Ashoka, the Visionary: Life, Legend and Legacy

Too few in India or around the world know who the great Emperor Ashoka (third century BCE) was, what were his accomplishments thousands of years ahead of his time, and what were his extraordinary deeds and edicts. This excellent book fulfils that need successfully, and in our times of widespread distrust of governments all over the world, holds up this great emperor and his world as a prime example of what good governance has accomplished in the past, and what we need to recover to survive the challenges we face. I highly recommend this book!

Robert Thurman, Professor of Buddhist Studies at Columbia University

I have known Ashok Khanna since my earliest memories, and since his earliest memories Ashok Khanna has been in pursuit of Ashoka. This book is the culmination of the journey of a lifetime: a passionate, heartfelt, thoughtful and personal inquiry into a figure of enormous significance not just for our past, but for our future too.

Mohsin Hamid, author of The Reluctant Fundamentalist

and Exit West, both shortlisted for the Booker Prize

Over 70 years ago, Winston Churchill, quoting George Santayana, observed that those who fail to learn from history are condemned to repeat it. So it is for the link between governance and economic development. While the study of governance and

institutions is now acknowledged to be a foundation of the development of nations, its long history is often ignored. The story of Ashoka, told with an eye for its relevance to the modern world, is one such history. The author reminds us that human rights, respect for nature and non-violence are universal and timeless values, and provides warnings of what transpires when these are ignored.

Dr Homi Kharas, Interim Vice President and Director,

Global Economy and Development, BROOKINGS, Massachusetts Ave, Washington, D.C.

Ashok Khanna has written an original and personal account of his intellectual and personal encounter with the thought and life of the great third century BCE Indian Emperor Ashoka, whose message of non-violence and care for all sentient beings is more urgent than ever.

Bruce Rich, author of Ashoka in Our Time:

The Question of Dharma for a Globalized World

This book takes us on a fascinating odyssey of Ashoka’s life as an Indian emperor in the third century BCE. It introduces us to his ideals of governance, which closely approximate to a contemporary human-rights vision. By spreading the word of this episode in Eurasian political theory and practice, Ashok Khanna corrects a tendency to hubris regarding the uniqueness of the European enlightenment as a source for the idea of human rights and, at the same time, provides a crucial antidote to contemporary claims that human rights are a creation of Western imperialism and not applicable to other cultural systems.

Dr Frances Raday, President, Concord Research Center for Integration of International Law in Israel, The Haim Striks School of Law, COLMAN, Professor of Law, Emerita, Hebrew University; Honorary Professor, University College London; Doctor Honoris, University of Copenhagen; Former Special Rapporteur, UN Human Rights Council; Expert Member, UN CEDAW Committee

A highly informative, instructive and enjoyable account of the life of a great king. Ancient history comes alive in these pages; and there are lessons in compassion and tolerance for today’s world.

M.G. Vassanji, author of The In-Between

World of Vikram Lall

We live today in a spiritual wasteland in which religion is often just the handmaiden of politics. We need to learn from true leaders of history, such as Emperor Ashoka, about

the meaning of existence, the way forward as individuals and the way to integrate religion with the social, political and economic systems engulfing us. Ashok Khanna’s Ashoka, the Visionary: Life, Legend and Legacy is an important beginning step for us to understand the past as a way to make a better future.

Jack Weatherford, former DeWitt Wallace Professor of anthropology at Macalester College in Minnesota and author of Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World

Ashoka, the Visionary

Ashoka, the Visionary

Life, Legend and Legacy

Ashok Khanna

BLOOMSBURY INDIA

Bloomsbury Publishing India Pvt. Ltd

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First published in India 2019

This edition published in 2019

Copyright © Ashok Khanna 2019

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identified as the Author of this work

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This book is dedicated to the many friends

who listened to me talking about Ashoka for decades,

and who encouraged me to write his story.

The fruitfulness of all human activities—many of which are quite worthwhile—relies ultimately on effective governance.

M. McClish and P. Olivelle, paraphrasing Kautilya

in the Arthasastra

Contents

Prologue: A Quest and a Cause

Chronology

Chapter 1: Ashoka’s Epiphany

Chapter 2: Ashoka, an Introduction

Chapter 3: Discovering Ashoka

Chapter 4: Ashoka’s Origins

Chapter 5: Ashoka

Chapter 6: The Decline and Fall of the Mauryan Empire

Chapter 7: Ashoka’s Legacy

Chapter 8: Legendary Ashoka

Appendix: The Edicts

Endnotes

Select Bibliography

Index

Acknowledgements

Prologue

A Quest and a Cause

With so many books already written about Ashoka, the third ruler of the Mauryan Empire, why am I writing another? There are two reasons: a personal quest and a sense that earlier works have not treated fully or fairly the development of Ashoka’s character.

The quest started when I was eight years old, on 15 August 1947, India’s Independence Day. My family had an invitation to the flag-changing ceremony, where Lord Louis Mountbatten, the last British viceroy of India and the uncle of Prince Philip, the

current Duke of Edinburgh, lowered the Union Jack and Jawaharlal Nehru, India’s first prime minister, raised the Indian flag in its place.

Our seats were near the steps that ascended to the platform with the flagpole, at the epicentre of a crowd of one or two million assembled at the edge of Old Delhi, with Jama Masjid visible in the distance. As I had never been in such a huge crowd before, I remember feeling uneasy, but my mother and sister were excited, and their energy infected me as well, though I did not grasp the full significance of the day.

After the ceremony, as the dignitaries mounted the viceroy’s horse-drawn carriage, the crowd around us became unruly, pressing against the temporary barriers. I remember the anxiety of that moment. Concerned for our safety, my mother somehow persuaded someone to get us (my mother, sister and myself) onto the livery seat of the vice regal carriage. As we rolled through the tumultuous crowds, waving, Mountbatten lifted me to sit between him and his wife. That thrilling ride, as depicted in these photos, remains deeply imprinted on my soul.

Ashok Khanna with Lord Mountbatten

(Photo courtesy: Ashok Khanna)

When we reached the viceroy’s palace, Prime Minister Nehru arranged for a car to take us where we needed to go. While waiting for it to arrive, he chatted with us, asked my name, then patted me on the head and said something like, ‘Now that India is independent, it’s up to young people like you to build it up.’ A throwaway line, but one that had a lasting effect on me. Later, I learnt that Nehru had himself been deeply influenced by Emperor Ashoka. Through Nehru, Ashoka’s vision of compassionate governance flowed into the Indian Constitution and even onto its flag, where the Ashoka Chakra, a 24-spoke wheel in navy blue, sits at the centre. India’s National Emblem, adopted a few months after my meeting with Nehru, is an adaptation of the Ashokan lion capital at Sarnath, also featuring the wheel.

Ashok Khanna with Prime Minister Nehru and Viceroy Lord Mountbatten

(Photo courtesy: Ashok Khanna)

As I grew older, I held onto the idea of dedicating my work to India’s development. But my first career choice did not fit my temperament. My father was an executive with a prominent British-Indian company; as I had no special career inclination, he steered me toward a university degree in the UK, followed by a professional certification as a chartered accountant. It was a safe, lucrative and prestigious path, but I soon found that I actively disliked the day-to-day work of accounting.

After much turmoil and soul-searching, and attempts at different types of employment in the profession in the UK, Canada and the US, I went back to university in my early thirties. This time, I was determined to find my way back to India. In 1976, armed with graduate business and economics qualifications from Stanford University in addition to undergraduate and professional degrees from the UK, I decided I was ready to make my return. By then, I had pretty much completed the coursework for a doctorate and thought to look for an interesting policy question as a topic for my dissertation.

One day, before I left California, on my usual run at dusk through the hills behind Stanford, a visceral flash revealed in stark clarity my core values: non-violence, reverence for life and acceptance of all ways of life that adhere to those principles. Perhaps it was a powerful ‘runner’s high’, or an insight provoked by the stress of my imminent departure. It might have been considered a spiritual awakening decades ago, though I am more comfortable with the modern psychological term ‘peak experience’. Whatever it was, it was certainly powerful. It lingered for decades and shaped how I viewed the world and my place in it, how I chose to earn a living, and how I behaved with people—even how I heard music and saw colours.

Epiphanies come unbidden (and often on hills, if legends are to be trusted). What they spawn may take time to evolve. In preparation for the move to India, I had been reading Indian history. After my revelation, I wondered if Emperor Ashoka—the greatest ruler of India—had had a similar experience. I felt I finally understood what he meant by a phrase he used in one of his many edicts, which were inscribed on pillars and rocks throughout his domain: ‘gift of eye’, a kind of insight, a way of looking at the world. And I was struck by how, over a long reign, he sustained a commitment in his edicts to non-violence and tolerance for all religions and living beings, not as a sequestered monk or sadhu (holy man), but in the thick of administering justice and making decisions for an empire all day, every day.

I spent about six months in India, my longest visit since I had left in 1957 to attend college in England. After finding my feet, I interviewed for jobs at public enterprises and academic institutions. I was following the path of Prakash Tandon, an eminent manager and scholar whom I had met a few times, and who had served as a mentor at a distance. I met Prakash in California when he was a visiting professor at Berkeley, and then again on visits to India, while he was the chairman of India’s State Trading Corporation and later of Punjab National Bank (he had earlier been the chairman of Hindustan Lever, a prominent multinational company focused on consumer goods). He contributed to the development of professional management in India, both in the private and public sectors, and became a writer. His path in life made sense to me—engage with the world to do something meaningful and then reflect on it in writing. I wanted to follow that trail, as well as I could.

Unfortunately, I was not successful in finding a place for myself. I was rebuffed as a foreigner returning to take scarce jobs away from locals, regardless of my international qualifications. One academic actually yelled at me in anger when I said I was looking for work in his institute. Discouraged, I came back to the US and was lucky to find a position at New York University’s Graduate School of Business as a professor. This job came as a boon, because my father had died unexpectedly just before I left India. As the probate process for his will was expected to take about two years, I had to support my mother, who was not savvy about legal or financial matters. The breaks between semesters allowed me to travel to India to assist her. On one of those trips, I honed in on a research topic about India’s trade policy for my doctoral dissertation.

As it turned out, my dissertation dovetailed with a substantial research project at the World Bank. That project provided me with additional data and resources that helped me complete my doctorate at last. Soon afterward, I moved to the World Bank in Washington, D.C., to work on industry, trade and finance policies in developing countries. Having failed to contribute to India’s development, I was glad to have the chance to do so for other nations. I was also still very much in the thrall of my epiphany, trying to find a way to express those values in my work.

Not naïve about how bureaucracies work, I did my best to concentrate on the substance of my assignments and ignore the manoeuvring within the Bank and client country governments. I agreed with the general thrust of the Bank’s policies, based as they were on extensive research, though they did have a measure of ideological bias and a tendency to apply the same solution