2 Tutorial Handouts 300

P.O Box 1265 Arvada, CO 80001 Phone (303) 431-7895 Fax (303) 431-1836 www.neiengineering.
com
Workshop Design of Industrial Power Distribution Systems:

Shortcut Methods, Quick Estimation and Application Guidelines
Pune, Hyderabad, Chennai, and Delhi: India
Prof. P.K. Sen, PhD, PE, Fellow IEEE Professor, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401 Senior Consultant NEI Electric Power Engineering, Inc. Denver, Colorado 80033 [email protected] 303.339.6750
January, 2012
Dr. P. K. Sen, PE, Fellow IEEE 1 Professor, Colorado School of Mines Senior Consultant, NEI Electric Power Engineering, Inc. [2012] IEEE IAS Distinguished Lecture Series Pune, Hyderabad, Chennai, and Delhi: India January, 2012
Design of Industrial Power Distribution Systems:

Dr. P.K. Sen, PE, Fellow IEEE Professor of Electrical Engineering Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401
This (multiple days) workshop has been designed for all practicing engineers (young or experienced), managers, operation and plant maintenance personnel, advanced students interested in power and energy engineering career and technical personnel interested in different aspects of Power Distribution Systems Design as applied to Electric Power and Energy industry. The main objective of the workshop is to introduce the basic tools required and utilized in designing industrial power distribution systems. The primary focus of this course is on the medium voltage (MV) and low voltage (LV) power systems with some references to the sub-transmission system. It is assumed that participants have some basic knowledge of fundamentals of electric power systems and electric machinery. Practical experience is preferable, but not required. Emphasis is given on hand calculations and estimations. Numerous real world design problems will be solved during the entire workshop. The workshop will be divided into multiple modules. Extensive handouts will be provided at the workshop. This introductory workshop is must for all power systems engineers, utility and no-utility alike, consulting firms, manufacturing and process plant, and designed to facilitate in educating advanced students in power and energy engineering profession.
(Tentative) Course Outline Day (Part) 1:

1) Logistics, Introduction, Background and Prerequisites, Expectations etc. 2) Scope of Electric Power Distribution Engineering and Characteristics of Power Distribution Systems: Utility, Industrial and Commercial Users Perspective 3) Power System Fundamentals, Understanding Load and Key Design Tools: 3-Ph Power, Voltage-Current Calculations; Active, Reactive Power, Apparent Power, Power Factor and Power Triangle; Power Factor Correction and Shunt Capacitor Compensation; Voltage Drop and Voltage Regulation Load Characterization; Understanding Electricity Bill; Induction Motor Load, Torque-Speed Characteristics, Losses and Efficiency; Selection of Plant Distribution Voltage; Transformer Sizing; and Motor Starting and Voltage Drop 4) Transformer Engineering, Basics and Procurement: Equivalent Circuit and Design Fundamentals; Performance Evaluation: Efficiency and Losses; % Impedance and Voltage Regulation; Transformer Procurement, Specification Writing and Loss Evaluation; Testing; Overloading, Life Assessment and Asset Management 5) Design of Industrial Power Distribution Systems and Problems: Simplified Design Calculations, Transformer Sizing, Selection of Voltage; Motor Starting; One-line Diagram; Quick Cost Estimate Dr. P. K. Sen, PE, Fellow IEEE 2 [2012] IEEE IAS Distinguished Lecture Series Professor, Colorado School of Mines Pune, Hyderabad, Chennai, and Delhi: India Senior Consultant, NEI Electric Power Engineering, Inc. January, 2012
Day (Part) 2: (When Applicable)

1) 2) Recap of Day 1, Questions and Answers Induction Motor Performance and Procurement Design Fundamentals, Equivalent Circuit and Performance Evaluation; Torque-Speed Characteristics; Motor Starting and Voltage Drop; Variable Frequency Drive; Testing, Specification and Applications Guidelines. 3-Phase Fault (Short-Circuit) Calculations Per-Unit Methods of Calculations; Sub-transient Reactance; Source Reactance; Shortcut Methods of Calculations for Industrial Power Systems; Fault Current Distributions. Design of an Industrial Power Distribution System and Problems Selection of Breakers and Switchgears; Motor Control Center - Specification and Evaluation; System Grounding; Reliability, Safety and Design; Quick Cost Estimate. Protection Design Philosophy Emergency Power and Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) Design Problems: Simplified Calculations, Guidelines and Techniques
3)
4)
5) 6) 7)
Day (Part) 3: (When Applicable)

1)
2) Recap of Days 1 and 2, Questions and Answers Power Systems Protection: Symmetrical Components and Unsymmetrical Faults; Instrument Transformers; Grounding of Power Systems and Ground Fault Protection; Utility Industry Interface; Design of Protection Scheme; Power Systems Protection: o Transformer o Induction Motor o Distribution Feeder Step-by-Step Procedure in Protection Coordination and Design Case Studies and Design Problems
3) 4)
Dr. P. K. Sen, PE, Fellow IEEE 3 Professor, Colorado School of Mines Senior Consultant, NEI Electric Power Engineering, Inc.
[2012] IEEE IAS Distinguished Lecture Series Pune, Hyderabad, Chennai, and Delhi: India January, 2012
Prof. Pankaj K. (PK) Sen, PhD, PE, Fellow IEEE Colorado School of Mines Golden, Colorado 80401
Dr. P.K. Sen, PE, Fellow IEEE has over 45 years of combined teaching, administrative, research, and consulting engineering experience. Prior to joining Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado in 2000, Dr. Sen taught for 21 years at the University of Colorado, Colorado. His industrial experience includes power plants and substation engineering design, system & feasibility studies, protection and relaying, training technical personnel at all level and solving various aspects of power systems engineering application problems. He has published over 140 technical papers on a variety of subjects related to Power Systems, Protection / and Relaying, Electric Machines, Renewable Energy and Energy Policy, Power Quality, Engineering Education and Arc Flash and Safety. Dr. Sen has supervised and mentored over 150 graduate students (including non-traditional students, and practicing engineers from the Utility Industries, Rural Electric Companys, Consulting Engineers, and others). He is an IEEE Fellow and a Registered Professional Engineer (Electrical) in the State of Colorado. Currently Dr. Sen is a Professor of Electrical Engineering and the Site Director for the (Originally NSF funded) Industry University Cooperative Research Center (IUCRC) Power Systems Engineering Research Center (www.pserc.org) at Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado. His current research interests include application problems (safety, protection, equipment life, energy economics, asset management and policy issues, etc.) in power systems engineering, renewable energy applications and distributed generation, and engineering education. Dr. Sen is a very active member of a number of Professional Societies including IEEE PES & IAS, Rocky Mountain Electrical League (RMEL) and has been instrumental in providing seminars, short courses, conduct workshops, and provide training for technical personnel in the Rocky Mountain Region and nationwide (USA) and internationally for the past 34 years. Dr. Sen is known in the industry, locally, nationally and internationally for providing educational opportunities for practicing engineers at all level, and for both undergraduate and graduate students. He is an inspiring and prolific teacher with passion. He has authored numerous prize winning papers at the IEEE Conferences and IAS Magazine.

Presentation Outline Part 1

Introduction, and Scope of Electric Power Distribution Systems Engineering
Characteristics of Power Distribution Systems: Utility and Industrial/Commercial Users Perspective Power System Fundamentals & Design Tools: o (Review) 1-Phase and 3-Phase Power o (Review) Power, Reactive Power, Power Factor o Power Triangle o Losses and Efficiency Selection of Voltage Power Factor Correction Percentage Impedance, Voltage Regulation and % Voltage Drop Understanding Electricity Bill Transformer o Procurement and Specification Writing o Losses and Efficiency o Bid Evaluation o Application Guidelines o Protection Basics Quick Cost Estimate Design Problems: Transformer Sizing, Power Factor Correction, Voltage Drop and Voltage Regulation

Presentation Outline Part 2

Induction Motor: Characteristics, Performance Evaluation, Specification Quick and Simplified 3-Phase Short Circuit (Hand) Calculations for Radial System o Volt-Ampere Method o Per-Unit Method Power System Grounding Application Guidelines o Motor Starting and Voltage Drop o Sizing Transformers o Capacitor Selection o Simplified Transformer Protection Considerations Conclusions, Questions and Answers

Presentation Outline Part 3 1) Recap of Day 1 and 2, Questions and Answers

2) Power Systems Protection Symmetrical Components and Unsymmetrical Faults; Instrument Transformers; Grounding of Power Systems and Ground Fault Protection; Utility Industry Interface; Design of Protection Scheme; Power Systems Protection: o Transformer o Induction Motor o Distribution Feeder Step-by-Step Procedure in Protection Coordination and Design; Case Studies
3) 4)
Fault Contribution
Rotating Machines
Synchronous Machine
Direct-Axis Quantities: Sub-Transient (xd, Td): ~ 3 Cycles** Transient (xd, Td): ~ 0.6-1.0 Sec Steady-State (xd) ** Normally Used in Fault Calculations
Typical Values 0.1 - 0.2 per-unit (Machine Base)
Induction Motor Fault Contributions last usually 2-3 Cycles Sub-transient Reactance varies typically between 0.17 0.25 per-unit (Machine Base) If the starting current is 6.0 times the fullload current, then the sub-transient reactance is 1/6 = 0.167 pu.
3-Phase Fault Calculations

(Design) Problem No. 3 Calculate the 3-Phase Fault Current at X Important!! Assume Zero Source Reactance or Infinite Bus always yields Conservative Results in Fault Calculations.
1/0.07 = 14.3 pu = 14.3 x 100.4 A = 1,436 A = 11,954x13.8/115 A

Ib = 20,000 = 836.8 A 3 13.8
Assume: Infinite Bus Source Reactance (Xs) = 0
Ib =
10,000 = 418.4 A 3 13.8
1/0.07 = 14.3 pu = 14.3 x 836.8 A = 11,954 A
1/0.1 = 10 pu = 10 x 418.4 A = 4,184 A
0 A
1/0.2 = 5 pu = 5 x 209.2 A = 1,046 A
1/0.1 = 10 pu = 10 x 209.2 A = 2,092 A
5,000 kVA
Assume: 1 HP 1 kVA
5,000 kVA
5,000 Ib = = 209.2 A 3 13.8
Ib =
5,000 = 209.2 A 3 13.8
Total Fault Current @ x = 11,954 + 4,184 + 1,046 + 2,092 A = 19,276 A (= 3 13.8 19,276 = 460.7 MVA) Assume: Finite Bus with 3-Ph Fault Level = 1,500 MVA @ 115 kV Bus Source Reactance (Xs) = 20 / 1,500 = 0.0133 pu Fault Contribution by the Source = 1.0 / (0.0133 + 0.07) pu = 12.00 pu = 12.0 x 836.8 A = 10,045 A Total Fault Current @ X = 10,045 + 4,184 + 1,046 + 2,092 A = 17,367 A (Compared to 19,276 A)

(Design) Problem No. 4 Calculate the 3-Phase Fault Current at Y.
Total Fault Current @ Y
= 1/0.06 = 16.7 pu
Important!! Assume Zero Source Reactance or Infinite Bus always yields Conservative Results in Fault Calculations.
499 A 93 A
Assume: Infinite Bus Source Reactance (Xs) = 0 1/0.06 = 16.67 pu = 16.67x41.9 A = 698 A
Ib = 1,000 = 1,202 A 3 0.480
35 A
71 A
1/0.06 = 16.67 pu = 16.67x1,202 A = 20,047 A
= 16.7 x 1,202 A = 20,047 A (= 3 0.480 20.047 = 16.67 MVA) Assuming Fault at X Source Reactance (Xs) Fault Current at Y = 460.7 MVA (or 11,954 A) = 1.0 MVA (Transf. Rating) / 460.7 MVA = 0.0022 pu = 1.0 / (0.0022 + 0.06) = 16.085 pu = 16.085 x 1,202 A = 19,347 A ( = 16.08 MVA)

(Design) Practice Problem No. 7 For the given problem, calculate the fault currents at various locations (F1 to F4) using different assumptions, like using an infinite bus or neglect any other impedance, etc. Please justify your assumptions.
Fault Calculations
Assumptions! !
Fault Current Values (A)
F1
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h)
17,811 17,412 16,288 16,602 31,379 38,596 ?? 5,395 ?? 5,910 26,162 28,375
F2
F3 F4
(i) (j) (k) (l)
Induction Motor Starting Voltage Drop Calculation

(Design) Problem No. 5
Assume: Infinite Bus Source Reactance (Xs) = 0
Important!! Assume Zero Source Reactance or Infinite Bus always yields Optimistic Results in Voltage Drop Calculations. Source Reactance (for minimum fault current or highest value of Xs) must be considered, in doing the real calculations.
Assume: Full-load Efficiency = 0.92 and Full-load Power Factor = 0.93 (lag) Approximate Full-load Current = 363 A Assume Full Voltage (Direct-on-Line) Starting Current (Ist) = 6.0 x IFL = 2,178 A @ 0.0 lagging power factor (conservative assumption) % Voltage Drop = [ % r Cos % x Sin ] Ipu (Loading) (+) Lagging Power Factor
(1) Assume: 1 HP 1 kVA, Constant Current Model and 0.0 lag power factor, % Voltage (Momentary) Drop = 28.8% (2) Using Actual Efficiency and Power Factor in calculating the full-load current, Constant Current Model and 0.0 lag power factor, % Voltage Drop = 25.12% (3) Same as (2), but assuming a power factor (more realistic) 0.25 lag, % Voltage Drop = 24.4% (4) Assume, 1 HP = 1 kVA and a Constant Impedance Model and 0.0 lag power factor, % Voltage (Momentary) Drop = 22.4%
All of the above simplified quick calculations (with various assumptions) produce most likely an unacceptable voltage drop (more than 20%) at the motor terminals. Since the motor torque is proportional to the squared of the voltage ( Tm V2 ), the starting torque will be drastically reduced (e.g., for case (4) (V = 1.0 0.224 = 0.776), the torque will be 0.7762 = 0.60 or 60% of the full-voltage starting torque).
So we have too much Voltage Drop!!

(1)
Increase the transformer size Doubling the transformer size to 10 MVA will reduce the voltage drop (approximately) by a factor of 2 (to 12-13%). (2) Buy an induction motor (Code Letter D) with starting current less than 6.0 times (say 4.0 4.5). This will reduce the % voltage drop proportionately (to about 14-16%). (3) Use reduced voltage starter (Autotransformer) or soft start. This will reduce the % voltage drop to a real value (much less than 10%, depending on the design). However, care must be taken to ensure that adequate motor torque is produced during starting. (4) Reduction of the % reactance of transformer may be utilized to enhance the problem. However, this will increase the fault current values, and may increase the cost of switchgear, and other associated equipment. . (5) Redesign the process requirements, when appropriate and possible, to reduce the motor output. (6) Using higher plant distribution voltage. Ultimately, application requirements and cost will probably dictate the solution.
Fundamentals of Power Distribution Systems Design:

Review, Simplified and Shortcut Calculations and Guidelines
Symmetrical Components Fundamentals
Any Unbalanced set of 3-Phase Vectors (or Phasors) having a Phase Sequence (or Rotation), say abc can be replaced by (or resolved into) three Component set of Vectors (3) A set of Balanced 3-Phase Vectors (120o out-of-phase) having the same phase sequence (or rotation) of the original set of vectors (abc), called Positive Sequence. A set of Balanced 3-Phase Vectors (120o out-of-phase) having the same opposite (or negative) phase sequence (or rotation) of the original set of vectors (acb), called Negative Sequence, and A set of 3, 1-phase Vectors (same phase and magnitude), called Zero Sequence.
(4)
(5)
Phase Quantities
Sequence
Quantities
a b c
a1 b1 c1
Positive
a2 b2 c2
Negative
a0 b0 c0
Zero
Mathematically, say, for a set of three phase (phasor) currents (Ia, Ib and Ic) and the three sequence components of (phasor) currents (I(a,b,c)1, I(a,b,c)2 and I(a,b,c)0): Ia = Ia1 + Ia2 + Ia0 Ib = Ib1 + Ib2 + Ib0 Ic = Ic1 + Ic2 + Ic0
Conversely, it can be shown by simple mathematical manipulation that the three sequence components of currents (Ia1, Ia2, and Ia0) for phase-a can be calculated: Ia1 = 1/3 [ Ia + a Ib + a2 Ic ] Ia2 = 1/3 [ Ia + a2 Ib + a Ic ] Ia0 = 1/3 [ Ia + Ib + Ic ] where, a is a unit vector defined by, a = 1.0 120o.
Simple Numerical Examples (Graphical and Analytical Solutions):

(1) Ia = 3.0 0o, Ib = 0 and Ic = 0. [Incidentally, this happens when we have a single-line-to-ground (an unsymmetrical) fault in power systems.] Ia = 0, Ib = 1.732 90o and Ic = -1.732 90o. [Incidentally, this happens when we have a line-to-line (another unsymmetrical) fault in power systems.] Find (both graphically and analytically) all the (nine) sequence components of currents [positive: (Ia1 , Ib1 , Ic1), negative: (Ia2 , Ib2 , Ic2) and zero: (Ia0, Ib0, Ic0) ] from the following set of three currents in a power system. Ia = 100 90o (A), Ib = 200 0o (A) and Ic = 300 - 90o (A) Calculate (both analytically and graphically) the phase currents (Ia, Ib, Ic) from the following sequence components of currents. Ia1 = 10 0o (A), Ib2 = 20 120o (A), and Ic0 = 10 - 90o (A)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Understanding the Physical Significance of (and other Basic Facts about) the Sequence (components) Currents: (1) (2) (3) (4) Vector summation of the positive sequence currents = 0. (Three vectors, equal in magnitude and 120o out-of-phase, and phase sequence, abc). Statement (1) is equally true for the negative sequence of currents. (except the phase sequence is, acb). Vector summation of the three zero sequence currents (I0, same in magnitude and phase) = 3I0 Any 3-phase power system under normal operating conditions is considered to be the positive sequence network conditions, even though we do not explicitly say so. Negative sequence network (or power system) conditions could be dealt with in the same fashion as the positive sequence network, except for a major difference: the voltage sources have a phase sequence opposite to the positive sequence. Synchronous generators (or alternators) connected to the normal 3-phase power network produces only positive sequence voltage (in an ideal condition). Static devices connected in a 3-phase power network (like transformers, transmission and distribution lines, capacitors, etc.) do not see any difference between positive and a negative sequence quantities. However, they behave completely differently for zero sequence quantities. For a balanced 3-phase conditions (like positive and negative sequence conditions), neutral connections for Y-connections (transformer neutral, loads, generator neutrals, etc.) is immaterial. The system doesnt see the difference between grounded (any form) and ungrounded system, since vector summation of three vectors 120o is zero. In case of currents, no current flow through the neutral conductor or ground (Kirchoffs Current Law). However, in case of zero sequence current, as an example, the current flowing through the neutral (and/or ground) equals the 3 times the zero sequence current (Kirchoffs Current Law). This can be seen from the fundamental definition of zero sequence quantities. The sequence quantities are always line-to-neutral or line-to-ground (or phase quantities).
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(8)
(9)
Sequence Networks (Thevenin Equivalent):

Va1 = Vf Ia1 Z1 Va2 = Ia2 Z2 Va0 = Ia0 Z0 Note: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Only positive sequence network has any voltage source for fault calculations. For all practical conditions in power system, we assume (will be discussed briefly in the class), Z1 = Z2 Zero Sequence Impedance (Z0) is usually totally different and depends on the grounding (or neutral) connections. Calculations of Z1 (= Z2) is straight forward and is the same value used for 3-phase fault calculations. The sequence network used are always for Phase-a values and deals with phase quantities. where, Z1 is the positive sequence impedance Z2 is the negative sequence impedance Z0 is the zero sequence impedance
Symmetrical Components Fundamentals
Sequence Connections for Typical Two-Winding Transformer Banks Dr. P. K. Sen, PE, Fellow IEEE 19 Professor, Colorado School of Mines Senior Consultant, NEI Electric Power Engineering, Inc. [2012] IEEE IAS Distinguished Lecture Series Pune, Hyderabad, Chennai, and Delhi: India January, 2012
Reduced Sequence Networks where Z1, Z2 and Z0 are the Equivalent Impedances of the Network to the Fault Point Dr. P. K. Sen, PE, Fellow IEEE 20 Professor, Colorado School of Mines Senior Consultant, NEI Electric Power Engineering, Inc. [2012] IEEE IAS Distinguished Lecture Series Pune, Hyderabad, Chennai, and Delhi: India January, 2012
Delta - Wye Solidly Grounded Transformer
System Grounding and Ground Fault Protection
39
Delta Wye Solidly Grounded
Zero Sequence Bus
ZT I OS
40
Wye (Grounded) Wye (Grounded)
Zero Sequence Bus
ZT I OS
44
3-Winding Transformer Wye (Grounded) - Delta - Wye (Grounded)
Zero Sequence Bus T I OT

ZP ZT ZS N
I OP
I OS
46
Reduced Sequence Networks where Z1 , Z2 and Z0 are the Equivalent Impedances of the Network to the Fault Point
Network Connections for Unsymmetrical Faults
Positive
Negative
Zero
Single-Line-toGround Fault
Line-to-LineFault
Line-to-Line-toGround Fault
37
Brain Tinker No.1

(1) A small industrial plant (receiving power at 12.47kV) has the following loads:
(a) 3 x 100 HP Induction Motors (b) 2 x 50 HP Induction Motors, and (c) 300 kW of lighting, heating and other small plant loads Estimate the total plant load, typical running power factor, and size (specify) a transformer. Discuss the protection philosophy for such a plant.
(2) A 3-phase transformer is rated at 5/7.5 MVA, 13.8 kV (Delta) 4.16 kV (Grounded-Wye). Calculate (estimate) the full-load phase and line currents on both high-side and low-side of the transformer at maximum loading. What will be a typical % reactance and X/R ratio values? Also calculate the maximum available fault current on the low-side of the transformer. Discuss the protection philosophy for this transformer.
(3) What is the meaning of the following ANSI/IEEE device nos.?
a) b) c) d) e)
Device No. 27 ___________________________ Device No. 51 ___________________________ Device No. 81 ___________________________ Device No. 87 ___________________________ Device No. 38 ___________________________
(4) Put a check (x) in front of each factor affecting transformer protection: ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ Magnetizing Inrush Current Load Tap Changer No-Load Tap Changer Transformer Voltage Level Current Transformer (CT) Ratios Transformer Winding Connections
(5) Draw a (typical) simple motor thermal load capability. How would you protect
a 200HP induction motor? Discuss the key information you must identify in protecting the motor.
Brain Tinker No. 2 1) Draw a typical symmetrical short-circuit current supplied by a synchronous generator. Identify and briefly discuss the key points in the drawing. Also show the rms value of the current.
2) What causes the dc offset in a short-circuit current fed by a synchronous generator?
3) What is the worst possible (theoretical maximum) dc offset one can expect in a synchronous machine?
4) What is the difference between the interrupting (short-circuit capability) current and closing and latching current in a circuit breaker?
5) Draw a typical symmetrical short circuit current supplied by an induction motor. Discuss briefly why this is distinctly different from the synchronous machine? What are typical sub-transient reactance values?
6) Identify some of the key parameters one should specify and check while procuring a medium voltage power circuit breaker.
7) How do you define the total asymmetrical fault current? Draw and explain.
8) What are the typical sub-transient reactance values? a. Large Alternators Steam or Gas Turbine (2-pole or 4-pole) _________ b. Large Alternators Hydro (Salient Pole, slow speed) _________ c. Large (MV) Induction Motors (say, 1000 HP and above) _________ d. Smaller (LV) Induction Motors (say, 50-200 HP) _________ e. Smaller (LV) Induction Motor (say, below, 50 HP) _________
9) Answer the following questions: (a) What are the typical reactance and X/R values? o 12.47 kV Overhead Distribution Lines o Small Distribution Transformers (Say, 500 kVA or less, 4.16 kV 480 V) o Large Power Transformers (Say, 30/40/50 MVA, 230 kV-12.47 kV) o 115 kV Overhead Transmission Line o 500 kV Overhead Transmission Line
____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________
(b) What are the typical values (@ Rated Load Condition)? o Efficiency of a 500 MVA Generator o Efficiency of a 100 MVA Transformer o Efficiency of a 5,000 HP Induction Motor o Efficiency of a 5 HP Motor o Operating Range of Power Factor for a Large Generator o Voltage of a 3,000 HP Induction Motor o HP Limit of Induction Motor for 480 V System
__________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________
10) In a large distribution power system, 3-phase fault current reported by the utility at the incoming 69 kV point is 24.5 kA rms symmetrical. Calculate the source impedance in . Also calculate the source impedance in per-unit, assume a base of 10 MVA.
11) Estimate the full-load current of a 50 HP induction motor. 12) What limits the output of a power transformer? Explain briefly.
13) What are instrument transformers? systems?
Why is it used in large scale power
14) Calculate the line and phase currents (both magnitude and phase angle) in a 2 MVA, 12.47 kV (Delta) 480 V (Wye) transformer. Assume the load is purely resistive and the transformer is fully loaded. Use the load voltage as the reference.
More Brain Tinker Identify True (T), False (F) or Unclear, Unknown or Subjected to Conditions and Add Brief Comments, as Appropriate. 1) Protective relaying is utilized to protect major power equipment against the maximum fault current (short-circuit) only.
2)
Per-unit values of currents on both sides of a two-winding transformer are same.
3)
Protective relays always use both the current and voltage signals for its operation.
4)
Protective relaying costs about 30% of the major power equipment it is protecting.
5)
In order to do proper relay settings calculations in a large scale (utility oriented) power system, it is essential that you should have both 3-phase and single-line-to-ground faults (bolted) information available at appropriate locations including the current distribution. Some form of polarizing (current and/or voltage) is needed for all directional relays.
6)
7)
In a three-phase power system (under normal operation), at any point in the system, both positive- and zero-sequence voltages are zero.
8)
To measure a 10,000A current in a normal power system application, we need to use a CT. However, if the current is 100 A only, there is no need for a CT.
9)
To design a protective relaying scheme (during the conceptual design stage), the three-line diagram and the AC, DC schematics, are absolutely essential.
10)
In modern microprocessor based relaying scheme, auxiliary relays are not used extensively to perform a variety of control functions and logic.
11)
Modern day microprocessor relays perform more than relaying like event recording, fault location detection, other control and monitoring functions.
12)
In microprocessor based relays, for each function (defined by ANSI Numbers), you need a separate relay.
13)
Knowledge of polarity and phase-sequence is essential for proper relay applications (selection).
14)
In an ungrounded wye connected system, if one phase goes to ground, the voltages of the other two phases goes up to the line voltages (with respect to ground) of the system.
15)
In an ungrounded wye-connected power system, the neutral is always at ground potential.
16)
In a delta-wye connected two-winding transformer, there is a phase-shift of 30o (for positive sequence) between the primary and secondary line quantities (voltage and currents), and the standard ANSI connection recommends the low-voltage quantities to lead the high-voltage quantities.
17)
In a 3-phase power system, zero-sequence currents for all three phases are same.
18)
In a three-phase power system with a delta-wye (grounded) transformer, zero-sequence current flows (confined) within the delta windings (in the loop).
19)
For all faults involving ground, there will always be (in general) some zerosequence current in line.
20)
Transformers of all sizes are always protected by differential relay.

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P.O Box 1265 Arvada, CO 80001 Phone (303) 431-7895 Fax (303) 431-1836 www.neiengineering.

Workshop Design of Industrial Power Distribution Systems:

Pune, Hyderabad, Chennai, and Delhi: India

Design of Industrial Power Distribution Systems:

(Tentative) Course Outline Day (Part) 1:

Day (Part) 2: (When Applicable)

Day (Part) 3: (When Applicable)

Design of Industrial Power Distribution Systems:

Presentation Outline Part 1

Design of Industrial Power Distribution Systems:

Presentation Outline Part 2

Design of Industrial Power Distribution Systems:

Presentation Outline Part 3 1) Recap of Day 1 and 2, Questions and Answers

3-Phase Fault Calculations

1/0.07 = 14.3 pu = 14.3 x 100.4 A = 1,436 A = 11,954x13.8/115 A

Assume: Infinite Bus Source Reactance (Xs) = 0

10,000 = 418.4 A 3 13.8

1/0.07 = 14.3 pu = 14.3 x 836.8 A = 11,954 A

1/0.1 = 10 pu = 10 x 418.4 A = 4,184 A

1/0.2 = 5 pu = 5 x 209.2 A = 1,046 A

1/0.1 = 10 pu = 10 x 209.2 A = 2,092 A

5,000 = 209.2 A 3 13.8

3-Phase Fault Calculations

Total Fault Current @ Y

1/0.06 = 16.67 pu = 16.67x1,202 A = 20,047 A

3-Phase Fault Calculations

Fault Current Values (A)

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h)

(i) (j) (k) (l)

Induction Motor Starting Voltage Drop Calculation

So we have too much Voltage Drop!!

Fundamentals of Power Distribution Systems Design:

Simple Numerical Examples (Graphical and Analytical Solutions):

Sequence Networks (Thevenin Equivalent):

Symmetrical Components Fundamentals

Delta - Wye Solidly Grounded Transformer

System Grounding and Ground Fault Protection

Delta Wye Solidly Grounded

Zero Sequence Bus

Wye (Grounded) Wye (Grounded)

Zero Sequence Bus

System Grounding and Ground Fault Protection

3-Winding Transformer Wye (Grounded) - Delta - Wye (Grounded)

Zero Sequence Bus T I OT

System Grounding and Ground Fault Protection

Network Connections for Unsymmetrical Faults

Brain Tinker No.1

(3) What is the meaning of the following ANSI/IEEE device nos.?

2) What causes the dc offset in a short-circuit current fed by a synchronous generator?

____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________

__________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________

13) What are instrument transformers? systems?

Why is it used in large scale power

Per-unit values of currents on both sides of a two-winding transformer are same.

In an ungrounded wye-connected power system, the neutral is always at ground potential.

Transformers of all sizes are always protected by differential relay.

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