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    The Tragedies of Sophocles
    The Tragedies of Sophocles
    The Tragedies of Sophocles
    Ebook341 pages5 hours

    The Tragedies of Sophocles

    By Jennie L. Schulze

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    About this ebook

    Sophocles is one of three ancient Greek tragedians, at least one of whose plays has wholly survived. For nearly fifty years, he was the most renowned playwright in the dramatic competitions of the city-state of Athens, during the religious festivals. This collection features the seven tragedies by him that have survived in full.
    Contents include:
    Oedipus the King⁠
    Oedipus at Colonus⁠
    Antigone⁠
    Ajax⁠
    Electra⁠
    Trachiniae⁠
    Philoctetes⁠
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherGood Press
    Release dateApr 10, 2021
    ISBN4064066463229
    The Tragedies of Sophocles
    Author

    Jennie L. Schulze

    Sophocles (c.496–405 BC) was an ancient Greek tragedian. Of his more than 120 plays, only seven have survived in a complete form: Ajax, Antigone, Women of Trachis, Oedipus Rex, Electra, Philoctetes and Oedipus at Colonus.

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      Book preview

      The Tragedies of Sophocles - Jennie L. Schulze

      Sophocles

      The Tragedies of Sophocles

      Published by Good Press, 2022

      [email protected]

      EAN 4064066463229

      Table of Contents

      The Tragedies of Sophocles, translated into English prose

      Oedipus the King

      Oedipus at Colonus

      Antigone

      Ajax

      Electra

      Trachiniae

      Philoctetes

      The Tragedies of Sophocles, translated into English prose

      Table of Contents

      Footnote

      Table of Contents

      In writing this translation as an adjunct to a commentary on Sophocles, the author had no intention of publishing it separately; but he has seen reason to think that, by doing so, he may meet the convenience of some readers. The brief introduction here prefixed to each play supplies τὰ ἔξω τῆς τραγῳδίας,—the events which are supposed to have occurred before the moment at which the drama begins.

      Cambridge

      ,

      August 1904.

      CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

      C. F. CLAY, Manager

      London: FETTER LANE, E.C.

      Edinburgh: 100 PRINCES STREET

      The Steam Turbine, 1911 - Cambridge University Press logo.png

      New York: G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS

      Bombay, Calcutta and Madras: MACMILLAN AND CO.,

      Ltd

      .

      Toronto: J. M. DENT AND SONS,

      Ltd

      .

      Tokyo: THE MARUZEN-KABUSHIKI-KAISHA

      Oedipus the King

      Table of Contents

      For other English-language translations of this work, see Oedipus Rex.

      OEDIPUS THE KING.

      Table of Contents

      ​Laius, son of Labdacus, King of Thebes, had been told at Delphi by the oracle that a son would be born to him who should slay him. When his wife Iocasta bore a son, the babe was given by its mother to a Theban shepherd, to expose on Mount Cithaeron. This man, in pity, gave it to a Corinthian shepherd whom he met in the hills, who took it to Corinth; and there the child was brought up as the son of King Polybus and his wife Merope.

      Years went by. Once at a feast the young Oedipus was taunted with not being really the son of Polybus. He went to ask the oracle at Delphi; and was told that it was his destiny to slay his father and to wed his mother. He resolved never to go near Corinth again, and took the road leading eastwards into Boeotia. On his way he met Laius, King of Thebes, at the 'Branching Roads' in Phocis, without knowing who he was. A quarrel occurred: Oedipus slew Laius, and three of his four attendants. The fourth, who escaped, was the Theban shepherd who in old days had received the infant from Iocasta.

      Oedipus continued his journey, and reached Thebes at the time when it was being plagued by the Sphinx. He guessed the monster's riddle, and the Sphinx hurled herself from a rock. Oedipus was made King of Thebes, and married Iocasta. Soon afterwards the shepherd sought an audience of the Queen, and earnestly prayed that he might be sent to tend flocks in certain distant pastures. She readily granted the boon; it was a small thing for an old and faithful servant to ask.

      About sixteen years have passed since then, and Iocasta has borne two sons and two daughters to Oedipus.

      But now a great calamity has visited Thebes: there is a blight on the fruits of the earth: a pestilence is desolating the city. While offerings are made at the altars, a band of suppliants, old and young, is led by the Priest of Zeus into the presence of the wise King. He, if any mortal, can help them.

      OEDIPUS THE KING.

      Table of Contents

      Oedipus.

      My children, latest-born to Cadmus who was of old, why are ye set before me thus with wreathed branches of suppliants, while the city reeks with incense, rings with prayers for health and cries of woe? I deemed it unmeet, my children, to hear these things at the mouth of others, and have come hither myself, I, Oedipus renowned of all.

      Tell me, then, thou venerable man—since it is thy natural part to speak for 10these—in what mood are ye placed here, with what dread or what desire? Be sure that I would gladly give all aid; hard of heart were I, did I not pity such suppliants as these.

      Priest of Zeus.

      Nay, Oedipus, ruler of my land, thou seest of what years we are who beset thy altars,—some, nestlings still too tender for far flights,—some, bowed with age, priests, as I of Zeus,—and these, the chosen youth; while the rest of the folk sit with wreathed branches in the market-places, and before the two shrines of Pallas,20 and where Ismenus gives answer by fire.

      ​For the city, as thou thyself seest, is now too sorely vexed, and can no more lift her head from beneath the angry waves of death; a blight is on her in the fruitful blossoms of the land, in the herds among the pastures, in the barren pangs of women; and withal the flaming god, the malign plague, hath swooped on us, and ravages the town; by whom the house of Cadmus is made waste, 30but dark Hades rich in groans and tears.

      It is not as deeming thee ranked with gods that I and these children are suppliants at thy hearth, but as deeming thee first of men, both in life's common chances, and when mortals have to do with more than man: seeing that thou camest to the town of Cadmus, and didst quit us of the tax that we rendered to the hard songstress; and this, though thou knewest nothing from us that could avail thee, nor hadst been schooled; no, by a god's aid, 'tis said and believed, didst thou uplift our life.

      40And now, Oedipus, king glorious in all eyes, we beseech thee, all we suppliants, to find for us some succour, whether by the whisper of a god thou knowest it, or haply as in the power of man; for I see that, when men have been proved in deeds past, the issues of their counsels, too, most often have effect.

      On, best of mortals, again uplift our State! On, guard thy fame,—since now this land calls thee saviour for thy former zeal; and never be it our memory of thy reign that we were first restored and afterward cast down: 50nay, lift up this State in such wise that it fall no more!

      With good omen didst thou give us that past ​happiness; now also show thyself the same. For if thou art to rule this land, even as thou art now its lord, 'tis better to be lord of men than of a waste: since neither walled town nor ship is anything, if it is void and no men dwell with thee therein.

      Oe. Oh my piteous children, known, well known to me are the desires wherewith ye have come: well wot I that ye suffer all; 60yet, sufferers as ye are, there is not one of you whose suffering is as mine. Your pain comes on each one of you for himself alone, and for no other; but my soul mourns at once for the city, and for myself, and for thee.

      So that ye rouse me not, truly, as one sunk in sleep: no, be sure that I have wept full many tears, gone many ways in wanderings of thought. And the sole remedy which, well pondering, I could find, this I have put into act. I have sent the son of Menoeceus, Creon, mine own wife's brother, to the Pythian house of Phoebus, 70to learn by what deed or word I might deliver this town. And already, when the lapse of days is reckoned, it troubles me what he doth; for he tarries strangely, beyond the fitting space. But when he comes, then shall I be no true man if I do not all that the god shows.

      Pr. Nay, in season hast thou spoken; at this moment these sign to me that Creon draws near.

      Oe. O king Apollo, may he come to us in the 80brightness of saving fortune, even as his face is bright!

      Pr. Nay, to all seeming, he brings comfort; else would he not be coming crowned thus thickly with berry-laden bay.

      Oe. We shall know soon: he is at range to ​hear.—Prince, my kinsman, son of Menoeceus, what news hast thou brought us from the god?

      Creon.

      Good news: I tell thee that even troubles hard to bear,—if haply they find the right issue,—will end in perfect peace.

      Oe. But what is the oracle? So far, thy words make me neither bold nor yet afraid.90

      Cr. If thou wouldest hear while these are nigh, I am ready to speak; or else to go within.

      Oe. Speak before all: the sorrow which I bear is for these more than for mine own life.

      Cr. With thy leave, I will tell what I heard from the god. Phoebus our lord bids us plainly to drive out a defiling thing, which (he saith) hath been harboured in this land, and not to harbour it, so that it cannot be healed.

      Oe. By what rite shall we cleanse us? What is the manner of the misfortune?

      Cr. 100By banishing a man, or by bloodshed in quittance of bloodshed, since it is that blood which brings the tempest on our city.

      Oe. And who is the man whose fate he thus reveals?

      Cr. Laïus, king, was lord of our land before thou wast pilot of this State.

      Oe. I know it well—by hearsay, for I saw him never.

      Cr. He was slain; and the god now bids us plainly ​to wreak vengeance on his murderers—whosoever they be.

      Oe. And where are they upon the earth? Where shall the dim track of this old crime be found?

      Cr. In this land,—said the god. 110What is sought for can be caught; only that which is not watched escapes.

      Oe. And was it in the house, or in the field, or on strange soil that Laïus met this bloody end?

      Cr. 'Twas on a visit to Delphi, as he said, that he had left our land; and he came home no more, after he had once set forth.

      Oe. And was there none to tell? Was there no comrade of his journey who saw the deed, from whom tidings might have been gained, and used?

      Cr. All perished, save one who fled in fear, and could tell for certain but one thing of all that he saw.

      Oe. And what was that? 120One thing might show the clue to many, could we get but a small beginning for hope.

      Cr. He said that robbers met and fell on them, not in one man's might, but with full many hands.

      Oe. How, then, unless there was some trafficking in bribes from here, should the robber have dared thus far?

      Cr. Such things were surmised; but, Laïus once slain, amid our troubles no avenger arose.

      Oe. But, when royalty had fallen thus, what trouble in your path can have hindered a full search?

      Cr. The riddling Sphinx had made us let dark 130things go, and was inviting us to think of what lay at our doors.

      ​Oe. Nay, I will start afresh, and once more make dark things plain. Right worthily hath Phoebus, and worthily hast thou, bestowed this care on the cause of the dead; and so, as is meet, ye shall find me too leagued with you in seeking vengeance for this land, and for the god besides. On behalf of no far-off friend, no, but in mine own cause, shall I dispel this taint. For whoever was the slayer of Laius might wish to take vengeance on me also with a hand as fierce.140 Therefore, in doing right to Laïus, I serve myself.

      Come, haste ye, my children, rise from the altar-steps, and lift these suppliant boughs; and let some other summon hither the folk of Cadmus, warned that I mean to leave nought untried; for our health (with the god's help) shall be made certain—or our ruin.

      Pr. My children, let us rise; we came at first to seek what this man promises of himself. And may Phoebus, who sent these oracles, come to us therewith, our saviour and deliverer from the pest.150

      Chorus.

      str. 1.O sweetly-speaking message of Zeus, in what spirit hast thou come from golden Pytho unto glorious Thebes? I am on the rack, terror shakes my soul, O thou Delian healer to whom wild cries rise, in holy fear of thee, what thing thou wilt work for me, perchance unknown before, perchance renewed with the revolving years: tell me, thou immortal Voice, born of Golden Hope!

      ant. 1.First call I on thee, daughter of Zeus, divine Athena, ​and on thy sister,160 guardian of our land, Artemis, who sits on her throne of fame, above the circle of our Agora, and on Phoebus the far-darter: O shine forth on me, my three-fold help against death! If ever aforetime, in arrest of ruin hurrying on the city, ye drove a fiery pest beyond our borders, come now also!

      str. 2.Woe is me, countless are the sorrows that I bear; a plague is on all our host,170 and thought can find no weapon for defence. The fruits of the glorious earth grow not; by no birth of children do women surmount the pangs in which they shriek; and life on life mayest thou see sped, like bird on nimble wing, aye, swifter than resistless fire, to the shore of the western god.

      ant. 2.By such deaths, past numbering, the city perishes: unpitied, her children lie on the ground, spreading pestilence, with none to mourn:180 and meanwhile young wives, and gray-haired mothers with them, uplift a wail at the steps of the altars, some here, some there, entreating for their weary woes. The prayer to the Healer rings clear, and, blent therewith, the voice of lamentation: for these things, golden daughter of Zeus, send us the bright face of comfort.

      str. 3.And grant that the fierce god of death,190 who now with no brazen shields, yet amid cries as of battle, wraps me in the flame of his onset, may turn his back in speedy flight from our land, borne by a fair wind to the great deep of Amphitritè, or to those waters in which none find haven, even to the Thracian wave; for if night ​leave aught undone, day follows to accomplish this. O thou who wieldest the powers of the fire-fraught lightning,200 O Zeus our father, slay him beneath thy thunderbolt!

      ant. 3.Lycean King, fain were I that thy shafts also, from thy bent bow's string of woven gold, should go abroad in their might, our champions in the face of the foe; yea, and the flashing fires of Artemis wherewith she glances through the Lycian hills. And I call him whose locks are bound with gold,210 who is named with the name of this land, ruddy Bacchus to whom Bacchants cry, the comrade of the Maenads, to draw near with the blaze of his blithe torch, our ally against the god unhonoured among gods.

      Oe. Thou prayest: and in answer to thy prayer,—if thou wilt give a loyal welcome to my words and minister to thine own disease,—thou mayest hope to find succour and relief from woes. These words will I speak publicly, as one who has been a stranger to this report, a stranger to the deed;220 for I should not be far on the track, if I were tracing it alone, without a clue. But as it is,—since it was only after the time of the deed that I was numbered a Theban among Thebans,—to you, the Cadmeans all, I do thus proclaim.

      Whosoever of you knows by whom Laïus son of Labdacus was slain, I bid him to declare all to me. And if he is afraid, I tell him to remove the danger of the charge from his path by denouncing himself; for he shall suffer nothing else unlovely, but only leave the ​land, unhurt. Or if any one knows an alien,230 from another land, as the assassin, let him not keep silence; for I will pay his guerdon, and my thanks shall rest with him besides.

      But if ye keep silence—if any one, through fear, shall seek to screen friend or self from my behest—hear ye what I then shall do. I charge you that no one of this land, whereof I hold the empire and the throne, give shelter or speak word unto that murderer, whosoever he be,—make him partner of his prayer or sacrifice, or serve him with the lustral rite;240 but that all ban him their homes, knowing that this is our defiling thing, as the oracle of the Pythian god hath newly shown me. I then am on this wise the ally of the god and of the slain. And I pray solemnly that the slayer, whoso he be, whether his hidden guilt is lonely or hath partners, evilly, as he is evil, may wear out his unblest life. And for myself I pray that if, with my privity,250 he should become an inmate of my house, I may suffer the same things which even now I called down upon others. And on you I lay it to make all these words good, for my sake, and for the sake of the god, and for our land's, thus blasted with barrenness by angry heaven.

      For even if the matter had not been urged on us by a god, it was not meet that ye should leave the guilt thus unpurged, when one so noble, and he your king, had perished; rather were ye bound to search it out. And now, since 'tis I who hold the powers which once he held,260 who possess his bed and the wife who bare seed to him; and since, had his hope of issue not been frustrate, children born of one mother would have made ties ​betwixt him and me—but, as it was, fate swooped upon his head; by reason of these things will I uphold this cause, even as the cause of mine own sire, and will leave nought untried in seeking to find him whose hand shed that blood, for the honour of the son of Labdacus and of Polydorus and elder Cadmus and Agenor who was of old.

      And for those who obey me not, I pray that the gods send them270 neither harvest of the earth nor fruit of the womb, but that they be wasted by their lot that now is, or by one yet more dire. But for all you, the loyal folk of Cadmus to whom these things seem good, may Justice, our ally, and all the gods be with you graciously for ever.

      Ch. As thou hast put me on my oath, on my oath, O king, I will speak. I am not the slayer, nor can I point to him who slew. As for the question, it was for Phoebus, who sent it, to tell us this thing—who can have wrought the deed.

      Oe. Justly said; but no man on the earth280 can force the gods to what they will not.

      Ch. I would fain say what seems to me next best after this.

      Oe. If there is yet a third course, spare not to show it.

      Ch. I know that our lord Teiresias is the seer most like to our lord Phoebus; from whom, O king, a searcher of these things might learn them most clearly.

      Oe. Not even this have I left out of my cares. On the hint of Creon, I have twice sent a man to bring him; and this long while I marvel why he is not here.

      ​Ch. Indeed (his skill apart) the rumours are but faint and old.290

      Oe. What rumours are they? I look to every story.

      Ch. Certain wayfarers were said to have killed him.

      Oe. I, too, have heard it, but none sees him who saw it.

      Ch. Nay, if he knows what fear is, he will not stay when he hears thy curses, so dire as they are.

      Oe. When a man shrinks not from a deed, neither is he scared by a word.

      Ch. But there is one to convict him. For here they bring at last the godlike prophet, in whom alone of men doth live the truth.

      Enter Teiresias, led by a Boy.

      Oe. Teiresias, whose soul grasps all things,300 the lore that may be told and the unspeakable, the secrets of heaven and the low things of earth,—thou feelest, though thou canst not see, what a plague doth haunt our State,—from which, great prophet, we find in thee our protector and only saviour. Now, Phoebus—if indeed thou knowest it not from the messengers—sent answer to our question that the only riddance from this pest which could come was if we should learn aright the slayers of Laïus, and slay them, or send them into exile from our land.310 Do thou, then, grudge neither voice of birds nor any other way of seer-lore that thou hast, but rescue thyself and the State, rescue me, rescue all that ​is defiled by the dead. For we are in thy hand; and man's noblest task is to help others by his best means and powers.

      Teiresias.

      Alas, how dreadful to have wisdom where it profits not the wise! Aye, I knew this well, but let it slip out of mind; else would I never have come here.

      Oe. What now? How sad thou hast come in!

      Te. Let me go home;320 most easily wilt thou bear thine own burden to the end, and I mine, if thou wilt consent.

      Oe. Thy words are strange, nor kindly to this State which nurtured thee, when thou withholdest this response.

      Te. Nay, I see that thou, on thy part, openest not thy lips in season: therefore I speak not, that neither may I have thy mishap.

      Oe. For the love of the gods, turn not away, if thou hast knowledge: all we suppliants implore thee on our knees.

      Te. Aye, for ye are all without knowledge; but never will I reveal my griefs—that I say not thine.

      Oe. How sayest thou?330 Thou knowest the secret, and wilt not tell it, but art minded to betray us and to destroy the State?

      Te. I will pain neither myself nor thee. Why vainly ask these things? Thou wilt not learn them from me.

      ​Oe. What, basest of the base,—for thou wouldest anger a very stone,—wilt thou never speak out? Can nothing touch thee? Wilt thou never make an end?

      Te. Thou blamest my temper, but seest not that to which thou thyself art wedded: no, thou findest fault with me.

      Oe. And who would not be angry to hear the words with which thou now dost slight this city?340

      Te. The future will come of itself, though I shroud it in silence.

      Oe. Then, seeing that it must come, thou on thy part shouldst tell me thereof.

      Te. I will speak no further; rage, then, if thou wilt, with the fiercest wrath thy heart doth know.

      Oe. Aye, verily, I will not spare—so wroth I am—to speak all my thought. Know that thou seemest to me e'en to have helped in plotting the deed, and to have done it, short of slaying with thy hands. Hadst thou eyesight, I would have said that the doing, also, of this thing was thine alone.

      Te. In sooth?—I charge thee that thou abide350 by the decree of thine own mouth, and from this day speak neither to these nor to me: thou art the accursed defiler of this land.

      Oe. So brazen with thy blustering taunt? And wherein dost thou trust to escape thy due?

      Te. I have escaped: in my truth is my strength.

      Oe. Who taught thee this? It was not, at least, thine art.

      Te. Thou: for thou didst spur me into speech against my will.

      ​Oe. What speech? Speak again that I may learn it better.

      Te. Didst thou not take my sense before?360 Or art thou tempting me in talk?

      Oe. No, I took it not so that I can call it known:—speak again.

      Te. I say that thou art the slayer of the man whose slayer thou seekest.

      Oe. Now thou shalt rue that thou hast twice said words so dire.

      Te. Wouldst thou have me say more, that thou mayest be more wroth?

      Oe. What thou wilt; it will be said in vain.

      Te. I say that thou hast been living in unguessed shame with thy nearest kin, and seest not to what woe thou hast come.

      Oe. Dost thou indeed think that thou shalt always speak thus without smarting?

      Te. Yes, if there is any strength in truth.

      Oe. Nay, there is,—for all save thee;370 for thee that strength is not, since thou art maimed in ear, and in wit, and in eye.

      Te. Aye, and thou art a poor wretch to utter taunts which every man here will soon hurl at thee.

      Oe. Night, endless night hath thee in her keeping, so that thou canst never hurt me, or any man who sees the sun.

      Te. No, thy doom is not to fall by me: Apollo is enough, whose care it is to work that out.

      Oe. Are these Creon's devices, or thine?

      Te. Nay, Creon is no plague to thee; thou art thine own.

      ​Oe. O wealth, and empire, and skill surpassing skill380 in life's keen rivalries, how great is the envy that cleaves to you, if for the sake, yea, of this power which the city hath put into my hands, a gift unsought, Creon the trusty, Creon mine old friend, hath crept on me by stealth, yearning to thrust me out of it, and hath suborned such a scheming juggler as this, a tricky quack, who hath eyes only for his gains, but in his art is blind!

      Come, now, tell me, where hast thou proved thyself390 a seer? Why, when the Watcher was here who wove dark song, didst thou say nothing that could free this folk? Yet the riddle, at least, was not for the first comer to read; there was need of a seer's skill; and none such thou wast found to have, either by help of birds, or as known from any god: no, I came, I, Oedipus the ignorant, and made her mute, when I had seized the answer by my wit, untaught of birds. And it is I whom thou art trying to oust, thinking to stand close to Creon's throne.400 Methinks thou and the plotter of these things will rue your zeal to purge the land. Nay, didst thou not seem to be an old man, thou shouldst have learned to thy cost how bold thou art.

      Ch. To our thinking, both this man's words and thine, Oedipus, have been said in anger. Not for such words is our need, but to seek how we shall best discharge the mandates of the god.

      Te. King though thou art, the right of reply, at least, must be deemed the same for both; of that I too am lord. Not to thee do I live servant, but to Loxias;410 and so I shall not stand enrolled under Creon for my patron. And I tell thee—since thou hast taunted me ​even with blindness—that thou hast sight, yet seest not in what misery thou art, nor where thou dwellest, nor with whom. Dost thou know of what stock thou art? And thou hast been an unwitting foe to thine own kin, in the shades, and on the earth above; and the double lash of thy mother's and thy father's curse shall one day drive thee from this land in dreadful haste, with darkness then on the eyes that now see true.

      And what place shall not be harbour to thy shriek,420 what of all Cithaeron shall not ring with it soon, when thou hast learnt the meaning of the nuptials in which, within that house, thou didst find a fatal haven, after a voyage so fair? And a throng of other ills thou guessest not, which shall make thee level with thy true self and with thine own brood.

      Therefore heap thy scorns on Creon and on my message: for no one among men shall ever be crushed more miserably than thou.

      Oe. Are these taunts to be indeed borne from 430him?— Hence, ruin take

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