Why Men Made God

Published in 2015 by

Redefining The Sacred (International)

First Edition

Copyright © 2015 R.A.Fleming & K. Burkowski

Typography and Cover Design Copyright © 2015 Rod Fleming & Michel Fortin

The authors hereby assert all Moral Rights regarding this book in accordance with the Copyright Designs and Patents Act of 1988.

All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior permission in writing of the publisher, nor be otherwise circulated in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser.

ISBN: 978-0-9572612-2-8

Redefining The Sacred (International) is an imprint of:

PlashMill Press

Scotland.

www.redefiningthesacred.com

www.rodfleming.com

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Dedications

This book is dedicated to mothers everywhere. Without their love, nurture and wisdom, we would not be here. They are the future of humanity.

The authors would like to specifically dedicate this book to Gladys Rollo Fleming and Pearl Ruth Heimpel. There is no love like that of a mother and we deeply appreciate it.

Contents

FOREWORD

SECTION ONE:

The Foragers

The First Goddess: The Sea

What Makes Us Human

Cooking

Chattering

Telling Time

The Menopause and Longevity

Division of Tasks

Choosing to Create Life

Shamanism and Revelation.

Sex, Sexuality and Social Structure

Contemporary Examples

Polyamory

SECTION TWO:

Moving Inland

Seasonal Cycles

Life After Death

Folk Memory: the beginning of mythology

Caves and Wombs

The Red Lady of Paviland

The Goddess of the Cave

Celestial Conception

SECTION THREE:

Settlement

Göbekli Tepe

From Nomad to Settler

Natufians

Tell es-Sultan

Çatal Hoyuk

Ain Ghazal

Drawing a Parallel: The Toraja

SECTION FOUR:

The Sacred Marriage

Changing Perceptions of Sex

Heirogamy: The Great Rite

Sacrificial gods

Of Boys, Bulls and Kings

Cultural Significance of the Sacred Marriage

SECTION FIVE:

The Advent of Agriculture

Sumer

The scene is set: Ubaid

The Sumerians

Eridu to Uruk

From Horticulture to Agriculture

Wealth, Status and War

The Goddess in Transition

Nammu: The Sumerian Great Mother

Transcendent to Anthropomorphic

The Underworld: Ereshkigal

SECTION SIX:

The Devolution of the Goddess

Inanna’s Mythology

Inanna’s Descent

The Huluppu Tree

Temple Life

Sacred to Profane Marriage

SECTION SEVEN:

The Emerging Patriarchy

Sumer to Akkad

Inanna to Ishtar

Ishtar’s Descent

Babylon

The Patriarchy’s Greatest Fear

SECTION EIGHT:

The Proliferation of Deity

The Goddess in Egypt

Aset

The Mythology of Isis and Osiris

Heaven and Hell

Greek Mythology

Creation Mythology

Oedipus

Perseus

Orpheus and Eurydice

The Celts

Celts and the Goddess

The Picts

The Gauls and their Legacy

SECTION NINE:

Patriarchal Monotheism

Ba’al’s Challenge

Obedience and Redemption

Josiah

Resurrection

The Resurrection cycle: descent and ascent

Winners and Losers

Birth of Christianity

Isolation and Invasion

Hellenistic influence

Insurrection

Two Testaments: two views

SECTION TEN:

Roman Christianity

The Goddess in Christianity

Public Religion

Mary and the other Goddesses

Sex in Rome

After Rome

The Reformation

SECTION ELEVEN:

Turning the Tide

The Legacy

The Enlightenment and Literate Women

Capitalism: an Unlikely Ally.

The Radical Sixties and Vietnam

Goddess and Spirituality Re-united

The Patriarchy Strikes Back

The Return of the Earth Mother

Reconciling Spirituality and Science

SECTION TWELVE:

Redefining the Sacred

Civilisation Without War

Caral

Human Nature

Why Men Invented God

SECTION THIRTEEN:

Tomorrow and the Day After

It Was Always About Sex

Marriage Beyond the Patriarchy

A New World Order

Intentional Earthlings

AFTERWORD

Bibliography and References

FOREWORD

Between 69,000 and 75,000 years ago, in Indonesia, a gigantic super-volcano called Toba erupted. This spectacular explosion was an evolutionary forcing event that would change our human species dramatically.

When a volcano erupts, it sends a column of super-heated gas miles up into the atmosphere, carrying huge amounts of ash and pumice with it. As the column rises, the energy in it dissipates, and the column collapses in a searing torrent of ash called a pyroclastic flow. Everything it touches is incinerated.

For hundreds of miles around, nothing survived the initial stages of the eruption. Toba’s flows blasted outwards, consuming everything in their path. At first, the energy in the flow made it hurtle across the surface of the oceans, supported like a terrible hovercraft on a cushion of superheated steam. Then it plunged down under the surface, creating tsunamis that rose tens of metres into the air, radiating outwards at terrific speed and utterly devastating the coastal areas they struck. Sulphur dioxide caused highly acidic rain that withered and killed all but the most resistant plants. Thick layers of volcanic ash covered the ground, choking new growth, and the effects lasted for many human lifetimes.

Toba was one of the biggest eruptions ever and certainly the greatest in human times. Mount St. Helens, which exploded in 1980, erupted about half a cubic kilometre of material. Krakatoa, in East Asia, erupted about 18 cubic kilometres in 1883. Thera, or Santorini, which devastated the Minoans about 3500 years ago, was, by comparison, huge and erupted at least 60 cubic kilometres of material, with global consequences and volcanic effects that went on for years. Toba was of a completely different scale. It erupted as much as 3,000 cubic kilometres of ash and other material, making it fifty times greater even than Thera. The Earth was plunged into a six-year volcanic winter followed by a 1000-year ice age.

Homo sapiens first appeared in Africa around 150,000 years ago; one of a closely-related group of hominids that had populated the savannah over the preceding three million years. During that time, our ancestors learned how to talk, how to make fire and cook, and how to cooperate in groups. The first modern humans probably lived in a very similar way to earlier hominids.

When Toba erupted, thousands of kilometres away, the skies over Africa darkened – not for weeks or months, but for years. The weather grew cold. Strange dust fell, followed by acid rain. Vegetation died. Herbivores died in huge numbers. Carnivores died. And people died. Those who remained had to adapt or disappear.

The consensus amongst geneticists is that our numbers dropped to 2000 – 10,000 individuals. We were an endangered species.¹ Somehow, we survived and slowly began not only to recover numbers but also to expand and develop our geographical range. We now recognise that the defining characteristics of modern humans, such as our sophisticated language, love of art, creativity and the beginnings of our culture appeared only after Toba. All the evidence that we have for the evolution of faith and belief also comes from after the Toba event. We do not know if the people before it believed in deities, spirits or the supernatural. We have evidence that by 35,000 years ago, these cultural traditions were well established.

Cults and religions have several functions. In their simplest form, they represent an attempt to understand the Universe, to answer the questions ‘What am I?’ and ‘How did I get here?’ These questions are a constant in human history. They form the basis of religion, philosophy and science, each attempting to answer them in a different way. They have prompted humanity to scale the peaks of intellectual achievement. Without them, our culture would be very different and might not exist at all. We are what we are because we wonder, and our previous attempts to answer these fundamental questions have shaped us. They have informed our culture for tens of millennia and the consequences – for better or worse – cannot easily be escaped.

This book tells the story of how the first recognisably modern human culture evolved and came to dominate the Earth. Using the most recent and solid research, we tell the story in a way that provides new insights and allows a deeper understanding of how we came to be as we are; the story of what went wrong, and how.

The evidence, from contemporary archaeology, anthropology, biology, mythology and other disciplines tells us that our ancestors lived in a form of social organisation very different from that which we have long considered the human norm. This evidence suggests that in spite of our centuries of bloody history, we humans could still find a way to live together without violence; without domination of one another; in cooperation; and in respect both of each other and the planet we live on.

After all, this is how we lived for tens of thousands of years – before men made God.

1 Other species show similar bottlenecks at around the same time, including Lowland Gorillas. (Scally et al. Insights into hominid evolution from the gorilla genome sequence. Nature 483. March 2012.)

SECTION ONE:

The Foragers

Fifty thousand years ago, the climate was much colder and drier and because so much water was retained in the polar ice, sea levels were perhaps seventy metres lower than today. A small bridge of islands emerged, separated by swamp, marshland and narrow stretches of open sea, between the Horn of Africa and Sudan, at the south-east end of the Red Sea. This area is known today as the Gates of Grief. One group of Homo sapiens came out of the continent via this route. These were the ancestors of all non-African modern humans. ²

The First Goddess: The Sea

To the people wandering along the shore, the sea must have seemed to be the source of life itself. Everywhere they looked, in the rock pools, in the mud, in the shallows, in the inter-tidal zone, the waters teemed with living things. They had simply to gather up the food that nature provided for them. There would have been driftwood to build fires and shelters, and from the land near the coast they would have gleaned vegetables and other useful things, like grass to weave into baskets. The food supply would have been adequate and as they depleted each local resource, the group moved on.

When fresh water is scarce, one is certain to find it where rivers enter the sea, and many littoral plants, for example, coconuts, are a source of potable liquids. Palms and other shoreline plants would have provided shade and shelter. Our ancient foremothers wandered, moving along the shore from river mouth to river mouth.

The people who came across the Red Sea were modern, thinking, articulate humans like us. They would have tried to understand who they were and where they came from, just as we do.

Humans seek design and agency in everything.³ When we see random patterns, we interpret them in anthropomorphic terms. We see faces in rock formations, in the branches of trees and in clouds. Whenever we encounter something we do not understand our first reaction is to personalise it, to make it like us so that we can conceptualise it. We see causality in random events and constantly ascribe a sense of agency to the world around us. This is the root of the earliest belief system we know of, animism, which holds that everything – and depending on the culture this may include completely inanimate objects like rocks and mountains – contains a spirit force that is a form of will that can be helpful or malign, benevolent or dangerous, depending on how we behave towards it. Animism remains an important world faith even today.

Women living by the sea would have noticed that their menstruation coincided with the same phase of the moon and pattern of tides. They knew that when they gave birth, first came their waters, and it was within these that their babies had grown. Everywhere they looked, the sea’s water teemed with living things. What created this life? Having experienced the pain, delirium and delight of bringing forth life themselves, women must have wondered at the sea, always at the moment of parturition, constantly creating life on an immeasurable scale.

The natural reaction of a human mother pondering the mysteries of life beside the mighty ocean would be to conceptualise it as a living being, but on a scale so great as to be beyond comprehension. She would create, in her mind, a being with attributes like hers, yet multiplied immeasurably in power. This being would be the animating force that guided the mighty ocean and controlled not only its destructive force but also its power of creation. The woman would create a deity: a Great Mother.

At that moment, the Goddess opened her eyes and smiled on the children who so fondly invented her. She answered their deep psychological need to know about themselves, and to find a reason for their lives: the Goddess-Sea provided for the people and in return, the people praised the sea, came to worship her as their mother. They found spiritual purpose in devotion to her.

The Sea features in the original creation myth in many ancient cultures. We shall look in detail at the Sumerian mythology, the earliest for which we have a written record, because it directly informs so many other, later cultures. Here, the first Goddess was Nammu, the Eternal Sea, who created, alone, the Earth and the Sky in her womb. This element in the creation-myth of a people who lived so far inland may be a lingering folk-memory of a time when their ancestors lived by and from the sea, which was their first mother, their protector, their Goddess.

Life was probably good for the people wandering naked along the shore. A tropical littoral forest is a paradise, a genuine nature’s larder. One can pick the food from the trees or scoop it from the rivers or the shoreline, and this largesse is available all year round. During the day, women would gather fuel and forage for food and prepare it, and as the sun set the people would group around the fire to eat and talk. This is how we are, we humans: at the end of the day of toil we come together to cook our food, eat and chat, and tell stories. So there would have been story-tellers. Sitting in the dancing firelight in the balmy tropical evening, for night falls early there, people would tell stories to amuse and teach each other. Those who clustered together in the evening were less likely to become prey, get lost or have an accident in the dark, so entertaining the group, making it stay together, would have had an evolutionary benefit. Storytelling, the basis of all art, became innate to humans.

The stories they told were handed down from generation to generation. But there are many nights and much need of stories, so new ones would have been invented all the time. These may have told of the old days, perhaps recalling a dim memory of life in the interior of the great continent. Perhaps the ancestors themselves were remembered in tales that grew in the retelling, until their strength or wisdom or beauty was more than merely human; that is a tradition that has carried forward to this day.

Some tales might have explained distant features that they could see, such as mountains and forests, and strange beings that might live there. They might explain the animals that they hunted, or that hunted them. And what of the sea itself? Did it extend only as far as the eye could see and then come to an end, or did it go on forever? Sometimes, the stories would have been funny. There would have been jokes and laughter. Sometimes the stories were sad and told of lost loves or the parting of the ways. Often they taught lessons or provided warnings, and served to teach the young or to establish the moral rules for the group.

This telling of stories was the beginning of the oral tradition, the origin of myth, and germs of these myths were retained and handed down for hundreds of generations. Humans then were just like humans now and story-telling is an ancient craft indeed.

In this society the women and children formed the hub around which the group of male hunters orbited. Women, sharing the power of creation with the Sea Goddess, appeared to be part of her. Their bodies cycled with the moon and the tides. And they were able to bring forth life and sustain it by the magical power to make milk until the child was old enough to eat solid food.

What Makes Us Human

Cooking

Cooking is now seen by many as the definitive characteristic of modern humans, from which all others followed. It seems to have directly influenced the development of tools, especially blade design, but it had many other consequences.⁴

Cooking, particularly of meats and fats but also starches, partially pre-digests the food, making more energy available to us and allowing us to use less to digest it. We put this extra energy into growing brains. Growing big brains burns many calories and just running them consumes a significant part of our daily food intake. We know that the physical structures that allow us to speak were evolving at the same time as our brains were growing larger. Speech allowed more complex and efficient communication and cooperation. This encouraged conceptual thinking and other intellectual skills, again leading to the development of bigger brains.

Chattering

The complex anatomy required for sophisticated language, as opposed to grunts and shrieks, developed over a million years ago in hominids. These physical structures did not evolve before we decided to speak; they evolved because we were speaking. Language gave us an evolutionary advantage. Human culture, the product of all that chattering and storytelling and the incessant posing and answering of questions, is not only innate to us, but essential to our survival.

Homo sapiens’ vocalising structures are markedly more sophisticated than those of earlier hominids, such as Homo erectus. We have a hyoid bone, which is what allows us to modulate the pitch of our voices by stretching vocal cords anchored to it. H. erectus and modern chimps and other primates have hyoid bones, but we go further and add a space behind the hyoid called a ‘dropped larynx’. This development, like other human evolutionary adaptations, is fascinating because it is dangerous. It is possible for a human to choke to death on her tongue; other hominids have no space into which it could fall. So the advantage of speech – and its consequence, culture – must be much greater than the risk of accidental death. The adaptation is like our upright postures, which allowed us to use our hands while moving but at the same time forced skeletal changes that made childbirth difficult and dangerous.

It is likely that the anatomical ability to speak, the neurological ability to form complex languages, and the more complicated and successful techniques of cooperation that these afforded, progressed hand in hand.

Dr Michael Tomasello has collated peer-reviewed research that shows how cooperation is not only innate to humans, but an intrinsic part of our character, and essential to our success.⁵ His studies suggest that when the first Homo habilis left the African jungles and began to populate the savannahs, they were at a disadvantage to the large carnivores that were already present. However, rather than competing directly with these predators, they developed a strategy of scavenging from their kills. He concludes:

‘The result was a new kind of interdependence and group-mindedness...at the level of the entire society.’⁶

Being able to talk to each other made us more successful. Once we could express complicated plans clearly and give quick commands and instructions, we could progress from scavenging to hunting. This increased dependence on sophisticated levels of cooperation would have been facilitated by verbal communication and this in turn would have led to an evolutionary impetus towards increasingly complex cooperation and language.

This combination of factors makes an early date for the development of sophisticated language more probable. The first Homo sapiens communicated in ways that we could understand although we might not know their language. Not only were the people in the single group that left Africa to populate the world talking, they also would have spoken the same language and shared the same culture.⁷

Telling Time

In the tropics, the sun always comes up at around the same time and rises to the same height in the sky. Some parts of the year may be wetter than others, but that matters little if the sea, which remains a constant temperature all year round, continually brings forth food. Days are easily measured by the rising and setting of the sun, which varies little throughout the year. Lacking the obvious measure of longer intervals that the annual changes in declination of the sun afford to temperate-zone dwellers, the most obvious indicator of the passage of time would have been the monthly phases of the moon.

As ever, our natural reaction was to explain the moon’s phases in human terms, albeit on a supra-natural scale. We had already invented the Goddess, and the moon’s phases became the ages of her life. The new, waxing moon became the Maiden, a young girl. She was full of charm and beauty, the fount of burgeoning fertility, but not yet a mother. The full moon was the Mother, the Goddess at her most resplendent, representing the prime of a woman’s life, fully integrated into the sacred sisterhood of mothers. The waning, dying moon became the Crone, the older woman, perhaps no longer fertile, yet full of knowledge and wisdom. There is a three-night period of darkness in each lunar cycle, and this apparent absence of the moon would be associated with death.

The lunar cycle is regenerative. Metaphorically the moon is born, grows to its full splendour, reduces and then disappears. Three days later it regenerates, and the cycle begins again. This would lead to the notions of reincarnation and resurrection that are at the heart of modern religious beliefs. It would become one of the most important concepts in human culture.

Tides also follow a cycle, with the tidal range growing and diminishing. At ‘spring’ and ‘neap’ tides the range is greatest and smallest respectively. This cycle is caused by the moon’s gravity, and spring tides occur at the full and no moon, with neap tides at the half-moon phases. Our ancestors would have noticed this difference in tidal range, since it affected their access to food; far more of the intertidal zone is accessible at the springs than the neaps. Ancient people may have had no idea of gravity but it would have been clear that, in some profoundly mysterious way, the waxing and waning of the tides were related to the phases of the moon. For the pattern-seeking humans the tides came to represent the cycles of the deity they had identified with the sea. This correlation would develop into the idea that the Goddess controlled time which, along with that of the regeneration of life, was to become another foundation stone of religion.

The sea was a supra-natural Mother, and her cycle of twenty-eight days showed in the tides and the phases of the moon. The moon and the tides must, therefore, be very special, sacred things. Women also had a cycle in which their fluids came and went, and it too repeated every twenty-eight days.

The first outward sign that a woman has conceived is in the cessation of the menstrual cycle. Without any understanding of biology, ancient women would still have connected these events. This association made menstruation very important; menstrual blood was sacred and more than that, magical: it had the power to make life. Thousands of years later the Greeks still believed that women retained their menstrual blood within their bodies and made life from it. Perhaps the fluid was even used as a medicine, the original ‘magic potion’. Women were the first midwives, and they were probably the first healers too, since it is a practice that is still observable in modern shamanistic cultures.

Survival, and in particular, survival of the women and children, was the primary aim of the culture. Since mating does not always lead to procreation, and the first months of a pregnancy are not visible, perhaps people did not fully understand the process of reproduction. Alternatively, since the first small signs of pregnancy are noticeable almost immediately to the mother, it is possible that the mothers amongst the close group of women knew, and guarded, this ‘women’s wisdom’.

For those who were not privy, the ability of women to create life would have seemed mysterious and, apparently, supernatural. Tantalising tales linger in the myth-cycles of many cultures which suggest a belief that conception was due to the north wind, the bite of certain insects, eating particular foods or walking under a full moon. These echoes support the idea that the precise mechanism of conception was knowledge that women kept to themselves.

The passage of time was reckoned in terms of the phases of the moon and the ebb and flow of the tides, the creative cycles of the Goddess. Since women shared these cycles as well as the gift of creating life, motherhood was sacred, menstruation was sacred, and ultimately, to be a woman was sacred. Women were one with the Goddess, the most powerful being the people could conceptualise.

The Menopause and Longevity

Fertile women cycle until they are around fifty years old, at which point a phenomenon called menopause occurs, when a woman ceases to release eggs for fertilisation. Millions of ova develop within the female foetus, far more than the 450 or so that are ever used, so why has this cut-off point evolved?

There are a number of possible explanations. One is that it prevents older ova, which may lead to birth problems, defects or stillbirth, from being fertilised. Since the ova are formed in the early stages of foetal development, they might be fifty or more years old in an older woman. Very few cells in the body survive that long without replacement. DNA degrades through time and is constantly being repaired in living cells, so cells of this age may have more defects. The cessation of ovulation might be a mechanism evolved to reduce the number of unviable offspring due to defective ova.

Another possibility is that because pregnancy later in life places greater demands on the mother’s bodily reserves, the menopause evolved to ensure that women survived long enough to raise their children.⁸ Also, menopause may allow the energy otherwise used to ovulate to be conserved and directed towards the support of existing children.⁹

Probably all of these factors played a role in the evolution of this human adaptation. Whatever the cause, the existence of the menopause completely refutes the suggestion that our ancestors had short lifespans, since it could only have evolved in women living longer than the age of menopause and into their 60s and 70s.

So ancient women lived similar lifespans to those lived today. In extant hunter-gatherer societies, women live into their 80s. There is very little difference between their lifestyle and that of Palaeolithic women. Our foremothers did not die young, excepting death by hazard or in childbirth. Once one allows for such deaths, a more accurate estimate suggests that women, and probably men, lived till they were between sixty and ninety years old.¹⁰

The wanderers had a healthy diet of fresh fish, meat and plants with little starch or fats. They exercised well and had none of the diseases that would so scourge city-based societies, like cholera or typhus. These people would have had relatively high infant mortality as well as death in childbirth and unhappy accidents, but the idea that they had lives only into their twenties or thirties is unsustainable.

Could it be that long life, especially amongst women, is an evolutionary advantage? If so how would this work? Clearly, women in their eighties are less able than they once were, and contribute less to the daily tasks of the group; the cost of maintaining them is high. What benefit could offset that? Could it have been knowledge?

The longer a successful mother can continue to reproduce and care for children, the more useful she is in maintaining and increasing the numbers of her group. The grandmothers would have assisted with care of the children. They may even have been wet-nurses.¹¹ Equally important, perhaps, was that older women were repositories of the group’s learning, and probably were shamans who communicated with the spirit-world. All of this amounts to real cultural power. Motherhood was central to survival, and so the Goddess, who is the Great Mother, was revered in all her ages.

A young girl at the point of her sexual maturity is the symbol of fertility, for she is potential lover and mother, yet still a girl, with all the frivolity and capriciousness of any teenager. Once she becomes pregnant, carries to term and passes through the ordeal of parturition, she will become a fully-fledged mother, a sister to the Goddess. And in later life she remains the Goddess, older, with the collected wisdom of the decades of her life, passing this on to the younger women around her.

This culture was centred on the survival of children through the empowerment of women and depended on their knowledge, passed orally from generation to generation, for survival. Culture itself – the totality of ideas and beliefs that a population holds – is a tool that helps us to survive.

Division of Tasks

Early human society was fluid, with survival always the goal. It was, in general, divided by gender. Women and children formed a home group, which focussed on protection of the children and nursing mothers, foraging, perhaps trapping small game and birds, and the preparation and cooking of food. This group would have been a sisterhood of equals, but led, in all probability, by the elder women, the grandmothers, who were also the teachers, the midwives and shamans.¹²

The other group was of men and older boys, based on the hunt. This group had to be able to respond quickly to the changing circumstances of the hunt, which could, especially when hunting large game, be lethal. A command system developed, probably around the best and most experienced hunters.

These two social models give us the archetypes of the two earliest deities we know of: the Mother Goddess and the God of the Hunt. The former represents the idealisation of the women at the centre of the home group and the latter the idealisation of the hunters.

This ‘two-group’ arrangement minimised the risk to fertile women and young children, and meant that hunters could move quickly and silently, an impossible thing to do with babies or toddlers. Neither group was superior. Each had its area of life, which did not interfere with the other. The hunters could provide meat, animal fat, skin and bone, and the gatherers would catch small game and collect vegetables and grains, nuts, berries, roots and