all the adverbial modifiers expressed by Predicative Constructions. Translate into Russian. 1. Marcellus strode heavily to and fro before the entrance, his impatience mounting. (Douglas) 2. On her applying to them, reassured by this resemblance, for a direction to Miss Dorrit, they made way for her to enter a dark hall. (Dickens) 3. Well, women's faces have had too much power over me already for me not to fear them. (Hardy) 4. I almost doubt whether I ought not to go a step farther, and burn the letter at once, for fear of its falling into wrong hands. (Collins) 5. Michelangelo went to Jacopo's side, ran his hand carressingly over the sacrophagus, his fingers tracing out in its low relief the funeral procession of fighting men and horses. (Stone) 6. Michelangelo went into the yard and sat in the baking sun with his chin resting on his chest. (Stone) 7. That over, she sat back with a sigh and softly rubbed her knees. (Mansfield) 8. He opened the door for the Senator to precede him. (Douglas) 9. They were returning to Fogarty's; their hands full of flowers. (Prichard) 10. She pressed his hand mutely, her eyes dim. (London) 11. His being an older man, that made it all right. (Warren) 12. On the second of these days Granacci burst into the studio, his usually placid eyes blinking hard. (Stone) 13. He stood beside me in silence, his candle in his hand. (Conan Doyle) 14. In a room within the house, Cowperwood, his coat and vest off, was listening to Aileen's account of her troubles. (Dreiser) 15. There was room enough for me to sit between them, and no more. (Collins)
Exercise 25. Say what parts of the sentence are introduced by the preposition with or without.

I. Steger was beside himself with fear. (Dreiser) 2. Basil, let us have something iced to drink, something with strawberries in it. (Wilde) 3. She continued silent, leaning back, her smile now glowing with all its insolence. (Murdoch) 4. His friend Francesco Granacci was a nineteen year-old youth, a head taller than himself, with hay-colored hair and alert blue eyes. (Stone) 5. Without beauty of feature or elegance of form, she pleased. Without youth and its gay graces, she cheered. (Ch. Bronte) 6. The real bourgeois Ruth, with all the bourgeois failings and with the hopeless cramp of the bourgeois psychology in her mind, he had never loved. (London) 7. Mr. Godfrey's fine eyes filled with tears. (Collins) 8. The gravel paths were moist and the grass was wet with dew. (Hemingway) 9. There were villas with iron fences and big overgrown gardens and ditches with water flowing and green vegetable gardens with dust on the leaves. (Hemingway) 10. My Anna is worth two of her, with all her beauty and talent. (Eliot) 11. He was standing now with the waves breaking at his feet. (Lawrence)
Exercise 26. Point out all the independent elements and say by what they are expressed.

1. In the morning, however, there was a comforting excitement in leaving the train. (Kahler) 2. May be, after all, there was something in that wild idea of Albertine's. (Kahler) 3.
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They gave him, in fact, a pleasant feeling of vicarious fatherhood. (Kahler) 4. Nicholas, unfortunately, had passed an unquiet night. (Cronin) 5. Nevertheless, despite this reasoning there remained in the Consul's breast that strange sense of jealousy. (Cronin) o. now fortunate to have such a reliable couple in the house. Naturally, he counted on the Burtons as an official standby. (Cronin) 7. I am a human being, senor, and must take advantage of my opportunities. Frankly, I am accustomed to good wine. (Cronin) 8. He was surprised, evidently, to find Sally so much at home and bustling about like that. (Prichard) 9. She was quite unconcerned, as a matter of fact, about being left alone in the camp, (Prichard) 10. Perhaps her colonial upbringing had something to do with it. (Prichard) 11. It was still too early for his ride, but he did not go back to bed, he wasn't deeply worried, to be sure, but he knew that he wouldn't be able to sleep. (Kahter)
Exercise 27. Point out what parts are detached and by what they are expressed.

1. Now their laughter joined together, seized each other and held close, harmoniously, intertwined through each other's fabric and substance. (Stone) 2. Huckleberry Finn was there, with his dead cat. (Twain) 3. We reached the station, with only a minute or two to spare. (Collins) 4. Blind and almost senseless, like a bird caught in a snare, he still heard the sharp slam of the door. (Cronin) 5. As he strode along he was conscious, within himself, of a deep, pervading sense of power. (Cronin) 6. With his hands by his sides, he strolled very slowly and inconspicuously, down the border. * (Cronin) 7. One summer, during a brief vacation at Knocke, his visit had come to the notice of Harrington Brande. (Cronin) 8. We are very poor, senor, with many mouths to feed, and these fish would make a good meal for us. (Cronin) 9. Unbelievingly, his eyes fixed, lips tightly compressed, Brande stared at the advancing youth. (Cronin) 10. He remembered her brave and hardy, wjth a small-boned eager face, enriched with weather and living. (Sdnborn) 11. The girls had met and were strolling, arm in arm, through the rose arbor. (Douglas) 12. Stout, middle-aged, full of energy, clad in a grease-stained dark blue print dress... she bustled backwards and forwards from the kitchen to the dining-room. (Prichard) 13. She had become very drab and unattractive, with all the hard work, no doubt. (Prichard) 14. But, for all that, they had a very pleasant walk. (Dickens)
Exercise 28. Point out homogeneous parts, define them and say by what they are expressed.

1. He had lived with this block for several months now, studied it in every light, from every angle, in every degree of heat and cold. (Stone) 2. He felt discouraged, strangely empty. (Cronin) 3. There were tangerines and apples stained with strawberry pink. (Mansfield) 4. He came in slowly, hesitated, took up a toothpick from a dish on the top of the piano, and went out again. (Mansfield) 5. But I was exceedingly nice, a trifle diffident, appropriately reverential. (Mansfield) 6. From the edge of the sea came a ripple and whisper. (Wells) 7. They went side by side, hand in hand, silently toward the hedge. (Galsworthy) 8. The light oiltside had chilled, and threw a chalky whiteness on the river. (Galsworthy) 9. Thousands of sheets must be printed, dried, cut. (Heym) 10. Opening the drawer he took from the sachet a handkerchief and the framed photograph of Fleur. (Galsworthy) II. The Captain was mostly concerned about himself, his own comfort, his own safety. (Heym) 12. Her mother was speaking in her low, pleasing, slightly metallic voice. (Galsvuorthy) 13. And suddenly she burst into tears of disappointment, shame and overstrain. (Galsworthy) 14. She extended a slender hand and smiled pleasantly and naturally. (Wales) 15. Then, without a word of warning, without the shadow of a provocation, he bit that poodle's near foreleg. (Jerome /C- Jerome) 16. It could be smashed by violence but never forced to fulfil. (Stone) 17. Never before had the friar had such power and never had his voice rung out with such a clap of doom. (Stone)
Exercise 29. Analyse the following sentences.

1. His heart felt swollen in his chest. (Stone) 2. The girl [Aileen] was really, beautiful and much above the average intelligence and force. (Dreiser) 3. Footsore and downhearted,
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they were making their way back to Coolgardie doing a bit of prospecting. (Prichard) 4. The idleness made him cranky. (Stone) 5. The prior's hearty, warm-cheeked face went dark at the mention of Savanarola's name. (Stone) 6. Ah, to be a soldier, Michelangelo, to fight in mortal combat, to kill the enemy with sword and lance, conquer new lands and all their women? That is the life! (Stone) 7. He said it in a very mature, man-to-man tone. (Warren) 8. Evidently George and the sheriff were getting along in a very friendly way, for all the former's bitter troubles and lack of means. (Dreiser) 9. Together they sketched the apostles, the one bald-headed, the other supporting the weeping John. (Stone) 10. With all his brightness and cleverness and general good qualities, Mr. Franklin's chance of topping Mr. Godfrey in our young lady's estimation was, in my opinion, a very poor chance indeed. (Collins) 11. Suddenly all the differences between life and death became apparent. (Stone) 12. Michelangelo began to see pictures in his mind: of struggles between men, of the rescue of women, of the wounded, the dying. (Stone) 13. I am a thousand times cleverer and more charming than that creature, for all her wealth. (Thackeray) 14.1'mnot accustomed to having more than one drink. (Tennessee Williams) 15. Bertoldo, I feel the need to be solitary, to work beyond all eyes, even yours. (Stone) 16. Miss Fulton laid her moonbeam fingers on his cheeks and smiled her sleepy smile. (Mansfield) 17. Sally found it difficult to visit anybody herself. (Prichard) 18. And surely, no man in his senses wants the disastrous consequences of this rush to go any further. (Prichard) 19. To draw one does not need big muscles. (Stone) 20. And yet, as though overcome, she flung down on a couch and pressed her hands to her eyes. (Mansfield) 21. It was a simple face and could have been handsome, in spite of its saffron colouring, but for the soft, full mouth. (Cronin) 22. The Lieutenant, without cap, sword or gloves, and much improved in temper and spirits by his meal, chooses the lady's side of the room, and waits, much at his ease, for Napoleon to begin. (Shaw) 23. With his strange, hawking cry and the jangle of the cans the milk-boy went his rounds. (Mansfield) 24. The man and daughter, the mother being dead, brought their letter from a church in West Tennessee and were accepted forthwith into fellowship. (Warren) 25. He could not bring himself to face Stanek. (Heym) 26. There was a two-storey new wing, with a smart bathroom between each two bedrooms and almost up-to-date fittings.. (Lawrence) 27. Her [Aileen's] eyes gleamed almost pleadingly for all her hauteur, like a spirited collie's, and her even teeth showed beautifully. (Dreiser) 28. In the afternoon, leaning from my window, I saw him pass down the street, walking tremulously and carrying the bag. (Lawrence) 29. Amazed and amused, they watched white men scurrying about the ridge, digging and burrowing into the earth like great rats. (Prichard) 30. He sat down by the oak tree, in the sun, his fur coat thrown open, his hat roofing with its flat top the pale square of his face. (Galsworthy) 31. She was remaining upstairs to give Mary full pleasure of being hostess at her own party. (Murdoch) 32. It was pleasant to travel this way, all expenses paid by "the Firm". (Warren) 33. One of them even opened the car door for him, with the awkward deference ritually paid in Johntown to the crippled or sick. (Warren) 34. She was sitting there very quietly, her legs bent back under her, her yellow skirt evenly spread to make a circle on the green grass, her hands lying supine, slightly curled, and empty on her lap, in a sweet humility, her waist rising very straight and small from the spread circle of the skirt, her back very straight but her neck gently inclining to one side. (Warren) WORD ORDER
Exercise 1. Comment on the word order and explain the cases of inversion.

1. Martin Eden had been mastered by curiosity all his days. (London) 2. "What did the-master say exactly?" "Well, of course, I wasn't supposed to hear." (Christie) 3. Well, come on, shall I go, or shan't I? Half past threeit's quite a good time. (Christie) 4 "Is Mrs Oliver at home?" asked Rhoda. (Christie) 5. There was a curious expression on her facea mingling of grim determination and of strange indecision. (Christie) 6. Yes, here he was, without Savina, on his way to total disillusion about the biggest research development of
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his time. (Wilson) 7. Suddenly the door opened and admitted the Baron. Followed a complete and deathlike silence. (Mansfield) 8. But never, never could he have anticipated that evening, some months after the birth of their child. (Cronin) 9. However, not for the world would he be different from the others. (Cronin) 10. Not often did he unbend to his servants, but as the butler tucked the rug round his knees he spoke to him. (Cronin) 11. This morning, however, he was scarcely in the mood for one of those long conversations which so often beguiled the tedious hours. Nor could he bring himself to glance at the lesson books. (Cronin), 12. Jose did not answer. Fretfully the Consul shifted his position. (Cronin) 13. So immersed was the little boy that he did not hear the car. (Cronin) 14. No sooner had they disappeared than Nicholas heard the sound of clattering footsteps. (Cronin) 15. Not for an instant did he believe that Nicholas spoke the truth. (Cronin) 16. On they went. Once Alvin let out a sharp exclamation. (Cronin) 17. He'd been one of those fair babies that everybody took for a girl. Silvery fair curls he had, blue eyes and a little freckle like a diamond on one side of his nose. (Mansfield) 18. Outside, waiting at the back entrance, was a tall, well-proportioned youth of 19 years old. (Cronin) 19. Up the staircase he went, falling down, picking himself up again, feeling no hurt. (Cronin) 20. Yet not for the world would he have revealed the strange inexplicable bitterness which rankled within his breast. (Cronin) 21. So positive was his belief that he would never see his son alive that the shock almost deprived him of his reason. (Cronin) 22. Tall and graceful she was, in a well-made dress of dark blue silk, almost the colour of her eyes. (Prichard) 23. Were I less attached to you, I might pretend to gloss it over. Had I a slighter regard for your intelligence, I should perhaps withhold from you. (Cronin) 24. In front of the candles as at an altar stood one of my presents to her, a pair of Chinese incense holders in the form of little bronze warriors, who held aloft as spears the glowing sticks of incense. (Murdoch) 25. So it's you that have disgraced the family, (Voynich) 26. At the sides of the house were bushes of lilac entirely hiding the farm buildings behind. (Lawrence) 27. A fresh wrong did these words inflict. (Ch. Bronte) 28. Marble was the hero of his life and his fate. Not until this very moment with his hands tenderly, lovingly on the marble had he come fully alive. (Stone) 29. Hardly had we been in our cell half an hour, when a convict sauntered down the gallery and looked in. (London) 30. He did not speak: nor did I. (Maltz) 31. Happy she never seemed, but quick, sharp, absorbed, full of imagination and changeability. (Lawrence) 32. At this period came the young Skrebensky. (Lawrence) 33. Only once did Michelangelo go to the master of the studio for help. (Stone) 34. Alany a tear did I shed at night. (Ch. Bronte) 35. His cap was a dainty thing, his close-buttoned blue cloth roundabout was new and natty, and so were his pantaloons. (Twain) 36. Little did my poor aunt imagine what a gush of devout thankfulness thrilled through me... (Collins) 37. "I hate to leave our fine house." "So do I." (Hemingway) 38. A snowy white silk blouse, falling well open, showed off her long neck. (Murdoch) 39. Directly in front of her window was a stone parapet... (Murdoch) 40. Never, indeed, would he forgive her that episode. (Cronin)
Exercise 2. Translate into English.

1. ? 2. . 3. . 4. . . 5. , . 6. , . . 7. , . 8. , . , . 9. . . 10. , , . 11. , . 12. , , .

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Exercise 3. Comment upon the position of the objects.

1. Titus fetches Judith her things from the rack. (Shaw) 2. What did you say to him? 3. I hope, contrary to your prediction, that we may meet again: though I shall certainly not offer you my company in the forceable future, nor of course will I expect any answer to this communication. (Murdoch) 4. Beppe told him of some sculpture and then gave it to him. (Stone) 5. He tore a leaf from his pocket-book, wrote a few words and gave it to me. (Ch. Bronte) 6. She pitied the poor young gentleman for having no one to look after him. (Mansfield) 7. The other candle I gave to Mr. Bruff... (Collins) 8. She gave him her hand. (Dickens) 9. To them it was the most enduring material in the world. (Stone) 10. Blanche, I can smell the sea air. The rest of my time I'm going to spend on the sea. (Murdoch) 11. He bought with his wife's money, a fairly large house in the new redbrick part of Beldover. (Lawrence) 12. A word about Palmer is necessary; and this I find difficult. (Murdoch) 13. With the wet weather Lorenzo had forbidden Contessina to leave the palace. To Michelangelo she did not seem frail. (Stone) 14. For me, the watches of that long night passed in ghastly wakefulness. (Ch. Bronte") 15. Curious joy she had of her lectures. (Lawrence) 16. Helen she held a little longer than me. (Ch. Bronte) 17. With one hand Bodkin preferred the picture to the foreign market, with the other he formed a list of private British collectors. (Galsworthy) 18. To him perpetual thought of death was a sin. (Priestley) 19. Of Mrs. Bretton I had long lost sight. (Ch. Bronte) 20. To kicks and curses, to hurry and dislike, it closed a hard stone veil around its soft inner nature. (Stone) 21. Why he had selected that as an excuse, he had no idea. (Caldwell)
(Douglas)

Exercise 4. Comment upon the position and the order of the attributes and say where it can be changed.

1. In the rich brown atmosphere peculiar to back rooms in the mansion of a Forsyte the Rembrandtesque effect... was spoiled by the moustache-. (Galsworthy) 2. In front of her on a low mosaic table was the tray of drinks and three glasses. (Murdoch) 3. We simply couldn't conduct our business, my dear young man, without scrupulous honesty in everybody. (Galsworthy) 4. When her cry was over Dulcie got up and took off her best dress, and put on her old blue kimono. (0. Henry) 5. On the third finger, set in a gold ring, was the great white sapphire. (Murdoch) 6. Henry Ogden wore finger-rings and a big gold watch and careful neckties. (0. Henry) 7. He looked in at a place on the way. "H'ml in perfect order of the eighties, with a sort of yellow oilskin paper on the walls." (Galsworthy) 8. Tinga-ling gave it a slight lick with his curly blackish tongue. (Galsworthy) 9. Now and then Liz hummed bars of foolish little songs. (0. Henry) 10. Sensitive, imaginative, affectionate boys get a bad time at school... (Galsworthy) It. A little unsteadily but with watchful and brilliant eyes Liz walked up the avenue. (0. Henry) 12. Her mother was speaking in her low, pleasing, slightly metallic voice one word she caught: Demain". (Galsworthy) 13. He put his packet of easy vegetables very deliberately on the new violet tablecloth, removed his hat carefully, and dabbled his brow, and wiped out his hat brim with an abundant crimson and yellow pocket handkerchief. (Wells) 14. Then there was a moment of absolute silence. (Douglas) 15. Antonia stood on the thick black rug by the fire. (Murdoch)
Exercise 6. Arrange the attributes in their proper order.

1. Alongside, in the... water, weeds, like yellow snakes were writhing and nosing with the __ current, (green, deep) (Galsworthy) 2. The marqueterie cabinet was lined with __ plush, full of family relics, (red, dim) (Galsworthy) 3. In __ slippers and an coat Keith Darrant sits asleep, (red, Turkish; old, velvet, brown) (Galsworthy) 4. He, alone, perhaps, of painters would have done justice to Annette in her __ dress, (lacy, black) (Galsworthy) 5. Ting-a-ling did not stir. "You take me for a __ dog, sir!" his silence seemed to say. (English, common) (Galsworthy) 6. This letter, with a __ border and seal, was accordingly dispatched by Sir Pitt Crawley to his brother the Colonel in London, (huge, black) (Thackeray) 7. Behrman in his __ shirt, took his seat as the hermit miner on an upturned kettle for a rock, (blue, old) (0. Henry) 8. The next day came the __ bull, drawing the cart
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to the office door, (red, little) (0. Henry) 9. He was naked and painted blue and yellow in stripes a __ chap, (jolly, little) (Galsworthy) 10. "You and I," the little dog seemed saying with his __ stare "object." (little, Chinese) (Galsworthy)
Exercise 6, Comment upon the position of Ihe adverbials. Say whether they can be placed differently.

1. She turned away and pulled off her overcoat with a sudden gesture and went to the side table where the drinks and the glasses stood. (Murdoch) 2. She flattered me and lavishly displayed for my pleasure all her charms and accomplishments. (Eliot) 3. I want to get away from home for a time for a certain reason. (Dreiser) 4. How long do you remain in town? (Wilde) 5. Once inside the prison yard, Zanders turned to the left into a small office. (Dreiser) 6. In the driving-seat, with his head fallen sideways so that he was almost toppling out on to the road, was Calvin Blick, (Murdoch) 7. He looked at her more than once, not stealthily or humbly, but with a movement of hardy, open observation. (Ch. Bronte) 8. Aileen blazed at once to a furious heat. (Dreiser) 9. She [SavinaJ had just arrived home. (Wilson) 10. Wearily he dropped off his horse, made his way to his workshop, saddlebag over his shoulder. (Stone) 11. Stanley, not once did you pull any wool over this boy's eyes. (Murdoch) 12. His face for the moment was flushed and swollen with anger. (Dreiser) 13. Only sometimes in dreams did I experience certain horrors, glimpses of a punishment which would perhaps yet find its hour. (Murdoch) 14. Every afternoon he discovered afresh that life was beastly. (Wells) 15. Then the heart of Polly leapt, and the world blazed up to wonder and splendour. (Wells) 16. And for all his attempts at self-reproach and self-discipline he felt at bottom guiltless. (Wells) 17. Johnson was off duty that morning, and devoted the time very generously to the admonitory discussion of Mr. Polly's worldly outlook. (Wells) 18. Never had she experienced such a profound satisfaction of anger and hatred. (Murdoch) 19. To know a man we must know his guts and blood. Never have I seen the inside of a man,
(Stone)

Exercise 7. Put the verb in the proper place.

1. I could not eat anything nor I rest because of a dreadful aching and tingling in the limbs, (could) (Murdoch) 2. Blanche! How very right you. (are) (Tennessee Williams) 3. Very wonderful she, as she bade farewell, her ugly wide mouth smiling with pride and recognition... (was) (Lawrence) 4. Three years later the startling news that he had married a young English girl of good family, (came) (Lawrence) 5. At last, however, no longer there anything about the suicide appearing in the newspapers, (was) (Calkwell) 6. Outside the window and curtained away the end of the cold raw misty London afternoon now turned to an evening which still contained in a kind of faintly luminous haze what had never even at midday, really been daylight, (was) (Murdoch) 7. In the hotel where the young men took lunch two girls, (were) (Lawrence) 8. He lit a cigarette and lingered at the carriage door. On his face a happy smile, (was) (Maugham) 9. Somewhere hidden and secret (yet near by) a bird three notes, (sang) (Falkner) 10. By the factory walls the grimy weeds, (grew) (Priestley) 11. He did not write letters to his family, nor he letters from home, (receive)
(Stone)

Exercise 8. Translate into English.

1. , . 2. . 3. . 4. 1821 . , , . 5. , . 20- () (). 7. . . 8.

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 , . 9. . 10. 30- , , . 11. . 12. . 13. . 14 , . 15. >. 16. . 17. . 18. . . . 19. . . .
Exercise 9. Translate into English.

, , , , , . . . . , . , , , , , . , , , , , , , , , - . . . . . . , . , : , , -. . . . , , . , , . . , , - . THE COMPOUND AND THE COMPLEX SENTENCE

Exercise 1. Point out ihe coordinate clauses (mark the elliptical ones) and comment on the way they are Joined.

1. It was high summer, and the hay harvest was almost over. (Lawrence) 2. All the rooms were brightly lighted, but there seemed to be complete silence in the house. (Murdoch) 3. One small group was playing cards, another sat about a table and drank, or, tiring of that, adjourned to a large room to dance to the music of the victrola or playerpiano, (Dreiser) 4. His eyes were bloodshot and heavy, his face a deadly white, and his body
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bent as if with age. (Dickens) 5. He only smiled, however, and there was comfort in his hearty rejoinder, for there seemed to be a whole sensible world behind it. (Priestley) 6. You'll either sail this boat correctly or you'll never go out with me again. (Dreiser) 7. Time passed, and she came to no conclusion, nor did any opportunities come her way for making a closer study of Mischa. (Murdoch) 8. She often enjoyed Annette's company, yet the child made her nervous. (Murdoch) 9. She ran through another set of rooms, breathless, her feet scarcely touching the surface of the soft carpets; then a final doorway suddenly and unexpetedly let her out into the street. (Murdoch) 10. It was early afternoon, but very dark outside, and the lamps had already been turned on. (Murdoch) 11. A large number of expensive Christmas cards were arrayed on the piano; while upon the walls dark evergreens, tied into various clever swags of red and silver ribbon, further proclaimed the season. (Murdoch) 12. Brangwen never smoked cigarettes, yet he took the one offered, fumbling painfully with thick fingers, blushing to the roots of his hair. (Lawrence)
Exercise 2. Define the kinds of subordinate clauses (subject, object and predicative clauses). Translate into Russian.

1. Miss Casement stopped what she was doing and stared at Rainsborough. (Murdoch) 2. What you saw tonight was an ending. (Murdoch) 3. About what was to come she reflected not at all. (Murdoch) 4. It's odd how it hurts at these times not to be part of your proper family. (Murdoch) 5. The trouble with you, Martin, is that you are always looking for a master. (Murdoch) 6. Suddenly realizing what had happened, she sprang to her feet. (Caldwelt) 7. "It looks as though spring will never come," she remarked. (Caldwell) 8. I want you to sit here beside me and listen to what I have to say. (Caldwell) 9. Who and what he was, Martin never learned. (London) 10. That I am hungry and you are aware of it are only ordinary phenomena, and there's no disgrace. (London) 11. What he would do next he did not know. (London) 12. It was only then that I realized that she was travelling too. (Murdoch) i3. What I want is to be paid for what I do. (London) 14. I cannot help thinking there is something wrong about that closet. (Dickens) -15. And what is puzzling me is why they want me now. (London) 16. That was what I came to find out. (London) 17. What I want to know is When you're going to get married. (London) 18. Her fear was lest they should stay for tea. (Ch. Bronte) 19. That they were justified in this she could not but admit. (London) 20. What was certain was that I could not now sleep again. (Murdoch) 21. What vast wound that catastrophe had perhaps made in Georgie's proud and upright spirit I did not know. (Murdoch) 22. After several weeks what he had been waiting for happened. (London) 23. And let me say to you in the profoundest and most faithful seriousness that what you saw tonight will have no sequel. (Murdoch) 24. I understand all that, but what I want to know is whether or not you have lost faith in me? (London) 25. He could recall with startling clarity what previously had been dim and evasive recollections of childhood incidents, early schooling and young manhood. (Caldwell) 26. It's been my experience that as a rule the personality of a human being presents as much of a complexity as the medical history of a chronic invalid. (Caldwell) 27. He [Cowperwood] had taken no part in the war, and he felt sure that he could only rejoice in its conclusion not as a patriot, but as a financier. (Dreiser) 28. He felt as if the ocean separated him from his past care, and welcomed the new era of life which was dawning for him. (Thackeray) 29. It was noticeable to all that even his usual sullen smile had disappeared. (Caldwell) 30. That I had no business with two women on my hands already, to go falling in love with a third troubled me comparatively little. (Murdoch) 31. I only write down what seems to me to be the truth. (Murdoch) 32. Believe me, believe us, it is what is best for you. (Murdoch) 33. Pleasantly excited by what she was doing, she momentarily expected somebody to stop her and remind her that she had forgotten to buy the evening paper and had failed to take the bus home at the usual time. (Caldwell) 34. I dislike what you call his trade. (Murdoch)
Exercise 3. Define the kinds of attributive clauses. Translate into Russian.

1. "Everybody who makes the kind of blunder I did should apologize," he remarked
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with a pronounced nodding of his head. (Caldwell) 2. Rachel had become aware of the fact that she was talking loudly. (Swinnerton) 3. He took after his blond father, who had been a painter. Rosa took after her dark-haired mother, who had been a Fabian. (Murdoch) 4. What we are interested in, as author and reader, is the fact that publishing in England is now an integral part of big business. (Fox) 5. The first thing Martin did next morning was to go counter both to Brissenden's advice and command. (London) 6. The invalid, whose strength was now sufficiently restored, threw off his coat, and rushed towards the sea, with the intention of plunging in, and dragging the drowning man ashore. (Dickens) 7. He was suddenly reminded of the crumpled money he had snatched from the table and burned in the sink. (Caldwell) 8. Georgie, who is now twenty-six, had been an undergraduate at Cambridge, where she had taken a degree in economics. (Murdoch) 9. He would speak for hours about them to Harry Esmond; and, indeed, he could have chosen few subjects more likely to interest the unhappy young man, whose heart was now as always devoted to these ladies; and who was thankful to all who loved them, or praised them, or wished them well. (Thackeray) 10. I hardly know why I came to the conclusion that you don't consider it an altogether fortunate attachment. (Pinero) 11. He walked to the window and stood there looking at the winter night that had finally come upon them. (Caldwell) 12. What terrified her most was that she found deep in her heart a strong wish that Mischa might indeed want to reopen negotiations. (Murdoch) 13. Directly in front of her window was a wide terrace with a stone parapet which swept round to what she took to be the front of the house, which faced the sea more squarely. (Murdoch) 14. He spent half the week in Cambridge, where he lodged with his sister and lent his ear to neurotic undergraduates, and the other half in London, where he seemed to have a formidable number of well-known patients. (Murdoch) 15. I went upstairs to lie down and fell into the most profound and peaceful sleep that I had experienced for a long time. (Murdoch) 16. "Palmer Anderson," said Georgie, naming Antonia's psychoanalist, who was also a close friend of Antonia and myself. (Murdoch) 17. She looked to him much the same child as he had met six years ago... (Murdoch) 18. Rosa had the feeling that she was both recognized and expected. (Murdoch) 19. Maybe the reason you don't want to goto a specialist is because you don't want to change you want to stay as you are. (Caldwell) 20. Gretta regarded him with a look on her face that was unrevealing of her thoughts. (Caldwell) 21. Such light as there was from the little lamp fell now on his face, which looked horrible for it was all covered with blood. (Priestley) 22. Three days after Gretta and Glenn Kenworthy's Saturday night party, which was still being talked about among those who had been present, Royd Fillmore presented a formal jesignation to the governing board of Medical Square Clinic. (Caldwelf)
Exercise 4. Define the kinds of attributive clauses and punctuate accordingly.

1. That is all I can tell you. (London) 2. He was under the impression that an attempt was going to be made to convict him. (Dreiser) 3. Whenever she came which was often she came quite noisily. (Dreiser) 4. The things her father said seemed meaningless and neutral. (Lawrence) 5. Then she came to New York where she remained two years. (Lreiser) 6. I opened Palmer's close-fitting hall door which is always unlocked and ushered Dr. Klein inside. (Murdoch) 7. What happened was the last thing that any of them expected to happen. (Priestley) 8. I shook out my scarf which was damp and soggy. (Murdoch) 9. She had no idea where she was going. (Murdoch) 10. There were times when I wanted to stop the car and tell him to get out. (Maltz) 11. His hair which was short sleek and black was just visible beneath the capacious brim of a low-crowned brown hat. (Dickens) 12. But he could see now no reason why he should not smoke. (London) 13. The bar was crowded with men which she had expected it to be and at first she was not able to find a place to sit down. (Caldwell)
Exercise 5. Insert who, whom, that, which, as.

1. One oil lamp was lit in the bow, and the girl __ Mr. Tench had spotted from the bank began to sing gently __ a melancholy, sentimental and contended song about a rose had been stained with true love's blood. (Greene) 2. None of us __ were there will ever
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forget that day. (Greene) 3. I don't believe all __ they write in these books. (Greene) 4. The great protective cover under __ the Germans had operated was torn from them. (Heym) 5. I call her probably the very worst woman __ ever lived in the world... (Dickens) 6. I saved such of the equipment __ could not be replaced, and I saved the personnel... (Heym) 7. Pettinger was pleased that Prince Yasha, __ was a cool observer and a military man... estimated the situation exactly as he, himself, did. (Heym) 8. There was a feeling in the air and a look on faces __ he did not like. (Galsworthy) 9. All __ I can remember is that you gave a beautiful performance. (Thornton)
Exercise 6. Define the nature of abverbial clauses. Translate into Russian.

1. He too had moved and was now standing where she had been a moment before. (Priestley) 2. Once they reached the open country the car leapt forward like a mad thing. (Murdoch) 3. Alban's eyes glittered as he looked at the buses and policemen trying to direct the confusion. (Maugham) 4. He watched until the final wisp of smoke had disappeared. (Caldwell) 5. Even after Glenn had nodded urgently to her, she continued to look as if she did not know whether to run away from him or to walk back down the corridor to where he stood. (Caldwell) 6. And he followed her out of the door, whatever his feelings might be. (Lawrence) 7. I came away the first moment I could. (Galsworthy) 8. If anything particular occurs, you can write to me at the post-office, Ipswich. (Dickens) 9. A cat with a mouse between her paws who feigns boredom is ready to jump the second the mouse makes a dash for freedom. (Caldwell) 10. Gladys leaned forward and then turned her head so that she could look Penderel almost squarely in the face. (Priestley) 11. I could work faster if your irons were only hotter. (London) 12. The aftermath of the cub reporter's deed was even wider than Martin had anticipated. (London) 13. But these two people, insufferable though they might be in other circumstances, were not unwelcomed. (Priestley) 14. Brissenden lay sick in his hotel, too feeble to stir out, and though Martin was with him often, he did not worry him with his troubles., (London) 15. Had the great man said but a word of kindness to the small one, no doubt Esmond would have fought for him with pen and sword to the utmost of his might. (Thackeray) 16. When Rainsborough received this news he was made so miserable by it that he was not sure that he could survive. (Murdoch) 17. However friendly she might seem one day, the next she would have lapsed to her original disregard of him, cold, detached, at her distance. (Lawrence) 18. Howard puffed his cigarette thoughtfully before speaking, as if he was still uncertain about what he should say. (Caldwell) 19. How she would reach the villa, and what she would find there when she arrived, she had not even dared to imagine. (Lawrence) 20. I paused while she took off her coat... (Murdoch) 21. I don't know what would have concluded the scene, had there not been one person at hand rather more rational than myself, and more benevolent than my entertainer. (Lawrence) 22. And you will find that it is scarcely less of a shock for you because you saw what you expected to see. (Murdoch) 23. When he left the car, he strode along the sidewalk as a wrathful man will stride, and he rang the Morse bell with such viciousness that it roused him to consciousness of his condition, so that he entered in good nature, smiling with amusement at himself. (London) 24. Wherever they were together or separate, he appeared to be travelling in one intellectual direction or along one mental groove, and she another. (Dreiser) 25. As I had no taste for this particular discussion, and also wanted to get off the subject of my dear brother, I said, "What will you be doing on Christmas Day?" (Murdoch) 26. "In that case," said Palmer, "since we are going away for good, I doubt if we shall meet again." (Murdoch) 27. Dazed as he was, he realized that there was just a chance of escape. (Priestley) 28. No matter how brilliant a physician is, a thing like that will ruin his career. (Caldwell) 29. She could hardly hear his voice, so deafening and continuous was the clatter of the waves upon the stones. (Murdoch) 30. At least it was good to be on one's legs again, and though the night was hideous, the situation seemed less precarious than it did when one was sitting in there, playing fantastic tricks with mechanisms. (Priestley) 31. It means to make the plane a part of you, just as if it were strapped behind you the minute it became
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airborne. (Moyt)
Exercise 7. Define the kinds of clauses introduced by that. Translate into Russian.

1. His smile was so easy, so friendly, that Laura recovered. (Mansfield) 2. It was just luck that he didn't catch the boat. (Greene) 3. It infuriated him to think that there were still people in the state who believed in a loving and merciful God. (Greene) 4. The impression he gathered was that he would be able to make his own terms. (Galsworthy) 5. In the front hall, under a large picture of fat, cheery old monks fishing by the riverside, there was a thick, dark horse-whip, that had belonged to Mr. Spears' father. (Mansfield) 6. At first she used to read to me, but it was such a dismal performance that I could not bear to hear her. (Harraden) 7. I remember the landscape was buried deep in snow, and that we had very little fuel. (Aldington) 8. In fact, Mrs. Spears' callers made the remark that you never would have known that there was a child in the house. (Mansfield) 9. I believe that all we claim is that we try to say what appears to be the truth, and that we are not afraid either to contradict ourselves or to retract an error. (Aldington) 10. The box that the fur came out of was on the bed. (Mansfield) 11. "I sit alone that I may eat more," said the Baron, peering into the dusk... (Mansfield)
Exercise 8. Define the kinds ol clauses introduced by as. Translate into Russian.

1. Harmless as this speech appeared to be, it acted on the travellers' distrust, like oil on fire. (Dickens) 2. Even as she talked she was here and there about the room, commenting on this, that, and other episodes with which both she and Miss Redmond seemed familiar. (Dreiser) 3. I was in real distress, as I can tell you. (Dreiser) 4. He kissed her quickly and ran towards the wicket as fast as he could. (Maugham) 5. Then she looked very carefully around, nodding her head as she did so, seeming to count the objects. (Murdoch) 6. He was, as I saw him now, too fanciful and too erratic. (Dreiser) 7. His wife, as I have said, was small, talkative, cricketlike, and bounced here and there in a jumpy way. (Dreiser) 8. Such trees as there were stood out ragged and lorn against a-wealth of sky, (Dreiser) 9. She and a certain Wally, the surgeon above mentioned, as she breathlessly explained, were out for a drive to some inn up the Hudson shore. (Dreiser) 10. As you may imagine, I am suffering from shock. (Murdoch) 11. As I didn't reply, she sighed and turned away to pull the curtains across the darkened windows. (Murdoch) 12. As you must know perfectly well, you could get your wife back if you wanted her even now. (Murdoch) 13. Sally gave him a smile. It was as sweet and innocent as it had ever been. (Maugham) 14. Another day, at tea-time, as he sat alone at table, there came a knock at the front door. (Lawrence) 15. "Do as I tell you," I said. (Murdoch) 16. In front of a big book-case, in a big chair, behind a big table, and before a big volume, sat Mr. Nupkins, looking a full size larger than any one of them, big as they were. (Dickens) 17. "This is grave news," she added, as we pushed our way to the exit. (Murdoch) 18. "How are you and Alexander?" "We're as well as can be expected," said Rosemary. (Murdoch) 19. And, young as you were yes, and weak and alone there was evil, I knew there was evil in keeping you. (Thackeray) 20. As I turned to look at her she seemed transfigured. (Murdoch) 21. He stretched himself on his bed as a dog stretches himself. (Maugham) 22. Yet could I, as things were, rely on Georgie to be cheerful and lucid? (Murdoch) 23. How trivial as this contact may seem to some, it was of the utmost significance to Clyde. (Dreiser) 24. I shall only try now to describe him as I saw him at the start, before I knew certain crucial facts about him. (Murdoch)
Exercise 9. Define the kinds of clauses introduced by since and while. Translate into Russian.

1. Ever since you appeared on the scene, you have, for reasons which remain obscure to me, behaved towards me with hostility, and in two instances you have deliberately done me harm.(Murdoch) 2. I wanted to see you, since you wanted to see me. (Murdoch) 3. The master had remarked that even if he got it (the piano] into the cart he should not know what to do with it on his arrival at Christminster, the city he was bound for, since he was only going into temporary lodgings just at first. (Hardy) 4. I wondered if
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Palmer and Antonia were indeed here, since we were much earlier than the time I had predicted. (Murdoch) 5. They complained that he was concerted; and, since he excelled only in matters which to them were unimportant, they asked satirically what he had to be conceited about. (Maugham) 6. Zillah is constantly gadding off to Gimmerton since papa went. (E. Bronte) 7. They went into the grill-room for dinner, since none of them were dressed. (Cronin) 8. Then she lifted her hair on to the top of her head and balanced it there like a bundle while she tied it securely about with a handkerchief. (Murdoch) 9. I felt in no mood for confronting Rosemary. She had never quite got on with Antonia and would on the one hand be delighted at what had happened, while on the other she would maintain a conventional air of distress. (Murdoch) 10. Women with perambulators were parading in the green walks, and down long vistas of trees children bowled hoops while dogs ran barking behind them. (Murdoch) 11. While he was speaking, Joseph returned bearing a basin of mi Ik-porridge, and placed it before Linton. (E. Bronte) 12. There was no zest in the thought of departure, while the act of departure appalled him as a weariness of the flesh. (London) 13. While he elbowed his way on, his eyes which he usually kept fixed on the ground before his feet, were attached upwards by the dome of St. Paul's. (Galsworthy) 14. He had a glass eye, which remained stationary while the other eye looked at Reinhardt. (Heym) 15. I had not communicated with Georgie since the day of the revelation, and since the thing was not yet common knowledge, she was still presumably ignorant of the change in my situation. (Murdoch) 16. While he was standing there, a telegram was brought him. (Galsworthy) 17. There was a moment's pause while he introduced her, and then they were off. (Dreiser) 18. While they were happy for the first year or so... afterwards there had begun to appear difficulties in connection with her work... (Dreiser)
Exercise 10. Point out parenthetical clauses. Translate into Russian.

1. You never liked her, she says, and you have made him feel that she isn't worthy of him. (Dreiser) 2. Already he was doing big things, so he thought, in surgery, and the older men in his line were regarding him with a rather uneasy eye. (Dreiser). 3. On one of these occasions, so Marie Redmond said, she came to her and announced that she was living in a basement room in one of the poorer sections of the city. (Dreiser) 4. As I say, I was fortunate to get her. (Murdoch) 5. Your story, you know, showed such breadth, and vigor, such maturity and depth of thought. (London) 6. Her conduct, it was clear, was little satisfactory to her mother, who scarcely mentioned her, or else the kind lady thought it was best to say nothing, and leave time to work out its cure. (Thackeray) 7. Thomas Esmond captain Thomas, as he was called became engaged in a gaming-house brawl, of which the consequence was a duel, and a wound so severe that he never his surgeon said could outlive it. (Thackeray) 8 Truly, I thought, here is one who is startlingly beautiful. (Dreiser) 9. The effect produced by both Lady Castlewood's children when they appeared in public was extraordinary, and the whole town speedily rang with their fame: such a beautiful couple, it was declared, never had been seen... (Thackeray) 10. She suggested that she would come over and pack up my Minton dinner service and one or two other things which she said must on no account be trusted to the removal men. (Murdoch) 11. My breathing, even my heartbeat must, I felt already, be audible through the house like the panting of an engine. (Murdoch) 12. Two electric fires were burning in the room, but Antonia had insisted on lighting a coal fire, to cheer me up, as she put it. (Murdoch)
Exercise 11. Analyse the following sentences. Translate into Russian.

1. All f say is that only lies and evil come from letting people off. (Murdoch) 2. The only thing which could be said against Miss Casement's report was that, if carried into effect, it would damage a great many existing interests. (Murdoch) 3. Directly I began to cross the common 1 realized I had the wrong umbrella, for it sprang a leak and the rain ran down under my macintosh collar, and then it was I saw Henry. (Greene) 4. Bigiardini, who had been allotted the window and door frames, summouned Michelangelo to his side, flicking his fingers for him to sprinkle some water, then stepped back in admiration from
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the tiny window he had just painted above Elisabeth's head. (Stone) 5. I had left them early, declining a pressing invitation to dinner, and then had stayed up half the night drinking whisky, and I still felt, as I prepared to leave the office, rather sick and giddy. (Murdoch) 6. All three incidents had resulted from the fact, of which he himself was well aware but which he was unable to overcome, that he was unstable and unreliable and a misfit in his profession. (Caldwell) 7. But July arriving and his plan still indefinite, the first thing that occurred to him was that they might go off to some inexpensive resort somewhere. (Dreiser) 8. When they met in the corridors and wards there had not been any semblance of the easy banter they had become accustomed to engaging in whenever they met. (Caldwell) 9. And now Mason regretted that he had not telephoned before leaving Bridgeburg, for he could see that the news of his daughter's death would shock such a man as this most terribly. (Dreiser) 10. She was in awe of Peter Saward, both because of those rather austere features of his character which inspired awe in most of the people who knew him and also for an extra reason of her own, because he was a sick man. (Murdoch) 11. One day, however, very shortly after he had connected himself with the Green Davidson, he had come in rather earlier than usual in the afternoon and found his mother bending over a letter which evidently had just arrived and which appeared to interest her greatly. (Dreiser) 12. And then, without turning or seeing Clyde across the street, she proceeded to another house a few doors away, which also carried a furnished rooms card and, after surveying the exterior interestedly, mounted the steps and rang the bell. (Dreiser) 13. Val was impressed; and happening to look at his mother's face, he got what was perhaps his first real insight that his feelings were not always what mattered most. (Galsworthy) 14. So often throughout his youth in different cities in which his parents had conducted a mission or spoken on the streets it had been obvious that people looked down upon him and. his brother and sister for being the children of such parents. (Dreiser) 15. He was so irritated and depressed by the poverty and social angularity and crudeness of it all spelling but one thing social misery, to him that he at once retraced his steps and recrossing the Mohawk by a bridge farther west soon found himself in an area which was very different indeed. (Dreiser) 16. This visit had been planned to produce in Annette and her mother a due sense of his possessions, so that they should be ready to receive with respect any overture he might later be disposed to make. (Galsworthy) 17. On hearing from the hall porter at the Iseeum that Mr. Dartie had not been in today, he looked at the trusty fellow and decided only to ask if Mr. George Forsyte was in the club. (Galsworthy) 18. When he was born, Winifred, in the heyday of spirits, and the craving for distinction, had determined thai her children should have names such as no others had ever had. (Galsworthy) 19. Having acquired so high a position locally, he was able to marry the daughter of a locai druggist of some means, and two children had been born to them. (Dreiser) 20. On the night in question, at about nine o'clock, as they were nearing the south shore of Big Bittern, they encountered a young man, whom they took to be a stranger making his way from the inn at Big Bittern. (Dreiser) 21. I attached little importance to Palmer's statement that what I had seen would be without a sequel. (Murdoch) 22. The only person who appears to have seen the young man is the captain of that little steam boat that runs from Three Mile Bay to Sharon. (Dreiser) 23. On seeing him, she stopped reading at once, and, flustered and apparently nervous, arose and put. the letter away without commenting in any way upon what she had been reading. (Dreiser) 24. Just as he neared the corner and was about to turn at high speed, a little girl of about nine, who was running toward the crossing, jumped directly in front of the moving machine. (Dreiser) 25. Hunter was twenty-seven and was what some people would have called a "pretty boy". (Murdoch) 26. So convinced was he that he had seen her that he went straight home, and, encountering his mother in the mission, announced that he had seen Esta. (Dreiser) 27. All she had to do after seeing him was to buy her ticket to Utica and get in one coach, and he would buy his separately and get in another. (Dreiser) 28. I could not conceive what was the matter with me and it was not until halfway through the third day
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that I found out. (Murdoch) 29. The chauffeur returning, she asked Clyde where he wished to go an address which he gave reluctantly enough, since it was so different from the street in which she resided. (Dreiser) 30. That I could love such a person was a revelation and education to me and something 6f a triumph: it involved a rediscovery of myself. (Murdoch) 31. The day before he had heard Whiggam tell Liggett there was to be a meeting of department heads after closing hours in Smillie's office to day, and that he was to be there. (Dreiser) 32. After swallowing a cup of coffee at one. of the small restaurants near the post-office and walking the length of Central Avenue toward the mill, and pausing at a cigar store to see if Roberta should by any chance come along alone, he was rewarded by the sight of her with Grace Marr again. (Dreiser) 33. Being very lonely, and Dillard not being present because he had to work, Clyde decided upon a trolley ride to Gloversville, which was a city of some twenty thousand inhabitants and reported to be as active, if not as beautiful, as Lycurgus. (Dreiser)
Exercise 12. Analyse the following sentences. Translate into Russian.

1. Already when, at the age of thirteen, fourteen and fifteen, he began looking in the papers, which, being too worldly, had never been admitted to his home, he found that mostly skilled help was wanted. (Dreiser) 2. He had a feeling in his heart that he was not as guilty as they all seemed to think. (Dreiser) 3. He thought at first that having seen him at the moment he had struck Roberta, they had now come to take him. (Dreiser) 4. Her voice sounded to her as if she had shouted, but the man to whom she had been speaking, evidently not hearing a word she had said, continued staring thoughtfully into his beer. (Caldwelt) 5. He decided later that if she did not want him to know what she was doing, perhaps it was best that he should not. (Dreiser) 6. In view of this, Mrs. Griffiths, who was more practical than her husband at all times, and who was intensely interested in Clyde's economic welfare, as well as that of her other children, was actually wondering why Clyde should of a sudden become so enthusiastic about changing to this new situation, which, according to his own story, involved longer hours and not so very much more pay, if any. (Dreiser) 7. She had no idea how long she stood there in the gradually failing light, and the next thing she remembered doing was running to the telephone. (Caldwell) 8. However, as he began to see afterwards, time passed and he was left to work until, depressed by the routine and meager pay, he began to think of giving up this venture here and returning to Chicago or going to New York, where he was sure that he could connect himself with some hotel if need be. (Dreiser) 9. The table was in no way different from any other, and it was not more advantageously placed, but because the oldest residents sat there it was looked upon as the most desirable place to sit, and several elderly women were bitterly resentful because Miss Otkin, who went away for four or five months every summer, should be given a place there while they who spent the whole year in the sanatorium sat at other tables. (Maugham) 10. As soon as he finds a foe near, no matter what he is doing, a well-trained Cottontail keeps just as he is and stops all movement, for the creatures of the woods are of the same colour as the things in the woods and catch the eye only while moving. (Seton Thompson) 11. Then by some accident of association there occurred to him that scene when Emma had told him of his mother's death, and, though he could not speak for crying, he had insisted on going in to say good-bye to the Misses Watkin so that they might see his grief and pity him. (Maugham) 12. He was developing a sense of humour, and found that he had a knack of saying bitter things, which caught people on the raw; he said them because they amused him, hardly realising how much they hurt, and was much offended when he found that his victims regarded him with active dislike. (Maugham) 13. When Winifred came down, and realised that he was not in the house, her first feeling was one of dull anger that he should thus elude the reproaches she had carefully prepared in those long wakeful hours. (Galsworthy) 14. Behind him the nurse did he knew not what, for his father made a tiny movement of repulsion as if resenting that interference; and almost at once his breathing eased away, became quiet; he lay very still. (Galsworthy) 15. The
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endless rhythmical. noise covered Annette and held her for a while motionless and appalled. (Murdoch) 16. When they had passed through the Red Sea and found a sharp wind in the Canal, Anne had been surprised to see how much the men who had looked presentable enough in the white ducks in which she had been accustomed to see them, were changed when they left them off for warmer clothes. (Maugham) 17. It was not raining, but it had been and a street lamp some way off streaked the roadway with reflections. (Murdoch) 18. He knew her so well that she assumed he always knew when she was lying and so that made it all right. (Murdoch) 19. The brothers, in whom there was apparent, as soon as they had overcome their initial animal terror enough to display ordinary human characteristics, an exceptional degree of parsimony, were pleased with their junkfilled room, which they were able to rent for eight shillings a week, arid whose bric-a-brack, once a senseless jumble, they soon set in order, giving to. each decrepit object a proper use and significance. (Murdoch) 20. Soon, however, although the old woman never ceased to inspire in her a kind of awe which nearly amounted to terror, she fell into paying her no more attention, for practical purposes, than if she had been another quaint piece of furniture. (Murdoch) 21. But such criticisms as she found herself obscurely tending to make of Annette's deportment had never yet been formulated, and she had not troubled to ask herself whether they were just and reasonable or not perhaps the expression of a sort of envy of a younger and in some ways luckier woman such as Rosa knew herself to be well capable of feeling. (Murdoch) 22. If I lived here should have to get to know what you do in a big forest, if you should be lost. (Shute) 23. Rainborough was not aware that he had at any time suggested to Miss Casement that he was likely to make such proposals, though he might possibly have dropped some remark which could be so interpreted in the early days of his appointment. (Murdoch) 24. Although it happened to him so many times, Rainsborough could never resign himself to the idea that people should visit him simply in order to find out all that he knew about Mischa Fox. (Murdoch) 25. Mischa approached, and it seemed to the two who were watching a long time before he reached her. (Murdoch)
Exercise 13. Insert it or there in the following sentences.

1. __ was too cold to sit down, but 1 paused every now and then to lean on the parapet... (Murdoch) 2. __ was no mist here and a great vault of clear stars hung over the city with an intent luxurious brilliance. (Murdoch) 3. In what I could discern of the Square __ seemed to be no one about. (Murdoch) 4. __ took me several minutes to collect myself. (Murdoch) 5. __ did not occur to me to reflect that there was anything illogical in this and indeed __ was nothing illogical. (Murdoch) 6. He stood and watched her, sorry. But __ could be no altering it. 7. I kept my face stern, but __ was so much light within, __ must have showed a little. (Murdoch) 8. __ was still nearly an hour to wait before their plane was due to leave... (Murdoch) 9. __ was a little Hurry as Georgie dropped her handbag and Honor picked it up for her. (Murdoch) 10. __ ihen occurred to me that just this was precisely what I might be able to manage. (Murdoch) 11. Between Brangwen and Skrebensky __ was an unbridgeable silence. Sometimes the two men made a slight conversation, but __ was no interchange. (Lawrence) 12. A terrible energy pervaded Antonia at this time and __ tired me extremely to be with her. (Murdoch) 13. I say this in case you should after last night's exhibition, feel any apprehension of possible violence to your brother. I assure you sincerely that __ : is no such possibility. __,. only remains for me to apologize to you very humbly... (Murdoch)
Exercise 14. Translate the following sentences into English and point out the difference in the way subordinate clauses are introduced in Russian and in English.

1. ... , , , , . (. ) 2. , ... (. ) 3. , ,
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. (. ) 4. , ; , , , , , , , , , , . (. ) 5. , , , , , ! (. ) 6. , - . , , . (. ) 7. , ! , , , ... (. ) 8. , , , ... (. ) 9. , , , , , ? (. ) 10. , , . (. ) 11. , , , ? (. ) 12. , , , , ... (. ) SEQUENCE OF TENSES

Exercise I. Use the appropriate form of the verb.

1. Cowperwood realized... that he __ making a very remarkable confession, (is, was) (Dreiser) 2. She scarcely realized what __ happening, (is, was) (Dreiser) 3. Then all at once he remembered what the program __ be. (will, would) (Warren) 4. Little Hans was very much distressed at times, as he was afraid his flowers __ think he forgotten them, (will, would; has, had) (Wilde) 5. Rosa told herself that this __ the day that __ decide her fate, (is, was, will, would) (Murdoch) 6. She realised that he __ trying to convey to her that he __ lonely, (is, was; is, was) (Dreiser) 7. Mrs. Sohlberg felt that this __ going to be a wonderful evening, (is, was) (Dreiser) 8. He felt sure he __ sleep now. (shall, should) (Eliot) 9. He thought how beautifull and serene their life __ be. (will, would) (Warren) 10. I was thinking that it __ be interesting to start a little gas company in one of these outlying villages that __ growing so fast, and see if we __ not make some money out of it. (may, might; are, were; can, could) (Dreiser) 11. Each fresh noise crept through her senses like an enemy who __ found a gap in the walls of a beleaguered city, (has, had) (Bennett) 12. Lunch came just as they were off Sheerness. He didn't feel so hungry as he thought he __ be. (shall, should) (Jerome K. Jerome) 13. He knew that in a week or two, at most a month, the actual campaign __ begin, (will, would) (Mailer) 14. When I found Mr. Bennett __ left his house, I thought I __ find him here. Of course, he had told me that he __ consult you. (has, had; shall, should; will, would) (Qonan Doyle) 15. Brother Sumpter asked Jack Harrick how he __ to day. (is, was) (Warren) 16. We got to Waterloo at eleven and asked where the elevenfive __ from. The porter who took our things thought it __ go from number two platform, while another porter __ heard a rumour that it __ go from number one. The station-master, on the other hand, was convinced that it __ start from the local. We went upstairs and asked the traffic superintendent, and he told us that he __ just seen it at number three platform, (starts, started; will, would; has, had; will, would; will, would; has, had) (Jerome K. Jerome) 17. I was thinking that if any stranger __ in here now, he __ take us for man and wife, (come, came; will, would) (Shaw) 18. He knew that he __ been to college, (has, had) (Warren)
Exercise 2. Use the appropriate form of the verb.

1. I am just passing through Chicago... and I thought you __ tell me a little about the city from an investment point of view. (may) (Dreiser) 2. He said he __ be obliged to run on to Pittsburg for thirty six hours but he __ back on the third day. (may, to be) (Dreiser) 3.
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It had not yet occurred to her that she __ get money for the locket and ear-rings which she __ with her. (may, to carry) (Eliot) 4. I thought you __ better sense, (to have) (Dreiser) 5. Sir Wilfrid knew, from the frequency with which she used her handkerchief, that the tears __ down her cheeks, (to run) (Marryat) 6. She [Dinah] hesitated no longer, but opening her own door gently, went out and tapped at Hetty's. "I knew you __ not in bed, my dear," she said, (to be) (Eliot) 7. We came to this part of the country in the hope that the bracing air... __ a good effect upon him. (to have) (Conan Doyle) 8. The door opened suddenly, and a young fellow came in, with the air of one who __ the master, (to be) (Conan Doyle) 9. She clung to the belief that he __ so fond of her that he __ never __ happy without her; and she still hugged her secret that a great gentleman __ her. (to be, to be, to love) (Eliot) 10. At ten o'clock he telephoned again, saying that he __ his mind, (to change) (Dreiser) 11. Mr. Jackson departed upstairs on his errand, and immediately returned with a message that Mr. Fogg __ Mr. Pickwick in five minutes, (to see) (Dickens) 12. It chanced... that Mr. Bennett received a letter from a fellow-student in Prague, who said he. __ glad to have seen Professor Pusbury then, (to be) (Conan Doyle) 13. I thought I __ well, being tired, (to sleep) (Jerome K. Jerome) 14. We asked if there __ anything further that we __ do for him. (to be, can) (Jerome K. Jerome) 15. I hailed them and asked if they __ tell me the way to WQllingford Lock; and I explained that I __ for it for the last two hours, (can, to look) (Jerome K. Jerome) 16. I invited them all to come and spend a week with me, and my cousin said her' mother __ pleased to see them, (to be) (Jerome K. Jerome) 17. His correspondent announced that he __ unexpectedly __ to London, (to summon passive) (Collins) 18. He says he __ free tomorrow (to be).
Exercise 3. Comment on the Sequence of Tenses and translate into Russian.

1. He was informed that both his father and mother were out, but that Miss Dinny had come up that morning from Condaford. (Galsworthy) 2. "I see what I see," Matilda said. "I see that this is how a leading citizen elects to spend his afternoons, sitting on a rock and ." (VParren) 3. And for an instant, Isaak didn't know whether he was really asking her, the mother that last question over and over or whether he was just asking it over and over inside his head. (Warren) 4. If only I could sleep, thought Hunter. Then in the morning I might know what to do. (Murdoch) 5. He spoke as one who does not propose to say any more. (Snow) 6. Celia Hornby asserted that it was a good thing they had got out of the house. (Warren) 7. Then she knew what she must do. (Murdoch) 8. Penelope stretched herself luxuriously, with the poised expression of one who has said her last word for the evening.
(Snow)

Exercise 4. Translate into English.

1. , . 2. , . 3. , , . 4. , . 5. , . 6. , 8 . 7. , . 8. , . 9. , . 10. , . 11. , . 12. , 5 . 13. , . 14. , ^ . 15. , . 16. , , . 17. , . 18. , . 19. , . 20. , . 2]. , ; . 22. , , , , . .
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INDIRECT SPEECH
Exercise 1. Use the verb to say or to tell.

1. "You ought to be grateful," he __ her in his light cocksure conceited manner. (Greene) 2. He __ I must talk with your friend. (Marryai) 3. "Look at me, Gretta," he __ her, patting her.cheek with his hand. (CcUdxuell) 4. I __ I would write to him to-morrow. (Marryat) 5. They met some people soon after they had got inside, who __ they had been there [in the maze] for three quarters of an hour, and had had about enough of it. Harris __ them they could follow him, if they liked... They __ it was very kind of him, and fell behind, and followed. (Jerome K. Jerome) 6. Harris kept on turning to the right, but it seemed a long way, and his cousin __ he supposed it was a very big maze. "Oh, one of the largest in Europe," __ Harris. (Jerome K. Jerome) 7. Harris __ he thought it was a very fine maze. (Jerome K. Jerome) 8. The man __ he would go and consult his master. (Jerome K. Jerome) 9. Fox __ me that you were here! (Wilson) 10. She __ she would us all about it the next time we met.
Exercise 2. Translate into English.

1. , . 2. , . 3. , . 4. , . 5. , . 6. , . 7. , . 8. , . 9. , . 10. , . 11. , ? 12. , , . 13. , . 14. , . 15. , . 16. , . 17. , . 18. , . 19. , . 20. , .
Exercise 3. Convert into indirect speech.

1....the General said: "I want to consult you, Lionel. It's about my boy, Hubert." 2. The old man said, "I had to go in the cave, son." (Warren) 3. "My father is a preacher," Isaak said, "so I have read my Bible, I remember about the miracle of the loaves and fishes." (Warren) 4. "Hans," said the Miller, "I will give you my wheel-barrow." (Wilde) 5. "Welll" cried Pinch, "you are the strangest young man, Martin, I ever knew in my life." (Dickens) 6. "Very well, then," said my friend's wife, rising, "all I have to say is, that I shall take the children and go to a hotel until these cheeses are eaten. I decline to live any longer in the same house with them." (Jerome K.. Jerome) 7. "Maurice," she said, "I've just telephoned to the doctor." (Bennett) 8. "I can go to England at the beginning of June, doctor, but not before," I said. "You must go before. It is absolutely necessary," said the doctor. "You must go at once." (Marryat) S. JI will ring when I want you," she said to the maid. (Bennett) 10. "Boy," the lieutenant said, "if you aren't careful you'll be. ordered off this mountain." (Warren)
(Galsworthy)

Exercise 4. Translate into English.

1. , . 2. , . 3. , . 4. , . 5. , . 6. , .
Exercise 5. Convert into indirect speech.

1. "Davis, Davis," he called, "what's the time? My watch has stopped." (Greene) 2. "Jebb," he said, "have you been in many caves? Are you a caver?" (Warren) 3. "When will Mr. Dodson be back, Sir?" inquired Mr. Pickwick. (Dickens) 4. "And have you anything else
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you want to explain to me, Denry?" said Mr. Maybold. "Nothing, Sir." (Hardy) 5. "What," said Dinny, when they were seated before an omelette Bulgarienne, "do you know about Professor Hallorsen, Uncle Adrian?" (Galsworthy) 6. At last she said: "Well, Uncle Adrian, will you try and think of any way of strafing that man for the scurvy way he's treated Hubert?" (Galsworthy) 7. The first question on Marianne's side was, "How long has this been known to you, Elinor? Has he written to you?" "I have known it these four months." (Austen) 8. "Who is there?" he [Arthur] whispered. "It's me, Sir," answered a venerable voice. "Mrs. Newitt, the housekeeper. Is Mrs. Forrest ill?" "Mrs. Newitt," he said, "where is your master?" (Bennett) 9. "Who's that fellow?" said Lord Saxended... (Galsworthy) 10. "What are you doing humped that way on the ground? Do you think that is ladylike?" Mrs. Bingham said to her daughter. (Warren) 11. "Is there anything else on your mind, Erik?" Haviland asked. (Wilson) 12. "Tom," she [Maggie] said timidly when they were out of doors, "how much money did you give for your rabbits?" (Eliot) 13. Arrived at Shropshire House Sir Lawrence said: "Can we see the Marquess Pommett?" "I rather think he's having his lesson, Sir Lawrence." (Galsworthy)
Exercise 6. Translate into English.

1. , . 2. , . 3. , . 4. , . 5. , . 6. , - . 7. , . 8. , . 9. , . 10. , .
Exercise 7. Convert into indirect speech.

1. "Get up, Jo-Lea," Mrs. Bingham said. (Warren) 2. "Daddy oh, Daddy," the girl said, "oh, let me stay." (Warren) 3. "Martha!" he called in a loud, commanding voice that echoed up and down the corridor. "Martha, come back here!" (Caldwell) 4. "Gretta, please say something," he begged. "I've got to know if you are all right." (Caldwetl) 5. "Both of you come with me," Conder said, "and have a drink at the Fitzroy." 6. "Now, Miss Dunbar," said Holmes, "I beg you to tell us exactly what occurred that evening." (Conan Doyle) 7. "Now you go and get me my hammer. Will," he would shout. "And don't you go, Maria." (Jerome K,- Jeromey 8. "Come here, Martha!" he called, at the same time beckoning urgently. "What is it, Dr. Kenworthy?" she. asked in her shy, breathless manner. '-'Let's have some coffee, Martha." (Caldwelt) 9. She. went to the window and looked out. "Do come and look, Arthur," she said. (Bennett) 10. "And now, mamma," said Sylviane, "let us' hear this wonderful news." (Bennett) 11. "Come back," said the warning voice of Mrs. Hewitt, "don't let him see you." Arthur withdrew his head. (Bennett) 12. "The lake is lovely," said Arthur. "Suppose we go for a sail," she [Sylviane] replied, taking his hand. (Bennett) 13. "What can I do?" he said, gruffly. "They wouldn't'listen to me." "Try," said Jean. "Some men are always listened to." (Galsworthy) 14. He turned to her with a rough gesture. "Don't worry, Savina!" (Wilson) 15. "Lilly, Lilly," he said. "Don't go away!" (Wilson) 16. "Play one," he said to Monty softly, "play one of your brother's songs." (Warren) 17. "Then, dearest, look at me," said Stephen (to Maggie] in deepest, tenderest tones of entreaty. "Don't go away from me yet. Give me a moment's happiness make me feel you've forgiven me." (Eliot) 18. "Do me a last favour, Betteredge," says Mr. Franklin, "get me away to the train as soon as you can!" (Collins) 19. "Now, Mr. Betteredge," he went on, "suppose we drop speculation, and get to business." (Collins)
Exercise 8. Translate into English.

1. , . 2. , , 3. , . 4. , . 5. , . 6.
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 , . 7. . 8. . 9. . 10. , . 11. , ' .

Exercise 9. Convert into indirect speech.

1. " Dickl" she exclaimed, "I am so glad you are came!" (Hardy) 2. "Sylviane! forgive me!" Arthur exclaimed. (Bennett) 3. "It's lovely here," Kay Rimmer said. "What a lot of books you have." (Greene) 4. "Oh, how can you be cruel like that!" she cried. (Warren) 5. "O, please forgive me, Tom; my heart will break," said Maggie. (Eliot) 6. "How nice to see a new face," the woman in black velvet said. (Greene) 7. "O, there is Tomf" exclaimed Lucy, clapping her bands. (Eliot) 8. "Oh," she said again at sight of the only picture on the walls, "how lovely. Who's that?" (Greene)
Exercise 10. Translate into English.

1. , . 2. , (never) . 3. , , . 4. , , . 5. , .
Exercise . Convert into indirect speech.

1. Swindon: Who arrested this man? Sergeant: I did, sir. 1 found him in the minister's house, sitting at tea, with the lady with his coat off, quite at home. If he isn't married to her, he ought to be. (Shaw) 2. "I beg your pardon, Sir," said Mr. Pickwick [to the young man], "and I am very sorry to disturb the other gentlemen, too, but I come on very particular business." (Dickens) 3. "Good-bye,. Lilian," he said to his wife, pleasantly, kindly. "I'll be coming out ta attend some of these court proceedings." To his sister he said: "Good-bye, Anna. Don't let the others get too down-hearted." (Dreiser) 4. "You wouldn't," he said, "like to leave a message, Miss, or write a note?" "Thank you, no." He stood a moment, looking at her as if debating whether she was armed. "Miss Tasburgh?" he said. "Tasborough," answered Jean. "Lord Saxenden knows me," and raised her eyes. (Galsworthy) 5. "Monsieur," she asked, "do you speak French?" "Perfectly." "Then can you tell me where they take the tickets?" The young man shook his head. "No," said he, "I am a foreigner." The girl sighed. "But what is the matter, ma'moiselle?" (Galsworthy) 6. "There is no good in my going to see little Hans as long as the snow lasts," the Miller used to say to his wife, "for when people are in trouble they should be left alone, and not be bothered by visitors. That at least is my idea about friendship, and I am sure I am right. So I shall wait till the spring comes, and then I shall pay him a visit, and he will be able to give me a large basket of primroses, and that will make him so happy." "You are certainly very thoughtful about others," answered the wife. (Wilde) 7. "Have you mended the hole in the roof yet, little Hans?" cried the Miller in a cheery voice. "It is quite mended," answered little Hans. "Ohl" said the Miller, "there is no work so delightful as the work one does for others." "It is certainly a great privilege to hear you talk," answered little Hans,... "But I am afraid I shall never have such beautiful ideas as you have." (Wilde) 8. "Dear little Hans," said the Miller,"would you mind carrying this sack of flour for me to market?" "Oh, I am so sorry", said Hans, "but I am really very busy to-day. I have got all my creepers to nail up, and all my flowers to water, and all my grass to roll." (Wilde) 9. "Who is there?" cries the Doctor. "Little Hans, Doctor." "What do you want, little Hans?" "The Miller's son has fallen from a ladder, and has hurt himself, and the Miller wants you to come at once." (Wilde) 10. She [Caro] said, her eyes wild, but with no tears in them. "I don't know how I shall bear being alone. I don't know how I am to bear it." (Snow) 11. "I'm coming to Drover all in good time," Bennett said. "There'll be petition to sign. Do you expect us to attack the prison?" (Greene) 12. Drouet was on the corner waiting, in good spirits. "Hello, Carrie," he
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said... "Got here safe, did you? Well, we'll take a car." (Dreiser) 13. "Minnie! What's the matter? Here, wake up," said Hanson, disturbed, and shaking her by the shoulder. "Whawhat's the matter?" said Minnie drowsily. "Wake up," he said, "and turn over. You're talking in your sleep." (Dreiser) 14. Mrs. Volterra shook hands with Erik. "Hello," she said, "I'm very glad to know you at last." (Wilson) 15. Dinny took a cigarette, and, with a long puff, said: "You saw great Uncle Cuffs, didn't you, Uncle Adrian?" (Galsworthy) 16. She said quickly, trying to divert him: "I saw the Queen just now. Going into the cinema. Why does she wear hats like that?" (Greene)

Table of contents
Part I. ACCIDENCE.........................................................................................3
THE NOUN.......................................................................................................................3 THE USE OF ARTICLES...............................................................................................5 THE ADJECTIVE..........................................................................................................23 THE PRONOUN.............................................................................................................24 WORDS DENOTING STATE......................................................................................26 THE VERB......................................................................................................................26
TENSES IN THE ACTIVE VOICE......................................................................................................................................27 THE PASSIVE VOICE.........................................................................................................................................................46 MODAL VERBS...................................................................................................................................................................50 THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD...............................................................................................................................................59

THE NON-FINITE FORMS OF THE VERBS (VERBALS) ....................................74

THE PARTICIPLE................................................................................................................................................................74 THE GERUND .....................................................................................................................................................................82 THE INFINITIVE..................................................................................................................................................................91

THE ADVERB..............................................................................................................106 MODAL WORDS.........................................................................................................106 THE INTERJECTION.................................................................................................107 THE PREPOSITION...................................................................................................107 THE CONJUNCTION.................................................................................................108 THE PARTICLE..........................................................................................................109 GRAMMATICAL HOMONYMS...............................................................................109

Part II. SYNTAX...........................................................................................111

THE SIMPLE SENTENCE.........................................................................................111 WORD ORDER............................................................................................................121 THE COMPOUND AND THE COMPLEX SENTENCE........................................125 SEQUENCE OF TENSES............................................................................................134 INDIRECT SPEECH...................................................................................................136

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