The Atom and the Universe: Theories and Facts Unfold

Copyright © 2009 by Amin Elsersawi, Ph.D.

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CONTENTS

Introduction

Universe Glossary

Dedication

To my wife Randa, my two daughters Suha and Dima, and my son Basil for the time and effort stolen from them. My gratitude goes to them for their patience, understanding and encouragement.

Introduction

Little has been revealed concerning the formation of the universe. Prevailing theories state that the atom was composed of subatomic matter that exploded outward, multiplied, and diversified to form the omniuniverse. The atom itself is known to be the great seed of the universe.

It is well known that the universe expands steadily. Its density reduces to the present density which is now less than 10-30 grams per cubic centimeter. Thus, if we traveled back in time, we would live in a universe with a much higher density. Ultimately, we would arrive at the very high density state, universally called the big bang (other expressions used are singular state or big squeeze), where the density could be more than 10¹⁰ grams per cubic centimeter.

Cosmologists, however, still debate the reality of the big bang theory. Arthur Stanley Eddington (28 December 1882-22 November 1944) was a British astrophysicist of the early 20th century. Others were against the idea of the big bang, which begins in a dense state. The idea of a steady state of expansion of the universe attracted many cosmologists who disliked the big bang idea. Many believe that the big bang theory was mistaken, and they also believe that the idea was more sensational than sensible. George Lemaitre developed and championed a dense origin that he referred to as the primeval atom. He suggested that the universe resembles the primeval atom of a huge radioactivity, which exploded and formed fragments that evolved into galaxies and stars. Lemaitre was a priest and some cosmologists viewed his theory as an amalgam of theology and science.

Cosmologists suggested that the formation of the universe passed through three stages: the lepton era, the radiation era and the matter era. The lepton era has the highest density where muons, neutrinos, and electrons (we will discuss them in later) were the origin of the universe. The lepton era then passed to radiation era, where alpha, beta, and gamma rays were dominant. In the radiation era large quantities of helium were produced due to the alpha radiation. Protons and neutrons were exchanged to produce the matter through interactions of their subatomic particles called quarks and leptons. Energy was also produced due to the interaction of the subatomic particles. The matter gained their masses through the interaction with the so called Higgs field which is not yet observed physically.

A large hadrons collider between France and Switzerland has been built to investigate the reality of the formation of the universe through annihilation of protons and electrons to observe Higgs boson, black holes, weak energy, and other subatomic interactions.

This book illustrates wide ranges of these interactions, from planetary atoms to dark matter, from proton-proton interaction to the CNO (carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen) cycle, and form annihilation of quarks and leptons to energy released.

This book is a real journey into many modern physics including quantum physics and the chemistry of the evolution of the universe. Undergraduates, graduates, and postgraduates will enjoy this book. The book describes a revolution in particle physics in our understanding the mystery and beauty of the universe.

Mathematically, the book shows that science cannot prove the imbalanced force and momentum between the sun and its orbiting planets. The analysis also demonstrates that the earth and the solar planets are not conjoined to the sun in their spinning. Therefore, the analysis in this book reinforces theology over science.

By: Amin Elsersawi, Ph.D.

1.   Keywords

Solar System, Milky Way, precession of the Earth’ axis, Big Bang, Hubble’s Principle, mass of planets, sun, and galaxy, weak nuclear force, theory of de Sitter-like Universe, galaxy rotation curve, God does not play dice in the universe by Einstein, quantum cosmology, theories of the formation of the universe, quarks and leptons stage, alpha decay, beta decay, gamma rays, building blocks of matter, fermions and bosons, standard model, matters and antimatters, decay of protons, neutrons and fermions, Feynman diagram, grand unified theory, the Higgs boson and field, proton and antiproton collision, supersymmetry, string theory, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), sun corona, heliosphere, solar wind, nuclear atmosphere, p-p chains, CNO cycle, the Oh-My-God Particles, Jewish, Christian, and Muslim traditions, quotations, Euler Method, Angular Momentum, Gravitational Attraction

2.   Abstracts

Galileo Galilee was punished for his suggestion that the Earth revolves around the Sun, a scientific theory that threatened the Church’s place in the world. In that time, the Roman Catholics believed that Purgatory was in a place in the universe where souls remain until they have expiated their sins and then they can go to heaven.

When Charles Darwin, in the middle of the nineteenth century, launched his Evolution theory, a conflict between religions’ pieties and science started. Darwin and Galileo agitated the followers of Plato (idealist philosopher) and Bishop George Berkeley (in more recent time), until the Christians Association of Stellar Explorers (CASE) was established to mend the rift with science and religion.

Religion, for example, says that the creation of the entire universe occurred on day one, within this literal six days of controlling and adapting the creation of humans, animals, trees, etc. The rift with science increased when scientists assumed several theories (such as the Big Bang theory, the Quantum theory by Einstein, and the latest Eleven-Dimension Universe by Arkani-Hamid) to explain the formation of the universe.

This book discusses the beliefs of the three religions, Jewish, Christian, and Muslim, and their traditions in understanding the universe, and science.

In this analysis, we correlate our planet to the Sun, and the Sun to the galaxy (Milky Way), and the Galaxy to the Universe, considering the mass and velocity position of each individual planet in their revolutions. Euler method is being used in this investigation.

Also, angular Momentum and Gravitational Attraction were calculated to show that the planets and the Sun are not associated to each other, as the science proclaimed.

Mathematically, all results showed bias in favour of religions.

3.   Early theories of cosmology

Ptolemy created a universe that lasted a thousand years. Copernicus created a universe that lasted four hundred years. Einstein has created a universe, and I can’t tell you how long it will last. George Bernard Shaw

Ptolemy (or Claudius Ptolemaeus or Klaudios Ptolemaios)) lived in Alexandria, Egypt, from approx. 87 to probably 170 AD. Very little is known about his personal life. He was speculated that he was born in the Hellenistic city of Ptolemais Hermii on the Nile in Upper Egypt. He is known to have utilized Babylonian astronomical data. Ptolemy’s astronomy and cosmology combined with Aristotle’s physics were almost accepted in the West.

The medieval astronomers and cosmologists who wrote in Greek, Arabic, Latin, and Hebrew were all heavily influenced by Ptolemy’s theories of cosmology. Ptolemy’s cosmology was held in such high regards by cosmologists in Greece, Rome, Arabia, and Egypt.

In 1943, Nicolas Copernicus (1473-1543) wrote a book which set forth his idea of a heliocentric planetary system. The book only composed about 5% of his revolutionary theory. The rest of the book was just a rewrite of Ptolemy’s theories. Copernicus hypothesis was that the sun the sun was located at the centre of the universe. This contradicted the theory of Ptolemy in which the earth was at the centre of the universe.

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) an Italian physicist, was named the father of modern observational astronomy. His achievements include improvements to the telescope and consequent astronomical observations, and support for Copernicanism.

Edwin Hubble (1889-1953) was a pioneering American astronomer responsible for several extremely important scientific advances in the early and mid 20th century. By the time of his death in 1953, he was widely regarded as one of the greatest astronomers ever. The Hubble Space Telescope, the most productive