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    M1 Abrams Tank
    M1 Abrams Tank
    M1 Abrams Tank
    Ebook256 pages1 hour

    M1 Abrams Tank

    By Michael Green

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    About this ebook

    This pictorial history of the legendary M1 Abrams Tank illustrates its versatility and advancement from the Cold War Era to the present day.

    The M1 Abrams has proved itself to be the finest main battle tank in the world since its introduction into US Army service in 1981. It combines the ultimate balance between firepower, mobility and protection as demonstrated by its superior performance during the two Gulf Wars and in Afghanistan. It routed the Soviet equipment of Saddam Hussein's army and today remains the yardstick by which friends' and foes' MBTs are judged.

    As military expert Michael Green demonstrates in this illustrated history, the M1’s versatility, and its continual modernization of weaponry armor and engineering, guarantees that it will remain the US Army's spearpoint for years to come. With its comprehensive collection of images and authoritative text, this volume is an ideal resource for information on M1 Abrams Tank design and combat operations.
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherOpen Road Integrated Media
    Release dateOct 30, 2015
    ISBN9781473866508
    M1 Abrams Tank
    Author

    Michael Green

     Michael Green (1930–2019) was one of the best-known British evangelical theologians and preachers of his generation. A scholar with degrees from the universities of Oxford, Cambridge, and Toronto, Green had a passion for evangelism and a rare talent for communicating complex ideas in easy-to-understand language. In 1996, Archbishop of Canterbury George Carey granted Green a Lambeth degree of Doctor of Divinity. ?He led university missions on six continents, pastored St. Aldate's Church Oxford, and introduced innovative approaches in seminary education. He authored more than seventy books across a range of fields, including evangelism, apologetics, biblical commentary, and academic theology.

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      Book preview

      M1 Abrams Tank - Michael Green

      Chapter One

      Background History

      The US Army Armor Branch and the inventory of tanks that it employed during the Second World War had not earned a sterling reputation, despite the bravery of the tankers that had engaged the Axis with them. US Army General George S. Patton, Jr., who had commanded the famous Third Army during its tank-led advance across Western Europe between July 1944 and May 1945, admitted upon the conclusion of the Second World War: ‘I don’t have to tell you who won the war, you know our artillery did.’

      The blame for the poor wartime performance of American tanks cannot be laid on the engineers that had been tasked with their design and development. The vehicles they had been asked to come up with were shaped by a doctrine envisioned by the US Army’s senior leadership of that time in which tanks were weapons of deep attack (exploitation) and infantry support systems, not meant as tank-versus-tank combat vehicles. The latter role was to be performed by specially-designed vehicles referred to as ‘tank destroyers.’ Combat would show that the doctrine of tank destroyers was badly flawed.

      It took until the closing months of the war in Europe before the US Army tankers finally received a small number of a vehicle optimized for the destruction of enemy tanks. That vehicle was the M26 Pershing tank, originally labeled as a heavy tank, and then postwar as a medium tank. It was armed with a 90mm main gun, derived from an anti-aircraft gun design. Postwar there was a slightly improved M26A1 Pershing medium tank fielded.

      With the Empire of Japan finally conceding defeat in September 1945, prompted by the American military use of the atomic bombs in August 1945, the civilian leadership of the American government believed that with its monopoly on nuclear weapons the chances of future land wars had greatly decreased. They therefore saw no reason to fund the next generation of postwar tanks. The US Army was therefore pushed into modernizing its existing tank fleet, beginning in 1948, with what money was available. This resulted in the conversion of the bulk of its fleet of approximately 2,200 M26/M26A1 Pershing medium tanks into the improved M46 Patton medium tank, as a stopgap measure.

      Game Changers

      The belief by the civilian leadership of the American government of the unlikely occurrence of any more land wars began changing with two major events. These included the Soviet Union exploding its first atomic bomb in August 1949, which brought a quick end to the country’s monopoly of nuclear weapons. That was followed in the summer of 1950, when North Korea, a communist client state, attacked South Korea, an American client state. These became the opening acts in what historians refer to as the Cold War, which lasted from 1946 until 1991.

      The North Korean Army spearheaded its invasion of South Korea in the summer of 1950 with approximately 150 Soviet-supplied T34-85 medium tanks, which quickly brushed aside the American trained and equipped South Korean Army, as well as US Army units armed with the M24 Chaffee light tank sent to assist them. This dramatic turn of events convinced all concerned that the same thing could happen in Western Europe, but on a much larger scale, if the tank-heavy Soviet Army or client state armies assembled in Eastern Europe were to attack.

      The American Response

      As a countermove to the success the North Korean tanks enjoyed early on in the Korean War (1950–53), the American Congress opened its purse strings and authorized the funding of the next generation of tanks for the US Army. They would be in theory superior to their more numerous Soviet-designed and built counterparts they would encounter in the opening stages of a Third World War in Western Europe.

      Unfortunately, due to the long lead time involved in the design and development of a new tank, the US Army was forced to make do with another stopgap vehicle. It consisted of the turret from an experimental medium tank fitted with a new and advanced fire-control system mounted on the chassis of the existing M46 Patton medium tank. This combination of tank components was standardized in 1952 as the M47 Patton medium tank. It was rushed into production for service in Western Europe, without the normal testing process being completed beforehand.

      The speed with which the M47 tank was ordered into production by the US Army, and the lack of testing, not surprisingly led to an almost unending series of teething problems that would seriously compromise the tank’s effectiveness throughout its service life. There were 8,576 units of the M47 tank built, with production ending in 1953. Having quickly soured on the M47 tank, the US Army provided the majority of them to its new NATO allies in the 1950s in an attempt to standardize weapons systems. The US Army now pinned all its hopes on its replacement, the M48 Patton medium tank, standardized in 1953.

      Last of the Patton Tanks

      Despite the numerous design problems encountered by rushing the M47 tank into service, the US Army was still under the perceived threat that at any minute the Soviet Army, and its untold thousands of tanks, would cross from Eastern Europe into Western Europe, and it decided to rush the M48 tank into service without any prior testing. As with the M47 tank, this decision proved to be a serious mistake. The first production version of the M48 tank was deemed by the American Government Accounting Office (GAO), now known as the Government Accountability Office, as not even being fit as a training vehicle.

      By 1959, when production of the M48 tank series had ended, approximately 12,000 units in various versions had been constructed. It took until 1963, with the introduction of an upgraded model of the vehicle labeled the M48A3 tank, for the design to mature and the machine to become a reliable workhorse. By this time however, the tank’s 90mm main gun was obsolete against many of the Soviet tanks then in service, the most common being the T-54 medium tanks, armed with a 100mm main gun.

      The T-54 medium tank began entering widespread service with the Soviet Army and many of its client states in the early 1950s. It was complemented, beginning in 1958, by an upgraded version designated the T-55 tank. Production of the T-54 tank series, including license-built copies, continued until 1959. Production of the T-55 tank series lasted until 1981. The approximate number of T-54/T-55 series tanks is estimated anywhere between 86,000 to 100,000 units, making them the most-produced tanks in history.

      The American Answer to the T-54/T-55 Medium Tank

      In order to field a tank quickly, and in large numbers, armed with a main gun large enough to penetrate the frontal armor array of the Soviet T-54/T-55 tank series, the US Army took a single M48A2 tank in very early 1959 as an experiment and armed it with an American version of a brand new British-developed 105mm tank gun, designated the L7. The British Army had adopted the weapon in 1959 for mounting in their Centurion Mark 7 tank. The modified American-built copy of the tank gun was designated the M68.

      The design and development of the L7 105mm British tank gun had been initiated by a chance event during the 1956 Hungarian Uprising. Somebody drove a captured Soviet Army T-54 tank onto the grounds of the British Embassy, located in the Hungarian capital of Budapest. Before returning the tank to the Soviet Army, the British military experts on staff closely examined the vehicle and realized that their existing main gun on the Centurion tank series, the 20-pounder (83mm), lacked the penetrative power to deal with it. Therefore a new larger and more powerful tank main gun was required, resulting in the quick development and fielding of the L7 105mm tank gun.

      In addition to the new 105mm M68 main gun, the single modified M48A2 tank was fitted with a better-protected front hull configuration. Another big improvement was the replacement of the original gasoline-powered engine, with a much more reliable and fuel-efficient diesel-powered engine. Testing of this single modified M48A2 tank went very well and in March 1959 the US Army re-designated it the M60 tank, and ordered it into full-scale production, as a replacement for the M48 tank series. It was at the time considered only an interim vehicle.

      The M60 was not the original choice of the US Army to replace the M48 tank series. Late 1954, Chief of Staff of the US Army approved the development of a new medium tank under the T95 tank program. Despite many innovative design features, the program proved to be a dead end, and the US Army lost interest in it by 1958.

      Between 1959 and 1982, over 15,000 units of the M60 tank would be built in four models. An upgraded version with an elongated turret offering superior ballistic protection was the M60A1 tank, and entered service in 1961. The M60A2 tank was armed with a 152mm gun/Shillelagh missile launcher instead of a 105mm main gun.

      Despite being a progressively improved version of the M48 tank series, which meant almost all the teething problems often associated with new tanks were absent from the M60 tank series, it was not considered by the US Army as part of the Patton tank series (M46 through M48). Neither was it ever assigned an official nickname by the US Army, despite some unofficial nicknames being applied to it by those who served on them; such as ‘Super Patton’.

      The M60 series tanks were essentially medium tanks equipped with a main gun that was the equal in performance of the 120mm main gun fitted in the M103 series heavy tank. Reflecting the medium and heavy tank roles it took over, the M60 series tanks were often referred to as a ‘main battle tank’ (MBT). This was a label that first appeared in US Army documents in 1957. The Centurion Mark 7, with the 105mm main gun, performed the same role as the new M60 series tanks for the British Army, resulting in the discarding of their postwar heavy tank, the Conqueror. Instead of the term main battle tank, the British Army adopted the term ‘universal tank’.

      The Soviet Answer to the M60 Tank

      The Soviet Army became concerned in the 1950s that the frontal armor array on the American M48 tank series, and its British counterpart, the Centurion tank series, might be proof against the tank-killing rounds fired from the 100mm main guns mounted in their T-54 and T-55 series tanks. That concern grew even larger when a brand new M60A1 tank came into their possession in January 1961, as a turncoat Royal Iranian Army officer drove a newly issued example across the Iranian border into the Soviet Union. Upon closely examining the new American tank they realized that its gun and armor made it far superior to their existing T-54/T-54 series tanks.

      To deal with the M60A1 tank and penetrate its frontal armor array, the Soviet Army set about the design and development of a more capable 115mm tank main gun. Instead of being rifled as all tank main guns had been since the beginning, the new Soviet-designed and built 115mm tank gun was smooth bore. Because the new 115mm tank gun was too large to fit within the existing T-54/T-55 series tank turrets, it was decided to develop a new larger turret that would be mounted on a lengthened T-55 tank chassis. The new tank was designated the T-62 medium tank and was accepted for service in 1961, with large-scale production beginning

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