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    The Official U.S. Army Survival Manual Updated
    The Official U.S. Army Survival Manual Updated
    The Official U.S. Army Survival Manual Updated
    Ebook684 pages5 hours

    The Official U.S. Army Survival Manual Updated

    By U.S. Department of the Army and Peter T. Underwood

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    About this ebook

    This comprehensive new edition of U.S. Army Survival Manual, issued by the Department of the Army and thoroughly revised by Colonel Peter T. Underwood USMC (Ret), is ideal for military personnel and all outdoors enthusiasts. From the psychology of survival and basic medicine to personal camouflage and signaling techniques, this essential resource provides all the information you need to survive. Included here is a guide to identifying:

         • Poisonous snakes and lizards
         • Edible plants
         • Cloud formations as foretellers of weather
         • And more!

    With detailed photographs and illustrations and an extensive set of appendices, U.S. Army Survival Manual is your ultimate guide to survival in all conditions and environs.
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherSkyhorse
    Release dateAug 3, 2021
    ISBN9781510768932
    The Official U.S. Army Survival Manual Updated
    Author

    U.S. Department of the Army

    The  Department of the Army  (DA) is one of the three military departments within the  Department of Defense of the United States of America. Its mission is to fight and win our Nation’ s wars by providing prompt, sustained land dominance across the full range of military operations and spectrum of conflict in support of combatant commanders.

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    The Official U.S. Army Survival Manual Updated - U.S. Department of the Army

    Copyright © 2011, 2021 by Skyhorse Publishing, Inc.

    All Rights Reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any manner without the express written consent of the publisher, except in the case of brief excerpts in critical reviews or articles. All inquiries should be addressed to Skyhorse Publishing, 307 West 36th Street, 11th Floor, New York, NY 10018.

    Skyhorse Publishing books may be purchased in bulk at special discounts for sales promotion, corporate gifts, fundraising, or educational purposes. Special editions can also be created to specifications. For details, contact the Special Sales Department, Skyhorse Publishing, 307 West 36th Street, 11th Floor, New York, NY 10018 or [email protected].

    Skyhorse® and Skyhorse Publishing® are registered trademarks of Skyhorse Publishing, Inc.®, a Delaware corporation.

    www.skyhorsepublishing.com

    10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

    Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available on file.

    Cover design by Kai Texel

    ISBN: 978-1-5107-6492-7

    Ebook ISBN: 978-1-62914-317-0

    Printed in China

    Contents

    Chapter 1

    INTRODUCTION

    Chapter 2

    PSYCHOLOGY OF SURVIVAL

    Chapter 3

    SURVIVAL PLANNING AND SURVIVAL KITS

    Chapter 4

    BASIC SURVIVAL MEDICINE

    Chapter 5

    SHELTERS

    Chapter 6

    WATER PROCUREMENT

    Chapter 7

    FIRECRAFT

    Chapter 8

    FOOD PROCUREMENT

    Chapter 9

    SURVIVAL USE OF PLANTS

    Chapter 10

    POISONOUS PLANTS

    Chapter 11

    DANGEROUS ANIMALS

    Chapter 12

    FIELD-EXPEDIENT WEAPONS, TOOLS, AND EQUIPMENT

    Chapter 13

    DESERT SURVIVAL

    Chapter 14

    TROPICAL SURVIVAL

    Chapter 15

    COLD WEATHER SURVIVAL

    Chapter 16

    SEA SURVIVAL

    Chapter 17

    EXPEDIENT WATER CROSSINGS

    Chapter 18

    FIELD-EXPEDIENT DIRECTION FINDING

    Chapter 19

    SIGNALING TECHNIQUES

    Appendix A

    SURVIVAL KITS

    Appendix B

    EDIBLE AND MEDICINAL PLANTS

    Appendix C

    POISONOUS PLANTS

    Appendix D

    DANGEROUS INSECTS AND ARACHNIDS

    Appendix E

    POISONOUS SNAKES AND LIZARDS

    Appendix F

    DANGEROUS FISH AND MOLLUSKS

    Appendix G

    CLOUDS: FORETELLERS OF WEATHER

    Appendix H

    CONTINGENCY PLAN OF ACTION FORMAT

    CHAPTER 1

    INTRODUCTION

    This manual is based entirely on the keyword SURVIVAL.

    The letters in this word can help guide you in your actions in any survival situation. Whenever faced with a survival situation, remember the word SURVIVAL. Originally designed for use by soldiers in combat situations, the techniques and practices described in this manual are equally applicable to all who find themselves in any survival situation, particularly one in which they must endure the natural elements until they are rescued or return to safety on their own.

    SURVIVAL ACTIONS

    The following paragraphs expand on the meaning of each letter of the word survival. Study and remember what each letter signifies because you may someday have to make it work for you.

    S—Size Up the Situation

    If you suddenly find yourself in a survival situation, if at all possible, find a place where you can be secure from immediate danger. Then take time to evaluate your situation and develop a plan to reach safety. Remember that when in a potentially hostile natural environment, you must constantly use all of your senses—hearing, smell, and sight—to evaluate your surroundings.

    Size Up Your Surroundings

    Determine the pattern of the area. Get a feel for what is going on around you. Every environment, whether forest, jungle, or desert, has a rhythm or pattern. This rhythm or pattern includes animal and bird noises and movements and insect sounds. It may also include noises generated by humans, machinery and equipment.

    Size Up Your Physical Condition

    The pressure or trauma of suddenly being thrust into a survival situation may cause you to overlook wounds or injuries you have received. Check yourself carefully and give yourself first aid if necessary. Take care to prevent further bodily harm. In any climate, drink water whenever possible to prevent dehydration. Similarly, in cool, wet conditions, guard against hypothermia. The onset of hypothermia can occur even in mild conditions if you are wet and exposed to the wind.

    Size Up Your Equipment

    Check to see what equipment you have and what condition it is in. If it is damaged and unusable, leave it behind.

    Once you have sized up your situation, surroundings, physical condition, and equipment, you are ready to make your survival plan. In doing so, always keep in mind your basic physical needs—water, food, and shelter.

    U—Use All Your Senses, Undue Haste Makes Waste

    You may make a wrong move when you react quickly without thinking or planning. That move may result in injury or death. Don’t move just for the sake of taking action. Consider all aspects of your situation before you make a decision. If you act in haste, you may forget or lose some of your equipment. Hasty moves may also cause you to become disoriented so that you don’t know which way to go. Plan your moves. Use all your senses to evaluate your situation. Note sounds and smells. Be sensitive to temperature changes. Be observant. Remember, your primary tool for survival is your ability to think and reason!

    R—Remember Where You Are

    If you have a map, find your location and relate it to the surrounding terrain. This is a basic principle that you must always follow. If there are others with you, make sure they also know their location. Always know who in your group has a map and compass. If they are killed or injured to the point where they cannot continue, take the map and compass from them. Always pay close attention to where you are and to where you are going. Never rely on others in the group to keep track of the route. Constantly orient yourself. Always try to determine, as a minimum, how your location relates to:

    The location of the nearest inhabited areas.

    The location of local water sources (especially important in the desert).

    Areas that will provide adequate shelter from the elements.

    This information will allow you to make intelligent decisions when you are in a survival situation.

    V—Vanquish Fear and Panic

    The greatest enemies in a survival situation are fear and panic. If uncontrolled, they can destroy your ability to make an intelligent decision. They may cause you to react to your feelings and imagination rather than to your situation. They can drain your energy and thereby cause other negative emotions. Any survival training you may have received, including what you learn in this manual, will, along with your self-confidence, enable you to vanquish fear and panic.

    I—Improvise

    In the United States, we have items available for all our needs. Many of these items are cheap to replace when damaged. Our easy come, easy go, easy-to-replace culture makes it unnecessary for us to improvise. This inexperience in improvisation can be an enemy in a survival situation. Learn to improvise. Take a tool designed for a specific purpose and see how many other uses you can make of it.

    Learn to use natural objects around you for different needs. An example is using a rock for a hammer. No matter how complete a survival kit you have with you, it will run out or wear out after a while. Your imagination must take over when your kit wears out.

    V—Value Living

    All of us were born kicking and fighting to live, but we have become used to the soft life. We have become creatures of comfort. We dislike inconveniences and discomforts. What happens when we are faced with a survival situation with its stresses, inconveniences, and discomforts? This is when the will to live—placing a high value on living—is vital. The experience and knowledge you have gained through life will have a bearing on your will to survive. Stubbornness, a refusal to give in to problems and obstacles that face you, will give you the mental and physical strength to endure.

    A—Act Like the Natives

    The natives and animals of a region have adapted to their environment. To get a feel for the area, watch how the people go about their daily routine. When and what do they eat? When, where, and how do they get their food? When and where do they go for water? What time do they usually go to bed and get up? Observing these actions can be important to you if you are suddenly in a survival situation. Animal life in the area can also give you clues on how to survive. Animals also require food, water, and shelter. By watching them, you can find sources of water and food.

    WARNING

    Animals cannot serve as an absolute guide to what you can eat and drink. Many animals eat plants that are toxic to humans.

    L—Live by Your Wits, But for Now, Learn Basic Skills

    Without training in basic skills for surviving, your chances of living through a survival situation are slight.

    Learn these basic skills now—not when you are heading into a wilderness area. How you decide to equip yourself before you leave on a journey will impact your ability to survive. You need to know about the environment to which you are going, and you must practice basic skills geared to that environment. For instance, if you are going to a desert, you need to know how to get water in the desert.

    Practice basic survival skills whenever you can. Survival training reduces fear of the unknown and gives you self-confidence. It teaches you to live by your wits.

    PATTERN FOR SURVIVAL

    Develop a survival pattern that lets you beat the enemies of survival. This survival pattern must include food, water, shelter, fire, first aid, and signals placed in order of importance. For example, in a cold environment, you would need a fire to get warm; a shelter to protect you from the cold, wind, and rain or snow; traps or snares to get food; a means to signal friendly aircraft; and first aid to maintain health. If injured, first aid has top priority no matter what climate you are in.

    Change your survival pattern to meet your immediate physical needs as the environment changes.

    As you read the rest of this manual, keep in mind the keyword SURVIVAL and the need for a survival pattern.

    CHAPTER 2

    PSYCHOLOGY OF SURVIVAL

    It takes much more than the knowledge and skills to build shelters, get food, make fires, and travel without the aid of standard navigational devices to live successfully through a survival situation. Some people with little or no survival training have managed to survive life-threatening circumstances. Some people with survival training have not used their skills and died. A key ingredient in any survival situation is the mental attitude of the individual(s) involved. Having survival skills is important; having the will to survive is essential. Without a desk to survive, acquired skills serve little purpose and invaluable knowledge goes to waste.

    There is a psychology to survival. Finding yourself in a survival environment will produce many stresses that will have an impact on your mind. These stresses can produce thoughts and emotions that, if poorly understood, can even transform a confident, well-trained individual into an indecisive, ineffective individual with a questionable ability to survive. Therefore, you must be able to recognize those stresses commonly associated with survival. Additionally, it is imperative that you be aware of their reactions to the wide variety of stresses associated with survival. This chapter will identify and explain the nature of stress, the stresses of survival, and those internal reactions you will naturally experience when faced with the stresses of a real-world survival situation. The knowledge you gain from this chapter and other chapters in this manual will prepare you to come through the toughest times alive.

    A LOOK AT STRESS

    Before we can understand our psychological reactions in a survival setting, it is helpful to first know a little bit about stress.

    Stress is not a disease that you cure and eliminate. Instead, it is a condition we all experience. Stress can be described as our reaction to pressure. It is the name given to the experience we have as we physically, mentally, emotionally, and spiritually respond to life’s tensions.

    Need for Stress

    We need stress because it has many positive benefits. Stress provides us with challenges; it gives us chances to learn about our values and strengths. Stress can show our ability to handle pressure without breaking; it tests our adaptability and flexibility; it can stimulate us to do our best. Because we usually do not consider unimportant events stressful, stress can also be an excellent indicator of the significance we attach to an event—in other words, it highlights what is important to us.

    We need to have some stress in our lives, but too much of anything can be bad. The goal is to have stress, but not an excess of it. Too much stress can take its toll on people and organizations. Too much stress leads to distress. Distress causes an uncomfortable tension that we try to escape and, preferably, avoid. Listed below are a few of the common signs of distress you may find in others or yourself when faced with too much stress:

    Difficulty making decisions.

    Angry outbursts.

    Forgetfulness.

    Low energy level.

    Constant worrying.

    Propensity for mistakes.

    Thoughts about death or suicide.

    Trouble getting along with others.

    Withdrawing from others.

    Hiding from responsibilities.

    Carelessness.

    As you can see, stress can be constructive or destructive. It can encourage or discourage, move us along or stop us dead in our tracks, and make life meaningful or seemingly meaningless. Stress can inspire you to operate successfully and perform at your maximum efficiency in a survival situation. It can also cause you to panic and forget all your training. Key to your survival is your ability to manage the inevitable stresses you will encounter. The survivor is the person who works with his stresses instead of letting his stresses work on him.

    Survival Stressors

    Any event can lead to stress, and, as everyone has experienced, events don’t always come one at a time. Often, stressful events occur simultaneously. These events are not stress, but they produce it and are called stressors. Stressors are the obvious cause while stress is the response. Once the body recognizes the presence of a stressor, it then begins to act to protect itself.

    In response to a stressor, the body prepares either to fight or flee. This preparation involves an internal SOS sent throughout the body. As the body responds to this SOS, several actions take place. The body releases stored fuels (sugar and fats) to provide quick energy; breathing rate increases to supply more oxygen to the blood; muscle tension increases to prepare for action; blood clotting mechanisms are activated to reduce bleeding from cuts; senses become more acute (hearing becomes more sensitive, eyes become big, smell becomes sharper) so that you are more aware of your surroundings and heart rate and blood pressure rise to provide more blood to the muscles. This protective posture lets a person cope with potential dangers; however, a person cannot maintain such a level of alertness indefinitely.

    Stressors are not courteous; one stressor does not leave because another one arrives. Stressors add up. The cumulative effect of minor stressors can be a major distress if they all happen too close together. As the body’s resistance to stress wears down and the sources of stress continue (or increase), eventually a state of exhaustion arrives. At this point, the ability to resist stress or use it in a positive way gives out and signs of distress appear. Anticipating stressors and developing strategies to cope with them are two ingredients in the effective management of stress. It is therefore essential that, in a survival setting, you be aware of the types of stressors you will encounter. Let’s take a look at a few of these.

    Injury, Illness, or Death

    Injury, illness, and death are real possibilities a survivor has to face. Perhaps nothing is more stressful than being alone in an unfamiliar environment where you could die from an accident, or from eating something lethal. Illness and injury can also add to stress by limiting your ability to maneuver, get food and drink, find shelter, and defend yourself. Even if illness and injury don’t lead to death, they add to stress through the pain and discomfort they generate. It is only by controlling the stress associated with the vulnerability to injury, illness, and death that you can have the courage to take the risks associated with survival tasks.

    Uncertainly and Lack of Control

    Some people have trouble operating in settings where everything is not clear-cut. The only guarantee in a survival situation is that nothing is guaranteed. It can be extremely stressful operating on limited information in a setting where you have limited control of your surroundings. This uncertainty and lack of control also add to the stress of being ill, injured, or killed.

    Environment

    Even under the most ideal circumstances, nature is quite formidable. In survival, you will have to contend with the stressors of weather, terrain, and the variety of creatures inhabiting an area. Heat, cold, rain, winds, mountains, swamps, deserts, insects, dangerous reptiles, and other animals are just a few of the challenges awaiting you as you work to survive. Depending on how you handle the stress of your environment, your surroundings can be either a source of food and protection or can be a cause of extreme discomfort leading to injury, illness, or death.

    Hunger and Thirst

    Without food and water a person will weaken and eventually die. Thus, getting and preserving food and water takes on increasing importance as the length of time in a survival setting increases. For someone used to getting food in a supermarket, foraging can be a big source of stress.

    Fatigue

    Forcing yourself to continue surviving is not easy as you grow more tired. It is possible to become so fatigued that the act of just staying awake is stressful in itself.

    Isolation

    There are some advantages to facing adversity with others. While we may learn survival skills as individuals, all people are naturally communal, especially during times of confusion. Being in contact with others also provides a greater sense of security and a feeling that someone is available to help if problems occur. A significant stressor in survival situations is that often a person or team has to rely solely on its own resources.

    The survival stressors mentioned in this section are by no means the only ones you may face. Remember, what is stressful to one person may not be stressful to another. Your experiences, training, personal outlook on life, physical and mental conditioning, and level of self-confidence contribute to what you will find stressful in a survival environment. The object is not to avoid stress, but rather to manage the stressors of survival and make them work for you.

    We now have a general knowledge of stress and the stressors common to survival; the next step is to examine our reactions to the stressors we may face.

    NATURAL REACTIONS

    Man has been able to survive many shifts in his environment throughout the centuries. His ability to adapt physically and mentally to a changing world kept him alive while other species around him gradually died off. The same survival mechanisms that kept our forefathers alive can help keep us alive as well! However, these survival mechanisms that can help us can also work against us if we don’t understand and anticipate their presence.

    It is not surprising that the average person will have some psychological reactions in a survival situation. We will now examine some of the major internal reactions you and anyone with you might experience with the survival stressors addressed in the earlier paragraphs. Let’s begin.

    Fear

    Fear is our emotional response to dangerous circumstances that we believe have the potential to cause death, injury, or illness. This harm is not just limited to physical damage; the threat to one’s emotional and mental well-being can generate fear as well. For a person trying to survive, fear can have a positive function if it encourages him to be cautious in situations where recklessness could result in injury. Unfortunately, fear can also immobilize a person. It can cause him to become so frightened that he fails to perform activities essential for survival. Most people will have some degree of fear when placed in unfamiliar surroundings under adverse conditions. There is no shame in this! Everyone must train himself not to be overcome by his fears. Ideally, through realistic training, we can acquire the knowledge and skills needed to increase our confidence and thereby manage our fears.

    Anxiety

    Associated with fear is anxiety. Because it is natural for us to be afraid, it is also natural for us to experience anxiety. Anxiety can be an uneasy, apprehensive feeling we get when faced with dangerous situations (physical, mental, and emotional). When used in a healthy way, anxiety urges us to act to end, or at least master, the dangers that threaten our existence. If we were never anxious, there would be little motivation to make changes in our lives. In a survival setting, we can reduce our anxiety by performing those tasks that will ensure we come through the ordeal alive. As we reduce our anxiety, we also bring under control the source of that anxiety—our fears. In this form, anxiety is good; however, anxiety can also have a devastating impact. Anxiety can overwhelm a person to the point where he becomes easily confused and has difficulty thinking. Once this happens, it becomes more and more difficult for him to make good judgments and sound decisions. To survive, we must learn techniques to calm our anxieties and keep them in the range where they help, not hurt.

    Anger and Frustration

    Frustration arises when a person is continually thwarted in his attempts to reach a goal. The goal of survival is to stay alive until you can reach help or until help can reach you. To achieve this goal, you must complete some tasks with minimal resources. It is inevitable, in trying to do these tasks, that something will go wrong; that something will happen beyond your control; and that with one’s life at stake, every mistake is magnified in terms of its importance. Thus, sooner or later, we will have to cope with frustration when a few of our plans run into trouble. One outgrowth of this frustration is anger. There are many events in a survival situation that can frustrate or anger you. Getting lost, damaged or forgotten equipment, the weather, inhospitable terrain, and physical limitations are just a few sources of frustration and anger. Frustration and anger encourage impulsive reactions, irrational behavior, poorly thought-out decisions, and, in some instances, an I quit attitude (people sometimes avoid doing something they can’t master). If you can harness and properly channel the emotional intensity associated with anger and frustration, you can productively act as you answer the challenges of survival. If you do not properly focus your angry feelings, you can waste much energy in activities that do little to further either your chances of survival or the chances of those around you.

    Depression

    It would be a rare person indeed who would not get sad, at least momentarily, when faced with the privations of survival. As this sadness deepens, we label the feeling depression. Depression is closely linked with frustration and anger. The frustrated person becomes more and more angry as he fails to reach his goals. If the anger does not help the person to succeed, then the frustration level goes even higher. A destructive cycle between anger and frustration continues until the person becomes worn down—physically, emotionally, and mentally. When a person reaches this point, he starts to give up, and his focus shifts from What can I do? to There is nothing I can do. Depression is an expression of this hopeless, helpless feeling. There is nothing wrong with being sad as you temporarily think about your loved ones and remember what life is like back in civilization or the world. Such thoughts, in fact, can give you the desire to try harder and live one more day. On the other hand, if you allow yourself to sink into a depressed state, then it can sap all your energy and, more important, your will to survive. It is imperative that you resist succumbing to depression.

    Loneliness and Boredom

    Man is a social animal. This means we, as human beings, enjoy the company of others. Very few people want to be alone all the time! As you are aware, there is a distinct chance of isolation in a survival setting. This is not bad. Loneliness and boredom can bring to the surface qualities you thought only others had. The extent of your imagination and creativity may surprise you. When required to do so, you may discover some hidden talents and abilities. Most of all, you may tap into a reservoir of inner strength and fortitude you never knew you had. Conversely, loneliness and boredom can be another source of depression. As a person surviving alone, or with others, you must find ways to keep your mind productively occupied. Additionally, you must develop a degree of self-sufficiency. You must have faith in your capability to go it alone.

    Guilt

    The circumstances leading to your being in a survival setting are sometimes dramatic and tragic. It may be the result of an accident where there was a loss of life. Perhaps you were the only, or one of a few, survivors. While naturally relieved to be alive, you simultaneously may be mourning the deaths of others who were less fortunate. It is not uncommon for survivors to feel guilty about being spared from death while others were not. This feeling, when used in a positive way, has encouraged people to try harder to survive with the belief they were allowed to live for some greater purpose in life. Sometimes, survivors tried to stay alive so that they could carry on the work of those killed. Whatever reason you give yourself, do not let guilt feelings prevent you from living. The living who abandon their chance to survive accomplish nothing. Such an act would be the greatest tragedy.

    PREPARING YOURSELF

    Your task in a survival situation is to stay alive. As you can see, you are going to experience an assortment of thoughts and emotions. These can work for you, or they can work to your downfall. Fear, anxiety, anger, frustration, guilt, depression, and loneliness are all possible reactions to the many stresses common to survival. These reactions, when controlled in a healthy way, help to increase your likelihood of surviving. They prompt you to pay more attention in training, to fight back when scared, to take actions that ensure sustenance and security, to keep faith with your fellows, and to strive against large odds. When the survivor cannot control these reactions in a healthy way, they can bring him to a standstill. Instead of rallying his internal resources, he listens to his internal fears. This person will experience psychological defeat long before he physically succumbs. Remember, survival is natural to everyone; being unexpectedly thrust into the life and death struggle of survival is not. Don’t be afraid of your natural reactions to this unnatural situation. Prepare yourself to rule over these reactions so they serve your ultimate interest—staying alive.

    It involves preparation to ensure that your reactions in a survival setting are productive, not destructive. The challenge of survival has produced countless examples of heroism, courage, and self-sacrifice. These are the qualities it can bring out in you if you have prepared yourself. Below are a few tips to help prepare yourself psychologically for survival. Through studying this manual and attending survival training you can develop the survival attitude.

    Know Yourself

    Through training, family, and friends take the time to discover who you are on the inside. Strengthen your stronger qualities and develop the areas that you know are necessary to survive.

    Anticipate Fears

    Don’t pretend that you will have no fears. Begin thinking about what would frighten you the most if forced to survive alone. Train in those areas of concern to you. The goal is not to eliminate the fear, but to build confidence in your ability to function despite your fears.

    Be Realistic

    Don’t be afraid to make an honest appraisal of situations. See circumstances as they are, not as you want them to be. Keep your hopes and expectations within the estimate of the situation. When you go into a survival setting with unrealistic expectations, you may be laying the groundwork for bitter disappointment.

    Follow the adage, Hope for the best, prepare for the worst. It is much easier to adjust to pleasant surprises about one’s unexpected good fortunes than to be upset by one’s unexpected harsh circumstances.

    Adopt a Positive Attitude

    Learn to see the potential good in everything. Looking for the good not only boosts morale, it also is excellent for exercising your imagination and creativity.

    Remind Yourself What Is at Stake

    Remember, failure to prepare yourself psychologically to cope with survival leads to reactions such as depression, carelessness, inattention, loss of confidence, poor decision-making, and giving up before the body gives in. At stake is your life and the lives of others who are depending on you to do your share.

    Train

    Through training and life experiences, begin today to prepare yourself to cope with the rigors of survival. Demonstrating your skills in training will give you the confidence to call upon them should the need arise. Remember, the more realistic the training, the less overwhelming an actual survival setting will be.

    Learn Stress Management Techniques

    People under stress have a potential to panic if they are not well trained and not prepared psychologically to face whatever the circumstances may be. While we often cannot control the survival circumstances in which we find ourselves, it is within our ability to control our response to those circumstances. Learning stress management techniques can enhance significantly your capability to remain calm and focused as you work to keep yourself and others alive. A few good techniques to develop include relaxation skills, time management skills, assertiveness skills, and cognitive restructuring skills (the ability to control how you view a situation).

    Remember, the will to survive can also be considered to be the refusal to give up.

    CHAPTER 3

    SURVIVAL PLANNING AND SURVIVAL KITS

    Survival planning is nothing more than realizing something could happen that would put you in a survival situation and, with that in mind, taking steps to increase your chances of survival. Thus, survival planning means preparation.

    Preparation means having survival items and knowing how to use them. People who live in

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