Owing to his incompetence at riding David Underhill (Michael Trucco)'s motorcycle, Leonard tumbles off it and it falls on him, resulting in him limping for the rest of the episode. In fact, Johnny Galecki, who plays Leonard, is a keen motorcyclist and owns a Harley-Davidson.
The MacArthur Genius Grant is real. It is an annual prize awarded by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation to U.S. citizens typically to between 20 and 40 working in any field, who "show exceptional merit and promise for continued and enhanced creative work". There is no application process. The award is voted on by an anonymous committee and the recipient is notified via a phone call.
Michael Trucco is a part of the Battlestar Galactica (2004) cast which is one of Sheldon's favorite shows.
The fictional store at which Sheldon buys Penny's gift is called Le Bain Quotidien {'The Daily Bath'), a pun on the phrase 'le pain quotidien' (daily bread).