Saint Paul: The Right Man at the Right Time

Contents

Dedication

Preface

Introduction

Chapter 1: The Roman Empire In The Days Of St. Paul And Before

Chapter 1 Study Questions

Chapter 2: Paul of Tarsus

Young Paul

Chapter 2 Review Questions

Chapter 3: Paul the Pharisee

Schools of the Pharisees

Student Day, School of the Pharisees

School of Greek Wisdom

Chapter 3 Study Questions

Chapter 4: The Damascus Road

Paul the Zealot Pharisee

What Angered the Pharisees in Paul’s Time (Brief History of the Pharisees)

Messianic Judaism

Damascus

Change in Destiny on the Damascus Road

Paul’s Conversion

Three Years in the Arabian Desert and Damascus

Chapter 4 Study Questions

Chapter 5: Decadence of Pagan Religions

Chapter 6: Paul’s First MissionThe Spread of Christianity

Chapter 6 Study Questions

Chapter 7: Potential Trouble in Jerusalem The Jerusalem Council

Chapter 7 Study Questions

Chapter 8: Paul’s Second Missionary Journey

Troas

Philippi

Thessalonica

Berea

Athens

Corinth

Aquila and Priscilla

Chapter 8 Study Questions

Chapter 9: The First Letters of St. Paul Galatians 1 & 2 Thessalonians

Galatians

First and Second Thessalonians

First Thessalonians

Second Thessalonians

Chapter 9 Study Questions

Chapter 10: Third Missionary Journey, AD 52-57

Ephesus

Apollos

First and Second Corinthians

First Corinthians

Second Corinthians

Study Question for Chapter 10

Chapter 11: St. Paul and The Collection

The Fundamentals of Paul’s Idea of the Collection

Chapter 11 Study Questions

Chapter 12: Back to Jerusalem Trials and Tribulations

Assurance in the Face of Danger

Felix

Paul Appears before Herod Agrippa II, Bernice and Festus

Chapter 12 Study Questions

Chapter 13: The Book of Romans

Structural Facets of the Book of Romans

Romans Chapter 8

Study Questions for Chapter 13

Chapter 14: A Perilous Sea Voyage to Rome

Chapter 14 Study Questions

Chapter 15: Paul’s Witness in Rome

Chapter 15 Study Questions

Chapter 16: Paul’s Captivity Epistles - Ephesians, Philippians Colossians, Philemon

Ephesians

Philippians

Colossians

Philemon

Chapter 16 Study Questions

Chapter 17: The Pastoral Epistles

First Timothy

Second Timothy

Titus

Chapter 17 Study Questions

Chapter 18: To Die is Gain

Paul’s Final Resting Place

Bibliography

Endnotes

Dedication

My Wife, Sue King Brittle, My Daughter Ashton Leigh Freeman, and Grandson Ryder Luke Freeman

My Parents Irving L. Brittle, Sr, My Mother Helen Patz Brittle

My Sister Linda B. Kines, whose Support and Financial Assistance Made My Two Books Possible

Dr. Charles Stanley

Staff and Technical Persons at Pen House Publishing LLC, Sheridan, WY: Special thanks to Anna Cortez

My New Friends and Fellow Members at First Baptist Clermont, Clermont Florida

St. Paul the Apostle: The Right Man at the Right Time

by Irving L. Brittle, Jr. PEN HOUSE LLC

book review by Barbara Bamberger Scott

Paul was purpose driven and had an ironclad, fearless, never wavering belief system.

After diligent study, author Brittle offers a thorough examination of the New Testament’s Paul the apostle who devoted much of his life to promulgating a spiritual path that would come to be called Christianity. The young Paul, originally named Saul after Israel’s first king, grew up in Tarsus, a thriving industrial and academic center in Anatolia (Turkey). His Jewish parents were Roman citizens, an advantage for Paul in later life, allowing him certain legal protections. His early family life and schooling, as described here, would have been typical for devout Jews of his time. He was zealous in his calling to uphold Jewish law, weeding out and, when necessary, destroying heretical followers of Jesus. Brittle has painstakingly assembled the historical references that follow Paul through his youth, his conversion to Jesus the Messiah, and his establishment and encouragement of newly formed Christ-centered enclaves throughout the Middle East and Europe.

Brittle’s engaging chronology reveals Paul’s evolution: from his dramatic conversion to a broader realization of who Jesus was to his incremental codification of a religion based on Jesus’ example. A man who once had scrupulously defended legalistic Judaism, Paul, as depicted here, was challenged by circumstance to ponder the necessity for such laws as circumcision and animal sacrifice. He was looked to, along with his companions, as an authority for this completely new theology. Through Brittle’s research, a dynamic portrait emerges: a man who cared for all, made no distinction between Gentiles and Jews, walked thousands of miles, and was often in danger or prison while accomplishing the mission he was called to. With study questions at the end of the chapters and a lengthy bibliography, Brittle’s work will likely attract those interested in Paul and the early development of the Christian faith.

Preface

St. Paul the Apostle, 3rd Edition, has been an ongoing work for over six years, and this Third Edition will be my last. The purpose of the Third Edition titled St. Paul the Apostle: The Right Man at the Right Time is again to include new information, rearrange several chapters at the suggestions of those whose opinions I respect, and to ‘do more justice to St. Paul the Apostle.’

In 2013, I determined I was going to read the Bible - cover to cover. But I found that was not enough; I had to ‘study’ the Bible if I was going to receive a true meaning of God’s Word in the Old and New Testaments. I got ‘stuck’ in the Book of Acts with-and when a man named Paul of Tarsus captured my attention and has ever since. Next to Jesus Christ in the New Testament, St. Paul was the Christian who can arguably be the most influential person in the New Testament. After his encounter with the ‘living Christ on the Damascus road,’ his ‘appointment and charge from Christ’ as the man to spread the Gospel of Jesus Christ to both Gentiles and the Jews, and his new theology of Christ written into his many Epistles to churches in the Roman Empire, there is much to absorb.

St. Paul was a very complex man with a history and life worthy of further study from theological and historical perspectives. He was ‘the foot soldier’ in charge of spreading this new religion, originally known as ‘the Way;’ later the followers were called Christians. Interestingly, this directive from Christ ran counter to everything Paul believed earlier in his life as a devout Jew and ‘Zealous Pharisee.’

When reading through the book and learning the many aspects of Paul’s life, you will appreciate Paul as a very resilient, strong, strong-willed man who never lost sight of his mission to spread the Gospel of Jesus Christ. Paul, on several occasions faced execution for his new beliefs. One of many ways he spread his new gospel of Christ was through his writings (Epistles). Paul was a prolific writer as evidenced by his thirteen Epistles in the New Testament.

As in the first-two editions of St. Paul the Apostle, I have tried to keep the information and story ‘basic,’ a polished mosaic, again with the hope that someone may use the book to teach a Sunday School class on St. Paul. I did not want a book ‘loaded with facts,’ but there are thousands of sources about Paul; what you read in the book is a ‘small tip of the iceberg’ on the life of St. Paul.

The book is in a sense a ‘shotgun approach’ to the fascinating story of St. Paul (as I believe I know him), his Epistles, and with a ‘touch’ of his theology as it developed (the exception is the chapter on the Book of Romans). The book is duly footnoted with scripture and verses directly from the Bible—the Word of God—hard to argue with the Bible! You will also find ‘Study Questions’ at the end of the chapters to help focus on the main facts I am trying to convey.

I have authored a second book, second edition, It’s Not Rocket Science: The Theology of St. Paul that addresses his theology, and again based on scripture. If you desire to further your study of St. Paul, please refer to the Bibliography and the many ‘Biblical academicians, scholars, and theologians’ who have dedicated their entire lives to the life and works of St. Paul.

Welcome to the Life of

St. Paul the Apostle:

The Right Man at the Right Time

Introduction

St. Paul the Apostle: The Right Man at the Right Time is a biography-autobiography, commentary, narrative with dialogue straight from St. Paul as St. Luke ‘wrote and recorded’ in the Book of Acts—‘a historical story.’ Paul ‘earned’ the title ‘Apostle to the Gentiles,’ and how he earned the title is a full, rich, challenging, and multifaceted story; one that included a questionable early life and a career as a Zealot, a Zealot Pharisee.

The chronology of events and history that occurred during Paul’s lifetime is as specific as can be determined through historical, biographical, and biblical data. It was interesting to unearth new and relevant historical information concerning his life and death; for instance, the parents of Jesus Christ and the parents of Paul ‘may’ have lived within miles of each other when each was born.

The book is amply footnoted, including footnotes specifying Biblical verses adding to the ‘where abouts’ of Paul during specific times and years of his life. The footnotes are also ‘a treasure trove’ of authors who can help you ‘dig deeper’ into specific times and events in Paul’s life; my hope is you consider doing just that.

St. Paul the Apostle is also a book of ‘hope.’ St. Paul’s entire life was built on the hope people he reached would listen to the Gospel of Jesus Christ and respond in faith especially after his Damascus road experience. The times between the Damascus road event and St. Paul’s final years in prison in Rome frames the true story of the man whose entire life was purpose driven with an underlying ‘hope’ he would effectively spread the Gospel of Christ to the Jews and Gentiles of that era.

Paul was not just another ‘idle babbling prophet,’ as Epicurean and Stoic philosophers flippantly remarked in Athens and ‘certainly not out of his mind’ when questioned by Festus and Herod Agrippa II during his trials in Caesarea before being sent off to Rome to be tried before Caesar (Nero). Paul was a man of deep conviction whose life and thought processes were ‘radically’ changed from a Zealous Pharisee to St. Paul the ‘Apostle to the Gentiles’ over an approximately 30+ year period.

A question often arises as to whether Paul was a theologian, a missionary, or pastor. The implicit answer to the question is—‘yes!’ St. Luke’s Book of Acts and Paul’s Epistles provide us with a portrait of a warm-hearted pastor, insightful theologian, and passionate evangelist.

One of my favorite and early descriptions of St. Paul’s personality was written in the book by Thomas D. Lea and David Alan Black titled The New Testament: It’s Background and Message:

"Paul’s personality was as varied and sparkling as a multifaceted diamond. In matters of doctrinal importance, he could be as unbending as hardened steel. In debatable issues he was pliable as rubber.

His relationships with his churches alternated between supportive love and strong, but compassionate rebuke. Paul’s love for his converts shines brilliantly in each of his letters.

His will could be unyielding under pressure, he was not easily discouraged, nor did trials fill him with self-pity."

You will find St. Paul had amazing physical stamina. When not traveling by boat, ‘he walked’—thousands of miles over the course of his three missions (possibly six). During his first mission, he visited the city of Lystra in Asia Minor. There were those in Lystra (Judaizers) who did not embellish his new Gospel of Christ, and he was dragged from the city and stoned—‘left for dead.’ Of course, he recovered and never easily deterred, he stayed in Lystra another day, and left for Derbe with his companion Barnabas. Again, he visited the city later during his first mission and during his second mission.

During my time in writing St. Paul the Apostle, I was asked on several occasions, What did Paul ‘look like?’ From pictures and statues, one might assume he was tall; some representations had him with long hair, some bald, often armed with a sword. There is no physical description of Paul in any version of contemporary Bibles I researched.

I did find a story in The Lost Books of the Bible and Forgotten Books of Eden about Paul and one of his disciples and followers, Thecla, that may provide a clue. Many of the early third and fourth century writers back the story as true and original such as Cyprian, a Christian theologian and bishop of Carthage later to be the first Bishop martyred in Africa in 258 AD. Another was Eusebius, a learned scholar who lived most likely in Caesarea in Palestine. His greatest contribution is Historia Ecclesiastica (Church History), and extensive history of the Christian Church from the time of the apostles until AD 323. There were also Epiphanius and Sulpicius Severus, both fourth-century ecclesiastical writers.

The Lost Books of the Bible and Forgotten Books of Eden is not considered one of the original books of early Christianity. It is published from a Greek MS (review) in the Bodleian Library at Oxford and was copied, translated, and transmitted to Dr. Grabe at Oxford.

‘Thecla became a disciple of the early Christian church and was a student and follower of St. Paul in Asia Minor.’ Consider the following verses from the chapter entitled The Acts of Paul and Thecla:

"And a certain man named Onesiphorus, hearing that Paul was coming to Iconium, went out speedily to meet him together with his wife Lectra, and his sons Simmia and Zeno, to invite him to their home.

For Titus had provided them a description of Paul’s personage, they, as yet, not knowing him in person but only being acquainted with his character.

They went to the king’s highway to Lystra, and stood there waiting for him, comparing all who passed-by with a description which Titus had provided.

At length they saw a man coming [namely Paul], of a low stature, bald (or shaved head), crooked thighs, handsome legs, hollowed-eyed, had a crooked nose, full of grace; for sometimes he appeared as a man, sometimes he had the countenance of an angel. And Paul saw Onesiphorus and was glad.

And Onesiphorus said: ‘Hail, thou servant of the blessed God.’ Paul replied, ‘The grace of God be with thee and thy family.’"

Paul was the most significant missionary in the history of the early Christian church. He brought to his missionary task an intense fearless driving personality with a commitment to, and faith in Jesus Christ. As one further studies the life of St. Paul, it becomes evident that he was centered-in and walked in Christ (Christocentric), and Paul as formerly mentioned, almost lost his life on several occasions due to his ‘fearlessness and never backing down’ from his newfound belief and faith in Jesus Christ. As a new Christian in the Roman era, he certainly had his fair share of ‘trials and tribulations.’ He was jailed seven times during his ministry, beaten, and often simply run out of cities where he delivered his message, often by his fellow Jews.

Paul was a man of enormous physical and mental stamina. He faced many hardships and court-like trials, as expressed in the letters to his churches and his closest companions. "His ability to withstand this variety of rigorous experiences testifies to his resilience and durability." He learned the skills of being content amid the extremes of both poverty and plenty.

Paul could function tactfully in various delicate situations, when he discussed the subject of ‘giving’ (‘the collection’ for the impoverished Jews in Judea) with the Corinthian Christian church. His flexibility did not indicate weakness as he attempted to understand the viewpoints of the believers. In his personal relationships, Paul maintained his principles without showing deceit.

Paul aimed his fiercest outbursts at those who tried to mislead his converts and fired vehement rebukes at Jewish legalists (Judaizers) who attempted