Latinos in Nevada: A Political, Economic, and Social Profile

Migration, Demography & Environmental Change: Global Challenges

Series Editors: Tiffiany Howard and Nerses Kopalyan

With nationwide population increases driven primarily by recent immigrants and their children, the United States is currently ranked as the third most populous country and has the highest population growth of all the industrialized nations. Of particular significance is that contemporary migratory patterns have altered the country’s demographics to such an extent that it is projected ethnic and racial minorities will comprise a majority of the U.S. population by 2042. Migration, Demography & Environmental Change: Global Challenges promotes works that investigate U.S. migration and population change as these factors relate to the fields of political science, public policy, history, ethnic studies, environmental affairs, sociology, anthropology, education, public health and the health sciences, as well as legal studies.

Latinos in Nevada: A Political, Economic, and Social Profile

John P. Tuman, Tiffiany Howard, David F. Damore, and Nerses Kopalyan

Latinos in Nevada

A POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, AND SOCIAL PROFILE

John P. Tuman

Tiffiany Howard

David F. Damore

Nerses Kopalyan

UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA PRESS

Reno & Las Vegas

The publication is funded in part by a grant from Nevada Humanities and the National Endowment for the Humanities.

Migration, Demography & Environmental Change : Global Challenges Series

Series Editor: Tiffiany Howard and Nerses Kopalyan

University of Nevada Press, Reno, Nevada 89557 USA

Copyright © 2021 by University of Nevada Press

All rights reserved

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA

Names: Tuman, John P. (John Peter), 1964– author. | Howard, Tiffiany, author. | Damore, David F., 1970– author. | Kopalyan, Nerses, author.

Title: Latinos in Nevada : a political, economic, and social profile / John P. Tuman, Tiffiany Howard, David F. Damore, Nerses Kopalyan.

Description: Reno : University of Nevada Press, [2021] | Series: Migration, demography & environmental change : global challenges series | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Summary: Latinos in Nevada: A Political, Economic, and Social Profile provides a political, economic, and demographic profile of contemporary Latinos in Nevada. Adopting an interdisciplinary perspective, the authors examine Latino history, growth, and trends in employment, education, and health, and analyze the dynamics of political participation and civic engagement— Provided by publisher.

Identifiers: LCCN 2020045090 (print) | LCCN 2020045091 (ebook) | ISBN 9781948908986 (paperback) | ISBN 9781948908993 (ebook)

Subjects: LCSH: Hispanic Americans—Nevada—Politics and government—21st century. | Hispanic Americans—Nevada—Economic conditions—21st century. | Hispanic Americans—Nevada—Social conditions—21st century. | Hispanic Americans—Nevada—History. | Nevada—Emigration and immigration.

Classification: LCC F850.S75 T86 2021 (print) | LCC F850.S75 (ebook) | DDC 979.3/0046800905—dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020045090

LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020045091

Manufactured in the United States of America

25  24  23  22  21          5  4  3  2  1

Contents

List of Illustrations

Acknowledgments

1. Introduction—A History

2. Immigration

3. Political Profile

4. The Great Recession, Labor Market Conditions, and Employment

5. The Social Determinants of Health

6. Educational Access and Outcomes

7. Conclusion—The Future

Appendix

Notes

Bibliography

Index

About the Authors

Illustrations

Figures

1.1.   Population of City of Las Vegas, 1900–2010

1.2.   Projected US Population Estimates, by Race/Ethnicity, 2015 and 2065

2.1.   Fertility Rates in Mexico, Guatemala, and El Salvador, 1975–2010

2.2.   Real Wage Trends in Mexico, Guatemala, and El Salvador, 1980–2010

2.3.   Index of Comparative Hourly Compensation Costs in Mexican Manufacturing, 1996–2011

2.4.   Interstate Migration in Nevada (All Groups)

2.5.   Interstate Migration Index in Nevada (Base Year, 2007=100)

2.6.   Interstate Migration of the Latino Population in Nevada, 2007–2011

2.7.   Interstate Migration Index of the Latino Population in Nevada (Base Year, 2007=100)

2.8.   Interstate Migration of the Foreign-Born Latino Population in Nevada, 2007–2011

2.9.   Interstate Migration Index of the Foreign-Born Latino Population in Nevada (Base Year, 2007=100)

3.1.   Number of Latinos Serving in the Nevada Legislature, 2001–2013

3.2.   Exit Poll Estimates of the Racial and Ethnic Composition of the Nevada Electorate, 2000–2012

3.3.   Current Population Survey Estimates of Latino Electoral Participation, 2000–2012

3.4.   Difference Between Vote Share and Age-Eligible Share by Race, 2000–2012

3.5.   Variation in the Presidential Vote among Nevada Latinos, 2012

3.6.   Perceptions of Obama’s and Romney’s Attitudes toward the Latino Community and Impact of Immigration-Related Issues on Enthusiasm for Obama and Romney among Nevada Latino Voters, 2012

3.7.   Policy Preferences of Nevada Latino Voters for Selective Issues, 2012

3.8.   Perceptions of the Most Important Problem Facing the Latino Community among Nevada Latino Voters, 2012

3.9.   Motivation for Voting among Nevada Latino Voters, 2012

3.10. Motivations for Voting and Policy Preferences of Nevada’s Latino Voters for Selective Issues, 2016

3.11. Variation in the Presidential Vote among Nevada Latinos, 2016

4.1.   Latino Labor Force Participation Rate in Nevada (Percent of Latino Civilian Labor Force), 2003–2014

4.2.   Latino Labor Force Participation Rate for Men and Women, Nevada, 1997–2015

4.3.   Latino Employment Status in Nevada, 1997–2012

4.4.   Latino Unemployment Rate in Nevada, 2002–2015

4.5.   Duration of Unemployment among Latinos in Nevada, 2006–2014

4.6.   Unemployment Rate among Latino Males, Females, Ages 16–19, in Nevada, 1997–2015

4.7.   Unemployment Rates for African Americans, Asians, Latinos, and Whites in Nevada, 2002–2015

4.8.   Latino Employment in Nevada, by Sectors (Percent of Latinos Employed), 2003–2014

5.1.   Leading Causes of Death, Nevada, 2014

5.2.   Chronic Disease Prevalence by Race in Nevada, 2011

5.3.   Obesity Rate by Race and Ethnicity in Nevada, 2016

5.4.   Nevada Factors Related to Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior among Adolescents, by Race/Ethnicity, 2013

5.5.   Nevada Percent of Adults Reporting Any Exercise Other Than Their Job, by Race/Ethnicity, 2014

5.6.   Nevada Selected Factors Related to Nutrition among Adolescents, by Race/Ethnicity, 2015

5.7.   Estimated HIV Incidence Among Persons 13 years of Age and Older, by Race/Ethnicity, 2014–2018

5.8.   Estimated Adults and Adolescents Diagnosed with HIV, by Race/Ethnicity, Nevada, 2015

5.9.   Percentage of Adult Individuals Diagnosed with Mental Illness Receiving Mental Health Treatment Services, by Race/Ethnicity, 2015

5.10. Prevalence of Adult Depression by Race/Ethnicity, Clark County, 2015

5.11. Percentages of Suicides by Method in Nevada, 2010

5.12. Clark County Suicide Death Rate by Race/Ethnicity, 2008–2018

5.13. Clark County Age-Adjusted Suicide Death Rate by Race/Ethnicity, 2014–2016

5.14. Suicide Death Rate in Nevada versus Nationwide by Race/Ethnicity, 2016

5.15. Alcohol Dependence or Abuse among Individuals Ages 12 or Older in Nevada and the United States, 2009–2013

5.16. Nevada Substance Use and Abuse among Adults, by Race/Ethnicity, 2014

5.17. Nevada Substance Use and Abuse among Adolescents by Race/Ethnicity, 2015

5.18. Nevada Use of Prescription Drugs and Illicit Substances among Adolescents, by Race/Ethnicity, 2015

5.19. Percentage of the Registered Nurse Population by Race and Ethnicity in Nevada, 2013

5.20. Percentage of Nonelderly Uninsured in the United States, by Race/Ethnicity, 2012

5.21. Percentage of Nevada and US Population Without Health Insurance, by Race/Ethnicity, 2016

6.1.   Latino Postsecondary Enrollments, 2009–2014

6.2.   Latino High School Graduation Trends, 2009–2014

7.1.   Nevada’s Hispanic Population by Race, 2010

7.2.   Nevada’s Hispanic Population by Origin Region, 2010

7.3.   ICE Removals under Obama and Trump Administrations, 2015–2019

7.4.   ICE Interior Removals under Obama and Trump Administrations, 2015–2019

A.1.   US Population Projection, 1990–2050 (In Percentages)

Maps

3.1.   Voting-Age Population and Latino-Voter Turnout in Clark County Assembly Districts, 2012

3.2.   Voting-Age Population and Latino-Voter Turnout in Clark County Senate Districts, 2012

A.1.   Intermountain West Region–The Suicide Belt (2000–2006)

A.2.   Percent of US Population that is Foreign-Born, 2010

A.3.   Net Domestic Migration Per 1,000 Residents, July 1, 2016–July 1, 2017

Tables

2.1.   Age Distribution of Nevada’s Latino Population, 2011

2.2.   Reasons for Immigration to United States for Mexican-Born Respondents Living in Nevada and Nationally, 2006

2.3.   Education Attainment among Foreign-Born Latinos, Nevada, 2011

2.4.   Occupation of Nevada Latinos Born in Mexico and Central America, 2011

2.5.   Top States of Origin for Migrants into Nevada, 2007–2011

2.6.   Top Destination States for Migrants from Nevada, 2007–2011

3.1.   Latino Composition of Nevada’s US House of Representatives Districts, 2012

3.2.   Percentage of the Latino Voting-Age Population Relative to the Total Voting-Age Population in the State Legislative Districts, 2012

5.1.   Percentage of Clark County School District Kindergarten and First-Grade Students Vaccinated at 36 Months of Age by Race/Ethnicity, 2009–2010 School Year

5.2.   Serious Psychological Distress among Adults 18 Years of Age and Older, by Percent of Poverty Level, 2013–2014

5.3.   Mental Health by Race in Clark County, 2012

6.1.   High School Dropout Rates by Race/Ethnicity, 2007–2017

6.2.   Twelfth-Grade Dropout Rates, 2014–2017

6.3.   Graduation Rates, by Race/Ethnicity, 2007–2016

6.4.   Improvement in Graduation Rates by Ethnicity, 2007/2008 and 2016/2017

6.5.   Percentage of High School Graduates Enrolling in Postsecondary Institutions

6.6.   Number of Latino Students Enrolled in NSHE Two-Year Programs, 2005–2015

6.7.   Enrollment in NSHE Four-Year Institutions, by Race/Ethnicity, 2005–2015

6.8.   Percentage of Enrollment in NSHE Four-Year Institutions, by Race/Ethnicity, 2005–2015

6.9.   UNR Graduation Rates by Race/Ethnicity, 2005–2015

6.10. UNLV Graduation Rates by Race/Ethnicity, 2005–2015

7.1.   Latino Population in Nevada, by Country of Origin, 2010

7.2.   Languages Spoken in Nevada, 2016

A.1.  Percent of Health-Care Graduates in Nevada, by Race and Ethnicity, 2015

Acknowledgments

This book grew out of a research project directed by John P. Tuman and David F. Damore, and supported by Brookings Mountain West, a partnership between the Brookings Institution in Washington, DC, and UNLV. Parts of chapters 2, 3, and 4 present revised and updated material that appeared originally in working papers for Brookings Mountain West. We are grateful to Robert Lang, William Brown, and Caitlin Saladino, all of Brookings Mountain West, for their comments and suggestions. In addition, some material on civic engagement, in chapter 7, is adapted and updated from Tuman (2009). His study of Latino civic and political engagement was funded by the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.

We would like to acknowledge our former students Maria José Flor Ágreda, David Snyder, and Samantha Burtch for research assistance. Professor Jaewon Lim also assisted with analysis of the public use microdata samples (PUMS) on interstate migration. In addition, we thank two anonymous reviewers for their extensive comments on the completed manuscript, and Clark Whitehorn, former executive editor of the University of Nevada Press, for helping to bring this book to fruition. We are also grateful for the support of JoAnne Banducci in procuring a Nevada Humanities publication grant, and the assistance of Sara Vélez Mallea, Sara Hendricksen, and Iris Saltus, all with the University of Nevada Press. Paul Szydelko, our copyeditor, provided useful comments that enhanced the quality of the book. The university community has also provided a great deal of support along the way. In particular, we are thankful to our colleagues in the Department of Political Science and the Liberal Arts Dean’s Office. Finally, we thank our families for support.

CHAPTER 1

Introduction—A History

The Southwest region of the United States has had a Hispanic presence for more than 400 years. Historical accounts reveal a long history of Hispanic settlement in the region that began with the establishment of the Spanish colonial territory of New Spain in 1521.¹ For 300 years, the Southwest, including what is present-day Nevada, was controlled by Spain, until Mexico established its independence from Spain on August 24, 1821. For more than twenty years, Mexico would retain control of the territory that now comprises the states of Texas, California, New Mexico, Utah, Arizona, Nevada, and areas of Colorado and Wyoming.² Mexico would eventually lose control of this territory to the United States after its defeat in the Mexican-American War of 1848.³ And two years later, in 1850, with the first US Census that provided detailed household information, we began to have data confirming the enduring and impactful presence of Hispanics and Latinos in the Southwest, and specifically in the territory that would later become the state of Nevada.

Origins of Nevada’s Early Hispanic/Latino Population

Critics and supporters of the term Hispanic ascribe varied meanings to the word. In New Mexico and other parts of the Southwest, many embrace the term Hispano (Hispanic in Spanish) as a term of ethnic identification. Many of those who reject the word’s usage often associate it with the colonial power of Spain and its enslavement and oppression of the native indigenous population in the region. Thus, contemporary references to this group exhibit a preference for the usage of the term(s) Latino/a/x.⁴ Throughout this book, the terms Hispanic and Latino will be used interchangeably, reflecting the comprehensiveness of both words, as well as acknowledging the evolution of cultural preferences. That is why in this opening chapter we begin by deconstructing the term Hispanic and contextualize its general meaning, as well as its intended meaning for the purposes of this work.

At its most basic level, Hispanic refers to the collective identity of a people with direct ethnic, sociocultural, and linguistic linkages to Spain, and by extension the Spanish-speaking countries of Latin America and the Caribbean—but excluding that of Brazil, Haiti, and all other non-Spanish speaking countries in the region. Ethnically, Hispanics are predominantly descended from the unions between indigenous Americans and early Spanish settlers. At the same time, a combination of the substantial presence of African Moors in Spain, several of whom took part in early Spanish expeditions, and the burgeoning African slave trade that began in the 1440s, has contributed to the further diversification of the Hispanic ethnic identity. As a result, Hispanics may be purely European, Indigenous, or African, a combination of two of the three groups, or a blend of all three.

Socioculturally, Hispanics reflect cultural traditions inherited from the Iberian Peninsula that were altered and transformed by the influences of indigenous and African traditions, and developed in the Americas. While no group is monolithic and there will always be variations in religious traditions, the majority of Hispanics maintain religious affiliation to the Roman Catholic Church. Finally, the primary unifier among Hispanics is the Spanish language, although the dialect varies across regions.

Mining, Ranching, and Hispanic/Latino Settlement in Nevada

Hispanic and Latino settlers established homesteads on the sites of mining discoveries in several areas in Nevada. Many of these places are easily identified in the historical record by their Spanish-origin names. In the early 1800s, the town of Montezuma was established and mined by Spaniards, and later by Mexicans. Montezuma was near Goldfield, in what is now Esmeralda County. The town was abandoned in the mid-1800s, but American miners settled there after the discovery of gold and silver in 1867.

With the 1859 discovery of the Comstock Lode in western Nevada (then Utah Territory), other settlements were quickly established in the state. Hispanics from several Latin American countries were among this first group of settlers, coming primarily from the state of Sonora in northern Mexico and from Chile. During this time period of the late 1850s, early 1860s, Hispanics of Mexican origin established the town of Guadalajara, Nevada, which was named after its Mexican counterpart. On the eastern side of the Toiyabe Range in central Nevada, the town was established on the site where Mexican settlers discovered gold and silver in the area.

During the early mining boom in Nevada, Mexicans contributed to the smelting operations for silver, bringing techniques from Mexico that included the patio process in arrastra mills.⁵ Chilean immigrants also made important contributions, but by the 1860s, competitive pressures from newer mines displaced some Latino miners. In particular, the introduction of the Washoe process reduced the time required for processing, giving newer mines an edge in efficiency.⁶ But Mexicans and Latinos were also central to the mining sector in other ways. Mexicans who migrated to the region provided the majority of the labor in the mining sector. As a result, the Mexican people were central to the establishment and advancement of mining interests in the state. Nevada towns such as Candelaria and Cortez were erected on profitable mining sites and largely populated by Mexican settlers; and for many decades Mexicans would retain exclusive control of the richest mines in these areas. However, by the late 1880s, Mexican control had eroded with the substantial influx of American settlers from the East and California.

Despite the displacement of Latino settlers for control of the mining industry, Hispanics played a key role in the development of Nevada’s mining industry from the very beginning. With the mining boom in Nevada and the subsequent population increase, a demand for meat also rose sharply. This would lead to the establishment of some of Nevada’s earliest sheep and cattle ranches, several of which were owned by Hispanics. Consequently, with the emergence of Nevada’s two biggest economic industries—mining and ranching—Hispanics were instrumental in establishing some of Nevada’s earliest towns as they put down roots to take advantage of the state’s burgeoning economy.

Immigration to Nevada was at its peak in the 1860s, and Hispanic immigrants featured prominently in the growth and expansion of the state. Responding to population demand, cattle and sheepherders turned to ranching, and several Hispanics became owners of some of Nevada’s earliest ranches.

The most notable Hispanic-owned ranch was the Spanish Ranch in northeastern Nevada. Owned by the Altube brothers, who were Basques, the Spanish Ranch was comprised of approximately 60,000 acres of land, and it was well known for being primarily run by Mexican ranch hands and general laborers. The Spanish Ranch operated under the Altube brothers from 1871, but with the death of Pedro Altube in 1905 it was sold to several private owners in 1907. The Spanish Ranch is considered one of the largest, richest, and most prominent ranching empires to ever exist in Nevada, and the lands that were originally held by the Altube brothers continue to provide livestock to Northern Nevadans.⁷

The Railroads and Nevada’s Expanding Hispanic/Latino Population

The expansion of railroad lines into the Southwest spurred an increasing demand for low-cost labor. Mexican railroad workers were first hired during the 1880s to work on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. At that time, only a handful of Mexican laborers were working for the railroad companies in the region, but by the turn of the century the Southern Pacific Railroad employed more than 4,500 Mexicans. The increasing number of Mexican laborers meant a significant increase in the region’s overall Hispanic population as workers brought their families with them.⁸ Estimates suggest that from 1910 to 1917, the United States received about 300,000 Mexicans—an average of 48,000 each year—with the majority of the migrants coming to work on the railroads.

The San Pedro, Los Angeles and Salt Lake Railroad would begin construction in 1901 in Pomona, California. The development of the interstate railroad fueled additional demand for labor, thereby leading to an influx of Mexican and Latino workers into Southern Nevada. As such, Mexicans were among the first residents of the town of Las Vegas when it was founded in 1905. And by 1911, the Dillingham Commission, which was responsible for reporting on the status of immigrants in the United States, determined that Mexican migrants were responsible for the majority of the railroad construction work that took place in the rough, largely uninhabited terrain of Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, and Southern California.⁹ By 1930, railroad crews in Southern Nevada and the surrounding areas were primarily comprised of Mexican workers, with estimates suggesting that 70 percent of the railroad labor force being of Mexican descent.¹⁰

For most of the laborers working on the railroads, work began to slow and disappeared entirely with the Great Depression of the 1930s; however, Mexican workers managed to maintain their predominant presence in railroad positions, despite the failing economy. This was because railroad companies paid these workers a minimal wage, and much like undocumented laborers today, in the absence of citizenship status and union protections, Mexican workers were not in any position to advocate for higher wages. With the onset of the Great Depression and the scarcity of railroad positions that were almost exclusively held by Mexican migrants, race relations deteriorated significantly among European Americans, African Americans, and Mexicans in Nevada. Despite the hardening of race relations and increasing public disapproval, Mexican workers continued to provide most of the labor in the railroad industry for more than two decades as they laid new rail and maintained existing lines in the region.

Hispanics/Latinos in Nevada after World War II

As noted, Latinos have been present in Nevada in substantial numbers since the mid-1800s. However, with the transient industries of mining and the railroad, many Latinos would only stay in one area temporarily, migrating throughout the Southwest to follow available work or opportunities. A large number of Hispanics did not begin to settle permanently in the state of Nevada until World War II when the US established the Bracero Program.

Because of the rise of unemployment, from 1929 to 1933, and again in 1936, the US government engaged in mass deportation of Mexicans. At least 500,000 Mexicans were repatriated during this period, most estimates suggest.¹¹ World War II created a dire labor shortage in the US, as able-bodied men were drafted and sent to war in Europe or the South Pacific. To address the