Philippians

Philippians

A Commentary

by Paul A. Holloway

Edited by Adela Yarbro Collins

Fortress Press

Minneapolis

Philippians

A Commentary

Copyright © 2017 Fortress Press

All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in critical articles or reviews, no part of this book may be reproduced in any manner without prior written permission from the publisher. Write: Permissions, Fortress Press, Box 1209, Minneapolis, MN 55440.

Scripture quotations from the Revised Standard ­Version of the Bible are copyright © 1946, 1952, 1971 by the Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the USA and are used by permission.

Scripture quotations from the New Revised ­Standard Version of the Bible are copyright © 1989 by the ­Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the U.S.A. and are used by permission.

Cover and interior design by Kenneth Hiebert

Typesetting and page composition by

The HK Scriptorium

Library of Congress cataloging-in-publication data is available

Print ISBN: 978-0-8006-6096-3

eISBN: 978-1-5064-3843-6

The paper used in this publication meets the mini­mum ­requirements of American National Standard

for Information Sciences—Permanence of paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z329.48–1984.

Manufactured in the U.S.A.

For Melissa, and for Chap, Abby, Callie, and Lillian

Contents

Foreword

Editor’s Note

Preface

Reference Codes

1. Sources and Abbreviations

2. Short Titles

Introduction

1. Some Prefatory Remarks on Ancient Consolation

2. Literary Integrity of Canonical Philippians

3. Place and Date of Writing

4. Rhetorical Situation

5. Genre: Philippians as a Letter of Consolation

6. The Disposition of the Letter

7. Key Religious Topoi

Excursus: σῶμα πνευματικόν

8. Text

1:1-2

I. Letter Prescript

1:3-11

II. Exordium: Paul’s Affection and Prayers for the Philippians

Excursus: Epicurean Consolation

Excursus: Seneca, Epistulae morales 107.1 and Philippians 1:9-10a

1:12—4:1

III. The Body of the Letter: Things That Really Matter and Other Consolatory Arguments

1:12-18b

A. First Consolatory Argument: The Progress of the Gospel

Excursus: RPC 1:1651

Excursus: Roman Attitudes toward Foreign Cults

1:18c-21

B. Second Consolatory Argument: Paul’s Final Salvation

1:22-26

C. Third Consolatory Argument (Begun): Paul’s Acquittal and Return

Excursus: Dubitatio

1:27—2:16

D. Hortatory Digression: Live in a Manner Worthy of the Gospel

1:27b-30

1. Introductory Exhortation 1:27a First Targeted Exhortation

Excursus: The Fate of the Wicked according to Paul

Excursus: Cyrenaic Consolation—Nothing unexpected has happened

2:1-4. 2

Second Targeted Exhortation

2:5-11. 3

The Example of Christ

Excursus: On the Genre of Philippians 2:6-11

Excursus: Metamorphosis in Greco-Roman and Jewish Myth

Excursus: Paul’s Theology of the Cross

2:12-16

4. Third Targeted Exhortation

2:17-18

E. The Third Consolatory Argument (Concluded): Paul’s Noble Death

2:19-24

F. Fourth Consolatory Argument: Promise to Send Timothy

Excursus: Consolation for an Absent Loved One

2:25-30

G. Fifth Consolatory Argument: Epaphroditus’s Recovery and Return

3:1—4:1

H. Sixth Consolatory Argument: Suffering Leads to the Knowledge of Christ

3:2-3. 1

Introductory Sentence 3:1 First Rhetorical Comparison

Excursus: Paul’s Opponents in Philippians 3

Excursus: Paul’s Language in Philippians 3:2-3

3:4-11

2. Second Rhetorical Comparison

Excursus: Zeal in Second Temple Judaism and Early Christianity

Excursus: PGM 3.591–611 and Paul’s γνῶσις Χριστοῦ

Excursus: πίστις Χριστοῦ

3:12-16

3. Self-Correction

Excursus: φρονεῖν in Philippians

3:17—4:1

4. Concluding Exhortation and Final Sentence

4:2-9

IV. Peroration: Parenesis and Consolation

Excursus: Epicurean Consolation (as modified by Cicero)

4:10-20

V. A Post-Scripted Expression of Thanks

Excursus: The Philippians’ Partnership with Paul

4:21-23

VI. Final Greetings and Prayer

Bibliography

Indexes

Old Testament Editorial Board

Peter Machinist, Harvard University, chair

Klaus Baltzer, University of Munich

Sidnie White Crawford, University of Nebraska

Paul D. Hanson, Harvard University

Thomas Krüger, University of Zurich

S. Dean McBride Jr., Union Theological Seminary in Virginia

Andreas Schuele, University of Leipzig

David Vanderhooft, Boston College

Molly Zahn, University of Kansas

New Testament Editorial Board

Harold W. Attridge, Yale University, chair

Adela Yarbro Collins, Yale University

Eldon Jay Epp, Case Western Reserve University

Hans-Josef Klauck, University of Chicago

AnneMarie Luijendijk, Princeton University

Laura S. Nasrallah, Harvard University

The Author

Paul A. Holloway (Ph.D., University of Chicago, 1998) lives in Old Salem, Tennessee, with his family and an assortment of domestic livestock, including a small herd of prize milk goats. He enjoys traditional carpentry and especially the continued restoration of his family’s circa 1800 Federalist farmhouse and outbuildings. He is University Professor of Classics and Ancient Christianity in the University of the South in nearby Sewanee. Prior to coming to Sewanee he was Senior Lecturer in the Department of Theology and Religious Studies in the University of Glasgow, Scotland. The present commentary builds on his published dissertation, Consolation in Philippians (SNTSMS 112; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001). He has also written Coping with Prejudice: 1 Peter in Social-Psychological Perspective (WUNT 244; Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2009), as well as numerous articles on Judaism and early Christianity for such journals as Byzantinische Zeitschrift, Early Christianity, ­Harvard Theological Review, Journal of Biblical Literature, New Testament Studies, Novum Testamentum, Vetus Testamentum, and Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft. He is currently preparing a commentary on 1 Corinthians for the International Critical Commentary (ICC) series.

Endpapers

Endpapers show a leaf from p46, dated c. 180–200 CE, containing Philippians 1:30—2:12; Chester Beatty Library, BP II, folio 84v. Reprinted courtesy of the Chester Beatty Library.

Foreword

The name Hermeneia, Greek ἑρµενεία, has been chosen as the title of the commentary series to which this volume belongs. The word Hermeneia has a rich background in the history of biblical interpretation as a term used in the ancient Greek-speaking world for the detailed, systematic exposition of a scriptural work. It is hoped that the series, like its name, will carry forward this old and venerable tradition. A second, entirely practical reason for selecting the name lies in the desire to avoid a long descriptive title and its inevitable acronym, or worse, an unpronounceable abbreviation.

The series is designed to be a critical and historical commentary to the Bible without arbitrary limits in size or scope. It will utilize the full range of philological and historical tools, including textual criticism (often slighted in modern commentaries), the methods of the history of tradition (including genre and prosodic analysis), and the history of religion.

Hermeneia is designed for the serious student of the Bible. It will make full use of ancient Semitic and classical languages; at the same time, English translations of all comparative materials‒‒Greek, Latin, Canaanite, or Akkadian‒‒will be supplied alongside the citation of the source in its original language. Insofar as possible, the aim is to provide the student or scholar with full critical discussion of each problem of interpretation and with the primary data upon which the discussion is based.

Hermeneia is designed to be international and interconfessional in the selection of authors; its editorial boards were formed with this end in view. Occasionally the series will offer translations of distinguished commentaries which originally appeared in languages other than English. Published volumes of the series will be revised continually, and eventually, new commentaries will replace older works in order to preserve the currency of the series. Commentaries are also being assigned for important literary works in the categories of apocryphal and pseudepigraphical works relating to the Old and New Testaments, including some of Essene or Gnostic authorship.

The editors of Hermeneia impose no systematic-theological perspective upon the series (directly, or indirectly by selection of authors). It is expected that authors will struggle to lay bare the ancient meaning of a biblical work or pericope. In this way the text’s human relevance should become transparent, as is always the case in competent historical discourse. However, the series eschews for itself homiletical translation of the Bible.

The editors are heavily indebted to Fortress Press for its energy and courage in taking up an expensive, long-term project, the rewards of which will accrue chiefly to the field of biblical scholarship.

The editor responsible for this volume is Adela Yarbro Collins of Yale University.

Peter Machinist

For the Old Testament

Editorial Board

Harold W. Attridge

For the New Testament

Editorial Board

Editor’s Note

The commentary by Paul A. Holloway contains a fresh translation of the letter to the Philippians that reflects his exegetical decisions. Texts from the rest of the New Testament are his translations as well, unless otherwise noted. Passages from the Hebrew Bible are usually quoted from the New Revised Standard Version. Quotations from Greek and Latin authors are generally his translations and follow standard critical editions.

Preface

Writing a critical commentary on Paul’s letter to the Philippians, one of the foundational texts of Western culture, and one that puts on clear display the imprisoned apostle’s deep humanity and courage, has been both a challenge and a joy, and I would like to thank the New Testament editors of the Hermeneia commentary series for inviting me to do so. The commentary that follows builds on my University of Chicago dissertation, published in 2001 by Cambridge University Press, and countless times over the course of writing I have had occasion to recall with gratitude the expert and collegial instruction I received at Chicago, especially from my Doktormutter, Prof. Adela Yarbro Collins, whose maternal duties have now been extended to include serving as the present volume’s editor. Three other of my teachers at Chicago whose instruction is reflected on the pages of this book are Prof. Elizabeth Asmis, who taught me to take seriously the various schools of Hellenistic and Roman philosophy; Prof. John J. Collins, who showed me the importance of ancient Judaism and instilled in me a desire to know as much about it as possible; and Prof. Richard Saller, who insisted that I learn to reason critically and historically about the social realities of the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire. I first became interested in Philippians in 1989 when I prepared a seminar paper on the letter for Prof. Werner Kelber at Rice University. It was with some effort that Werner awakened me from my dogmatic slumbers and launched me on an academic career, and for that I will always be grateful.

In producing this commentary I have been aided by two scholars in particular. In all things Pauline, I have been instructed by my good friend Prof. Christopher Mount of DePaul University. My understanding of Paul’s religious thought would be much impoverished where it not for Chris’s profound insights, frequently and generously communicated to me. I have also been helped by my colleague at Sewanee, Dr. James Dunkly. Jim is Sewanee’s recently retired theological librarian, an excellent stylist and editor, and a New Testament scholar in his own right. In addition to being thoughtful conversation partners, both Chris and Jim read and commented on portions of the commentary. I am in their debt—and so are my readers! I would also like to thank Dr. Sandra Bingham of the University of Edinburgh, who brought Vindolanda Tablet 2.154 to my attention; Prof. Brent Shaw of Princeton University, who sent me the page proofs of his article The Myth of the Neronian Persecution, JRS 105 (2015) 73–100; Prof. Cédric Brélaz of the University of Strasbourg, who kept me from erring in a matter of Latin epigraphy; Prof. Michael Cover of Marquette University, who shared a draft of his award-winning paper "The Death of Tragedy: The Form of God in Euripides’ Bacchae and Paul’s Carmen Christi," HTR (forthcoming); and Dr. Romulus Stephanut, Sewanee’s new theologian librarian and a gifted scholar of Alexandrian Judaism, who kindly helped me with a question I had about Philo. I am also grateful to Maurya Horgan and Paul Kobelski of the HK Scriptorium for their expert and patient copyediting and typesetting of a challenging manuscript.

Although I have been thinking about and writing about Philippians for over a decade, I was able to bring this commentary into its final form thanks to a generous sabbatical for the academic year 2015–16. I am grateful to Sewanee provost Prof. John Swallow for this time to write and for his continuing interest in my scholarship.

I dedicate this volume to my much-loved wife and life partner Melissa Coulter Holloway, and to our four much-loved children, Chap, Abby, Callie, and Lillian. A keen observer of human nature, a searing cultural critic, and a selfless interlocutor, Melissa’s fingerprints are on virtually every page of this book.

A note on language. When writing in my own voice I have used inclusive language; when translating Paul I have not done so for historical reasons. Paul repeatedly refers to the Philippian Christ-believers as brothers (ἀδελφοί) even though he means to include in this women such as Euodia and Syntyche (4:2). I have consistently translated ἀδελφοί as brothers and in each instance attached a footnote clarifying Paul’s usage. Paul’s use of the noun πνεῦµα presents special problems. Suffice it to say that in expressions like πνεῦµα θεοῦ (spirit of God) or πνεῦµα Χριστοῦ (spirit of Christ) I have not capitalized spirit. When, however, the divine πνεῦµα is mentioned without a modifier I have capitalized Spirit to avoid confusion with other uses, e.g., πνεῦµα as substance.

Reference Codes

1. Sources and Abbreviations

AAR   American Academy of Religion

AB   Anchor Bible

ABD   The Anchor Bible Dictionary, ed. David Noel Freedman (6 vols.; New York: Doubleday, 1992).

ABRL   Anchor Bible Reference Library

ABV   J. D. Beazley, Attic Black-Figure Vase-Painters (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1956).

AClass   Acta classica

Act. Paul.   Acts of Paul

Act. Paul. et Thecl.   Acts of Paul and Thecla

Act. Thom.   Acts of Thomas

AÉ   L’Année Épigraphique

Aeg    Aegyptus

Aelianus

Var. hist.   Varia historia

Aesop

Fab.   Fabulae

AGJU   Arbeiten zur Geschichte des antiken Judentums und des Urchristentums

AJA   American Journal of Archaeology

AJPh   American Journal of Philology

ALGHJ   Arbeiten zur Literatur und Geschichte des hellenistischen Judentums

Ambrose

De exc. Sat.   De excessu fratris sui Satyri

Ep.    Epistulae

Hexam.   Hexameron

Obit. Theod   De obitu Theodosii

Obit. Valent.   De obitu Valentiniani

AMNG   Antiken Münzen Nord-Griechenland

AnBib   Analecta biblica

AncW   The Ancient World

ANF   Ante-Nicene Fathers

ANRW    Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt, ed. Hildegard Temporini and Wolfgang Haase (New York/Berlin: de Gruyter, 1972–).

ANTF   Arbeiten zur neutestamentlichen Textforschung

Anth. Graec.   Anthologia Graeca

Antoninus Liberalis

Metam.   Metamorphoses

APF   Archiv für Papyrusforschung

Aphthonius

Prog. Progymnasmata

Apoc. Abr.   Apocalypse of Abraham

Apollonius of Rhodes

Argon.   Argonautica

Apollonius of Tyana

Ep.   Epistulae

Appian

Bell. civ.   Bellum civile

Apuleius

Metam.   Metamorphoses

Aristides

Or.   Orationes

Aristophanes

Eccl.   Ecclesiazusae

Eq.   Equites (Knights)

Ran.   Ranae (Frogs)

Vesp. Vespae (Wasps)

Aristotle

EN   Ethica ad Nicomachum

Rhet. Ars rhetorica

ASC    altered state(s) of consciousness

Asc. Isa.   Ascension of Isaiah

Asclepius    Asclepius (Hermetica)

Athenaeus

Deip. Deipnosophistae

Augustine

Ep.   Epistulae

In Psalm.    Ennarationes in Psalmos

Serm. Sermones

Spir. et litt.   De spiritu et littera

AV   Authorized Version

AYB   Anchor Yale Bible

BAK   Beiträge zur Altertumskunde

2 Bar.    2 Baruch

Basil

Ep.    Epistulae

BBR   Bulletin for Biblical Research

BCH   Bulletin de correspondance hellénique

BCHSup Bulletin de correspondance hellénique Supplements

BDAG   Walter Baur, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, ed.

­William F. Arndt, F. Wilbur ­Gingrich (3rd ed. rev. by Frederick W. Danker; Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000).

BDF   F. Blass and A. Debrunner, A Greek Grammar of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, ed. and trans. Robert W. Funk (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961).

BEThL   Bibliotheca ephemeridum theologicarum lovaniensium

BFCTh   Beiträge zur Förderung christ­licher Theologie

BGU    Aegyptische Urkunden aus den Königlichen Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin, Griechische Urkunden (15 vols.; Berlin: Weidmann, 1895–1937).

Bib   Biblica

BibInt   Biblical Interpretation

BJRL   Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester

BN   Biblische Notizen

BNTC   Black’s New Testament Commentary

Boios

Ornith.   Ornithogonia

BTB   Biblical Theology Bulletin

BZ   Byzantinische Zeitschrift

BZAW   Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft

BZNW   Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft

Callimachus

Hym. Dem.      Hymn 6, To Demeter (In Cererem)

Hym. Dionys.      Hymn 7, To Dionysus (In Bacchum)

Cassius Dio

Hist. Historia romana

Catullus

Carm.   Carmina

CBET   Contributions to Biblical Exegesis and Theology

CbNT   Commentaire biblique: Nouveau Testament

CBQ   Catholic Biblical Quarterly

C.C.   Maxime Collignon and Louis Couve, Catalogue des vases peints du Musée national d’Athènes   (3 vols.; Paris: Fontemoing, 1902–4).

CCSL   Corpus Christianorum series latina

Chariton

Chaer. et Call.   De Chaerea et Callirhoe

Cicero

Ad Att.   Ad Atticum

Ad Brut.   Ad Brutum

Ad fam.   Ad familiares

De amic.   De amicitia

De clem.   De clementia

De fin.   De finibus

De off.   De officio

De orat.   De oratore

De prov.   De providentia

De sen.   De senectute

Mur. Pro Murena

Pro Mil.   Pro Milone

QFr.   Ad Quintum fratrem

Resp. De republica

Top.   Topica

Tusc. Tusculanae disputationes

Ver.   In Verrem

CIJ   Corpus inscriptionum judaicarum, ed. Jean-Baptiste Frey (2 vols.; Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute, 1936–52).

CIL   Corpus inscriptionum latinarum (Berlin: G. Reimer, 1862–).

CIPh   Cédric Brélaz, Corpus des ­inscriptions grecques et latines de Phi­lippes (Athens: École française d’Athènes, 2014).

1 Clem. 1 Clement

CNT   Commentaire de Nouveau ­Testament

Corp. Herm.   Corpus Hermeticum

CP   Classical Philology

CPJ   Corpus Papyrorum Judaicarum, ed. Victor A. Tcherikover (3 vols.; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1957–64).

CPSSup Cambridge Philological Society Supplements

CSCO   Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium

CSEL   Corpus scriptorum ecclesiasticorum latinorum

CSP   Colectánea San Paciano (­Barcelona)

Cyprian

De mort.   De mortalitate

Demetrius

Eloc.   De elocutione

Dio Chrysostom

Or.   Orationes

Diodorus Siculus

Bib. hist.   Bibliotheca historica

Diogenes Laertius

Vit.    Vitae philosophorum

Dionysius of Halicarnassus

Ant.   Antiquitates Romanae

Rhet. Ars rhetorica

DSD   Dead Sea Discoveries

EB   Études biblique

EBR   Christine Helmer et al., Encyclopedia of the Bible and Its Reception (Berlin: de Gruyter, 2009–).

EC   Early Christianity

ECL   Early Christianity and Its Literature

EHPhR   Études d’histoire et de philosophie religieuses

EKK   Evangelisch-Katholischer Kommentar

EM   Etymologicum Magnum, ed. T. Gaisford (Oxford, 1848)

Ennius

frag.   fragmenta

Med. Medea

1 Enoch    1 Enoch (Ethiopic Enoch)

2 Enoch    2 Enoch (Slavonic Enoch)

3 Enoch    3 Enoch (Hebrew Enoch)

Epictetus

Diss.   Dissertationes

Ench. Enchiridion

Epicurus

frag.   fragmenta

Sent. Vat.   Sententiae Vaticanae

Epiphanius

Pan.   Panarion (Adversus Haereses)

EPRO   Études préliminaires aux religions orientales dans l’empire romain

ET   English Translation

EThSt   Erfurter theologische Studien

Euripides

Alc.   Alcestis

Andr. Andromache

Bacch.   Bacchae

frag.   fragmenta

Hec.   Hecuba

Hel.   Helena

Her.   Hercules

Iph. Aul.   Iphigenia Aulidensis

Med. Medea

Phoen.   Phoenissae

Suppl.    Supplices

Eusebius

Praep. Ev.   Praeparatio Evangelica

Hist. Eccl.    Historia Ecclesiastica

EvQ   Evangelical Quarterly

ExpTim Expository Times

Ezekiel the Tragedian

Exag. Exagoge

Favorinus

De exil.   De exilio

frag. fragmenta

FGrH (= FrGrHist)   Felix Jacoby, Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker (Berlin: Weidmann, 1923–).

FPhGr (= FPG)   F. W. A. Mullach, Fragmenta philo­sophorum Graecorum (3 vols.; Paris: Didot, 1860–81).

FRLANT    Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und Neuen Testaments

Fronto

Ad Verum Imp.   Ad Verum Imperatorem

De nep. am.    De nepote amisso

Gaius Gracchus

frag. fragmenta

Galen

De indol.   De indolentia

De plac.   De placitis Hippocratis et Platonis

George of Alexandria

Vit. Chrys.   Vita Chrysostomi

George Syncellus

Chronographia   Ecloga chronographica

Glotta   Glotta: Zeitschrift für griechische und lateinische Sprache

Gosp. Pet.   Gospel of Peter

GRBS   Greek, Roman, and Byzantine ­Studies

Gregory of Corinth

Περὶ τροπ.   Περὶ τροπῶν ποιητικῶν

Gregory of Nyssa

Flac. Oratio funebris in Flacilliam imperatricem

Melet.   Oratio funebris in Meletium ­episcopum

Pulch.   Oratio consolatoria in Pulcheriam

Gregory Nazianzen

Ep.   Epistulae

Or.    Orationes

Gregory Thaumaturgus

Pan. Orig.   In Originem oratio panegyrica

GThA   Göttinger theologische Arbeiten

HABES   Heidelberger althistorische ­Beiträge und epigraphische ­Studien

HBS   Herders biblische Studien

HDR   Harvard Dissertations in Religion

Hermas (Shepherd of Hermas)

Sim.   Similitudes

Vis.   Visiones (in Pastor Hermae)

Hermes Hermes: Zeitschrift für klassische Philologie

Hermogenes

Inv.   De inventione

Prog. Progymnasmata

Herodotus

Hist.   Historiae

Himerius

Or.   Orationes

Hippocrates

Mul.   De mulierum affectibus

Hippolytus

Ref.   Refutation omnium haeresium

HNT   Handbuch zum Neuen Testament

Hom. Clem.   Pseudo-Clementinae homiliae

Homer

Il.   Iliad

Od.   Odyssey

Horace

Carm.   Carmina

HSCP   Harvard Studies in Classical ­Philology

HThKNT   Herders theologischer Kommentar zum Neuen Testament

HTR   Harvard Theological Review

HTS   Harvard Theological Studies

HWPh   J. Ritter, Historisches Wörterbuch der Philosophie (Darmstadt: Schwabe, 1971–2007).

Hyginus

Fab.   Fabulae

ICC   International Critical Commentary

IG   Inscriptiones Graecae (Berlin: de Gruyter, 1924–).

IGLS   Les inscriptiones grecques et latines de la Syrie

Ignatius

Eph.   Ad Ephesios

Mag. Ad Magnesios

Rom. Ad Romanos

Smyrn.   Ad Smyrnaios

Trall. Ad Trallianos

IGR    Inscriptiones Graecae ad Res ­Romanas Pertinentes

ILS   Inscriptiones Latinae selectae

IPerg   Die Inschriften von Pergamon, ed. Max Fränkel (2 vols.; Berlin: W. Spemann, 1890–95).

Isocrates

Nic.    Nicocles (orat. 3)

Phil.   Ad Philippum

JAC    Jahrbuch für Antike und Christentum

JBL   Journal of Biblical Literature

Jerome

Ep.   Epistulae

Vir. ill.   De viris illustribus

JJS   Journal of Jewish Studies

John Chrysostom

Ad Stag.   Ad Stagirium a daemone vexatum

De incomprehen.   De incomprehensibili dei natura

Ep. ad Olymp. Epistulae ad Olympiadem

Hom. Act.   Homiliae in Acta apostolorum

In Epist. ad Thess.   Homiliae in epistulam ad Thessalonicenses

In Phil.   Homiliae in epistulam ad Philippenses

Laud. Paul.   De laudibus sancti Pauli apostoli

Quod nemo laed.   Quod nemo laeditur nisi a se ipso

Josephus

Ap.   Contra Apionem

Ant.   Antiquitates Judaicae

Bell.   De bello Judaico

JQR   Jewish Quarterly Review

JRASup Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplements

JRS   Journal of Roman Studies

JSNT    Journal for the Study of the New Testament

JSNTSup   Journal for the Study of the New Testament: Supplement Series

JSOTSup   Journal for the Study of the Old Testament: Supplement Series

JSPSup   Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha Supplements

JTC   Journal of Theology and Church

JTS   Journal of Theological Studies

Jub.   Jubilees

Julian

Ep.   Epistulae

Justin

1 Apol.   Apologia

2 Apol.    Apologia secunda

Juvenal

Sat.   Satires

KEK   Kritisch-exegetischer Kommentar über das Neue Testament

LAB   Liber Antiquitatum Biblicarum

L.A.E.    Life of Adam and Eve (Apoc. = Greek version; Vita = Latin version)

Laod.   Laodicians (Pseudo-Paul)

LCL   Loeb Classical Library

LEC   Library of Early Christianity

Leo VI Philosophus

Or.   Orationes

Libanius

Ep.   Epistulae

Or.   Orationes

Livy

Ab urb.   Ab urbe condita libri

LNTS   Library of New Testament ­Studies

LSJ   Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, and Henry Stuart Jones, A Greek-English Lexicon (9th ed. with revised supplement; Oxford: ­Clarendon, 1940; reprinted 1966).

Lucian

Cal.   Calumniae non temere credendum

Icar.   Icaromenippus

Tox.   Toxaris vel amicitia

Lucretius

De re. nat.    De rerum natura

LXX   Septuagint

Macrobius

In somn. Scip. Commentarii in somnium Scipionis

Maj   Majority Text

Manetho

frag.   fragmenta

Mara bar Serapion

Ep.    Epistula

Marcus Aurelius

Med. Meditationes

Martial

Epig.   Epigramata

Martin (Martinius 1 papa)

Narr. de exil.   Narrationes de exilio

Mart. Pion.   Martyrium Pionii

Menander Rhetor

Περὶ ἐπιδεικ. Περὶ ἐπιδεικτικῶν

MIFAO Mémoires publiés par les members de L’Institut français d’archéologie orientale du Caire

MM   James Hope Moulton and George Milligan, The Vocabulary of the Greek Testament (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1949).

MMA   Metropolitan Museum of Art (used in reference to item catalogue numbers)

Mnemosyne   Mnemosyne (Bibliotheca classica Batava)

Moschus

Eur.   Europa

Musonius

frag.   fragmenta

MT   Masoretic Text

NCE   New Catholic Encyclopedia

Neot   Neotestamentica

NewDocs   New Documents Illustrating Early Christianity, ed. G. H. R. Horsley and S. Llewelyn (North Ryde, New South Wales: Ancient History Documentary Research Centre, Macquarie University, 1981–).

NHC   Nag Hammadi Codex

NHS   Nag Hammadi Studies

NIB   New Interpreter’s Bible, ed. ­Leander  E. Keck (12 vols.; Nashville: Abingdon, 1994–2004).

Nicander

Hetero.   Heteroeoumena

NICNT   New International Commentary on the New Testament

Nicolaus

Prog. Progymnasmata

NIGTC   New International Greek Testament Commentary

NKZ   Neue kirchliche Zeitschrift

NPNF   Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers

n.s.   new series

NTD   Das Neue Testament Deutsch

NTG   Novum Testamentum Graece

NTOA   Novum Testamentum et Orbis Antiquus

NTS   New Testament Studies

NTT    Nederlands Theologisch Tijdschrift

NTTS   New Testament Tools and Studies

NovT   Novum Testamentum

NovTSup   Novum Testamentum Supplements

NRSV   New Revised Standard Version

NTApoc Edgar Hennecke and Wilhelm Schneemelcher, New Testament Apocrypha (rev. ed.; 2 vols.; ­Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1991).

NW   Udo Schnelle, Neuer Wettstein (Berlin: de Gruyter, 1996).

Od. Sol. Odes of Solomon

OLD   P. G. W. Glare, Oxford Latin ­Dictionary (Oxford: Clarendon, 1982).

O. Mon. Epiph. W. E. Crum and H. G. Evelyn White, ed., The Monastery of ­Epiphanius at Thebes: Coptic ­Ostraca and Papyri (Milan: ­Cisalpino, 1977).

OPA   Les oeuvres de Philon d’Alexandrie

Origen

Cel.   Contra Celsum

In Ioann.   In Ioannem

OTP   The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, ed. James H. Charlesworth (2 vols.; Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1983–85).

OTS   Oudtestamentische Studiën

Ovid

Agam.   Agamemnon

Am.   Ars amatoria

Ex Pont.   Ex Ponto

Her.   Heroides

Med. Medea

Metam.   Metamorphoses

Papyri

P. Berol.   P. Berolinensis

P. Cair. Masp.   Papyrus grecs d’epoque byzantine (ed. J. Maspéro)

P. Cair. Zen.   Zenon Papyri (Musée du Caire)

P. Congr.    Actes du Congrès International de Papyrologie

P. Elephant.   Elephantine Papyri

P. Flor.   Papiri Fiorentini

P. Giss.   Papyri in the Museum des oberhessischen Geschichtsvereins zu Giessen

P. Hamb.   Griechische Papyri der ­Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek ­Hamburg

P. Lond.   Greek Papyri in the British ­Museum

P. Louvre    Papyrus Mimaut (Louvre inv. 2391; PGM 3)

P. Mert.   Papyri in the Collection of ­Wilfred Merton

P. Mich.   Michigan Papyri

P. Ness.   Nessana Papyri (ed. Kraemer)

P. Oxy.   Oxyrhynchus Papyri

P. Petr.   Flinders Petrie Papyri

P. Polit. Jud.   Urkunden des Politema der Juden von Herakleopolis

P. Princ.   Papyri in the Princeton University Collection

P. RainerCent.   Corpus Papyrorum Raineri

P. Ross. Georg.   Papyri russischer und georgischer Sammlungen

PSI   Pubblicasioni della Società Italiana: Papiri Greci e Latini I–IX

P. Vat. see UPZ

P. Wisc. Wisconsis Papyri (ed. Sijpesteijn)

P. Yale Papyri in the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library (Yale)

Palaephatus

Incred.   De incredibilibus

Paulinus of Nola

Carm.   Carmina

Ep.   Epistulae

Pausanias   Pausanias, Graeciae Descriptio

PG   Patrologiae cursus completus: Series Graeca, ed. J.-P. Migne (162 vols.; Paris, 1857–86)

PGL   G. W. H. Lampe, ed., A Patristic Greek Lexicon (Oxford: Clarendon, 1961)

PGM   Papyri Graecae Magicae. Die grieschen Zauberpapyri. Vol. 1, ed. and trans. Karl Preisendanz, revised by Albert Heinrichs (2nd ed.; Munich and Leipzig: Saur, 2001; 1st ed. 1928)

Philo

Abr.    De Abrahamo

Conf. De confusione linguarum

Congr.   De congressu eruditionis gratia

De cher.   De cherubim

De migr. Abr. De migratione Abrahami

Det.   Quod deterius potiori insidiari soleat

Fug.   De fuga et inventione

Her.    Quis rerum divinarum heres sit

Jos.   De Josepho

Leg.    Legum allegoriae II

Leg. Gai.   Legatio ad Gaium

Mos. De vita Mosis

Op.   De opificio mundi

Plant.   De plantatione

Post.   De posteritate Caini

Praem.   De praemiis et poenis

Prob. Quod omnis probus liber sit

Q. Gen.   Quaestiones in Genesim

Sac.   De sacrificiis Abelis et Caini

Spec. De specialibus legibus

Virt.   De virtutibus

Philodemus

De mort.   De morte

Rhet. Rhetorica

Philostratus

Vit. Apoll.   Vita Apollonii

Philostratus of Lemnos

Imag. Imagines

PL   Patrologiae cursus completus: Series Latina, ed. J.-P. Migne (217 vols.; Paris, 1844–64)

Plato

Apol. Apologia Socratis

Ion   Ion

Lys.   Lysis

Menex.   Menexenus

Phaedo   Phaedo

Polit. Politicus

Resp. Respublica

Plautus

Mer.   Mercato

Pers. Persae

Pliny

Ep.   Epistulae

Plutarch

Ad ux.   Ad uxorem

Caes. Caesar

Cato mai.   Cato maior

Comm. not.   De communibus notitiis adv. Stoicos

Cor.   Marcius Coriolanus

De coh. ir.   De cohibenda ira

De exil.   De exilio

De Is. et Os.    De Iside et Osiride

De rect. aud.   De recta ratione audiendi

De tran. an.    De tranquilitate animi

De vir. mor.   De virtute morali

Fab.   Fabius Maximus

Marc.   Marcellus

Phil.   Philopoemen

Praec. ger. reip.   Praecepta gerandae reipublicae

Quom adul.   Quomodo adulator ab amico internoscatur

Superst.   De superstitione

PMS   Patristic Monograph Series of the North American Patristic Society

Polycarp

Phil.   Epistula ad Philippenses

Porphyry

Nymph.   De antro nympharum

Priscianus

Praeex.   Praeexercitamina

Proclus

In Plat. Resp.   In Platonis rem publicam

Propertius

El.    Elegiae

Pr. Thank.   Prayer of Thanksgiving (Nag ­Hammadi)

Pseudo-Apollodorus

Bibl.   Bibliotheca

Epitom.   Epitome

Pseudo-Demetrius

Typoi epist.   τύποι ἐπιστολικοί (Formae epistolicae)

Pseudo-Libanius

Char. epist.   Characteres epistolici

Pseudo-Lucian

Asin.   Asinus

Pseudo-Ovid

Cons. ad Liv.   Consolatio ad Liviam (Epicedion Drusi)

Pseudo-Phalaris

Ep.   Epistulae

Pseudo-Phocylides

Sent. Sententiae

Pseudo-Plato

Ax.   Axiochus

Eryx. Eryxias

Pseudo-Plutarch

Ad Apoll   Ad Apollonium (consolatio)

PSI   Papiri greci e latini (Società Italiana per la Ricerce dei Papiri Greci e Latini in Egitto)

Pss. Sol. Psalms of Solomon

PVTG   Pseudepigrapha Veteris Testamenti Graece

PW   Pauly Wissowa, Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft

Q   Synoptic Sayings Source (Quelle)

QD   Quaestiones Disputatae

Quintilian

Inst.   Institutio oratoria

Qumran writings

1Q, 4Q, etc.   Qumran Cave 1, 4, etc.

1Q28a   1QSa

1QHa Hodayot (cited according to the edition of Donald W. Parry and Emanuel Tov, The Dead Sea Scrolls Reader [2nd ed., revised and expanded; 2 vols.; Leiden/Boston: Brill, 2014])

1QM War Scroll

1QS   Rule of the Community

1QSa Messianic Rule (Appendix A to 1QS)

4Q171   4QpPs37 (pesher on Psalm 37)

4Q174   Florilegium (Midrash on Eschatology)

4Q374   Moses Apocryphon A

4Q471   4QSelf-Glorification Hymn

4QMMTa   Miqsat Ma’ase ha-Toraha

4QpPs37   Commentary on Psalm 37

4QShirShabb Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice

11QMelch    Melchizedek

11QPsa   Psalms Scroll of Cave 11 (= 11Q5)

CD   Cairo (Geniza) Damascus Document

Rabbinic writings

b. Sanh.   Babylonian Talmud Tractate Sanhedrin

m. ’Abot   Mishnah, Tractate ’Abot

m. Sanh.   Mishnah Tractate Sanhedrin

Mekh. Exod.    Mekhilta on Exodus

Sifre Deut.   Sifre Deuteronomy

Sifre Num.   Sifre Numbers

t. Sanh.   Tosefta Sanhedrin

y. Sanh.   Jerusalem Talmud Tractate ­Sanhedrin

RAC    Reallexikon für Antike und Christentum

RasT   Rassegna di Teologia

RB   Revue biblique

REA   Revue des études anciennes

REL   Revue des études Latines

RevQ   Revue de Qumran

RevScRel   Revue de sciences religieuses

Rhet. ad Alex.   Rhetorica ad Alexandrum

Rhet. ad Her.   Rhetorica ad Herrenium

RPC 1   Roman Provincial Coinage, vol. 1: From the Death of Caesar to the Death of Vitellius (London: British Museum; Paris: Bibliothèque Nationale, 1992; reprinted with corrections, 1998).

RPT   Religion in Philosophy and ­Theology

Rufinus of Antioch

De comp.   De compositione

Rutilius Namatianus

De red.    De reditu suo

RVV   Religionsgeschichtliche Versuche und Vorarbeiten

SAWW   Sitzungsberichte des österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien).

SB    Sammelbuch griechischer Urkunden aus Aegypten, ed. Friedrich ­Preisigke et al. (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1915–2002).

SBLDS   Society of Biblical Literature ­Dissertation Series

SBLRBS Society of Biblical Literature Resources for Biblical Study

SBLSBS   Society of Biblical Literature Sources for Biblical Study

SBLSCS   Society of Biblical Literature Septuagint and Cognate Studies

SBLSP   Society of Biblical Literature Seminar Papers

SBLSymS   Society of Biblical Literature ­Symposium Series

SBLWGRW   Society of Biblical Literature Writings from the Greco-Roman World

SBS   Stuttgarter Bibelstudien

SC   Sources chrétiennes

SCHNT Studia ad Corpus Hellenisticum Novi Testamenti

SEG   Supplementum Epigraphicum ­Graecum

SelPap   Select Papyri (LCL)

Seneca

Ad Helv.   Ad Helviam

Ad Marc.   Ad Marciam

Ad Poly.   Ad Polybium

Agam.   Agamemnon

De benef.   De beneficia

De brev. vit.   De brevitate vitae

De clem.   De clementia

De prov.   De providentia

De tran. an.   De tranquillitate animi

De vit. beat.    De vita beata

Ep.   Epistulae morales

Herc. Hercules

Med. Medea

Seneca Rhetor

Contr.   Controversiae

Suas. Suasoriae

Sextus Empiricus

Adv. math.    Adversus mathematicos

Pyrrh.   Pyrrhoniae hypotyposes

SHCT   Studies in the History of Christian Traditions

SHR   Studies in the History of Religions

Sib. Or. Sibyline Oracles

SIG³   Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum3, ed. Wilhelm Dittenberger (4 vols.; Leipzig: Hirzel, 1915–24).

SJLA   Studies in Judaism in Late ­Antiquity

Smyth   Herbert Weir Smyth, Greek Grammar (revised by Gordon M. ­Messing; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984).

SNG ANS   Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum, American Numismatic Society

SNG Cop.   Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum, Copenhagen

SNG Evelp.   Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum, Réna H. Evelpidis

SNG Tüb.   Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum, Tübingen

SNTSMS   Society for New Testament ­Studies Monograph Series

Sophocles

Ajax   Ajax

Phil.   Philoctetes

Soranus

Gynaec.   Gynaeciorum libri

SR   Studies in Religion/Sciences Religieuses

ST   Studia Theologica

STA   Studia et Testimonia Antiqua

STAC   Studien und Texte zu Antike und Christentum

Statius

Ach.   Achilleis

Silv.   Silvae

STDJ   Studies on the Texts of the ­Desert of Judah

Stesichorus

Palin. Palinode

Stobaeus

Ecl.   Eclogae

Flor.    Florilegium

StPatr   Studia Patristica

StudLit   Studia Liturgica

Suetonius

Aug.   Augustus

Claud.   Claudius

Dom. Domitian

Ner.   Nero  

Tib.   Tiberius

Suidas   Suidae Lexicon, Graece et Latine

s.v.    sub voce

Symeon Metaphrastes

Vit. Chrys.   Vita Chrysostomi

T. Abr. Testament of Abraham

T. Ben. Testament of Benjamin

T. Job Testament of Job

T. Jos. Testament of Joseph

T. Levi Testament of Levi

T. Mos. Testament of Moses

T. Reub. Testament of Reuben

T. Sol. Testament of Solomon

Tacitus

Agr.   Agricola

Ann.   Annales

Dial.   Dialogus de oratoribus

Hist.   Historia

TANZ   Texte und Arbeiten zum neutestamentlichen Zeitalter

TAPA   Transactions of the American Philological Association

Tatian

Or.   Oratio ad Graecos

TDNT   Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, ed. G. Kittel and G. Friedrich; trans. and ed. ­Geoffrey  W. Bromiley (10 vols.; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1964–76).

TDOT   Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament, ed. G. J. Botterweck et al.; trans. D. E. Green et al. (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1974–).

Teles

frag.   fragmenta

Tertullian

Adv. Marc.   Adversus Marcionem

Apol. Apologeticum

Scap. Ad Scapulam

Themistius

Or.    Orationes

Theognis

El.    Elegiae

Theon

Prog. Progymnasmata

ThF   Theologische Forschung

ThHKNT   Theologischer Handkommentar zum Neuen Testament

ThPh   Theologie und Philosophie

Thucydides

Hist.   Historiae

ThZ   Theologische Zeitschrift

Tibullus

El.    Elegiae

Trag. Graec. Frag.

(= TrGF)   Tragicorum Graecorum Fragmenta (ed. Nauck)

TRE   Theologische Realenzyclopädie

TSAJ   Texte und Studien zum antiken Judentum

TU   Texte und Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der altchristlichen Literatur

TynBull Tyndale Bulletin

UNT   Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament

UPZ   Urkunden der Ptolemäerzeit (ed. Wilken)

UTB   Uni-Taschenbücher

VC   Vigiliae Christianae

Vind. Tab.   Vindolanda Tablet

Virgil

Aen.   Aeneid

v.l.    varia lectio (variant reading)

VT   Vetus Testamentum

WBC   Word Biblical Commentary

WMANT   Wissenschaftliche Monographien zum Alten und Neuen Testament

WUNT    Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament

WZJena Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift der Friedrich-Schiller-Universität (Jena)

Xenophon

Apol. Apologia Socratis

Cyropaed.   Cyropaedia

Mem.   Memorabilia

Xenophon of Ephesus

Eph.    Ephesiaca

ZNW   Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft

ZPE   Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik

ZThK   Zeitschrift für Theologie und Kirche

2. Short Titles

Abel, Bauformen

Karlhans Abel, Bauformen in Senecas Dialogen: Fünf Strukturanalysen: dial. 6, 11, 12, 1 und 2 (Bibliothek der klassischen Altertumswissenschaften 18; ­Heidelberg: Winter, 1967).

Aichele and Walsh, Metamorphosis

George Aichele and Richard Walsh, Metamorphosis, Transfiguration and the Body, BibInt 19 (2011) 253–75.

Alexander, Hellenistic Letter-Forms

Loveday Alexander, Hellenistic Letter-Forms and the Structure of Philippians, JSNT 37 (1989) 87–101.

Aletti

Jean-Noël Aletti, Saint Paul, Épître aux Philippiens: Introduction, traduction et commentaire (EB n.s. 55; Paris: Gabalda, 2005).

Ambrosiaster

Ad Filippenses, CSEL 81.3:129–63; ET: Gerald Bray, trans. and ed., Commentaries on Galatians–Philemon. Ambrosiaster (Ancient Christian Texts; Downers Grove, IL: IVP Academic, 2009).

Anger, Laodocenerbrief

Rudolf Anger, Über den Laodicenerbrief: Eine biblisch-kritische Untersuchung (Leipzig: Gebhardt & Reisland, 1843)

Aquinas

Thomas Aquinas, Commentaria in omnes D. Pauli Apostoli Epistolas (Paris: Larouse, 1874) 2:318–55.   ET: Fabian R. Larcher and Michael Duffy, trans.,  Commentary on St. Paul’s First Letter to the Thessalonians and the Letter to the Philippians (Aquinas Scripture Series 3; Albany: Magi Books, 1969).

Arband, Gefangenschaft

S. Arband, W. Macheiner, and C. Colpe, ­Gefangenschaft, RAC 9:318–45.

Arnold, Christ as the Telos

Bradley Arnold, Christ the Telos of Life: Moral Philosophy, Athletic Imagery and the Aim of Philippians (WUNT 2/371; Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2014).

Arzt, Epistolary Introductory Thanksgiving

Peter Arzt, The ‘Epistolary Introductory Thanksgiving’ in the Papyri and in Paul, NovT 36 (1994) 29–46.

Ashton, Religion

John Ashton, The Religion of Paul the Apostle (New Haven/London: Yale University Press, 2000).

Avery-Peck and Neusner, Judaism in Late Antiquity

Alan J. Avery-Peck and Jacob Neusner, eds., Judaism in Late Antiquity, Part 4: Death, Life-After-Death, Resurrection and the World-To-Come in the Judaisms of Antiquity (Handbuch der Orientalistik 55; Leiden: Brill, 2000).

Baillet, Inscriptions

Jules Baillet, Inscriptions grecques et latines des tombeaux des rois ou syringes à Thèbes (MIFAO 42; Cairo: L’Institut français d’archéologie orientale du Caire, 1926).

Barclay, Gift

John M. G. Barclay, Paul and the Gift (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2015).

Barclay and Gathercole, Agency

John M. G. Barclay and Simon J. Gathercole, eds., Divine and Human Agency in Paul and His Cultural Environment (LNTS; London/New York: T&T Clark, 2006).

Barth

Karl Barth, Epistle to the Philippians (Richmond: John Knox, 1962).

Beard, Religions of Rome

Mary Beard, John North, and Simon Price, Religions of Rome (2 vols.; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998).

Beare

F. W. Beare, A Commentary on the Epistle to the Philippians (3rd ed.; BNTC; London: A. & C. Black, 1973).

Bengel

Johann Albrecht Bengel, Gnomon Novi Testamenti (1742; 3rd ed.; Stuttgart: J. F. Steinkopf, 1855).

Berger, Formgeschichte

Klaus Berger, Formgeschichte des Neuen Testaments (Heidelberg: Quelle & Meyer, 1984).

Betz, Galatians

Hans Dieter Betz, Galatians: A Commentary on Paul’s Letter to the Churches in Galatia (Hermeneia; Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1979).

Betz, Greek Magical Papyri

Hans Dieter Betz, ed., The Greek Magical Papyri in Translation, Including the Demotic Spells, vol. 1: Texts (2nd ed.; Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992).

Betz, Studies

Hans Dieter Betz, Studies in Paul’s Letter to the Philippians (WUNT 343; Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2015).

Bingham, Praetorian Guard

Sandra Bingham, The Praetorian Guard: A History of Rome’s Elite Special Forces (London: I. B. Tauris, 2013).