Existence: The Mystery of Being

Copyright © 2015 by Bruno Vogt.

ISBN:      Softcover      978-1-4828-0681-6

                eBook         978-1-4828-0680-9

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced by any means, graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping or by any information storage retrieval system without the written permission of the publisher except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews.

Because of the dynamic nature of the Internet, any web addresses or links contained in this book may have changed since publication and may no longer be valid. The views expressed in this work are solely those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the publisher, and the publisher hereby disclaims any responsibility for them.

Toll Free 0800 990 914 (South Africa)

+44 20 3014 3997 (outside South Africa)

www.partridgepublishing.com/africa

CONTENTS

PART ONE MOVEMENTS

1 PHYSICAL WORLD UNFOLDING

Cosmic Expansion, Growing Order & Development

Life

Spearhead of Evolution

Human Mind

Human Mind & Reality

Levels of Existence

A Pinnacle of Science

A Brief History of Quantum Mechanics

The Wave Function

Subatomic Particle Classification

2 MACRO MOVEMENTS

The Positive And Negative Phases of Cosmic Expansion & Contraction

a.   The Unity of our Physical World

b.   Balance

c.   Limited Human Knowledge

The Cyclic Model

Nothing Versus Existence

3 MOVEMENTS – FORCES AND ENERGY

Matter

Molecules and Atoms

Matter Particles

Electromagnetic Radiation

Waves

Particles

Forces

Gravity

Electro-Magnetism

Weak Nuclear Force

Strong Nuclear Force

Strings and Branes

String Theory

Membranes

Steinhardt and Turok’s Cyclic Model

Conclusions

What Moves?

Physical Substance

Movements and Forces

Energy

Quantum Energy

Why Movements?

Why Order, Harmony and Permanency?

4 PRINCIPLE OF EXISTENCE

The Absolute (Level Z)

Principle of Existence

Existence Level ‘Y’

The Principle of Existence and Its Inherent Effects

The Triad

Yin and Yang

U-Mind (Universal Mind)

The Human Mind, The U-Mind and The Purpose of Human Existence

The Universe

5 THE U-MINDED WORLD

Existence Level X

Potentia

Potentia Partis

Particle Decisions

Potentia Partis and Particle-Uncertainty

Wholeness

PART TWO

PRIMARY FACTORS IN HUMAN EXISTENCE

6 ETHICS

The Principle

Moral Obligation

The Commandments

The Golden Rule

Precepts

Mind Power

Suggestion – Auto Suggestion

Suggestion-Autosuggestion in universal moral regeneration

Suggestion-Autosuggestion in parenthood

Visualisation

7 DEATH

The End

After-Life

The Persuasion of the Truth

NDE (Near-Death Experience)

Delusions

The Truth

TO MY SON JURGEN

DAUGHTER NADA

AND CLOSE PARTNER RICKY,

THANK YOU FOR YOUR PATIENCE

AND UNDERSTANDING

PART ONE

MOVEMENTS

1

PHYSICAL WORLD UNFOLDING

COSMIC EXPANSION, GROWING ORDER & DEVELOPMENT

In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth (Genesis 1)

How simple it used to be in days gone by! Today, enquiring minds, physicists, astrophysicists, cosmologists, string theorists and other scientists are patiently trying to make sense of the many theories of the beginning (or no-beginning) of our and maybe many other physical worlds.* With question marks hanging around some important incoming scientific information and recent discoveries, such as dark energy and dark matter, some cosmologists fear they will never fully understand the mysteries of our Cosmos.

Yes, towards the end of the twentieth century, leading physicists were beginning to dream of a final theory of the, what they call, Universe. It was aptly named The Theory of Everything (TOE). Most notable among them was Stephen Weinberg who unified the electromagnetic and weak nuclear forces in 1967. The idea was to explain all matter, forces as well as space and time with the aim to unify all elementary aspects of the physical world into one single mathematical formula. Well, today, Physicists are still hoping but unexpected obstacles somewhat dampened their enthusiasm.

The most promising means to attain their goal was the String Theory which superseded super gravity as the leading contender for a unified theory. Strings portray the fundamental constituents of nature consisting of one-dimensional vibrating and spinning strands and loops, substituting the familiar and more observation corroborated subatomic particles. Tiny bits of elastic string vibrate and spin in different patterns, each corresponding to a different type of particle whilst specific quantized movements relate to their physical attributes such as mass, charge and spin.

By the mid-1980s, String Theory was refined by incorporating super-symmetry, a mathematical arrangement that unites sub-atomic particles with different values of spin into a common description. However, superstrings (as they were called), needed six additional spatial dimensions, too small to be seen but existing at every point in three dimensional space. Later, different versions of string theory were combined to produce what is known as the heterotic string theory but the complexities of the extra six (hidden) spatial dimensions in terms of geometry and mathematics proved to be extremely challenging. In addition to one-dimensional strings, multi-dimensional membranes (branes for short), working on the same principle as strings, and point like entities were introduced to overcome most of the problems but in the meanwhile the dreams of the 1980’s to unify fundamental physics with cosmology took a backseat. Ironically, it was a later version of the all-brane theory, the so called M-Theory developed in 1995 by Edward Witten, a leading pioneer of the string theory and Petr Horava at the Princeton University, U.S.A., that inspired two leading cosmologists, Paul J. Steinhardt and Neil Turok to develop a promising alternative to the generally accepted hot big bang-inflation theory. The model was called the Cyclic Universe, a new cosmology in which the big bang is not a one-time event but one of many in repeating cycles of physical existence. However, this revolutionary theory (it also accommodates the second law of thermodynamics) could most probably be proved wrong by a recent discovery of gravitational waves caused by the traditional big bang.

Yes, the hot big bang-inflation model has been accepted by scientists and the public alike as the dominant theory of the beginning of space and time for many years (The big bang theory was developed in the early twentieth century and the inflation mechanism was introduced in the 1980’s), although no credible explanation is forthcoming on why or how the big bang initially started. Also, notwithstanding the fact that much of the theory agrees with observation, over time many flaws have been detected. Recent discoveries such as dark matter and dark energy were simply added without them having any connection to the existing theory. Then along came the theory of Eternal cosmic inflation that led to the possibility of an inflationary multiverse. This idea has been given mathematical form by string theory, however, the marriage of this latest inflationary cosmology to string theory produced a concept I find absurd. How could we realistically live in one of at least 10⁵⁰⁰ physical worlds (universes) in a multi-world (multiverse) in which physical conditions vary from world to world? According to this theory our physical world is an oasis in a landscape of worlds where any physical laws are possible. Surely, nature wouldn’t strive for such awkward solution for its existence! Only if scientists find convincing physical evidence would I be converted to support such theory. A limited space big bang-inflation model is more credible than one with an infinitely stretchy space filled with an infinite number of physical worlds.

The big bang must have happened in an extremely contrived manner, very orderly, very precise, not too forceful and not too weak. A too slow expansion would have ended in immediate rapid collapse and a too fast one would have given way to conditions which were not conducive for life to develop. The precision of the big bang reveals itself by the uniform pattern of expansion following the bang. The expansion brought in its wake incredible and extraordinary development. The Opening-up of our physical world can be compared to the opening of a flower before full bloom. I fully believe that growing order and natural development is inextricably linked to, and on a parallel course with cosmic expansion. The present distribution of galaxies and galactic clusters is at a constant average density observed in all directions. Even the background heat radiation, said to be a leftover from the energy release of the big bang matter-antimatter annihilation, reveals extremely uniform temperatures in all directions. Nothing detracts from the wonders of existing uniformity, coherence, large scale simplicity, order and harmony of our physical world. Logically, it does not have to be like this. We could very well picture ourselves a world in which arbitrary and haphazard activity abounds, infinite numbers of stars collide, explode, transform, disappear and galaxies that move all over space. Instead we experience an orderly and regimented flow of things and events. Underlying this spatial and temporal order are fundamental constants, physical laws and mathematical rules, in fact the whole physical world seems to be built in accordance to prescribed laws and rules.

Have these rules been structured to serve a purpose? Were they meant to be a means to an end?

The answer is a definite yes.

The physical laws and mathematical rules are in essence abstract principles that relate to each other in meaningful ways. They ultimately exist for one sole, great purpose:

To ensure optimal existence and continuity thereof …

The laws and rules guarantee a certain consistency from one moment to another. They counteract, at present and for a long time to come, wide spread chaos and general disintegration. These rules guide our physical world to its peak of development and beyond ….

The next step following the establishment of temporal and spatial order and, on a parallel course to the positive influence of cosmic expansion, is the process of natural development, a gradual unfolding or progressive change of nature. In its broader aspect, natural development incorporates growth, the increase in the size of an organism. During the process of natural development, new and improved situations and opportunities emerge which in turn are conducive for further development.

However, natural development does not proceed without interruptions as death and destruction are never far away. Fierce battles against degeneration and dissolutions abound. Nevertheless, the inherent factor for success under present circumstances far out-weighs the one for failure, and natural development, not only on our planet, but all over the physical world, will, in favourable conditions, continue unabated.

An important part of natural development on our planet is evolution, the doctrine according to which higher forms of life have gradually arisen from lower forms. The process of change has been toward increased complexity of structure and increased unification and harmonious control of life. However, there are many cases of degeneration, both among plants and among animals, where the usual direction of evolution has been, in a sense, reversed. On the whole, evolution is a unique testimony of how, in nature, in the confines of our planet, the factor for success outweighs the factor for failure.

The following is a concise step by step account of key developments in the history of our physical world. It is imperative to bring these impressive changes and innovations of nature to the fore as it will make people understand how finely tuned cosmic expansion and order paved the way for development and most importantly, how the processes of natural development have collectively contributed to the formation of my concept of positive and negative phases in a cycle of physical existence.

As I am a strong believer in a cyclic model (of our physical world), I am hesitant to use the unified theories and the original scheme of inflation to explain the early beginning, especially in lieu of the possibility that the discovery of the so-called dark energy and future results of the large hadron collider at Cern Geneva as well as future discoveries in general may still turn physics upside down. However, these theories are still credible and relevant until proven otherwise.

–––––—

Our physical world saw the light of day at time X, the first moment of a new cycle.

The physical world re-formation has begun. Unfortunately, no scientific data is available that could give an insight on activities before time X.

The inflation period, also known as the phase transition, lasted 10-32 sec. During this time bubbles of empty space began to inflate at an exponential rate, doubling in size every 10-34 sec., creating an excited false vacuum with immense negative pressure and incredible self-created energy (virtual particles of brief existence). This period was marked by cold and empty conditions and matter and radiation were non-existent. The hyper-inflation ceased with a sudden burst of heat caused by the decay of the false vacuum. The time was 10-32 sec. The big bang was in full swing. The physical world, a featureless broth of quantum energy, was now in its most simple state, the condition from which things started to develop.

Delays in the false vacuum decay rate (quantum fluctuations) created irregularities that most certainly were responsible for the future creation of galaxies and galactic clusters. At 10-12 sec., the density was immense and the temperature may have been 1,000,000,000,000,000 ⁰C. The cosmic material consisted of a fluid of quarks, the first recognisable sub-atomic particles. During this time the unified force (super-force) began to split. First the strong nuclear force separated from the electro-weak force, then the electro-weak force split into the electro-magnetic and the weak nuclear force. At 10-6 sec., the quarks have condensed into the more familiar protons and neutrons. At 10-3 sec. the particles combined with their anti-particle companions to almost equal proportions. The following annihilation of matter – anti-matter left a residue of matter consisting of protons, electrons, neutrons, neutrinos and photons which in turn prepared the necessary condition for helium synthesis. The remaining anti-particles disappeared inside less than one second.

At 1-sec, the radiation era terminated. The young physical world was filled with electrons, protons, neutrons and neutrinos formed by the photons of the high temperature radiation era. About 3 to 4 minutes after time X and at a temperature of 1,000,000,000 ºC, isotopes of helium nuclei formed by nucleo-synthesis (fusion of protons and neutrons).

At 100,000 years, the background radiation, a result of the matter - antimatter annihilation, had a temperature of 10,000 ºC and the density of matter and radiation were equal.

At approximately 1,000,000 years and at a temperature of 3,000ºC atoms have formed and the chemical element hydrogen emerged, the opaque physical system became transparent to light and the background radiation separated from matter.

At 1,000,000,000 years after the big bang, stars, galaxies, clusters and even super clusters of galaxies could be identified.

However, the big bang could not create all chemical elements as the cosmos expanded far too quickly for all necessary reactions to take place. It had just sufficient time to finish off the light elements including hydrogen, helium and lithium. The vast majority of elements vital in the formation of planets like earth and all the life forms found on it were created in another cosmic furnace, a supernova explosion. Such an explosion was the final curtain call for a huge old dying star. This point was reached because it ran out of fuel, became unstable, imploded and the outer layers bounced off its core and blasted into space. All that was left of a gigantic star was scattered debris floating in space. In an ironic twist of fate some of the fossilised debris later became the seed for even greater development within.

Our entire solar system originated from the remains of a dead star. It is called a nebula, a cloud of gas, mainly hydrogen interspersed with particles of cosmic dust. Because of the mutual cosmic attraction of gas molecules and dust particles, the cloud became smaller and denser. Condensation and rotation due to the pressure of starlight exerted over millions of years, created a dense centre, the site of our future sun. Interspersed in the rotating cloud of gas and dust were local centres of condensation which later became our planets. The larger central mass became denser, hotter and soon was hot enough to glow and disperse its own light. The denser it grew the hotter it became until pressure and temperature were sufficient to initiate an atomic reaction by fusing the hydrogen into helium. This increased its source of energy and its glow became intense. A star was born, virtually from the ashes of another star. The inherent power for development seems to be inexhaustible.

Some of the planets may also have been luminous but gradually cooled. The outer planets, because of loss of heat kept their layers of hydrogen compounds but the inner planets, because of their proximity to the sun, stayed hot and in the process lost their surrounding layer of hydrogen atmosphere. They also shrunk in size until only a rocky core was left.

Planet earth evolved between these extremes and experienced optimum conditions for its future development. According to the standard inflationary model, the estimated age of our physical world is 13.8 billion years and our solar system, including earth, is 4.6 billion years.

Our planet is entirely made of matter and we know that in our physical world, matter is the pre-dominant substance and very little anti-matter is to be found. Astronomers put the limit on one part anti-matter in a thousand of all matter.

However, it is a laboratory proven fact that all matter is created with equal amounts of anti-matter (the fact that every particle** is created with a counterpart is a significant contribution to abundant evidence supporting my theory of existence). It is also common scientific knowledge that whenever matter meets anti-matter, they destroy each other in a burst of (neutralised) electro-magnetic radiation. There is apparent proof of this colossal big bang energy release in the observed background radiation that fills the physical world.

If all this is true, why do we exist?

Science tells us that there must have been an early imbalance between matter and anti-matter. It was subsequently calculated that our present physical system derived from a tiny asymmetry of one thousand million and one parts matter to one thousand million parts anti-matter. Equal amounts of matter and anti-matter annihilated each other, leaving this slight residue of ordinary matter that became part of the world we live in.

How could this imbalance between matter and anti-matter occur?

Before science came up with an acceptable explanation, the frequent response was: it was built into the initial conditions from the beginning! The way out of ambiguity came in the form of the grand unified theories (GUT).

Imagine a world only 10-32 sec. old. It was at that time when the extraordinarily heavy particle X was part of an odd and peculiar melee of densely packed particles. The density was supposed to be 10⁷³ Kgm-3 and the temperature 10²⁸ K. It was theorised that the decay of the X particle brought about ⅔ matter and only ⅓ anti-matter. However, particle X also has an anti-particle, the. On its decay it would produce ⅓ matter and ⅔ anti-matter and thereby keep the overall symmetry. To get out of this cul de sac, the scientists at first assumed and later demonstrated that there was a fundamental imbalance in the decay rates of particle X and particle. The result was that matter and anti-matter could not completely cancel each other out in this early physical system. The leftover (residue) was what now constitutes our physical world.

Notwithstanding the fact that symmetry is deeprooted in the laws of nature, asymmetry does exist. One of the most prominent examples of symmetry-breaking is the chemical blue print that controls cellular behaviour – DNA. Molecules of DNA have a spiral-shaped geometrical form known as the helix, winding always to the right. All earth life is made from this right handed, spiral-shaped form.

Ultimately, the grand unified theories may not be the answer. One could very well imagine a parallel world to ours consisting of anti-matter, a physical world in which the helix winds to the left. However, it is inconceivable how any mixture of matter and anti-matter initially could ever separate