The Life of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu: Sri Chaitanya Lilamrita

The Life of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu

A Brief History of the 15th-Century Spiritual Revolutionary

Swami B. B. Bodhayan

Author’s Note

Śrīmad Bhagavad-gītā is the direct dialogue between the Supreme Lord Śrī Kṛṣṇa and Arjuna. The reason for Kṛṣṇa’s appearance, from time to time in this material world, is to save saintly persons and destroy the demoniac personalities:

paritrāṇāya sādhūnāṁ

vināśāya ca dṣkṛtām

dharma-saṁstāpanārthāya

sambhavāmi yuge

(Bhagavad-gītā 4.8)

The Supreme Lord is eternal, but to fulfill the desire of the devotees in the parental mellow (vātsalya rasa), He manifested the pastime of being born. When the entire society was in turbulence—the brāhmaṇa caste was hating other castes, the king was torturing the civilians, and so on—the Supreme Lord Kṛṣṇa appeared in the form of Lord Chaitanya to maintain equilibrium between various relations, keep balance in society, and to deliver all from this miserable condition.

There are many abridged biographies of Lord Chaitanya available. However, my goal in writing this book is to inform the general audience that Śrī Kṛṣṇa appeared in the form of Lord Chaitanya to deliver all fallen souls by distributing His love without discrimination. To help us realize the taste of divine love, He taught us how to surrender by His own example. We know from Śrīla Bhaktivinoda Ṭhākura that surrender is the soul of devotional practice:

atyanta durlabha prema koribāre dāna

śikhāya śaraṇāgati bhakatera prāṇa

(Śrī Kṛṣṇa-Caitanya Prabhu Jīve Dayā Kori, Verse 2)

Many scriptures state that Lord Chaitanya is non-different from Lord Kṛṣṇa. Although Lord Chaitanya is Kṛṣṇa Himself, He took the role of being His own devotee to deliver the people of the world. To spread the chanting of the holy name of the Supreme Lord, which will ultimately give us the taste of divine love, Lord Chaitanya took the renounced order (sannyāsa). As a sannyāsī, He was known as Śrī Kṛṣṇa Chaitanya.

Once, Śrī Kṛṣṇa Chaitanya said,

pṛthivīte āche yata nagarādi grāma

sarvatra pracāra haibe mora nāma

(Caitanya-bhāgavata, Antya-khaṇḍa 4.126)

My name will be spread in as many villages and towns as there are in this world.

He also said, The entire world is like a garden, and I am only one gardener. How can I pick up all the fruits and distribute them to everyone? He thus ordered everyone to help distribute this love.

ekalā mālākāra āmi kāhāṅ kāhāṅ yāba

ekalā vā kata phala pāḍiyā vilāba

ekalā uṭhāñā dite haya pariśrama

keha pāya, keha nā pāya, rahe mane bhrama

ataeva āmi ājñā diluṅ sabākāre

yāhāṅ tāhāṅ prema-phala deha’ yāre tāre

(Caitanya-caritāmṛta, Ādi-līlā, 9.34-36)

Once, while Śrī Kṛṣṇa Chaitanya was in South India to spread the message of the holy name, He went to a place known as Kūrma Kṣetra, where He was hosted by a brāhmaṇa. After a few days of associating with Lord Chaitanya, the brāhmaṇa wanted to go along with Mahāprabhu. At that time, Mahāprabhu told him:

prabhu kahe, — "aiche bāt kabhu nā kahibā

gṛhe rahi’ kṛṣṇa-nāma nirantara laibā

yāre dekha, tāre kaha ‘kṛṣṇa’-upadeśa

āmāra ājnāya guru hanā tāra’ ei deśa

kabhu nā bādhibe tomāra viṣaya-taraṅga

punarapi ei ṭhāñi pābe mora saṅga"

(Caitanya-caritāmṛta, Madhya-līlā 7.127-129)

"Never say such words. Stay at home and constantly chant the names of Kṛṣṇa. Whoever you see, tell them about Kṛṣṇa. On My order, become a śikṣā-guru and deliver the world. The waves of material attachment will never bind you; you will get My association again in this place."

He gave everyone the order to spread His names: Hare Kṛṣṇa Hare Kṛṣṇa Kṛṣṇa Kṛṣṇa Hare Hare Hare Rama Hare Rama Rama Rama Hare Hare. Lord Chaitanya said to Haridāsa Ṭhākura:

āpane ācare keha, nā kare pracāra

pracāra karena keha, nā karena ācara

‘ācāra’ ‘prācara’, —nāmera karaha ‘dui’ kārya,

tumi—sarva-guru. tumi jagatera ārya

(Caitanya-caritāmṛta, Antya-līlā 4.102-103)

"Some people practice the devotional principles but do not preach, while others preach without practicing. Engage in both practicing and preaching; in this way, you will be considered the instructing spiritual master (śikṣā-guru) of everyone, and you will be considered the world’s most honorable personality."

We have seen Lord Chaitanya Himself preach and inspire people to chant the Hare Kṛṣṇa mahā-mantra, but personally, He did not give initiation. He also did not establish any temples. He taught us to spread saṅkīrtana without having any ulterior motives. Our spiritual lineage consisting of His Divine Grace Saccidānanda Bhaktivinoda Ṭhākura; His Divine Grace Śrīla Prabhupāda, Bhaktisiddhānta Sarasvatī Ṭhākura; my spiritual master, His Divine Grace Śrīla Bhakti Pramode Purī Gosvāmī Ṭhākura; and other Gauḍīya ācāryas all follow in the footsteps of Lord Chaitanya. If anyone follows the principle of first preserve then propagate, then one shall be delivered from this material world.

I hope the readers will excuse any mistakes that may be present in the book and relish the nectarean pastimes of Lord Chaitanya.

Introduction

Two prominent biographies of Śrī Chaitanya have been written: Śrī Caitanya-bhāgavata, by Vṛndāvana dāsa Ṭhākura in sixteenth-century Bengal, and Śrī Chaitanya-caritāmṛta, by Śrīla Kṛṣṇadāsa Kavirāja Gosvāmī in seventeenth-century Vrindavan. It is upon the foundation of these historical accounts that this book, The Life of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, has been authored. Swami B. B. Bodhayan felt the best introduction for this literary work would be to include words from his previous teachers. The following sections are translated summaries and excerpts from the introductions of Bengali publications of Śrī Caitanya-bhāgavata and Śrī Caitanya-caritāmṛta by Śrīla Bhakti Pramode Purī Gosvāmī Ṭhākura and Śrīla Bhaktisiddhānta Sarasvatī Ṭhākura Prabhupāda.

Summary Translation of the Introduction to Śrī Caitanya-bhāgavata

by Śrīla Bhakti Pramode Purī Gosvāmī Ṭhākura

[Śrīla Bhakti Pramode Purī Gosvāmī Ṭhākura wrote the following in the introduction of the Śrī Chaitanya-bhāgavata published by Śrī Caitanya Gauḍīya Maṭha:]

The one and only object of worship in Kali-yuga is Kṛṣṇa in the mood and complexion of Śrī Rādhā. In other words, His inside is dark in color (kṛṣṇa) and His outside is golden (gaura). The Supreme Lord Gaurasundara is the combined form of Śrī Rādhā Mādhava. The main way of worshiping Him is through the mantra consisting of sixteen names and thirty-two syllables.¹

"The chanting of the holy names is the way towards salvation in Kali-yuga. For this reason, Śrī Śacīnandana descended to this world. Gauracandra descended for the congregational chanting of the holy names. This is told by the Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam and is the essence of all truths."

(Caitanya-bhāgavata, Ādi-khaṇḍa 2.22–23)

People worshiped the Supreme Lord in Dvāpara-yuga. Various scriptural rules also decree worshiping the Supreme Lord during Kali-yuga. In Kali-yuga, the Supreme Lord descends with a fair complexion and is worshiped by intelligent people through the chanting of His holy names. In this form of Chaitanya Mahāprabhu, He is accompanied by His associates.

(Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam 11.5.31–32)

The way toward spiritual salvation in Kali-yuga is the congregational chanting of the holy names. Chaitanya Nārāyaṇa broadcasted this message. In order to protect the process of congregational chanting, the Supreme Lord appeared along with all His associates.

(Caitanya-bhāgavata, Ādi-khaṇḍa 26–27)

"The Supreme Lord instructed everyone to hear the kṛṣṇa-nāma mahā-mantra with joy: Hare Kṛṣṇa Hare Kṛṣṇa Kṛṣṇa Kṛṣṇa Hare Hare Hare Rāma Hare Rāma Rāma Rāma Hare Hare. The Supreme Lord said, ‘I have told you the mahā-mantra. Go and chant this and you shall attain all perfection. Say this mantra all the time; there are no rules and regulations in this regard.’ "

(Caitanya-bhāgavata, Madhya-khaṇḍa 23.75–78)

Mahāprabhu gave the garland from His neck to everybody and instructed everyone:

Go and sing the name of Kṛṣṇa. Say ‘Kṛṣṇa,’ serve Kṛṣṇa and sing the names of Kṛṣṇa. Don’t think anything other than Kṛṣṇa. If anyone has love for Me, then do not sing anything other than the name of Kṛṣṇa. Think of Kṛṣṇa and say His name while lying down, while eating, and while awake.

(Caitanya-bhāgavata, Madhya-khaṇḍa 28.25–28)

"That Viṣṇu takes sannyāsa, is free from material attachments, one-pointedly fixed on Kṛṣṇa, strongly fixed in the great sacrifice (mahā-yajña) of chanting the names of Hari. He is absorbed in ecstatic devotional sentiments, which dispels the devotion-deprived doctrine of the impersonalists."

(Mahābhārata Sahasra-nāma Stotra, Verse 75)

"Vṛndāvana dāsa Ṭhākura references this verse of Mahābhārata and explains how Veda-vyāsa described the Lord’s descent in the form of a sannyāsī. The entire community of Vaiṣṇavas knows that the words of Veda-vyāsa came true in the form of the brāhmaṇa Viśvambhara."

(Caitanya-bhāgavata, Madhya-khaṇḍa 28.166–167)

Vṛndāvana dāsa Ṭhākura’s description of Mahāprabhu’s sannyāsa is unparalleled: Mahāprabhu was totally unstable when relishing the nectar of transcendental love. He was always overcome with divine ecstasy; He would cry, and His body would tremble. Mahāprabhu’s head was shaved while He was in this divine state of ecstasy. According to the Gauḍīya Bhāṣya, after taking a bath in the Gaṅgā, Mahāprabhu went to Keśava Bhāratī and first initiated Keśava Bhāratī in the sannyāsa mantra and then accepted the mantra from him to teach the general public. Mahāprabhu said:

"I saw a great personality in My dream. He gave Me the sannyāsa mantra in My ear. See what it is.’ In this way, He told the mantra in the ear of Keśava Bhāratī and made him His disciple. Great wonder came in the mind of Keśava Bhāratī. Bhāratī said, ‘This is the great mahā-mantra; what is unknown to You?’ According to the instruction of Mahāprabhu, Keśava Bhāratī told the mantra to Mahāprabhu. Then the four directions filled with the sound of the holy names as Mahāprabhu took sannyāsa."

(Caitanya-bhāgavata, Madhya-khaṇḍa, 28.155–160)

In this way, Śrīmān Mahāprabhu wore the reddish garments and held a staff in His hand. At the time of performing His sannyāsa initiation, Śrī Keśava Bhāratī wondered what name he could give to Mahāprabhu. Although it seemed that Mahāprabhu should have the title Bhāratī, as He was Keśava Bhāratī’s disciple, still this name was not necessarily applicable to Him. Śuddha Sarasvatī appeared on Keśava Bhāratī’s tongue and said, You make the world say ‘Kṛṣṇa’ and thus awaken the consciousness of all. Thus, Your name will be Śrī Kṛṣṇa Chaitanya, as the whole world has become fortunate because of You. Vaiṣṇavas from all four directions filled the environment with the chanting of the holy names and the glories of Mahāprabhu.

Śrīla Kṛṣṇadāsa Kavirāja Gosvāmī has written, "At the end of His twenty-four years of age in the month of Māgha during the waxing moon phase, Mahāprabhu took sannyāsa." (Caitanya-bhāgavata, Madhya, 3.3). In Caitanya-bhāgavata, Śrīla Vṛndāvana dāsa Ṭhākura has written, "On the day of Uttarāyaṇa Saṅkramaṇa, Mahāprabhu will ascertain that He will take sannyāsa." (Madhya, 18.9). Saṅkramaṇa is when the sun enters the beginning of a rāśi. When the sun enters the Karkaṭa-rāśi, it is known as Dakṣiṇāyana. When the sun enters the Makara-rāśi, it is known as Uttarāyaṇa. In every solar year, there is one day when the sun enters Dakṣināyaṇa and one day when it enters Uttarāyaṇa. The day when the sun goes from Dhanu-rāśi to Makara-rāśi is known as the Uttarāyaṇa Saṇkramaṇa.

Śrī Gaurasundara made His desire of taking sannyāsa known to Śrī Śrī Nityānanda Prabhu, Śrīla Gadādhara Paṇḍita Gosvāmī, Śrīla Chandraśekhara Āchārya, Śrīla Mukunda Datta, and Śrīla Brahmānanda Bhāratī at Chandraśekhara Āchārya’s house in Śrīdham Māyāpura. It was in this very place that the Chaitanya Maṭha was established in 1918 and where Śrīla Bhaktisiddhānta Sarasvatī Prabhupāda took sannyāsa, following in the footsteps of the Avanti Brāhmaṇa, described in the 11th Canto’s 23rd chapter of the Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam. Such Vaiṣṇava sannyāsa is present in southern India’s Rāmānuja sampradāya to date. Śrīla Gopāla Bhaṭṭa Gosvāmī has described in the Hari Bhakti Vilāsa that he is the disciple of Prabodhānanda Sarasvatī, who is a tridaṇḍi sannyāsī in the Rāmānuja line. Śrīla Sanātana Gosvāmī has written the Digdarśinī Tīkā to Hari Bhakti Vilāsa. Śrīla Prabodhānanda Sarasvatī was the uncle of Gopāla Bhaṭṭa, as he was the elder brother of Gopāla Bhaṭṭa’s father, Veṅkaṭa Bhaṭṭa of Śrī Raṅga-kṣetra. Some people, out