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282 pages, Hardcover
First published January 1, 2006
This book is for the people who know they don't know very much.
—Introduction by John Lloyd, p.xix
Who was the most dangerous American in history?If this style intrigues and entertains you, then you're in luck: there are 229 more articles, all very much like this one, on subjects ranging from "the name of the tallest mountain in the world" to "How many wives did Henry VIII have?"
J. Edgar Hoover? J. Robert Oppenheimer? George W. Bush?
It was probably Thomas Midgely {sic—it's actually "Midgley"—one of those disturbing errors I mentioned}, a chemist from Dayton, Ohio, who invented both CFCs and lead in gasoline.
Born in 1889, Midgely trained as an engineer. Early in his career he discovered by chance that adding iodine to kerosene slightly reduced knocking in engines. But slightly was not good enough for him. So he taught himself chemistry from scratch and, over six years, worked through the entire periodic table looking for the perfect solution. In 1921 he found it.
By then, the company he worked for had merged with General Motors, which eagerly began adding his completely "knock-free" answer to fuel for car engines. It was tetraethyl lead. Ethyl gasoline transformed the modern world. But it was also toxic, and pumped billions of tons of lead into the atmosphere over seven decades, poisoning thousands of people—including Midgely himself (though he always denied it).
Some think it was Midgely's guilt over lead gasoline that motivated him to develop a safe alternative to the noxious chemicals, like sulfur dioxide and ammonia, that were used in refrigeration. His discovery of dichlorofluoromethane—the first of the Freons—took three days. CFCs seemed like the perfect solution: inert, nontoxic, beneficial. Unfortunately, we now know they destroy the ozone layer and, since 1987, their production has been banned internationally.
By any standard, Midgely was an extraordinary man. He held 171 patents, loved music, and wrote poetry. But his inventions were lethal. At fifty-one he contracted polio and lost the use of his legs. In a final irony, the harness he designed to help him get in and out of bed got tangled one morning and in the ensuing struggle, America's most dangerous man inadvertently strangled himself. He was fifty-five.
—p.197
How many penises does an European earwig have?
Two. The European or Black earwig carries a special one in case the first one snaps off, which happens quite frequently.