The Place-Names of Wales

THE PLACE-NAMES OF WALES

The Place-Names

of Wales

Hywel Wyn Owen

© Hywel Wyn Owen, 2015

First published by the University of Wales Press

and the Western Mail 1998

Reprinted 2000

Reprinted by the University of Wales Press 2005

Revised and expanded 2015

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or storing it in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright owner except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Applications for the copyright owner’s written permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed to the University of Wales Press, 10 Columbus Walk, Brigantine Place, Cardiff, CF10 4UP.

www.uwp.co.uk

British Library CiP Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN 978-1-78316-164-5

e-ISBN 978-1-78316-166-9

The right of Hywel Wyn Owen to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 79 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

Contents

Acknowledgements

Introduction

Abbreviations for the pre-1974 counties of Wales

Map of pre-1974 counties of Wales

Place-names

Further reading

Index

Acknowledgements

The original publication was prompted by an invitation from Ned Thomas, Director of the University of Wales Press in 1998, to consider writing a selective reference book on place-names of Wales within the Pocket Guide series. In 2014 the UWP considered that an enlarged, updated revision would be appropriate. I am grateful to Catherine Jenkins for her patience, support and advice, to Leah Jenkins for her painstaking editing and to Steven Goundrey for leading me through the final stages of publication.

Over the years, three scholars whose advice I have sought and unstintingly received are Gwynedd Pierce, Richard Morgan and the late Tomos Roberts, who have provided invaluable help from their own unrivalled knowledge of place-names in Wales.

My conscience dictates that I declare my appreciation of my wife’s remarkable forbearance, to the extent of sharing a summer holiday with this book. My daughter patiently advised me in what were, to me, the mysterious intricacies of editing text. I am grateful to both.

i Elsa, Gruffydd a Non

am roi gwên ar wyneb Taid a Nain

Introduction

The present publication

In 1998, the University of Wales Press published The Place-Names of Wales in the Pocket Guide series (reprinted in 2000 and 2005). This 2015 publication is an enlarged, updated and revised version, incorporating recent developments in scholarship, with some additional names, grid references, and a change in the order of the entries (with dual place-names listed under the Welsh name). Another difference is that I have included a greater abundance of historical forms since I believe the derivation of a name is better understood when the evidence for that derivation is set out clearly, evidence which also helps to understand the later development of the name and the linguistic influences upon it.

Since 1998, three major projects have been instrumental in furthering our understanding of the place-names of Wales, projects which have had a bearing on the updates in this book.

The first is the database created out of the vast corpus of place-name material left to Bangor University by Melville Richards. He was professor of Welsh at Bangor and devoted his life to place-name research in Wales. On his untimely death in 1973, his whole research archive, over 300,000 slips, was deposited in Bangor. The 1998 publication was only able to draw on manual access to the archive. The Board of Celtic Studies and Bangor University had already started to create a database over several years. However, with a grant from the Arts and Humanities Research Council and with the support of Bangor University, I was able to employ four research assistants to input the slips and complete the database (bangor.ac.uk/amr). This tool allowed the archive to be interrogated in ways that Melville Richards himself would not have dreamed possible, enlarging immeasurably the potential for place-name scholars.

The second project was the publication of the authoritative Dictionary of the Place-Names of Wales (Gomer, 2007, with minor revisions, 2008). Over a period of ten years, Richard Morgan and I co-wrote the Dictionary assisted by a grant from the Arts and Humanities Research Council and with generous help from the Department of Welsh at Bangor University which allowed me to employ a research assistant. For some names the Dictionary was able to draw in the substance of entries in the 1998 The Place-Names of Wales. By the same token, the 2015 publication has been able to draw extensively on the Dictionary in substance and occasionally in the wording of the text. I am grateful to Richard Morgan and to both the University of Wales Press and Gwasg Gomer for facilitating this.

The third factor has been the founding in 2010 of Cymdeithas Enwau Lleoedd Cymru/Welsh Place-Name Society, the youngest of Britain’s place-name societies. Through its annual conference, its newsletter and its website, the society has been a catalyst for an understanding of place-names in Wales, a vehicle for the appreciation of place-name research methodology and a means of motivating the conservation and celebration of names, especially those that are fast disappearing or scarcely documented.

This book, then, is an accessible reference book for anyone wishing to learn about some of the place-names of Wales. The media and popular press provide ample evidence of the current surge of interest in the names that surround us. This reflects a greater awareness of our environment, an appreciation of the riches of local history, an understanding of how knowing the meaning of a name helps us to know the place and creates a sense of identity and belonging. It also brings to the fore the wealth of place-name scholarship which illuminates our history, landscape and languages.

When the 1998 publication appeared, the late Margaret Gelling, then President of the English Place-Name Society, described it as ‘a splendid combination of the scholarly with the accessible’. The Reference Reviews called it ‘a mine of fascinating information’. This enlarged and revised book will hopefully accomplish even more.

The study of place-names

Careful detective work goes into ascribing a meaning and significance to a place-name. The current form of a place-name may not necessarily be relied on as an accurate guide to the meaning of the original name. Take the names of four of the university seats of learning in Wales. Aberystwyth seems simple enough, since aber is common for a river or mouth of a river and there is a river Ystwyth there; however, Aberystwyth is on the river Rheidol. Why Cardiff and not ‘Cardaff’ or ‘Caerdaf’ and how does that square with Caerdydd? Swansea has nothing to do with the sea (despite its location) or a swan (despite the nickname of the Premier League football club). Bangor defies divination.

In these four instances we cannot begin any explanation without knowing what the place-names were like when they were first recorded. That could be fourteen centuries ago. Even the earliest record is not always reliable if the place and the place-name existed long before that, but it is the best we can do and, if we are to try to explain the origin of the name, it is the only thing we can do. However, we disregard at our peril the pronunciation of the name for that may tell us much about later social and linguistic factors.

That is why this book incorporates a considerable number of historic forms and their dates in each entry. These early forms are to be found in a variety of sources, some contemporary, most later, encompassing monastic and ecclesiastical records, charters, legal documents, deeds, estate papers and surveys, chronicles, parish registers, tithe schedules, land tax and census returns and a whole host of maps which frequently accompany such records. Some source materials will be in published form, but many will require scrutiny of original documents; some will be in local archive offices, others will be in private hands or in national collections. All in all, we need to have access to any document which records the names of places within a community. The gathering of place-name data is the first stage in the detective work.

The second stage is analysing such data. We must be alert to possible errors in transmission when, say, a thirteenth-century Norman-French civil servant may have copied a Latin legal document compiled by an English landlord based on evidence supplied by a Welsh tenant. Analysis, we have already seen, is primarily a linguistic task for which a knowledge of the history and development of the Welsh and English languages is essential, together with a working knowledge of elements from other languages which appear in the place-names of Wales, particularly Old English, Latin, Old Norse and Norman-French. These elements provide place-name researchers with some of their most valuable tools. If a place-name’s first recorded form can reliably be broken down into recognizable