AC5 White Powders
AC5 White Powders
AC5 White Powders
While there is a variety of very exciting white powders out there in the world, we will contain our exploration of white powders to ionic compounds. Though some of the white powders are slightly blue and all are legal, you will still get a feel for a few ways forensic scientists and chemists identify unknown ionic compounds. This lab is in four parts. Youve already completed one of these portions of this identification lab flame tests. With flame tests, you reviewed the concept of atomic structure and emission spectra data. The other three parts will be some review, but unlike flame tests, this investigation will introduce new concepts (so that is why I have kept them in a separate lab). We will work on this lab for a number of days, so by the end you will have a better idea of how to (1) name ionic compounds, (2) how to determine the solubility of ionic compounds in solution, (3) how to predict the product of a double replacement reaction, and (4) identify acids and bases. Yes, there are quite a few content concepts in this single activity! The main objective of this lab, though, is to learn how to identify white ionic solids through their chemical and physical properties. As in all labs this unit, we are also working to discover the limitations of each test.
Here is a list of the white ionic powders (bolded) and the reagents (underlined) we will use for this lab (including the flame test chlorides which are in italics). In a well organized table, write the name, the chemical formula, and a common use of the compound for each reagent, household white powder, or flame test white powder. To determine a household use, you will need to reference Wikipedia or whatever other source on chemical compounds you choose. KCl CaCO3 CaCl2 BaCl2 NaHCO3 NaOH LiCl calcium sulfate copper (II) chloride strontium chloride silver nitrate + acetic acid (H + acetate ion) sodium chloride sodium carbonate
As always, include an objective or essential question for this laboratory activity and share that objective with a teammate or laboratory partner.
This lab will be set up a bit differently than your previous activities. Since there is so much material packed into one forensic concept (identifying white powders), this experiment will be broken into four sections for experimenting. An overall analysis will be required with the construction of a flow chart under analyzing. The four critically thinking questions will also serve as the portion that unifies all four of these different sections.
Part B: Solubility
In this section you will determine whether each of the household white powders (bolded in the preparing section) is soluble in water. This is a test of one of the physical properties of the white ionic solids. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Label each of six small Erlenmeyer flasks with the name of one of the white powders. To each flask, add a small scoop (peanut-sized) of the corresponding powder. Fill the flask of the way full with distilled water. Stopper and mix the flask. In your observation/results section, write what you observe. Specifically, note if the solid dissolved fully, partially, or not at all. 6. Save these solutions for Part C and D.
A N A L Y Z I N G RE ADING QUESTIONS
Chemical Formulas
The white powders you tested have different physical and chemical properties because they are each unique chemical compounds with different names and chemical formulas. A chemical formula is
Based on Active Chemistry: Forensics
how chemists represent the chemical composition of a compound. They use the atomic symbols for each element to represent the chemical makeup of the compound. For example NaCl is made up of sodium and chloride. The subscripts represent the relative number of one element to another. For example, in H2O there are two atoms of hydrogen for every one atom of oxygen.
Ionic Compounds
The white powders used in this lab are all ionic compounds. Ionic compounds are made of a combination of positive and negative ions, which were introduced in Activity 2. Sodium chloride is an + ionic compound, so its chemical formula, NaCl means there is one positive sodium ion (Na ) for every one negative chloride ion (Cl ). Since the overall compound is neutral, we dont include the charge on the compound like we do on the ion. Ionic compounds form on the basis that opposite charges attract. The positive sodium ion is attracted to the negative chloride ion. This attraction between the positive ion (also called a cation) and the negative ion (also called an anion) is called an ionic bond, and the substance formed by the bond is the ionic compound. The sodium ion and chloride ion join to form the ionic compound sodium chloride, NaCl, shown below. Na
+
Cl
NaCl
2+
In calcium chloride, CaCl2, there is one positive calcium ion (Ca ) for every two negative chloride ions (again, Cl ). Ca
+
2Cl
CaCl2
Notice since there are two chloride ions for every one calcium ion there is 2 in front of the chloride ion. You must always have the same number of ions or atoms of each element on both sides of the chemical equation due to the principle of the conservation of matter, which states that matter cannot be created or destroyed. In other words, chloride ions must be equal in the reactants and products, so there must be two on each side. In an ionic compound the cations and take the name of the element. The anions take the name of the element but the ending is changed to ide. Notice that metals form positive ions and nonmetals form negative ions. Some Common Ions
Formula ClFO2S2-
Groups of atoms may act as a single ion in an ionic compound, like in calcium carbonate, CaCO3. 2There is one calcium cation (Ca2+) for every one carbonate anion (CO 3 ). We call ions like 222carbonate, (CO3 ), polyatomic ions. Sulfate (SO4 ), hydroxide (OH ), nitrate (NO3 ), acetate (C2H3O2 ) and bicarbonate (HCO3) are other polyatomic anions found in the white powders and reagents used in this lab.
Solubility
In Part A, you placed a sample of each white powder in water to see if it would dissolve. This property of matter is called solubility. The powders that dissolved in water are said to be soluble. When a solid dissolves in water the mixture of the dissolved solid and the water is called a solution. The powders that did not dissolve are said to be insoluble. Whether or not a particular powder dissolves in water is a complex matter that depends on many factors that are not discussed here. Fortunately, the solubility of many substances in water has been investigated. The results of some of the investigations are summarized in the table below. Table of Solubility Rules
- All are soluble - All are soluble except those containing ions of silver, mercury (I), and lead (II). - All are soluble except those containing ions of barium, calcium, strontium, silver, lead (II), and mercury (I). - All are insoluble except those containing ions of the Group I metals or the ammonium ion. - All are insoluble except those containing ions of the Group I metals or the ammonium ion.
This table can be used to predict if a given solid will dissolve in water. To determine if a solid is soluble, look at the chemical formula for the solid, and identify which of the five negatively charged ions listed in the above table the solid contains. Then read the rule for solids containing that ion and the exceptions to the rule. For example, sodium carbonate, Na2CO3, contains the ion carbonate, 2CO3 . According to the table, all carbonates are insoluble except for the ones containing Group I metals. Sodium is a Group I metal, so sodium carbonate is an exception to the general rule that carbonates are insoluble. Therefore, sodium carbonate is soluble and dissolves in water. Other examples are given below. KCl is soluble because all chlorides are soluble except those containing ions of silver, mercury (I), and lead (II), and KCl does not contain any of the exceptions. Mg(OH)2 is insoluble because hydroxides are insoluble except for those containing Group I metals and magnesium is not a Group I metal.
AgNO3
NaCl
NaNO3
AgCl
By examining the reaction, you can see that the metals, sodium (Na) and silver (Ag), exchange places to form two new compounds. This reaction is called a double replacement reaction. You can determine the identity of the milky white solid, called a precipitate, by looking at the two products and using the solubility rules. The first product, sodium nitrate, dissolves in water because all nitrates are soluble. The second product, silver chloride, is insoluble because all chlorides are soluble with the exception of mercury (II), lead (II), and silver. Because of silver chlorides insolubility,
Based on Active Chemistry: Forensics
instead of dissolving and being invisible like the sodium nitrate, the silver chloride that is formed is visible as a milky white precipitate. More examples of double replacement reactions are shown below: potassium chloride + silver nitrate potassium nitrate + silver chloride
soluble
solid
solid
soluble
Another example of a double replacement reaction from your lab is the reaction of acetic acid solution with sodium hydrogen carbonate solution. 2HC2H3O2 + Na2CO3 2NaC2H3O2 + H2CO3 The hydrogen ion in acetic acid trades places with the sodium ion in the sodium carbonate. The carbonic acid product, H2CO3, immediately decomposes to produce carbon dioxide gas (the bubbles in part A) and water. H2CO3 H2O + CO2
gas
So whenever carbonic acid is a product in a chemical equation, we replace it with water and carbon dioxide. 2HC2H3O2 + Na2CO3 2NaC2H3O2 + H2O + CO2 Generally, acetic acid and other acids react with carbonates and hydrogen carbonates to form carbon dioxide gas. The gas is in the bubbles that form in the solution. A carbonate is a compound that 2contains the CO3 ion. Some common carbonates include sodium carbonate (Na 2CO3) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Hydrogen carbonates are compounds that contain the bicarbonate ion HCO 3 . The most common bicarbonate is sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO3, commonly known as baking soda. Bicarbonates react with acids in a manner similar to carbonates.
Bases are compounds that form hydroxide ions (OH ) in solution. Bases taste bitter, are corrosive, feel slippery, saponify fats (turns fats into soaps), neutralize acids, and cause certain indicators to change color. Bases cause phenolphthalein to turn bright pink. Some common bases and their uses are listed below. Name
Based on Active Chemistry: Forensics
Formula
Use
Making soap, drain cleaners Fertilizers and cleaners Antacids Luminol blood test
Flow Charts
Now that you can identify each compound based on its solubility in water and reaction with the other three reagents, you need a way to represent this simply. In this portion of the lab, you will learn how to use a type of map called a flowchart. Flowcharts can be used to illustrate a deductive reasoning process (remember Activity 1?!), so they can be very handy to a forensic scientist. The following flowchart (next page) can be used to identify the six modes of transportation shown. Choose a mode of transportation and see if the flowchart identifies it correctly. Choose a second one and try it again. On this sheet, fill in all the blanks. Is each blank unique? If so, the flowchart works.
Notice that a flowchart does not need to be based on yes-or-no questions to work. For example, one of the questions could have been, How many wheels does it have? Answers to this could have been, Two, Four, and More than four.
ZnSO4 +
4. Complete the word equations (in words!) for the following double replacement reactions. a. potassium chloride + lead (II)nitrate b. iron (III) chloride c. sodium hydroxide + + potassium hydroxide calcium nitrate
5. What are the precipitates that form in question number 4? Write their chemical formulae. 6. Name these acids or bases. What color would PHTH turn in a solution of each compound? a. HCl b. H2SO4 c. KOH d. H2SO3 e. Mg(OH)2
CT
C R I T I C A L L Y
T H I N K I N G
How do I know?
Using terms such as chemical change, physical change, and the types of changes, explain how someone could test to know they have discovered baking soda at a crime scene.
Why do I believe?
Are these tests presumptive or confirmatory tests? Explain by comparing and contrasting to other activities in the unit.
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