Stories My Folks Told Me

Copyright © 2016 by Susanne Keller.

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Rev. date: 06/21/2016

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Contents

Chapter 1    The Good Earth

Chapter 2    The Pioneers

Stephen Peine and Anna Davin —1—

Hennig Buehrig and Caroline Bank —2—

L.H. Buehrig and Caroline Austmann —3—

Carl Imig and Wilhelmina Cloos —4—

Heinrich Graff and Anna Imig —5—

Peter Graff and Elizabeth Imig —6—

Wilhelm Oehler and Marie Mueller —7—

G.T. Rost and Anke Wilken —8—

Summary of Pioneer Generation

Chapter 3    Generation # 2

Mary Buehrig —2,3—

George Peine —1—

Adela Peine Rost —1,2,3—

John Rost —8—

Emma Graff Oehler —4,5,6—

William Oehler —7—

Chapter 4    Generation # 3

Alvin Oehler —4,5,6,7—

Delmar Oehler —4,5,6,7—

Jesse Oehler —4,5,6,7—

Lyla Oehler Johnson —4,5,6,7—

William Oehler —4,5,6,7—

Chapter 5    Generation # 4

Mary Rost Oehler —1,2,3,8—

Ada Rost Seales —1,2,3,8—

Conclusion

Epilogue

Acknowledgements

With deep and abiding love, I

dedicate this book to all who have already led and all who will follow this line.

Susanne Keller

CHAPTER 1

The Good Earth

L ONG, LONG AGO, in the time when the last glacier was receding from what is today central Illinois, a wonderful almost magical substance which would forever affect the land was being deposited with the melt water of the dissolving giant of ice. This gift of the ice was a very special soil, made from all the sedimentary rock which the glacier, like a giant scraper, had pulverized and with its caterpillar-like, forward-moving action had laid atop the ice and carried along down to today’s central Illinois. There, finally, after ten thousand years and at its southern-most reach, the glacier melted and endowed the underlying basalt rock with a wonderful rich and loamy soil, ideal for future agricultur al crops, so deep it could be tilled and turned over and replanted for twenty generations or more before its vitality was ever so slightly diminished. Geologists call this glacial till. Agronomists call it about the most fertile soil in the whole world. And there the inexhaustible depth of rich Midwestern soils, those sixty inches of miraculous earth, lay year after year, century after century, increasing in vigor, just waiting for the first farmer to appear.

Gradually over the eons of time, plant life took hold to eventually become, in today’s Illinois, the Tall Grass Prairie, lost to us now except for the many restorations around the Middle West. Fierce winds were the only thresher of those prairie grasses so long ago, like a double-edged winnower scattering the seeds aloft to spread and reproduce; fire was the only fertilizer to add the carbon so necessary to life; bees and insects were the only living pollinator, plentiful, thorough, and gentle.

Amazingly, even before the glacier advanced down today’s North America, human beings had appeared on its northwestern shore. For millennia, as early as 40,000 to 25,000 years ago, as temperatures grew colder and water was absorbed from oceans to form glacial ice, a land bridge was created where formerly there had been ocean water. Known today as the Bering Strait at the northwestern corner of today’s Alaska, it became a connection between Siberia and North America along which hunters, following big game such as mammoth, bison, and mastodons, wandered and often remained. Slowly over time men spread out over the whole continent. Then between 23,000 and 16,000 BC, the ice grew to such a formidable size that it actually impeded the access of early people’s movement into North America. Finally, by 13,500 to 12,000 years ago, the melting of the glaciers returned the water to the strait and closed that land bridge completely to migration into North America.

Between 10,000 and 8,000 BC, shortly after the final retreat of the ice, those few small bands of Early Archaic people, profiting from the warmer temperatures, began following the receding glacier. Their movement across the stark and inhospitable landscape, bare of edible grasses, berries, or vegetation, in the immediate postglacial period resulted in slow progress, but over thousands of years as the climate became warmer there was gradual improvement in the environment. Wildlife began to thrive and prairie grasses took hold. Mankind responded by increasing in number, strength, and vitality.

These small bands of Stone Age people traveled continuously. They needed to follow the herds of buffalo, the rabbits, the turkeys, the squirrels which provided the meat for their diet. While the capture of this game was actually infrequent, they could usually count on finding berries, nuts, seeds, edible leaves and bark to sustain them until a large animal could be brought down with their Stone Age tools. It never occurred to these people to stop wandering, to dig a hole in the soil, drop a seed into it, water it, let it grow, collect and eat the ripened grain, for they were following the instincts and habits of earliest man. The earth waited.

Over thousands of years these peoples, slowly and imperceptibly, advanced over all of what is now North America including of course today’s central Illinois, but they left the land essentially undisturbed. Inconspicuous footpaths were worn down as generations of human feet walked, where animals before them had walked, the same routes along river banks and inland to certain locations which were part of their seasonal routine. These paths later gave white settlers from Europe their first system of trails, and eventually those trails became some of the roads assumed in modern times.

Once the Native Americans began to plant their seeds of corn, squash, and beans, it was only possible in narrow strips of the alluvial plain, the silty sediment deposited by the flowing waters along rivers and streams. Inland, away from the waters’ edge, the soil was too densely covered by the tall grass prairie with bulbous roots a foot thick, tightly crammed together and tangled, completely impenetrable to their Stone Age tools. Even those early sowers didn’t stay in one place for many years, however, so essentially the earth, only occasionally disturbed by a primitive stone hoe, continued to lie fallow. The earth continued its wait for the first man with a tool sharp enough to penetrate the prairie grasses.

By eight thousand years ago the soil was home to prairie grasses like Switch grass, Lead Plant, Indian grass, and blossoms such as Big Bluestem, Prairie Rosin weed, and Coneflowers. All the plant life flourished in a dense tangle of roots and bulbs known today as the Tall Grass Prairie covering not only Illinois but west of the Mississippi River in today’s Iowa and Missouri, until the grasslands of Kansas and Oklahoma assumed dominance. Every spring new growth of these tall grasses appeared, drank in the sunshine and rain, grew to five feet tall or more with an average height of six to eight feet, gently swayed in the summer breezes, began to dry in the heat and drought of fall, and finally fell dead with the frigid frost and deep snows of winter.

Although unseen by the eyes of man, over and over, year after year, this cycle was repeated, each time layering a thin, new, rich topsoil of decaying leaves, blossoms, and stems onto the glacial enrichment below. Beneath the ground level, in each yearly cycle, some of the fibrous roots of the wild prairie grasses would also die, decompose, and become the humus or organic matter that made the resulting soil so fertile. Together the grasses and deep tangle of roots are called sod, a mass of thick, tight soil so dense it could not be cut with a stone utensil, pervious only to rainwater by the drop, yet ideal to check the leeching of calcium and other minerals so necessary for plant nutrition. This slow but regular action over the millennia produced the deepest topsoil, as much as five feet, ever recorded. Still the earth waited.

The ecosystem of the Tall Grass Prairie included animals as well as plants. There were rabbit, opossum, coyote, bat, fox, skunk, prairie dog, weasel, mink, badger, raccoon, mole, squirrel, woodchuck, gopher, mouse, rat, and deer, as well as the relic of the mastodon: the bison or buffalo. Birds filled the air in flocks of painted buntings, meadowlarks, sparrows, vireos, woodpeckers, piping plovers, owls, grouses, kites, and hundreds more.

Then, slowly but surely toward the end of the 15th Century, Europeans who had been venturing farther and farther west in their search for a route to the riches of the Far East or who had simply been following their fishing prey as far as the Grand Banks in the north Atlantic and off the coast of today’s Canada, happened to sight landfall, today’s America. This was a new kind of man who appeared on the scene. He and his kind approached from the east. They were not Stone Age men but were modern men, Europeans skilled in celestial navigation who had been sailing the Atlantic Ocean in the new caravels since the Portuguese Prince Henry the Navigator in the early 1400s. Traveling by river and stream after they had penetrated the landmass through the great waters now known as the St. Lawrence Seaway, the earliest of those men were searching for a route to the Orient. Later their kind came looking for furs and feathers, minerals and iron. They enriched themselves through trade with the Native Americans, but they were not farmers, so still the earth waited.

The Spanish were the first Europeans to lay claim to lands in the New World through the explorations of Christopher Columbus in 1492. He discovered islands off the coast of today’s Florida although he believed that he had arrived in the West Indies or today’s India. Spaniards, Juan Ponce de Leon in 1512 and Alvero Nunez Cabeza de Vaca in 1527, explored today’s Florida, and Hernando De Soto explored the southeastern landmass of America in 1539. By 1565 the Spanish had established their first settlement of St. Augustine at today’s north Florida coast of the Atlantic Ocean. This was indeed the first successful European settlement in North America.

Not to be left out of the exploration for riches, Queen Elizabeth I of England encouraged the seafaring adventurer and intellectual, Walter Raleigh, by knighting him and commissioning him to establish a settlement for her in today’s Virginia. This he accomplished in 1585, but it did not survive due to conflicts with the Native Americans and the difficulty of supplying a colony so far from the motherland.

James I, successor to Elizabeth, too was keen on riches and colonization. As in Elizabethan times, the method was for the crown to issue charters to companies of adventurers, who risked their own money as an investment on future returns. This time the Londoners traveled to the former Raleigh settlement by entering the Chesapeake Bay in 1607 and marking out a town they called Jamestown after their sovereign. Twice it nearly failed and population shrank drastically, but by 1610 it could be said that the first enduring English settlement was on the map.

Ten years later saw the now famous landing of the Mayflower at New Plymouth in what was to become Massachusetts. Captained by Miles Standish and led by William Bradford and William Brewster, were forty-one families who came to America not primarily for gain but to create God’s kingdom on earth. They were zealots, idealists, utopians, and they were Calvinists, all English, and mostly from London. They were going to America to pursue religious freedom, unified in their Puritan Christian convictions.

Dutch explorers such as Henry Hudson and Adrian Block, not to be surpassed by the Spanish and English, also played a key role in colonizing the continent. Initially in 1602, they too traveled west from their homeland aiming for the West Indies, landing instead in the mouth of the river which today bears Hudson’s name and sailing on into Long Island Sound. In 1626 having established lucrative ties with the Native Americans on the lower Hudson River, the Dutch convinced those Indians to sell them an island at the mouth of the river. The Dutch named the island Manhattan, and the settlement they called New Amsterdam.

It was the French, however, who first explored today’s Illinois. Though he never made it to Illinois or even to the Great Lakes, the purview of his compatriots, Jacques Cartier was the first French explorer to venture along the eastern seaboard of today’s Canada, even into the opening which led to today’s St. Lawrence River. Soon after, in 1598, another Frenchman, Samuel de Champlain, voyaged deeper into the area of the St. Lawrence Seaway where his friendly relations with the Native Americans enabled him to establish settlements, attracting 300 citizens from France to brave the hardships of the northerly wilderness. The culminating success of Champlain was when he secured the first enduring French settlement in America at Quebec in 1608.

Frenchman, Robert Cavalier de LaSalle, followed in 1682. With fifty-four Frenchmen and Indian guides, he explored farther on into the Great lakes of Lake Ontario, Lake Erie, Lake Huron, and Lake Michigan all by canoe and finally by rivers to the great Mississippi River. In time he claimed the entire valley of the Mississippi River for King Louis XIV of France and named the enormous land mass Louisiana in honor of his king. All the land including the Great Lakes in the north to the Gulf of Mexico in the south, from the Allegheny Mountains in the east to the Mississippi River in the west was encompassed in this gigantic, unknown vastness, now claimed by France. Subsequently, the French culture went deep into Illinois in the 17th and 18th centuries, establishing forts, posts, trading villages, and farms but only along navigable waters, the sole roads of that day. In the many river junctions and portages, settlements sprouted. The bluffs overlooking waterways, especially, were ideal for military posts, providing natural sentry points.

Often the early French sojourners were representatives of the Catholic Church. Such a man, Jacques Marquette, had studied for twelve years at Jesuit universities back in France before he was sent, in 1666, to work in the Indian missions in Canada. There he endeavored to learn the Native American languages and eventually could converse fluently in six different dialects. Thus thoroughly prepared he was sent by his religious order to Sault Saint Marie to work with the Ottawa Indians. Tribal warfare there later forced Marquette to abandon his Lake Superior mission, however, so he traveled to the north shore of the Straits of Mackinac, between Lake Michigan and Lake Huron, where he founded the St. Ignace mission in 1671.

One day the trader Louis Joliet came to the mission. He said that he had heard about a great river that flowed so far to the south that no one knew where it ended. Father Marquette had also heard Indians speak of the endless river, so he decided to accompany Joliet as chaplain for the expedition, intending to do missionary work with the tribes along its shores. Together then, Father Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet, set out in spring of 1673 from their base on Mackinac Island and the mission at nearby St. Ignace where several of the Great Lakes converge. In two birchbark canoes, accompanied by six voyageurs, with some parched corn and dried meat for sustenance, and with the intent to map the region, establish friendly relations with the native people whom they encountered, convert when possible the Indians to Christianity, document plant and animal life, and generally acquaint themselves with the wonders of the virgin world so unknown to their sovereign back in France, the two embarked on their historical journey.

Down the west coast of Lake Michigan they paddled deep into the land no European had ever seen. Southwest of today’s Green Bay, Wisconsin, the explorers entered the Fox River and from there into the Wisconsin River and by easy portages on to the Mississippi River. Mid-July found the expedition as far as the mouth of the Arkansas River where they met with Spaniards who based on the discovery of the area by their compatriot, Herman de Soto, claimed the Mississippi for themselves and were willing to go to battle for it. Guided instead by peaceful, scientific purposes, the two leaders, running low on provisions and abused by voracious mosquitos, returned north via the Illinois and Kankakee Rivers to their base on Lake Michigan. Joliet continued on east to Montreal, but Marquette stayed until late 1674 when he led another excursion to the Chicago portage.

At that time the principal Indian nations in today’s Illinois were the Algonquin and Iroquois. Tribes within the Illinois Confederacy were names: Tamaroas, Michigans, Kaskaskians, Cahokias, Peorias, Illinois, Miamis, and Delawares among others. All are names which today are commonly known place names in today’s Illinois. Though the Indians had to eventually yield control of the land, give up their basic culture, and withdraw physically from Illinois, the names they gave to places have endured to the present day throughout the state. Kaskaskia, located on the Mississippi River seven miles south of present-day Ottawa, was the principle town of their confederacy. There Marquette and Joliet met the Indian leaders in 1673 and reported receiving the greatest possible hospitality.

The year after this trip on the Mississippi River, Marquette set out on a return visit to work with the Illinois people, but plagued by bad health and unable to travel, he spent the winter of 1674-75 with two French companions in what is now Chicago. By spring though his health was deteriorating and despite cold, wet weather, he attempted to travel along the eastern shore of Lake Michigan to his home base, his St. Ignace mission farther north. En route, he felt so poorly that he asked to be taken ashore where there he died, shortly before his thirty-eighth birthday. Today two Michigan communities, Frankfort and Luddington, vie for the designation of Father Marquette’s death site.

Word had reached Louis XIV, ruler of France, of the vast, open, empty tracts of land in his possession far away across the ocean in New France. Settlers, he knew, would be essential to keeping the huge possession for himself, so notices throughout France appeared to announce free grants of land to any man who would seize the opportunity. Such an unheard of prospect of land of one’s own was commensurate with a freedom such as no common man in Europe had ever hoped for! To sweeten the package, King Louis even threw in a cow, pig, farm implements, and a wagon, ensuring the immediate departure of thousands of his subjects for the New World. America held vast riches but the real magnet drawing men to her shores was the promise of land, simply unattainable back in Europe with its centuries old class system set in stone.

Relations between the Native Americans and those French settlers who followed the early explorers actually were peaceable. The French families endeavored to get along with their Indian neighbors in the spirit of cooperation and mutual agreement as opposed to the British settlers who generally held the Indians in contempt as inferiors. To be sure, both European groups exploited the natives in order to get what they wanted. Though very small in population (the French population of all Louisiana never exceeded 10,000) five villages were established in present day Illinois: at Cahokia (5 miles south of present St. Louis), St. Philip near Cahokia, Kaskaskia on the Kaskaskia River Fort, Fort Chartres (12 miles north of Kaskaskia), and Prairie du Rocher near Fort Chartres. These were trading centers, not farming communities requiring seizure of Indian lands though, so the good earth still lay fallow.

In 1765 this land of the Illinois Indian Confederacy fell from French into English hands according to the Treaty of Paris of 1763 which ended the Seven Years War (1755 – 1760) in America. Although France and England had been at peace in Europe, General George Washington’s 1754 clash with French troops, in today’s upstate New York, created a virtual state of war in North America. In response, the British sent troops to assist Washington. The combined American and British forces expected to make short work of the war but many Indian tribes joined with the French and Canadian troops, making it difficult for either side to win. The tide was finally turned when the British announced they would wave all expenses of the war if the Americans would supply more troops. This they did in unexpected numbers which resulted in the fall of fort after fort to the British. By the end of those French and Indian Wars won by the British, France ceded to England all her territories on the North American mainland and as a result, several thousand French colonists, stretching from Quebec to Illinois to Louisiana, became British subjects. France gave Britain all of its lands east of the Mississippi River and transferred claim to all its possessions west of the river, including New Orleans, to Spain. But still the land awaited the first tiller.

Britain was now the world’s most powerful nation. It felt justified in centralizing its imperial authority and to forcing the colonies to contribute more revenue to the British treasury. In Britain’s view, the colonies existed solely to sustain the Fatherland. Across the Atlantic, however, their colonial officials were confronted with the ambitions and attitudes of Americans who increasingly felt themselves equal in every way to the Britons and not bound at all to a subservient role.

Society was indeed advancing along the colonial Atlantic seaboard where a continuous wave of Europeans, primarily Englishmen, was settling towns and farms after their first arrival in the early 17th century. Cities such as New York, Philadelphia, Charleston, Providence, and Boston were founded. Schools and universities such as Harvard, Yale, and William and Mary were established. Colonial governments were established incorporating representative governments, elected assemblies, freedom of religion and speech, and jury trials. Among the early American settlers were farmers who gradually advanced west as far as today’s Pennsylvania and West Virginia, but until this point in history they could not yet seek land as far west as Illinois because the land belonged to the British crown. The earth was still waiting.

By the mid-1770s the restrictions and taxes imposed by the British to their colonies in North America were so egregious that representatives of the thirteen colonies gathered to find a way to defend their rights against British edicts. Fifty-six delegates attended the first Continental Congress in Philadelphia on September 5, 1774. The delegates summarized their principles and demands in a petition to King George III, who immediately and correctly surmised rebellion in the minds of the colonists. Still, most colonists clung to hopes of reconciliation until the last barrier to accepting independence finally crumbled in January 1776 with the publication of Thomas Paine’s Common Sense. It was printed in both English and German and sold more than 100,000 copies within three months or one copy for every four or five adult colonial males.

From that point, the movement toward independence took possession of the citizens, stimulating local gatherings of colonists to pass resolutions favoring American independence. Allegiance to George III had dissolved and it was now time for a formal statement of separation. That job fell to a committee including John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and Thomas Jefferson, who as principal writer obliged with his Declaration of Independence of July 4, 1776.

Securing Independence was of course a long, laborious, never certain endeavor. For five years from 1776, the revolutionary army under the leadership of General George Washington conducted war to secure true autonomy and separation from England. Through many failures and successes his troops with the help of the French leader, Lafayette, finally achieved the pivotal success over Cornwallis at Yorktown which ended the fighting. With the signing of the Peace of Paris in 1783 which officially concluded the Revolutionary War, America now gained all the formerly British lands west to the Mississippi River. Those new lands still awaited the first farmers.

Six years between the end of the revolutionary war and the election of George Washington to the presidency of the United States in 1789 were vital ones in which a fragile nation began to take shape. In May 1787 fifty-five delegates from every state but Rhode Island gathered in Philadelphia’s Independence Hall to write the Constitution for the new nation. A Congress was established, courts were set-up, a judicial system appointed, a banking system organized, and a Bill of Rights was written, among many essential efforts necessary for a functioning democracy. As always, progress was uneven as opposing arguments had to be heard and consensus established.

By 1800, even before the fighting had ceased, more virgin land was available to pioneers. Spain had become a weak and declining power in the world to the extent that she lost her American territory to Napoleon Bonaparte of France in the Treaty of San Ildefonso in Europe. Then in 1803, the same Napoleon of France declared that he wished to sell his lands in America in order to pay for his wars of aggression in Europe. Happily, President Thomas Jefferson paid $15 million to acquire all the land from the Mississippi River in the east to the Rocky Mountains in the west, from the forty-ninth parallel in the north to the Gulf of Mexico in the south. This was the famous Louisiana Purchase, still more land to await the first farmers.

With so much land now in the possession of the United States federal government, ways were sought by the authorities to secure the orderly settlement of the public lands. The Ordinance of 1785 divided public lands into townships of six miles square each and then subdivided each township into one-mile-square lots, called sections, of 640 acres each. The sale of these extremely large parcels would generate income for the federal government, but few immigrant farmers could afford to buy them, resulting by default in purchases by speculators.

Believing that the small farmer was the backbone of the nation, Vice-president Thomas Jefferson and the Republicans began in 1800 to ease the transfer of the public domain to farmers by passing new federal land laws. These land laws dropped the minimum purchase to 320 acres and allowed up to four years for full payment. The price was $2.00 an acre. In 1832 the minimum was further reduced to 40 acres and the price was down to $1.25 an acre.

Whether sold by speculators or the government, most of the public lands eventually found its way into the hands of small farmers. Finally, families who wished to possess their own farm, to till their own soil, to support themselves by their own sweat and toil were able to migrate west to that very special farmland. And so they did! Between 1790 and 1860 five million people, including our folks, migrated from Europe. The good earth was ready and waiting and its new masters were coming in droves.

There was a big obstacle however: the Native Americans who naturally were determined to obstruct the usurpation of their ancestral lands by the white settlers. Their resistance to the arrival of organized parties of white settlers has been recorded in countless books and movies until it is the basis of American folklore, and so we know that although they were experienced fighters among themselves they generally lacked the organization and modern tools of warfare to be consistently successful against the formidable weapons of the white men.

The superior methods provided by the U.S. government also included the many fortified enclosures or forts which were built and staffed by U.S. soldiers. Each fort could house one hundred or more soldiers and consisted of a strong timber or stone palisade or wall with a blockhouse made of logs at each corner. These United States Army posts were established for the protection of the settlers at the upper Mississippi at Fort Snelling, today’s Minneapolis where the Minnesota River enters the Mississippi, at Fort Crawford where the Wisconsin River enters, at Fort Armstrong where the Rock River enters, at Fort Madison where the DesMoines River enters, and at Jefferson Barracks where the Missouri River enters. Between these soldiers and the Indians, skirmishes as well as famous battles were waged over a period of many years even into the late 1830s. By that time, though, the army could, through intimidation, prevent the Indians from attacking whites.

Yes, the United States government had made preparations for the migration of new settlers to its new western lands by systematically eliminating the Indians who had been fighting to prevent the encroachment of the white settlers. At first the Indians were persuaded or bribed to relinquish some lands by signing a treaty, receiving cash or guns, and agreeing to move farther west. But in reality, Mother Earth was considered sacred to these people. They believed that the land belonged to the Great Spirit, not to man. Though the tribes in which they lived fought neighboring tribes very frequently, their disputes were not over property rights or ownership of land but hunting rights and later grazing rights. The treaties which the United States Government signed with the Indians became the death knell to the Stone Age people.

The white men had a different set of values, however. Foremost in their minds was to own property on which they could farm. Because the Indian believed all land belonged to the Great Spirit, they could not understand the meaning of the agreements they signed. Furthermore, the Indians didn’t always understand the European language. They were at a huge disadvantage; they were persuaded to sell their land to the white man, in effect, doing business in a foreign language and dealing with a foreign topic, the selling of land. There was no way they could possibly have made wise business decisions under such circumstances. The treaties, nevertheless, took the land and gave it to the Federal Government, who in turn sold it to railroad companies and to white settlers. Then, the land belonged to humans, not to the Great Spirit. Everyone benefited except the Indians!

The final guillotine drop came when it became apparent to the U.S. Government in Washington DC that acquiring the land piecemeal by treaty was neither efficient nor speedy enough. More desperate and cruel measures were undertaken. President Andrew Jackson secured passage in 1830 of the Indian Removal Act, which authorized him to exchange public lands west of the Mississippi River for Indian territories to the east. Congress appropriated $500,000 to cover the expenses of the removal. But the real costs of removal, human and monetary, were vastly greater. During Jackson’s eight years in office, the federal government exchanged 100 million acres of Indian land for 32 million acres of public lands at a cost of $68 million. Notable as an exception to the peaceful march of Indians westward was the case of the Sac and Fox chef, Black Hawk, who resisted removal from today’s Illinois until 1831. He and his band fought an uprising after moving west of the Mississippi only to return east again the following year. It took federal troops and Illinois militia to virtually annihilate Black Hawk’s followers before their remnant again crossed westward of the river. Black Hawk’s downfall was the final inducement for other tribes to cede their lands. The land was still waiting.

With the Native American no longer an impediment to land acquisition in today’s Illinois, practical obstacles did remain. The transportation system linking the eastern seaboard to Illinois had severe weaknesses. Roads, called turnpikes, were expensive to maintain, and horse-drawn wagons could carry only limited load of people and produce. To facilitate westward migration, Congress had authorized funds in 1816 for construction of the National Road, a highway begun in 1811 that reached Vandalia, Illinois, by 1838. A broad, hard-packed dirt road, it could accommodate the large wagons pulled by oxen which became a part of our folk history and known as the Conestoga wagon train. Though the Illinois landscape lacked the craggy mountains, bold ocean coasts, and fast plunging rivers to suggest awesome forces of nature, it still took a strength of great magnitude in that day to traverse her.

The tall grass prairie lands of Illinois were themselves an impediment to settlement making them the last acres to be chosen there. The tangle of small but dense roots could not be penetrated by the plow of the day leading to rumors that the grasses were actually floating on bodies of water and would swallow any travelers attempting to venture over it. Scarce timber furthered the myth and indicated to those folks insufficient water and poor soils. Very real though were the voracious flies, the wind-whipped prairie fires of orange flames shimmering against an inky night sky and blackening miles of prairie overnight, and the steep contrast of intense summer heat and humidity with winter’s blast of freezing ice and snow. Such impediments combined with the imperviousness of the soil kept the farmer at bay until the 1830s. But the land was silently waiting.

Often, it was even faster to travel by water. Keelboats, just a raft or flatboat with a rudder for underwater steering, could navigate the waterways upstream only and at a snail’s pace. Significantly, the great rivers between the Mississippi River and the Appalachian Mountains ran north to south, with the exception of the Ohio River, and hence could not serve settlers wishing to move from east to west.

Therefore, the first improvement in transportation stimulated an unprecedented migration from the eastern seaboard westward. This was the completion of the Erie Canal in 1825 which was the most famous of many canals built by back-breaking labor, linking the Hudson River with Lakes Ontario and Erie in the west. From there it was possible to access other canals which joined the Ohio River with the Mississippi and with the Great Lakes. Not only were the canals used by people moving themselves and their possessions toward the west but they were, like the rivers of the day, the highways on which they shipped their agricultural produce to port cities and then on to larger markets. Canal boats were powerless, pulled by a horse or donkey tethered to it walking the tow path on both sides of the water, pulling the boat and its contents forward. Canal construction, paid by state governments, was considered mind bogglingly expensive yet the networks of them reduced the cost of shipping from 20 to 30 cents a ton per mile in 1815 to 2 to 3 cents a ton per mile by 1830.

Next, in the mid-1820s came the advent of the steamboat to the Mississippi-Ohio Rivers system. They were vastly superior to flatboats, whether on river or canal, for they offered relative speed. Especially for those, such as our Buehrigs, wishing to travel from New Orleans north to Louisville or St. Louis, the travel time could be reduced from four months to twenty-five days. They offered the privacy and comfort of cabins as well.

But the possibility for travel really exploded with the coming of the railroads to today’s Illinois in 1850. Cheaper to build, faster, and able to reach more places, railroads had an obvious advantage over canals and rivers and also contributed to the growth of communities located far from waterways. They were built by private corporations not governments.

Yes, improved transportation had made possible a great migration. By 1840, one-third of all Americans lived between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River. Between 1816 and 1821, six states including Illinois had entered the Union.

Each of the eager farmers heading to Illinois had a certificate of ownership which he had purchased from a U.S. government land agent, located in cities of the east coast and also in Illinois towns like Kaskaskia, Shawneetown, or Edwardsville, for a specific section of land which was composed of one square mile or 640 acres. The land agent surveyed, then registered, documented, and recorded each section in an official government ledger so that when a parcel was sold the deed or title of ownership was given to the purchaser, each step of the transaction faithful to the law. If a pioneer lacked the going price of $1.25 per acre in 1830, he could also purchase half a section, a quarter, or even a sixteenth. In those days, with technology still primitive, one man with one horse or mule could actually only handle forty acres, of which there are sixteen in a section of a township.

Many of the first land owners were Revolutionary War or War of 1812 soldiers who had been paid for fighting with land, instead of dollars, which the government didn’t have. Payment in land instead of currency was a common scheme of governments since ancient times. Marseilles, France, for example, was settled by Greek warriors after their service in the Greco-Persian Wars of the mid-Sixth Century BC. Roman soldiers, likewise, were given land in Britain and France as compensation for their military service there. Of course, many soldiers had no intention of farming, so they sold the land to eager men who did desire to till the rich soil of Illinois. The land brought a price of $1.25 per acre in 1830. Finally, the land of rich alluvial till, as the gift of the glacier is called in geological terms, was going to be turned over, seeded, cared for, and harvested. The long-waiting earth was ready—and the pioneers, our ancestors among them, were on their way to claim it!

A number, given to each pioneer family name, will be added to subsequent descendant’s stories so that the reader can trace the lineage of that person.

                    Immigrants

1. Peine from Hofgeismar, Hessen

2. Buehrig from Lesse, Lower Saxony

3. L.H. Buehrig from Lesse, LS

Caroline Austmann from Detmold,

North Rhine Westphalia

4. Imig from Pfalzdorf, North Rhine

Westphalia

5. Graff from Pfalzdorf, North Rhine

Westphalia

6. Peter and Elizabeth Graff from

Louisendorf, North Rhine Westphalia

7. Wilhelm Oehler from Weisweil, Baden

Marie Mueller from Altmersbaden, today’s

Prussia

8. G.T. Rost from Ruedersdorf, Brandenburg

Anke Wilken from Etzel, Lower Saxony

CHAPTER 2

The Pioneers

Stephen Henry Peine and Anna Margaret Davin Peine arrive 1845 —1—

O NE OF THE earliest settlers to Tazewell County, in the center of Illinois and the area with perhaps the richest soil of all, were Stephen and Margaret Davin Peine. They arrived in 1845 from their home in Hofgeismar just north of Kassel in the state of Hessen in north central Germany with their children, three year old Mary and baby Henry A., born just one year earlier on April 3, 1844. They had been married five years prior to emigration. The motivation which they themselves gave for their particular emigration was to escape the difficult times caused by forced conscription into the army and widespread hunger which was ubiquitous under the profligate ruler of Hessen, Elector Wilhelm II.

Margaret and Stephen came to a country where a revolution had already taken place while their birthplace, Germany, still a patchwork of small principalities, duchies, grand duchies, free city-states, and a couple of large kingdoms, such as Prussia and Bavaria, would not be politically unified until 1871. Those regal entities had all been part of the Holy Roman Empire established by Charlemagne in the year 800. The sovereigns each held supreme authority over the common people, made the laws, led the wars, directed the life of state. Under them were the nobles who held office through a hereditary right and the priests. Next, civil servants handled the flood of reports, dispatches, petitions, and finally at the lowest level were the peasants or farmers and the village merchants. Society was locked into that system for more than a thousand years until the Prussian prime minister, Count Adolph von Bismarck led his kingdom into many wars with the lesser states, defeating them so that they all agreed to join the new Germany, an entity which had never before been more than a geographical fantasy. But when that occurred Stephen and Margaret were long gone from Hofgeismar.

The title Elector referred to the seven most powerful rulers in the Holy Roman Empire who together formed an Electoral College to appoint the emperor of the Empire. The rulers of Hesse-Kassel held one of these electoral seats. Elector Wilhelm II, 1777—1847, ruler of Hesse-Kassel, from where Stephen and Margaret hailed, continued the tradition of his line to keep a very large standing army. Seven percent of the population was under arms, in fact. Because of the excess number of his soldiers, the ruler was constantly hiring out contingents of the army as mercenaries. Most famously Hesse-Kassel rented soldiers to King George III of Great Britain during the American War of Independence. Hessian became American slang word for all the Germans deployed by the British in that war. It was expensive to maintain so many men in arms so taxation was confiscatory, causing much deprivation and hunger even for those like the Peines who were tenant farmers and could grow their own food. But even by working harder and harder they could not keep up with taxes and rent.

There actually is a town, Peine, located in Rhineland Westpfalia. Perhaps earlier ancestors of Stephen Peine came from there though genealogy searches affirm that Stephen and Margaret Peine were not from there but from Hofgeismar. Even so, the town of Peine has a coat of arms, a copy of which is in the possession of Peine descendants today.

Besides the impetus of forced conscription, taxes, and hunger impelling Germans to emigrate to the United States, there was a history of people leaving German lands to better themselves. In 1763—67 when Catherine the Great of Russia, a German princess of Prussia who married Paul who became the czar of Russia and survived him as ruler, needed people to settle lands along the Volga River as a buffer against invading Mongol horde, she reached back to her former homeland advertising land, autonomy, exemption from military service, and the right to speak their German tongue. Population pressure in the German states of Bavaria, Baden, Rheinland-Palatinate, and Hesse led to the emigration of enough Germans to fill one hundred and four villages along the Volga River, hence the name Volga Germans. Another example were the Banat Germans who were enticed from the Schwabian folk living along the Danube River in southern Germany into the Hungarian state of Banat in order to regrow a population which had been decimated by a series of wars with Turkey in the 18th Century. Those same Germans, the Volga Germans and Banat Germans after World War II were persecuted in the land where they had put down roots, were robbed of their citizenship, and expelled, forcing them to return to a war torn Germany.

Today’s state of Hesse where the Peines lived was even then known as the origin of the Grimm Fairy Tales. The brothers Grimm, Jacob and Wilhelm, had traveled to the villages of Hesse and farther afield throughout Germany in the late 18th Century interviewing village story tellers, listening to the folk stories, writing them down, and finally first publishing them in 1812. Margaret and Stephen surely knew the beloved fairy tales like Cinderella, Hansel and Gretel, and Little Red Riding Hood, all with a little lesson or moral woven in, and so enchanted little Mary and Henry with their telling.

Agriculture was underdeveloped at the time with scarcely any advances since pre-historic times and increasingly unable to support a population undergoing rapid growth. Still Hesse boasts one of the earliest wine producing districts of Germany, the Rheingau, where the famous German Riesling is produced. Overpopulation was arguably the principal cause of emigration. Europe was the first continent on earth where death rates fell substantially faster than birth rates. The population of Germany more than doubled from 1800 to 1870 in spite of all the emigration. Many of those leaving the overcrowded countryside knew they had little hope of making a living in the cities and preferred to risk emigration to America.

Stephen and Margaret likely traveled by train from Hofgeismar to Bremerhaven where they boarded a steamship to Baltimore, Maryland. Or perhaps they availed themselves of the new emigrant boat service which plied on many of the European rivers traveling from Kassel north to a German seaport to board their transoceanic steamship. Just five years prior to the Peines’ journey, travel by steam power had been introduced affording the traveler greater speed and comfort and cheaper fare over the wooden sailing ships. Their passage likely lasted three weeks and cost ten dollars per adult.

Margaret had carefully sewn their gold coins into their clothing for safe-keeping, and she had brought along satchels of food for the passage, seeds for their future farm, and the barest minimum of clothing. Steerage passengers in the new iron ships were expected to cook their own food. The shipping company provided weekly: two and a half pounds of bread, one pound of wheat flour, five pounds of oatmeal, two pounds of rice or five pounds of potatoes, half a pound of sugar, half a pound of molasses, two ounces of tea, and straw to sleep on. In addition, the Peines were entitled to three quarts of water per day for drinking and for hygiene.

At the time of their voyage, conditions below in steerage were still considered deplorable, and it wasn’t until 1848 that the American Passenger Act was passed to require a minimum measure of space per person, a ventilation system to allow air to circulate below despite the weather conditions above.

Presumably, Margaret and Stephen had heard of the health risks of confinement aboard ship and so they attempted to spend as much time up on deck as possible especially for the sake of their small children. They were familiar with stories of Ship Fever or typhus which was highly contagious and often fatal. It was common knowledge that it was carried by lice, so they were constantly on the lookout for the pesky little worms, frequently sifting through each other’s hair and clothing.

Still, upon boarding the ship they already were infused with a feeling of freedom and optimism. There they were without passport or papers, health certificate or any other documentation because these were not then required, practically without luggage in fact; if they were lucky, in due course they would go ashore in Baltimore, no one asking them who they were or where they were going, and they would just vanish into the body of the New World. The famous Ellis Island immigration procedures were not even created until 1878 long after our ancestors arrived!

The Peines had heard wonderful things about America from letters written to friends back in Hofgeismar—letters which were read aloud to rapt gatherings ’round the fireside and told of a wonderful place where there was no crushing tax burden, no customs duties every time one turned around, no tithes because there was no state church, no conscription because the army was one-fiftieth the size of Prussia’s, no political police, no censorship, no legalized class distinctions. All classes wore the same clothes! Employers and their hands ate at the same