John Calvin, Reformer for the 21st Century

Reading

Preface: Why Calvin?

In order to commemorate the five hundredth anniversary of Calvin’s birth, I offer a fresh introduction to the sixteenth-century reformer for a general audience. I argue that the best way to appropriate Calvin’s legacy is to recapture the reforming spirit that guided all his work. Accordingly, I have included a set of reflections in each chapter entitled Always Reforming. These rest on the premise that the Reformed tradition is not merely a collection of beliefs from the past. Rather, it sets before us a continuing conversation and challenge. The type of reform Calvin envisioned is all-encompassing and ongoing, embracing the lives of individuals, the organization of the church, and the structures and tasks of society and politics.

This dynamic character of Calvin’s movement means that being truly Reformed today is more than a matter of merely repeating what Calvin said five hundred years ago. We need to appreciate Calvin on his own terms. But we also need to be empowered to argue and differ with him.

For at least a hundred years historians and theologians have argued and differed with one another about how best to read Calvin. Historians have rightly insisted that Calvin be read with careful attention to his historical context. Though I am not a historian, I strongly agree with this insistence on historical awareness. As a theologian, I want to insist that this is important not only for the sake of history but for the sake of theology. For example, remembering that Calvin lived his life as a religious exile makes a difference in how we read his often misunderstood doctrine of predestination. Similarly, knowing how much Calvin desired to see the reform movement take root in his native France is crucial to interpreting his views of the church, its mission, its relationship to politics, and so forth. Historians have often accused theologians of reading their own agendas into Calvin’s work and ignoring his concerns. There is some truth to this. At the same time, Calvin is more than a figure from history. His life and work have had a continuing impact through the centuries—not only on the church but on society in general. The task of the theologian is to take the measure of Calvin’s contribution for new generations. That is my primary concern in these pages. I try to do so in ways that are both historically aware and theologically illuminating.

Being true to Calvin’s context has required me to paint certain contrasts between Calvin and his opponents. For example, on a number of occasions I present differences between Calvin and Roman Catholicism. This is necessary to understand Calvin, but it is not always productive for theological dialogue today. Much has changed since the sixteenth century, and one of the tasks of contemporary ecumenical theology is to heal the divisions that emerged in Calvin’s day. Still, differences must be understood before they can be transcended. Therefore, I have tried to err on the side of presenting Calvin and his controversies faithfully, even though I personally believe we need to move beyond the conflicts of the past.

This book is an exercise in scholarship for the church. To facilitate its use by general readers, I have minimized the number of footnotes. References to Calvin’s great work, The Institutes of the Christian Religion, are provided in parentheses. A bibliographical section at the end provides references to works that have influenced my reading of Calvin and that readers desiring to go deeper will find useful. Study questions facilitate the use of the book in various educational contexts.

I offer this book with a sense of indebtedness to many people and institutions, far too numerous to name, who have instilled in me an appreciation for both the possibilities and the limitations of Calvin and Reformed Christianity. A few deserve special mention. I thank my friend Wallace Alston for his constant support and for his witness to a version of Reformed theology that, despite all obstacles, seeks justice and vitally engages society. I thank my editor, Donald K. McKim, for his expertise in helping me conceive of this project and bring it to completion. Above all, I thank my wife, Louise, whose encouragement, support, and help have made this book far better than it otherwise would have been.

I dedicate this book with much love to our children: Carson, Paige, Libby, and Buck, hoping that the best parts of the Reformed and reforming spirit will guide them in the years ahead.

William Stacy Johnson

Princeton, New Jersey

Chapter 1

Calvin

His Life and Influence

Most of us know Calvin not as a man but as a set of doctrines. This is a shame. Calvin is too complex and interesting to be reduced to an abstract theological system. True, Calvin was a brilliant scholar. But he was also a practical man of the world, a theologian, pastor, biblical commentator, preacher, debater, and, to a certain extent, even an international diplomat.

In short, Calvin was a man much more interested in being faithful to God than in creating or following the dictates of a rigid theological system. To be faithful to God requires an always fresh, always open, always curious engagement with who God is and what God calls us to be and do. Did Calvin have strong theological convictions? He did. Could he sometimes be difficult and unbending? He could. But he was also absolutely convinced that God alone is Lord of the conscience, and that God alone calls people in each and every generation to bear witness to the light God has given them.

Over time, Calvin’s approach to Christianity came to be known as Reformed. What does being Reformed mean? In Calvin’s day, people struggled to provide a definition, because it was not always easy for the average person to follow the heady debates among theologians. Once Elizabeth I, that no-nonsense queen of England, was pressed to explain the difference between Calvin and Luther. The queen noted that the followers of Luther wanted reform, but the followers of Calvin were even more reformed.

This push to be even more reformed is the hallmark of the Reformed tradition. The best way to appropriate Calvin for today is to focus on what this business of being Reformed means—to ask ourselves how God is at work reforming both church and society today.

To put it another way, it is a mistake to limit the Reformed tradition to a set of beliefs from the past. Following Calvin does not mean repeating every detail of Calvin’s thought. What we need to recapture and imitate is Calvin’s reforming spirit—his willingness to follow God—even if that means believing and following God in new ways.

In order to understand Calvin, we first need to appreciate the many facets of Calvin’s career as a reformer. Once we know him better, we may begin to see why Calvin mattered then—and still does.¹

The Young Calvin (1509–1532)

John Calvin was born in 1509, the same year that Michelangelo was painting the Sistine Chapel. He died in 1564, the year that Shakespeare was born. He was a product, in other words, of the Renaissance.

But Calvin was also a major figure in the sixteenth-century Protestant Reformation. Given the complexity of those times, we should perhaps speak of many reformations rather than a single reformation. Be that as it may, Calvin was a second-generation reformer, following in the footsteps of Martin Luther. He was eight years old in 1517 when Luther posted his Ninety-five Theses, the event that launched the Protestant critique of the Roman Catholic Church.

Calvin’s contribution was not to generate the ideas of the Reformation but to organize them, make them compelling, and embody them in practical life. Although Calvin was by temperament and training a scholar, he also became an accomplished politician and statesman. The strength of his personality was just as important and powerful as the force of his biblical and theological reflections.

Calvin was born into a modest but respectable family in the town of Noyon, located in the region of Picardy, in the north of France. Calvin’s mother, Jeanne, died when he was around five or six years old. Calvin’s father, Gérard, remarried soon after Jeanne’s death.

As a boy, Calvin was sent away to be educated in the family home of local nobility. When Calvin was twelve, his father obtained a paid chaplaincy for his son in the Noyon Cathedral. Much as college scholarships do today, the stipend from this chaplaincy enabled young John to leave Noyon for the University of Paris, initially to train for the priesthood. There Calvin was immersed in the study of the liberal arts, and eventually became proficient in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew.

In September of 1528, Gérard Calvin fell into trouble with church authorities and was excommunicated. This meant that Gérard was refused the sacrament of Communion, a public and humiliating form of spiritual exclusion. Consequently, entering the priesthood became a more problematic option for young John. So Gérard directed his son to study law. Since Paris did not have a law faculty, Calvin enrolled at the University of Orléans in north-central France. There he came to be considered a virtual peer of the faculty and was awarded a doctoral degree. He continued his legal studies at the Academy of Bourges, studying with one of the most famous legal scholars of the day. Later in life, Calvin’s legal training was to give him tremendous credibility in pursuing his agenda of reform.

In 1531 Calvin’s father died at the age of seventy-seven. Because Gérard was still out of favor with the church, his family had to pull strings to allow him a church burial. Although Calvin never had a warm relationship with his father, he had always obeyed him. Now, with his father’s death, Calvin acquired a new freedom to set his own course in life.

Being such an accomplished intellectual, Calvin found it only natural to return to Paris, where he had contacts with some of the leading thinkers of the day. He became close friends with Guillaume Budé, the lawyer and close advisor to the king of France. Contacts such as these demonstrate Calvin’s stature with influential people in Paris. In April of 1532 Calvin published his first book, a scholarly commentary on a treatise by the Roman Stoic Seneca entitled De clementia (On Clemency).

Reformation Ideas Take Root (1532–1535)

The process by which Calvin became committed to Reformation ideas is somewhat obscure. Apparently, Calvin’s mind was changed gradually. In any event, All Saints’ Day in 1533 was a turning point. Calvin’s close friend, Nicolas Cop, was being installed as rector of the University of Paris. Cop used the occasion to deliver an inaugural address that was woven full of Reformation themes, such as salvation by grace. This was a rather bold move, since eleven years earlier a monk had been burned at the stake in Paris for putting forward similar ideas. The faculty’s response to Cop’s speech was to charge him with heresy, and a few weeks later he fled to Basel. Some believe that Calvin had a hand in writing the speech, since his room was ransacked by Parisian authorities. From that day forward, Calvin’s days of safety in Paris were numbered.

For a year Calvin wandered from place to place, finding refuge with wealthy friends and pursuing his studies as best he could. In the meantime, Reformation sentiment continued to build in Paris. On October 19, 1534, in a single night, a flurry of printed placards rejecting the Catholic Mass appeared all over Paris and in four other cities. A placard even ended up mysteriously on the outer door of the bedchamber of the king. With the Affair of the Placards the personal safety of reform-minded scholars like Calvin was at risk. Indeed, a close friend of Calvin was arrested and later burned at the stake.

In January of 1535, Calvin left France and sought refuge in the Swiss city of Basel, where sixty-nine-year-old Erasmus (1466–1536), the greatest humanist scholar of the age, still lived. It was in the intellectual stimulation of Basel that Calvin wrote the book that would forever change his destiny, The Institutes of the Christian Religion. Published in 1536, this book was a response to attacks on Reformation beliefs. Calvin boldly defended the cause of the Protestants, summarizing Reformation views with simplicity and power. Not only did Calvin defend these views, but he wrote a preface to the work addressed to Francis I, the king of France. Calvin’s hope was not only to persuade ordinary people but to change the political situation through convincing the monarch.

He never succeeded in convincing the king, but the publication of the Institutes would immediately establish Calvin’s reputation as one of the leading religious minds of his day. The book was profoundly successful. Within a year of its appearance the first edition would completely sell out.

The Making of a Reformer (1536–1541)

After the publication of the Institutes, Calvin decided to move to the then German city of Strassburg (now Strasbourg, part of modern-day France). Why Strassburg? It was a reform-minded city. Calvin had already spent some time there and knew its Reformation leader, Martin Bucer. It was the city where Johannes Gutenberg had invented the printing press in 1440. At the time, it boasted the tallest building in the world. It would have been an exciting place for a young intellectual like Calvin. But Calvin’s life took a different turn.

Geneva: A Calling from God? (1536–1538)

As a prelude to journeying to Strassburg, Calvin took advantage of an announced amnesty and returned quietly to France to settle his affairs. It was a time of war, and armies were on the move. As he left France for Strassburg, it became clear that in order to bypass troop movement, Calvin needed to take a roundabout route. He stopped in Geneva, a city of about ten thousand inhabitants located between two mountain ranges in the region where modern-day France, Switzerland, and Germany come together. Its strategic location made it a kind of buffer zone between the major political powers of the day. Calvin’s intention was to stay there for only a single night.

However, a friend recognized Calvin in the local inn and immediately rushed out to find Guillaume (William) Farel (1489–1565) and tell him that the author of the Institutes had just arrived in town. A powerful evangelist with fiery red hair, Farel had been leading the cause of reform in Geneva and was in need of help. Interpreting Calvin’s presence as a providential gift from God, Farel burst into Calvin’s room and insisted that he remain in Geneva to work beside him in the cause of reform.

At first Calvin refused. He was not a practical reformer, he protested, but a scholar. He preferred a life of books, research, and academic pursuits. A bit angered by this impudence, Farel shot back that if Calvin refused and retired to his bookish self-indulgence, then God might see fit to curse him.

Calvin was shaken by Farel’s words. In the sixteenth century, talk of curses and divine judgment was something people took seriously. In addition, Farel was twenty-one years Calvin’s elder and spoke with authority. In the end, Calvin agreed to join Farel in the hard work ahead.

Even though he had written a major work in theology and was a celebrity in the scholarly world, Calvin was a complete unknown to the city council of