Soviet T-55 Main Battle Tank

CONTENTS

Introduction

Chapter One: Leonid Kartsev

Chapter Two: Development of the T-55 Tank

Chapter Three: Description of the T-55 and its Variants

Chapter Four: Derivatives of the T-55 Tank Family

Chapter Five: Combat Use of the T-55 Tank

Appendices

Bibliography

INTRODUCTION

While it was closely related to the previous T-44 and T-54 tank designs, the T-55 is one of the most iconic weapons created by the Soviet Union during the Cold War and also one of the most widely distributed major weapons in history. Approximately 23,000 T-55 tanks of all versions were produced by the Soviet Union beginning in 1958, with another approximately 15,000 built by Poland and Czechoslovakia, a small number of derivatives built in Romania and thousands of other related variants produced by the People’s Republic of China.

The T-55 tank was essentially what the Russians refer to as a ‘rationalized’ version of the T-54B tank. A ‘rationalizer’ was the term used for someone who simplifies, improves, finds a better way to build, or cuts the cost of making any sort of item they produced. While the tank suffered from the emerging drawback of its direct forebear – monolithic homogeneous armour – it was nevertheless simple to operate, easy to repair in the field, and relatively dependable if normal maintenance was ensured. When compared to its progenitor (the T-44), the T-55 encompassed a large number of relatively sophisticated and compact systems in a tank not much larger than the preceding T-44.

A line-up of Soviet army T-55 tanks during manoeuvres. The T-55 was, from a distance, almost indistinguishable from the late T-54B, but small details such as the glacis plate welding identified the type.

The T-55 tank evolved from the combination of previous work undertaken by Soviet designers including F. F. Petrov, who created its lightweight and powerful 100mm gun, and I. Ya. Trashutin, the designer of the V-2 series of diesel engines, combined with the concepts of Aleksandr Morozov already used in the proven T-54. But the man ultimately responsible for this tank was Leonid Nikolayevich Kartsev, then the chief designer at the Ural Railway Wagon Construction Plant (Ural’ny Vagonstroitel’sviy Zavod – UVZ). He believed in the evolutionary system of tank development, which ran counter to Aleksandr Morozov’s thinking about revolutionary designs. In later years, after Kartsev was no longer responsible for its further development, the T-55 tank received massive upgrades with through-the-bore anti-tank missile capability, laser rangefinders, increased engine power output and new running gear, and, on differing models, either passive or active protective measures. These upgrades maintained the currency of the T-55 tank infinitely longer than its original planned Soviet service life.

This book is in large part based on existing research undertaken by Russian armour historians and veterans of the Soviet tank industry, and now available in the unclassified world. To this day Soviet and Russian post-World War II state archives are essentially barred to Western researchers, so the efforts of these individuals are greatly appreciated. Most of them will be identifiable from the bibliography used in the research for this book. As with any such work, the result is based on the collective efforts of many individuals who provided archive and photographic material, as well as correcting errors and omissions. Thanks in particular go to Andrey Aksenov, Yuri Pasholok, Sergei Popsuevich and Igor Zheltov. Credit must also be given to acknowledged experts in the field such as Steve Zaloga and Christopher Foss. They have provided both information and advice on approaching this subject.

A T-55AM modernized in Ukraine on display.

CHAPTER ONE

LEONID KARTSEV

Leonid Nikolayevich Kartsev was the first chief designer of Soviet tanks to be born after the Russian Revolution, and the first one to grow up completely under the schooling and inculcation of the Communist Party. He progressed to become one of the premier Soviet tank designers, remaining in position for a period of almost three decades. During this time he would professionally rival two of the established giants of the industry – Aleksandr Morozov in Kharkov and Zhosef Kotin in Leningrad – and would develop three major post-war tank designs, namely the T-55, the T-62 and the T-72.

Leonid Kartsev as chief designer at the UVZ in the uniform of a General-Major. All chief designers received military rank, but only Zhosef Kotin preferred to wear the uniform most of the time.

Born on 21 July 1922, in the small village of Skomovo Gavrilovo in the Posadsky region of Ivanovo Oblast (located between Yaroslavl and Nizhny Novgorod), like many others Kartsev was drafted into the Red Army at the age of 19. He served in the Great Patriotic War as a tank mechanic and after the war attended the Military Academy of the Armoured Forces from which he graduated in 1949, being thereafter posted to Plant No. 183 (Uralvagonzavod – UVZ) in Nizhny Tagil as an engineer.

Kartsev rose quickly through the design engineer ranks as he was clearly a talented engineer. In 1953, as many of the UVZ designers based in Nizhny Tagil were being returned to the Kharkov Steam Locomotive Factory (KhPZ – the Kharkov tank plant) where they had worked prior to the war, a decision had to be made as to who would be appointed as the new chief designer at the plant. Morozov was clearly aware that his favourite deputy and right-hand man, Yakov ‘Yariy’ Baranov, was the first choice, but he wanted Baranov to go back to Kharkov with him to help re-establish the pre-war design bureau there, so he lobbied Moscow very heavily for such a result. The only other eligible candidate, Nikolai Kucherenko, had been selected to work at ‘Glavtank’ (Main Directorate for Tank Building of the Ministry of Transport Machine Building (MTrM) of the USSR) in Moscow. Once it was a fait accompli the new appointee was declared as Leonid Kartsev.

A cross-section of the engine pre-heater system redesigned by Kartsev as his first assignment at the UVZ.

Kartsev’s first task as chief design engineer at UVZ was to oversee the design and production of the later production models of the T-54 medium tank fitted with gun stabilizers – first the T-54A with a single-axis stabilizer, and subsequently the T-54B with a twin-axis stabilizer. But by 1953, so many individual changes had been made to the initial T-54 design that some ‘rationalizing’ improvements were necessary to streamline the alterations being made on the assembly line.

The manual view of the hull floor of the T-55 tank, showing the new location of the escape hatch (lower left) and access panels for draining fluids from the engine.

Kartsev took over full control of the complete upgrade and improvement of the T-54 tank, resulting in Obiekt (Object) 137G2. This tank featured many detail improvements to the T-54B design, making it more functional and easier to manufacture, and also made some operation design changes in the process. One of the first modifications came as a result of changing aircraft technology both in the Soviet Union and abroad. By the mid 1950s, propeller-driven ground attack aircraft such as the Soviet IL-2 ‘Shturmovik’ and its foreign counterparts had been replaced by jet-engined aircraft, against which the turret-mounted 12.7mm DShKM anti-aircraft machine gun was ineffective. In consequence, the heavy 12.7mm anti-aircraft machine gun mount used on the T-54 tanks was removed and replaced with a simple domed hatch. Eventually the new design, incorporating all the elements of the T-54B and new design features and upgrades in a modified package, was redesignated Obiekt-155 and given the service designator T-55 medium tank.

A cross-section of the T-55 Model 1958 tank.

The engine-transmission bay of the T-55 tank.

The firewall between the engine-transmission compartment and fighting compartment of the T-55 (left side is the right end).

Schematic of the power plant installation in the T-55 tank. Centre left at the top is the ‘guitara’ transfer case from the engine to the transmission which permitted the T-44, T-54 and T-55 tanks to be more compact than the earlier designs.

The fuel tank layout for all T-55 tanks prior to the M versions in the 1980s. This now includes the twin ‘stellazh’ ammo rack/fuel cells in the bow.

The Obiekt-140 was also considered as a potential replacement for the T-54, but was not accepted for series production. Elements of the future T-62 and T-72 are evident in this surviving prototype, located in the Kubinka ‘scrapyard’ in the early 1990s.

Series production of the T-55 tank began within Department 520 at UVZ in Nizhny Tagil in 1958. As production was only just beginning, the plant considered the developing Soviet doctrine of potential combat within a tactical nuclear warfare environment, and the design requirements for a tank capable of operating in such an environment. The plant developed a new variant of the tank that was capable, albeit for a limited time period, of surviving and operating on a nuclear battlefield. The result emerged in 1961 as the T-55A, fitted with a lead-impregnated plastic liner (nadboy) inside the occupied parts of the tank and external liners (podboy) over those parts of the tank that could not be fitted with liners, such as the access hatches for the crew and some parts of the turret.

NST – NEW MEDIUM TANK

While the above described was the operational activity being carried out for ongoing current production, at the time Kartsev took over the design bureau a requirement had also been handed down from Moscow for the Novy Sredny Tank (NST) or New Medium Tank. Initially Yariy Baranov had been in charge of the project before he departed back to Kharkov, and then it became Kartsev’s project. In the summer of 1954 he presented his new design, Obiekt-140. This tank resembled an evolved T-54 with six smaller road wheels and new ‘live’ track design, a new engine, and armed with the long-barrelled 100mm D-54TS rifled gun. The Kharkov design, the Obiekt-430, was altogether more radical, using a new hull design, new turret design, lightweight running gear, and a radical experimental 4TD four-cylinder opposed piston two-stroke diesel engine, a significant move away from the staple V-12 diesel of known reliability used in Soviet tanks since the mid 1930s.

The Kharkov engine design was ultimately rejected, but Morozov instead pressed for the even more advanced 5TD five-cylinder design. Moscow fought Morozov’s viewpoint as being a potential ‘money pit’, and asked him to locate another engine design for the new tank. One such engine offered to him was a shorter variant of the V-2 design from Barnaul called the 8D12U; he refused it, but Kartsev took it for the Obiekt-140. Both tank prototypes emerged in early 1957 (Obiekt-140 from UVZ and Obiekt-430 from Plant No. 75 in Kharkov), with both tanks undergoing a very protracted testing process that lasted into 1960.

Engine cooling system showing the pre-heater on the left and the flow of coolant through the engine and radiator.

In 1958, however, when the powers in Moscow were assessing the two tanks, Kartsev had nearly committed political and professional suicide when he stated before the technical committee that neither tank was going to offer a major advantage or improvement over the T-54 and T-55 tanks, and so should be cancelled. He pointed out that their armour was still monolithic cast steel; the designs were little changed over their predecessors; speed, mobility and range were only modestly improved; and if produced, they would be a waste of money and development effort. While his assessment was straightforward and technically entirely accurate, as a result he made many enemies in both the Scientific Advisory Council to the Politburo (Technical Council) and also among the Kharkov personnel, who were convinced they had a superior design. Failings in the Obiekt-430 would later force a complete redesign of the tank as the Obiekt-432, which eventually became the series production T-64 main battle tank.

Airflow pathway from air intake to engine and exhaust to outlet.

After his forthrightness in 1958, Kartsev would thereafter have some political difficulties, being seen by some in authority as what is referred to today as ‘not a team player’, and as such his new designs were the subject of negative criticism that was often more political than technical. When Morozov’s Obiekt-432 could not be made to run consistently, and with demands from people like Ground Forces Commander Marshal Chuikov for a larger-calibre tank gun being required in service with immediate effect, Kartsev modified the T-55 design to take a larger turret mounting the 115mm U-5TS smoothbore gun. But none of the Technical Council personnel would accept his new tank, even though it was clearly an incremental ‘low risk’ design with more powerful armament but based on the known reliability of the T-55 lineage. Minister of Defence Marshal of the Soviet Union Grechko solved the problem by designating the new tank as a ‘tank destroyer’ rather than a tank and ordering it into immediate production. Some 20,000 of these new tanks were eventually built as the T-62 medium tank.

Transmission component layout: 1 – ‘guitara’; 2 – main clutch; 3 – gearbox; 4 – final drives; 5 – fan.

A T-55 M-1958 during driver-mechanic training. The tank is negotiating a wooden railway wagon off-ramp which may or may not be connected to lowbed railway wagons.

T-55 Model 1958 tanks on exercise. The foreground tank (429) appears to have one of the early mounts for the two-section snorkel and also may be carrying a field stove (pipes on the right handrail and what appears to be the collapsed stove on the turret rear) for cooking in the field.

A column of T-55A tanks during Soviet Army manoeuvres.

A column of T-55 tanks moving along a track during a Soviet exercise. Note the KMT plough/dozer mounting points and the clipped track guards.

When Obiekt-432 was meanwhile being subjected to increased testing and showing increasing failures, Kartsev offered up another new tank based on the T-62 design but with new running gear