Moonless Night: The Second World War Escape Epic

First published in Great Britain in 1983 by William Kimber & Co Limited

Published in 2001

Reprinted in this format in 2002, 2004, 2005 and 2008 by

PEN & SWORD MILITARY

an imprint of

Pen & Sword Books Ltd

47 Church Street

Barnsley

South Yorkshire

S70 2AS

Copyright © B A James, 1983, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2008

ISBN: 0 85052 900 X

HARDBACK ISBN: 978 0 85052 828 2

PAPERBACK ISBN: 978 0 85052 900 5

PDF ISBN: 978 1 78337 488 5

EPUB ISBN: 978 1 84884 508 4

PRC ISBN: 978 1 84884 507 7

The right of B A James to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

A CIP catalogue record for this book is

available from the British Library

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission from the Publisher in writing.

Printed and bound in Great Britain

By CPI UK

Pen & Sword Books Ltd incorporates the Imprints of Pen & Sword Aviation, Pen & Sword Family History, Pen & Sword Maritime, Pen & Sword Military, Wharncliffe Local History, Pen & Sword Select, Pen & Sword Military Classics, Leo Cooper, Remember When, Seaforth Publishing and Frontline Publishing

For a complete list of Pen & Sword titles please contact

PEN & SWORD BOOKS LIMITED

47 Church Street, Barnsley, South Yorkshire, S70 2AS, England

E-mail: [email protected]

Website: www.pen-and-sword.co.uk

FOR MADGE AND PATRICK

Contents

Preface

Prologue

1Through the Looking Glass

2Stalag Luft I

3Hope Deferred

4The Incinerator

5Baltic Winter

6Göring’s Model Camp

7Polish Interlude

8North Compound, Stalag Luft III

9The Odds Lengthen

Photo Gallery

10The Great Escape

11The Gestapo Strikes

12Sachsenhausen

13The Lonely Dig

14Escape from the SS

15Zellenbau

16Corridor of Death

17The Road to Liberation

Appendices:

AMass Escapes from Sagan, Aftermath

BCourts Martial of Members of German Prison Staff

CTom, Dick and Harry

DEscape from the SS, Aftermath

ESachsenhausen Concentration Camp

FFlossenburg Concentration Camp

Glossary of SS Ranks

List of Maps

The author’s POW and concentration camp itinery

Stalag Luft I

Sachsenhausen Concentration Camp

Preface

I am very glad to have the opportunity of writing the Preface to this new edition of my book published by Leo Cooper/Pen and Sword Books eighteen years after the first edition.

This is the story of a pre-war RAF pilot caught up in the maelstrom of World War II, shot down while flying on a bombing mission from an airfield in East Anglia and trapped behind the barbed wire of German Prisoner of War Camps, as the duel between escapers and Gestapo intensified, culminating in The Great Escape’ before being flung finally into the holocaust of the Concentration Camps.

It is my story, but I have written too of a number of courageous people I came to know, prisoners of war and others from every walk of life and many nationalities, including German, who opposed the Nazi tyranny. Inevitably, and regrettably, I have not been able to include the names of many others who played a prominent part. I have written of these events as I saw them. To many they may seem long ago and part of history, as indeed they were in 1983 when the first edition was published, and this begs the question, ‘Why so long to write it down?’. I can only reply that I wished to forget and for many years did not talk about my long incarceration even to my wife. However, such an experience is forever etched on one’s memory. Finally I was compelled to write my story and, for me, the perspective of the years has helped to give it greater clarity and meaning.

Obsessive memories of the horrors of the Nazi Concentration Camps should be avoided, but they should not be forgotten; they were a manifestation of an evil regime such as could arise in any country given the right ‘political mix’. We have recent examples world-wide. The safeguarding of freedom must be paramount. For this reason I have given talks to schools on my experiences. On two occasions recently my wife and I have been invited to Berlin by the Oundle History Department to show the history tour group around Sachsenhausen which is now a Memorial site.

I should particularly like to thank Air Commodore Alaistair Panton CB, OBE, DFC, the late Captain Peter Fanshawe CBE, DSC, RN and the late Lieutenant-Colonel Jack Churchill DSO, MC, for checking facts in my manuscript and making valuable suggestions. I am also indebted to Captain Hugo Bracken CBE, RN, the late Wing Commander K.H.P. Murphy MBE, Wing Commander Bill Stapleton CBE, the late Wally Floody MBE, the late Vic Gammon, Michael Roth and Pat Greenhouse for helping me to make the record as accurate as possible, to the late Paul Brickhill for use of information from his book The Great Escape, to Jamie Fitzgerald of Toronto for help and encouragement, and to Colonel Arthur A. Durrand PhD, U.S. Army, Wing Commander Norman Canton MBE, DFC and the late J.A.G. Deans MBE, Mrs June Bowerman, Mark Shore, John Holland, Peter Hurcomb and Earl Moorhouse for contributing material.

I also had great assistance from the Imperial War Museum, the Public Record Office, Air Historical Branch MOD and the Wiener Library who made available material which enabled me to furnish historical background and to corroborate my memoirs of the time.

B.A. James

Ludlow

Shropshire

Prologue

Like moths which in the night

Flutter towards a light,

Drawn to their fiery doom, flying and dying,

So to their death still throng,

Blind, dazzled, borne along

Ceaselessly, all those multitudes, wild flying.

Bhagavad-Gita, Arjuna in Book the Eleventh

The parachute opened with a crack pulling me out of my terminal velocity dive with a jerk which seemed to tear me apart and then I was floating gently two miles up in the night sky over Holland. The stricken Wellington, of which I had lately been the second pilot, had been turned into a flaming hell by the pounding flak shells and was streaking away to the east trailing fire and smoke; held by the dazzling white searchlight beams, the bomber was still on course for a target it would never reach. Seconds later there was a flash as the bombs exploded, and the Wimpy plunged like a fiery comet to the dark earth below.

The swift passage from pandemonium to the utter stillness of the parachute descent left me momentarily floating in space and time, a disembodied spirit wafting gently in the black void above the eerie beauty of the sombre landscape with rivers etched out in silver ribbons by the light of the full moon.

The violent swaying of the parachute shrouds reminded me that I was floating in a physical medium beneath a large silk canopy, and descending steadily towards enemy-occupied territory which I should reach in less than ten minutes. I must try to pinpoint my position. I decided that the two rivers shining in the moonlight must be the Waal and the Maas which both flow into the North Sea south of Dordrecht. Knowing that we had just crossed the coast, I reckoned that I must be about twenty-five miles south of Rotterdam and possibly the same distance from the sea.

It was about eleven o’clock on the night of 5th June 1940, and the last light of sunset was fading in the westering sky. I resolved to walk in that direction, acquire a boat of some sort on the coast, and row or sail back to the Kentish coast.

The ground was now getting close. It is impossible to judge distances accurately at night and it was my first parachute jump; suddenly it seemed to come up and hit me and I found myself in a heap in the middle of a muddy field.

I had tried to go as limp as possible in the last moments of my descent, but nevertheless, sprained an ankle on landing. I picked myself up carefully and tried to accustom my eyes to the gloom of my surroundings. Then, to my horror, I perceived some black shapes looming out of the darkness. A German Army patrol coming to round me up? I hastily buried my parachute in the mud, and was preparing to run in the opposite direction, when there was a ‘Moo-oo’ followed by several more bovine noises of the same variety. Obviously the local cows didn’t like their night’s rest being disturbed by this strange apparition just dropped from the skies.

Reassured by these familiar farm noises, I relaxed, found a gate onto a road, and started to limp along it in a westerly direction.

CHAPTER ONE

Through the Looking Glass

’Twas brillig and the slithy toves

Did gyre and gimble in the wabe,

All mimsy were the borogoves

And the mome raths outgrabe.

Alice through the Looking Glass, Lewis Carroll

Bomber Command aircrew had the advantage of operating from a home base with a comfortable Mess and family or friends awaiting their return, but this was outweighed by the disadvantage of a very swift transition in the event of being shot down and landing in enemy territory.

At that time there was very little training given in evasion and escape, it was too early for the establishment of resistance movements and escape lines in recently occupied countries, populations were demoralised, and the evader was on his own in a shadowy and unreal world with every man’s hand against him.

I walked westward along the road during the whole of that night, jumping into the ditch at the side of the road whenever a vehicle passed. Once I heard far above me the unmistakable note of a Wellington’s Pegasus engines and then the whistle of bombs; again I dived into the ditch. The bombs exploded about 200 yards to the right, quite close to some flak batteries which must have been hit as their firing was much diminished after that. I later met the pilot of that aircraft in a prisoner of war camp; he was Flying Officer James Smalley from my squadron.

I suppose I must have covered about fifteen miles by daylight. I had intended to lie up during the day and go on the following night, but the flat Dutch countryside, intersected by dykes and waterways, seemed to offer no shelter whatsoever. I pushed on, determined to get to the sea as soon as possible; food would be a problem, I had one chocolate bar with me, the other had fallen out of my Sidcot pocket when I was baling out of the aeroplane.

Around 5 a.m. I came to a wide canal with a fast flowing tidal current; it lay right across my path, but I found a rowing boat moored nearby to the bank, and used this to ferry myself across to the other side. A little further on was a village which I tried to skirt round, but I found this impossible because it was hemmed around with dykes. As it was still very early, I decided to go through the village. After a few minutes a man on a bicycle came up behind me; he slowed down when he was level with me, and said something to me in Dutch. I wanted to avoid all contact with the population, so trotted out the only German words I then knew, ‘Ja, ja,’ and adopting an arrogant attitude, marched on, hoping he might mistake me for a German airman out for an early morning walk, as I was still wearing my Sidcot flying suit and flying boots over my uniform.

However, he stopped and, staring fixedly at me, said, ‘Englisch’.

I nodded. He looked as though he might be able to help me. He pointed to his carrier; I sat down on it, and he conveyed me through the village to a farmhouse at the other end of it. Showing me into a hay loft, he indicated by signs that he would be back. I lay down in the hay and the farmer came back shortly with some bread and cheese and a map of the area. In Dutch, German and a few words of English he made me understand that I was to rest there and go on the following night, a plan that greatly appealed to me. He then pointed to my face and gave me a mirror. I looked into it and saw an enormous black eye and a lacerated nose with most of the skin off it. The slipstream must have blown me pretty hard against the side of the hatch when I baled out of the Wellington. I had not felt anything at the time and reflected that sudden death must be painless.

Shocked and worn out by the events of the night, and bedded well down and hidden in a soft bed of hay, I was drifting off into a deep sleep when I was awakened by someone shaking me. The farmer was there again with another man.

‘Bruder, Bruder,’ he was saying.

It appeared that the brother owned the farm, and he was drawing his hand across his throat in a gesture indicating that he did not much like the idea of harbouring a British airman.

They took me into the living room, where the rest of the family was gathered, and gave me breakfast while a good deal of ‘palaver’ went on. I was considering taking my leave of them, but they kept repeating ‘Bürgermeister’ to me – perhaps he could help me; anyway, the hour was now well advanced, my ankle was painful, and I could see German soldiers walking about outside. I felt trapped – perhaps I had been in too much of a hurry, but told myself I would escape from a prisoner of war camp later when I was ready, vastly underestimating the feasibility of this. Then two Dutch policemen, whom they must have telephoned, arrived, searched me for weapons, and took me off in a car to the nearest small town.

In the town hall I stood on one side of the room with the policemen while the Burgomaster stood opposite in the centre of a line of local officials. We all drank coffee out of small, dainty cups, but there was hardly a common word of any language between us. It was like a dialogue of the deaf. They made polite noises and deprecatory signs, and it was quite evident that this meeting was intended as an official apology for their inability to help me.

By now my presence in the area was far too well-known for any help to be forthcoming from the locals; a large crowd was watching outside the town hall as the police escorted me back to the car. They then drove me off to the German Kommandantur in Rotterdam.

The Dutch developed one of the bravest resistance movements in Europe later in the war, but I had not been fortunate enough to contact any part of an embryo resistance movement at that time, although if the man on the bicycle had had his way, it might have been different.

‘Ah, you too,’ said a smart German Luftwaffe officer who met us at the entrance to the Kommandantur. ‘Three other members of your crew have also been caught. For you the war is over.’

I was told to sit down in a large general office which seemed to be in use by German Army staff officers, including a very tough and forbidding-looking General who was sitting at a desk writing. A Colonel started to bellow at me,

‘So, where are the others of your Besatzung?’

‘I am told the other three have been caught,’ I replied.

‘Du lügst,¹’ he screamed, ‘You lie, you know well there are two more.’

The General’s leathery face was set and hard. Without looking up from his papers, he said curtly, ‘Genug, Oberst.’

The Colonel lapsed into silence reluctantly. The General was evidently afraid that he was anticipating my official interrogation which was to follow in another building.

My interrogation was conducted by a Colonel sitting at the head of a large table, around which were seated about six officers, a civilian interpreter and myself.

The Colonel began by barking out the usual questions asking for name, number and rank. Then followed questions based on a technical brief.

‘What were you flying?’ No reply.

‘What height did you fly?’

‘I really forget. I’m not much good at judging heights at night.’

‘Do not play the fool – you’re a pilot and you can read an altimeter.’

‘I was only the second pilot, and I was looking out of the window at your flak which was bursting rather close to us.’

‘What is your squadron? How many in your crew?

‘What is the ceiling of a Wellington?’

So the questions went on. I maintained a uniform silence.

They began to get angry and all started shouting questions at me at once.

‘My name is James, my rank is pilot officer, and my number is 42232,’ I repeated during a lull. ‘This is all the information I am authorised to give you.’

There was more hubbub, then the interpreter, who was undoubtedly Gestapo, seemed to take over.

‘Leutnant James,’ he said, ‘we think there were six in your crew. We have caught four of you, and we have a report of two men crying in a schwamp near where your aeroplane was shot down. Now if you confirm to us the correct number of six, we can send our soldiers to help these men.’

‘If these men are in danger in the swamp, why don’t your soldiers go to their help, anyway?’ I countered.

‘Do not make a joke of this,’ hissed the interpreter, ‘You were flying a Wellington, your captain was Squadron Leader Peacock and you were in 9 Squadron based at Honington in Suffolk. You see we know a lot about you. It will be better for you, I warn you, if you give us correct information.’

This was a good example of the effectiveness of German ‘Fifth Column’ Intelligence at the beginning of the war.

After these brow-beating tactics had continued for some time, and I had repeated my name, number and rank a few more times, the interrogation ended.

Immediately afterwards, I was driven by car to Amsterdam where I was taken to the Carlton Hotel which was being used as the headquarters of the Luftwaffe. Up on the sixth floor I was put in a room with an armed guard. In one corner was a table on which stood a silver urn filled with ice and bottles of beer, glasses and a box of cheroots.

A suave Luftwaffe Major, immaculately turned out in white summer uniform, came into the room with affable and friendly mien.

‘How do you do, Mr James. What a pity to find you in this situation,’ he said in perfect English. ‘Shall we have a noggin, and what about a cheroot?’

He poured me a glass of beer and handed it to me.

‘I know England well,’ he continued, ‘I was at Oxford, actually. Lovely country around there – do you know it? There are quite a number of your training airfields in that area, I believe.’

‘The country is beautiful around there,’ I replied.

‘It is a great pity that our two countries should be fighting each other,’ said the Major. ‘We had no wish to start the war, and there was no need for England to come in against us.’

‘Your Leader did not give the Poles much opportunity to reply to his 16 point ultimatum,’ I said. ‘And we were bound by agreement to help Poland.’

‘The Führer had very good reasons for attacking the Poles when he did; he had already been provoked beyond measure by their unreasonable attitude towards Danzig and the Corridor. However,’ he went on in lighter tone, ‘let’s not talk politics, I am sure you did not discuss politics in your Mess – Where was that? At what speed did you say you were flying?’

This ‘sweet treatment’ interrogation continued for a little while longer; after I’d refused a second beer, the Major took his leave, and the beer and cheroots were hastily removed. I was taken away to a local Army orderly room where I spent the night on a camp bed under armed guard.

The next day I was taken by car into Germany. An officer sat in front beside the driver, and a soldier with a Tommy Gun was beside me in the rear seat. They were all jubilant at the success of the German Blitzkrieg and, not infrequently, kept repeating, all or separately, and in various combinations, the three phrases heard by all prisoners in the early summer of 1940:

‘For you the war is over.’

‘England in sechs Wochen.’¹

‘England kaputt.’

I asked to stop in a wooded area of the Rhine Valley, planning to make a dash into the forest, but the guard with the Tommy Gun stood close by as I answered the call of nature, and I calculated my chances of survival as nil before getting even half-way to the trees.

Our destination was Oberursel near Frankfurt-am-Main where there was a reception camp for RAF prisoners of war called Dulag Luft (Durchgangslager or Transit Camp Air). That evening on my way to the cell I was to occupy for the night, I met Hugh Falkus,¹ also recently shot down, in a Spitfire. He looked as bewildered as I felt. Massive adjustment to this strange new ‘Looking Glass’ World was necessary in our situation.

After the door had been closed and locked, the reality of my position began to come home to me. Less than 48 hours before I had been a free man on a RAF station set in the English countryside, fighting the war to stop Hitler. Now I was a useless captive sitting in a bare wooden cell in the middle of enemy territory. The standard Red Cross Form was brought in for me to complete; it requested details of service and family background ‘so that your next-of-kin can be informed that you are a prisoner of war’. I gave my name, number and rank and handed it back.

The next morning I was taken over to the prisoners’ compound and had my first sight of the barbed wire which was to encircle me in various camps for many moons. Here it enclosed three single-storey wooden barrack huts. Walking around were a number of aircrew of all ranks dressed in various combinations of uniform and flying attire, mostly casualties of the German Blitz through the Low Countries and France. They had been thrown into battle against desperate odds in their Blenheims, Fairey Battles (known as flying coffins), Hurricanes and Lysanders; shot out of the sky only a few days before, some not long out of school, their faces wore an expression of disbelief, although they still maintained their youthful exuberance.

The Senior British Officer was Wing Commander H.M.A. Day (‘Wings’). I met him standing outside his hut holding his cat which he called ‘Ersatz’². Wings had been shot down over Germany in October 1939 while on a reconnaissance flight in a Blenheim. It was his squadron’s first operation and, as the squadron commander, he insisted on leading it as his predecessor in the First World War, Major Patterson, had done after he had formed No 57 Squadron, but a cloudless sky and three Messerschmitts had given Wings no chance of returning to base. A former Royal Marines Officer with the erect bearing of that Service, he had been awarded the Albert Medal¹ in 1918 for saving the lives of two men in the torpedoed battleship Britannia. He had transferred to the Royal Air Force after the war and had become an ace fighter pilot, leading the aerobatic flight at the Hendon Air Display of 1932.1 was to see a good deal of Wings before the end of the war, but I could not foresee that we would be together in the death cells of a concentration camp.

Wings and about fifteen other early prisoners were permanent inmates of Dulag Luft. They had been kept back by the Commandant as being in the older and more responsible age group, and included two Fleet Air Arm Lieutenant-Commanders, Jimmy Buckley and John Casson (son of Sybil Thorndike) and Squadron Leader Roger Bushell who will loom large in the story later.

The Commandant was Major Theo Rumpel who had flown in Göring’s squadron in the First World War. He was, nevertheless, not a Nazi Party member and did not sympathise with it, but he was the best Intelligence Officer in the Luftwaffe, and, because of this, he had been persuaded, against his will, to take on his present appointment. He spoke excellent English and was pleasant and courteous.

I was delighted to meet Pilot Officer Bill Webster, our American-born rear gunner, and he gave me news of the rest of the crew. The Germans had told him that Squadron Leader George Peacock,² the pilot had gone down with the aircraft. Sergeant Hargreaves, the navigator, had also been killed; his parachute had caught fire on opening too soon. Sergeant Griffiths, the wireless operator/front gunner, and Sergeant Murton, the centre gunner, were both safe, and I was