Air Combat: Dogfights of World War II

CONTENTS

Foreword

Part I by Tony Holmes

Channel Clashes: Spitfire II/V vs Bf 109F

The Machines

Type History

The Strategic Situation

The Men

Into Combat

Analysis

Aftermath

Part II by Edward M. Young

Hell in the Pacific: F4F Wildcat vs A6M Zero-sen

The Machines

Type History

The Strategic Situation

The Men

Into Combat

Analysis

Aftermath

Part III by Dmitriy Khazanov and Aleksander Medved

Air War in the East: La-5/7 vs Fw 190

The Machines

Type History

The Strategic Situation

The Men

Into Combat

Analysis

Aftermath

Part IV by Edward M. Young

Ill-Fated Defence of the Home Islands: F4U Corsair vs Ki-84 ‘Frank’

The Machines

Type History

The Strategic Situation

The Men

Into Combat

Analysis

Aftermath

Further Reading

FOREWORD

This richly illustrated volume details the exploits of fighter pilots engaged in air combat on a truly global scale during World War II. The eight aircraft types featured in the book are amongst the most iconic fighters of their generation, flown by some of the leading exponents of the deadly art of air warfare. Spitfires engaging Bf 109s on the Channel Front, Wildcats dicing with Zero-sens over the cool blue waters of the Pacific Ocean, La-5s duelling with Fw 190s against the backdrop of the Kursk battlefront and Corsairs dogfighting with Ki-84s near the outskirts of Tokyo. All of these actions, and many more, are related in Air Combat.

The aerial duel between Supermarine Spitfire II/Vs and Messerschmitt Bf 109Fs on the Channel Front in 1940–42 saw a reversal of roles for RAF Fighter Command and the Luftwaffe from the summer of 1940. During the Battle of Britain, Hurricane and Spitfire units had stoutly defended southern England from the Luftwaffe as the latter sought to obtain aerial supremacy as a prelude to invasion. Now it was the RAF fighter squadrons that were on the offensive, charged with protecting vulnerable bombers attacking targets in occupied Europe from marauding German fighters. Spitfire squadrons suffered terribly at the hands of the Luftwaffe’s fighter force during this period, when a modest number of Bf 109Fs stoutly defended military and industrial targets in France and the Low Countries from RAF medium bombers.

By early 1942 the RAF was sending dozens of Spitfire V-equipped units over France in ‘Circus’, ‘Ramrod’ and ‘Rhubarb’ operations, which were opposed by just two Jagdgeschwader (JG 2 and JG 26) with less than 150 serviceable fighters between them. Yet, these German units claimed four Spitfires destroyed for every Bf 109F lost in return, with high-scoring aces such as Adolf Galland, Werner Mölders, Walter Oesau and Josef ‘Pips’ Priller enjoying notable success against Spitfire wings led by Douglas Bader, ‘Sailor’ Malan, Jamie Rankin and Paddy Finucane, amongst others.

ACTION IN THE EAST

Soviet fighter aviation had suffered terribly at the hands of the Luftwaffe in the first year of the war in the East, following the launching of Operation Barbarossa in June 1941. With the arrival of JG 51 and its deadly Focke-Wulf Fw 190s on the Stalingrad Front in September 1942, things only got worse for the hard-pressed pilots of the Voenna-Vozdushniye SIly Krasnoy Armii (VVS-KA – Red Army Air Force). However, help was on its way in the form of the re-engined LaGG-3 fighter, which was fitted with a powerful air-cooled Shvetsov M-82 radial rated at 1700hp in place of the 1240-hp Klimov M-105. Designated the La-5, the new fighter was capable of withstanding more punishment than the fragile LaGG-3 (hundreds of which had been shot down since the German invasion), and it was also appreciably faster and had a greater rate of climb. The La-5 was more challenging to fly, however, but the new generation of better trained pilots who were led into combat by the survivors of 1941–42 quickly found the La-5 (and, later, the improved La-7) very much to their liking.

The leading German ace in terms of La-5/7 victories was the legendary Walter Nowotny. In this particular action on 14 September, he claimed two La-5s from 286th IAD at low altitude while defending I./JG 54’s airfield at Shatalovka-East, on the Kursk front. The base was repeatedly attacked by Il-2 and Pe-2 bombers for 48 hours, and Nowotny claimed 14 kills – five of them escorting La-5s. (Artwork by Gareth Hector, © Osprey Publishing)

Arriving in the front line in August 1942, the new Lavochkin fighters soon found themselves in action on the Central Sector of the front line against the equally new Fw 190As of JG 51. The first engagements took place in November of that year over the frozen ground of the Kalinin Front, and from then on the Focke-Wulf fighter would regularly clash with its counterpart from Lavochkin, particularly during the 50 days of the Battle of Kursk in July–August 1943. More than 3500 VVS-KA aircraft were destroyed in the latter campaign, including 500 La-5s. The Luftwaffe, in turn, had 2419 aircraft destroyed during the same period on the entire Eastern Front, 432 of them Fw 190s.

The sheer scale of these actions between the two types in this theatre led to a handful of pilots claiming astonishing tallies of victories. High-scoring ace Walter Nowotny was credited with 49 La 5/7 kills from a final tally of 258, closely followed by Emil Lang with 45 (from 173) and Otto Kittel with 31 (from 267). Soviet pilots also enjoyed success, albeit on a more modest scale, with Vladimir Serov claiming 21 Fw 190s (from 39 and 6 shared victories) and ranking Allied ace Ivan Kozhedub downing 19 (of 62).

PACIFIC WAR

The Grumman F4F Wildcat and the Mitsubishi A6M Zero-sen were contemporaries, although designed to very different requirements. The second of the US Navy’s monoplane fighters, the Wildcat was the fourth naval fighter to emerge from the Grumman stable. Ruggedly built so as to survive the rigours of carrier operations, the Wildcat was superior to the earlier Brewster F2A Buffalo in performance and armament. Indeed, it was the best carrier fighter the Americans had when the nation entered World War II in the wake of the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor by the Imperial Japanese Naval Air Force (IJNAF) on December 7, 1941. It remained the principle fighter for the US Navy and the US Marine Corps well into 1943, operating from aircraft carriers and land bases. The Wildcat held the line until the more capable Grumman F6F Hellcat and Vought F4U Corsair entered service.

As the Spitfire has become the iconic aircraft of the RAF in World War II, so too has the Mitsubishi A6M Zero-sen come to represent all Japanese combat aircraft of that conflict. The fighter was designed to meet a seemingly impossible specification issued by the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) for an aeroplane with a speed greater than 300mph, exceptional manoeuvrability, long range and an impressive armament, for the time, of two 7.7mm machine guns and two 20mm cannon. Jiro Horikoshi, the Zero-sen’s principal designer, managed to meet the IJN’s requirements and produce an exceptional aeroplane in the A6M, but at the cost of making the Zero-sen structurally as light as possible by doing away with protection for the pilot, engine and fuel tanks.

In the first year of the war such omissions rarely mattered, as Mitsubishi’s Zero-sen could out-perform any Allied fighter it encountered. The IJNAF’s highly trained pilots took every advantage of the fighter’s superiority, cutting a swathe across Southeast Asia and the Pacific. The Wildcat was some 2600lb heavier than its Japanese opponent, with only 250 additional horsepower. In one-on-one combat the Zero-sen was clearly superior, yet the Wildcat pilots had no alternative but to take on their more capable Japanese opponents until superior American aircraft could be put into production. The ensuing battles between the Wildcat and the Zero-sen in the pivotal carrier clashes at Coral Sea, Midway, the Eastern Solomons and Santa Cruz during 1942, and on land during the campaign for the control of Guadalcanal, were classic duels in which pilots flying a nominally inferior fighter successfully developed air combat tactics that negated the strengths of their opponent.

By February 1945, when the bent-winged Vought F4U Corsair clashed with the outstanding Nakajima Ki-84 ‘Frank’ for the first time during US Navy carrier strikes on Tokyo, American fighters were very much in the ascendency following three bitterly fought years of action in the Pacific theatre.

The Corsair was first US-built single-engined fighter to exceed 400mph thanks to it being the first aircraft of its type to be fitted with the powerful 2000-hp Pratt & Whitney R-2800 radial engine. The Corsair was intended to be the US Navy’s premier carrier fighter, replacing the F4F. Poor stalling characteristics and other technical problems made the initial models of the Corsair unsuitable, in the US Navy’s view, for operating off carriers, however. Instead, the Corsair re-equipped land-based US Marine Corps squadrons in the Southwest Pacific, becoming the mount of all the leading ‘Flying Leatherneck’ aces of World War II and establishing dominance over the Zero-sen with a kill ratio of greater than ten-to-one. By late 1944 the Corsair, with modifications, had been cleared for carrier operations. In the final months of the war the F4U served with both US Navy and US Marine Corps squadrons aboard the former’s large fleet carriers, where its greater speed than the F6F Hellcat proved invaluable in the battles against the kamikaze.

From airfields on Okinawa, US Marine Corps squadrons battled with Ki-84s during myriad kamikaze attacks against the Allied invasion fleet. In these deadly air battles, the Japanese Army Air Force (JAAF) and IJNAF introduced their own second generation of more capable fighters – aircraft such as the Kawasaki Ki-100, Mitsubishi J2M3, Kawanishi N1K1/2 and, of course, the Ki-84 Hayate. Entering service in the autumn of 1944, the Ki-84 gave the JAAF a fighter that could hold its own in combat with the P-51 Mustang, the F6F and the F4U.

Built in greater numbers – more than 3000 examples completed during 1944–45 – than any other late war Japanese fighter, the Ki-84 saw considerable action in the final months of the Pacific War during the ill-fated defence of the Home Islands and Okinawa. During fighting in the latter campaign, JAAF fighter sentai equipped with the ‘Frank’ battled US Navy and US Marine Corps Corsair units (both carrier-based and flying from newly captured airfields on Okinawa) as they tried to clear a path for the kamikaze attacks on Allied vessels offshore supporting the invasion force. Corsair pilots found these newer types to be a greater challenge to shoot down, achieving a combined kill ratio of around six-to-one against their Japanese opponents. They were fortunate that the quality of the average Japanese fighter pilot had declined rapidly since the air battles over the Solomons.

A number of the actions fought by the eight fighter types featured in this book are detailed by both Allied and Axis pilots of the various theatres of war. Supporting the riveting accounts contained in this book are the hard statistical facts chronicling the development of each aircraft, their operational performance, and the weaponry that the pilots relied upon to get the better of their opponents when involved in air combat.

Tony Holmes

Sevenoaks, Kent

June 2018

PART I

BY TONY HOLMES

CHANNEL CLASHES

Spitfire II/V vs Bf 109F

Three Spitfire IIs were lost on 12 March 1941 when No. 11 Group’s units attempted to combat a series of ‘Freie Jagd’ (‘free hunt’) sweeps conducted by Bf 109s along the Kent coast. No victories were claimed in return. One of the successful pilots was leading Luftwaffe ace Oberstleutnant Werner Mölders, Kommodore of JG 51, who bounced Spitfires from No. 74 Sqn near Dungeness during a late afternoon sweep in his Bf 109F-2. (Artwork by Gareth Hector, © Osprey Publishing)

The Battle of Britain had seen the Bf 109E pitted against the Hurricane and increasing numbers of Spitfires as German fighter pilots forlornly tried to protect Heinkel, Dornier and Junkers medium bombers targeting southern England. By early October 1940 it was clear that the hitherto invincible Luftwaffe had for the first time failed to achieve its assigned objective – the neutralization of the Royal Air Force (RAF), which would have allowed the Wehrmacht to invade Britain. With the Luftwaffe forced to switch to a night Blitz to reduce the unsustainable losses being suffered by its Kampfgruppen, offensive operations during daylight hours began to fall to the Bf 109-equipped Jagdgeschwader based along the Channel coast in occupied France. Bomb-equipped Bf 109Es and Bf 110s, escorted by yet more E-model Messerschmitts, continued to take the fight to the RAF long after the battle had officially ended on 31 October – a date observed only by the British.

A fighter pilot from World War I, ACM Sir W Sholto Douglas was initially opposed to the suggestion that Fighter Command should go on the offensive over Occupied Europe following the end of the Battle of Britain. (Tony Holmes Collection)

It was during the autumn that the Luftwaffe introduced a new variant of its standard fighter, the ubiquitous Bf 109E being supplanted – initially in very small numbers only – by the more powerful and aerodynamically refined Bf 109F. Although the first three pre-production examples of the aircraft had been released for service evaluation with JG 51 in early October 1940, many months would pass before the F-model outnumbered the Bf 109E on the Channel Front.

Its main protagonist would, of course, be the Spitfire, initially the Mk I/II and then the Mk V. Like the Messerschmitt, the Supermarine fighter was improved as lessons from the early aerial combat of 1939–40 saw it equipped with a more powerful engine and, eventually, better armament. Most importantly, the RAF would change its tactics as Fighter Command was ordered to go on the offensive from early 1941 once it was clear that Germany had no immediate plans to invade Britain. Its new Commander-in-Chief, Air Chief Marshal (ACM) Sir W. Sholto Douglas, wanted his squadrons ‘leaning forward into France’. The first such mission had actually been performed by two pilots from the Spitfire IIA-equipped No. 66 Sqn on 20 December 1940 when they strafed Le Touquet. This was the first time Spitfires had ventured over France since the fall of Dunkirk six months earlier.

Now the roles would effectively be reversed. Fighter Command would be escorting bombers targeting airfields, ports and industrial infrastructure in northern France and Belgium, as well as performing sweeps aimed at tempting the Luftwaffe up for large-scale dogfights. Spitfire pilots involved in these missions had gone from attacking bombers during the Battle of Britain to defending them over Occupied Europe just a few short months later. These operations were codenamed ‘Circuses’ (fighter sweeps with bombers as bait), ‘Ramrods’ (escorted bomber missions where the objective was to destroy the target), ‘Rhubarbs’ (small-scale fighter strafing missions), ‘Rodeos’ (sweeps by large formations of fighters) and ‘Roadsteads’ (attacks on German coastal convoys at sea or in port). The growing number of Spitfire units within Fighter Command were in the vanguard of the action on the Channel Front. But losses mounted as German fighters and flak exacted a heavy toll in men and machines.

By the summer of 1941 the ‘Circuses’ had evolved into large-scale, integrated operations involving up to 300 fighters (primarily Spitfires). These missions were now being generated on a near-daily basis during periods of good weather. Following the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, the Channel Front was robbed of all but two Jagdgeschwader – JG 2 and JG 26. It was the responsibility of these units to defend France and the Low Countries from RAF attacks. Equipped with around 260 Bf 109E/Fs, they achieved a combat score of four-to-one in their favour during the latter half of 1941.

As this chapter will show, although Fighter Command had the numerical strength during the Channel Front campaign, it was the Jagdwaffe that enjoyed the greatest success as scores of Spitfire pilots fell victim to their opponents – or to flak – deep inside enemy-held territory.

THE MACHINES

Supermarine Spitfire II and V

Vickers Supermarine commenced Spitfire construction at its Eastleigh plant in April 1938, although only 306 examples had reached the RAF by the time Britain declared war on Germany on 3 September 1939. As early as May of the previous year it was obvious to the RAF that even with the system of sub-contracting organized by Vickers Supermarine, it was not going to receive anywhere near the number of Spitfire Is required to equip a rapidly expanding Fighter Command. A production line similar to that used by the automotive industry was urgently required and the man chosen by the Air Ministry to achieve this was Lord Nuffield, better known as William Morris. Having created the first plant to mass-produce cars for the British market, he was perfectly qualified to establish a new ‘Shadow Factory’ to build Spitfires.

The finishing touches are applied to Spitfire IIA P8479 as it waits on the ramp at Castle Bromwich for collection by the RAF in early July 1941. Built towards the end of the Mk II production run, this aircraft was paid for by a £5,000 donation from the directors, staff and workers of British Glues and Chemicals Ltd of Welwyn Garden, Hertfordshire. It displays the company emblem just forward of the cockpit. (Philip Jarrett)

Although the Air Ministry insisted that the factory be built in Liverpool to help ease unemployment in the area, Lord Nuffield urged that a site at Castle Bromwich be chosen due to the availability of a skilled workforce in Birmingham. Work duly began on the factory in the West Midlands in July 1938 and when finished it had cost more than £4 million to build. Nuffield estimated that the plant would assemble 60 aircraft a week once in full production, the Air Ministry having placed an order for 1,000 Spitfire Is in April 1939. After a series of delays, the first example was delivered on 27 June 1940. The machines emerging from the ‘Shadow Factory’ were designated Spitfire IIs to differentiate them from the near-identical Vickers Supermarine-built Mk Is when it came to ordering spare parts.

The West Bromwich-built fighters were powered by Merlin XII engines running on 100 octane fuel. They also featured a Coffman cartridge starter system instead of the original electric start of the Mk I’s Merlin II, with a small fairing on the left side of the engine cowling housing the new unit.

With the Battle of Britain raging, the first Spitfire IIs to be issued to a front-line unit reached No. 611 Sqn at Digby, in Lincolnshire, in late August 1940. Nos. 19, 74 and 266 Sqns received the new variant the following month, while further units replaced their Mk Is during the late autumn and early winter. Squadrons assigned to No. 11 Group, defending southeast England, were given priority as the fighting was heaviest there. The Castle Bromwich factory was the sole producer of the Spitfire II and 921 had been built by the time the last example rolled off the line in July 1941.

By then the Mk II had been well and truly supplanted in the front line by what would prove to be the most numerous Spitfire variant, the Mk V. Vickers Supermarine had originally intended to replace the Mk I/IIs with the Spitfire III, which featured a re-engineered and strengthened airframe incorporating several key design improvements. Converting production lines in Southampton and West Bromwich to build the new variant would involve considerable retooling, however, and this would take time.

During the winter of 1940–41 the RAF was concerned that it would be forced to fight the Battle of Britain all over again the following summer, possibly against new fighter and bomber types with improved high-altitude performance that were reportedly under development in Germany. The RAF believed that the Luftwaffe’s switch to high-altitude operations by small numbers of fighters (including the first examples of the Bf 109F) and bombers in November 1940 was the precursor of a renewed offensive in the spring of 1941. The Hurricane could not intercept the Bf 109F above 20,000ft, let alone fight it, while the Spitfire I/IIs lost much of their advantage over the earlier Bf 109E in terms of manoeuvrability and speed when forced to fight at such altitudes. Although fears of high-altitude combat would ultimately prove to be unfounded, they had a significant impact on the Spitfire’s development.

The Mks I and II would be unable to engage enemy aircraft at altitudes exceeding 36,000ft and the RAF demanded a re-engined version capable of enhanced performance. The newly developed Rolls-Royce Merlin XX was intended to provide the Spitfire III with the ability to operate at high altitude. But the engine, which featured a redesigned supercharger with two separate blowers for high- and low-altitude operations, proved to be so complex that Rolls-Royce stated it would be difficult to build in the quantities required by the RAF by the early spring of 1941. Furthermore, Vickers Supermarine made it clear that if these engines were not available it could not guarantee the supply of Spitfire IIIs to the tight production schedule demanded by the RAF.

Fortunately, Rolls-Royce had also been working on a simplified version of the Merlin XX with the low-altitude blower omitted. Known as the Merlin 45, it developed 1,515hp at 11,000ft with more than 16lb of boost. This represented an increase of 500hp over the Merlin III fitted to the Spitfire II, despite being no larger and only moderately heavier. The engine also lifted the fighter’s service ceiling close to 40,000ft, compared with the Mk II’s 34,000ft. Lacking the second blower, the engine was also much easier to mass-produce than the Merlin XX, and thanks to its physical similarity to the Merlin III, the Merlin 45 could be fitted to Spitfire I/II airframes with minimal modification. The new fighter, which was then seen by the RAF as a stop-gap pending resolution of the Mk III’s problems, was designated the Spitfire V.

A great deal of the Rolls-Royce Merlin’s success during World War II came from the exceptional design of its supercharger, seen at the left-hand end of the engine in this photograph. This Merlin 45 is equipped with a single-stage, single-speed supercharger. The Spitfire V and Seafire IB, IIC and III would be powered by the Merlin 45, 45M, 46, 50, 50A, 50M, 55 and 55M series of engines. (Donald Nijboer)

On Christmas Eve 1940 a meeting was held at the Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment at Boscombe Down during which Royal Aircraft Establishment staff joined engineers from Vickers Supermarine and Rolls-Royce and senior pilots from Fighter Command to find a solution to the high-altitude performance problems afflicting the Spitfire. Rolls-Royce admitted that large quantities of Merlin XXs would not be available for many months. But it believed it could quickly modify the production Merlin III to Merlin 45 specification and deliver at least 300 by 1 March 1941, with 200 more to follow by 1 April. Just days after the meeting the Air Ministry contracted Rolls-Royce to convert 500 Merlin IIIs into Merlin 45s.

Several Spitfire Is were quickly modified by Rolls-Royce to accept the new engine and flight trials commenced at Boscombe Down in early January 1941. Most of the aircraft initially converted were cannon-armed Mk IBs, although a few all-machine gun-armed Spitfire IAs were also re-engined. Flight trials soon revealed that the Mk V offered most of the performance advantages of the Spitfire III but without the production delays predicted for that variant. The Chief of Air Staff, ACM Sir Charles Portal, confirmed the abandonment of the Spitfire III in favour of the Mk V during a planning conference on 6 March. The minutes of the meeting stated:

CAS has decided that the Spitfire V with the Merlin 45 engine with a single-speed blower shall be put into production instead of the Spitfire III. The Spitfire V with improved Merlin 45 [with a slightly larger blower impeller – i.e. the Merlin 46] will give better performance in altitude and ceiling. This will meet the needs of Fighter Command for high-altitude fighters. If the type is a success the Air Staff will want as many as can be produced.

Spitfire VB W3312/QJ-J Moonraker was delivered new to No. 92 Sqn on 20 June 1941 and it was immediately ‘acquired’ by the unit’s boss, Sqn Ldr ‘Jamie’ Rankin. He duly claimed 11 and one shared victories, one probable and four damaged (all Bf 109Fs, except for a solitary Fw 190 victory) between mid-June and late October 1941 – his first two victories in W3312 came within 24 hours of the aircraft’s arrival at Biggin Hill. (Artwork by Jim Laurier, © Osprey Publishing)

Spitfire IB-equipped No. 92 Sqn at Manston was chosen as the unit to give the Mk V its combat debut. The first converted aircraft arrived at the Kent airfield in mid-February 1941. Over subsequent weeks the squadron sent its remaining Mk IBs to the Rolls-Royce plant at Hucknall for conversion to Mk VB standard. It took up to ten days to replace a Merlin III with a Merlin 45, which meant that for several weeks No. 92 Sqn flew both marks operationally. The first Mk Vs were almost identical to late-production Mk I/IIs, although this soon changed when No. 92 Sqn discovered that the Merlin 45 ran at excessively high oil temperatures and low pressures when at high altitude. Clearly, the fighter’s unmodified oil cooling system was not powerful enough to cope with the increased demands placed upon it by the blown Merlin 45. A larger matrix had to be fitted to the cooler, and this in turn meant a larger intake to allow increased airflow through it. The oil cooler intake under the left wing was enlarged and made circular, rather than semi-circular as on the Spitfire I/II – this was an obvious identification feature for the new variant.

Among the No. 92 Sqn pilots giving the Spitfire VB its operational debut was Flg Off Geoffrey Wellum, who recalled one of his early flights with the aircraft in his outstanding autobiography First Light:

Increase in all-round performance is truly tremendous and perhaps most important of all it gives us a much higher ceiling. Only the other day I was a member of the squadron patrolling North Foreland to Dungeness and our entire formation was flying at just a fraction under 40,000 ft. The view was breath-taking. A clear, cold day and I gazed in wonderment at the coastline as it swept right round the bulge of East Anglia to where it curves away westward into the Wash. To the west, the Isle of Wight stood out so plainly that I felt I could put my hand out and almost touch it. Way beyond was Portland Bill. It was a great experience and the sheer beauty had a great and lasting effect on me.

But Wellum’s flight was curtailed when he noticed that his oil temperature had climbed alarmingly. This was to be the curse of the early Mk VBs. Five of his squadronmates suffered similar problems during these early sorties, which otherwise proved the Merlin 45’s enhanced performance. Wellum recalled, ‘The height and results we achieve astound even the boffins, something about the cold winter air giving greater volumetric efficiency.’ Yet despite the dramatic results of these flights, No. 92 Sqn received a shock when two German aircraft were spotted above them during a patrol:

We were all shattered when a pair of 109s described a couple of wide circles round our formation about 1,000ft above us. We were at the absolute limit of our ceiling and could do sweet damn all about it. I bet they in turn were surprised to see a whole squadron of Spits patrolling in good order at only just below their height. They made no attempt to attack and the thought was that they might have been unarmed photo recce aircraft.

No. 92 Sqn also encountered problems with the Spitfire VB’s de Havilland Hydromatic propellers, or, more specifically, failure of the constant speed unit (CSU) that controlled them. This came to a head on 19 March 1941 when three pilots, including the CO, Sqn Ldr James Rankin, were forced to crash-land due to CSU failure during a fruitless high-altitude search for Bf 109s detected at 36,000ft over Kent. Normally, the CSU limited the maximum speed of the Merlin engine to about 3,000rpm, but at the very low temperatures encountered by the No. 92 Sqn fighters the oil in the CSUs congealed and the propeller blades went to full pitch. The engines duly raced to 4,000rpm and threatened to shake themselves apart, forcing the pilots to shut down immediately. All three escaped the ensuing forced landings without injury, although their precious Mk VBs were sufficiently damaged to keep them out of action for several months. Following this incident, pilots flying the Spitfire V at extreme altitude were instructed to make frequent throttle changes to exercise the propeller pitch mechanism. At the same time, as many Mk Vs as possible were fitted with Rotol CSUs until a modification was devised to solve the problem with the de Havilland propeller.

Issues with the Mk VB’s 20mm cannon armament and the ballooning of fabric-covered ailerons at speeds in excess of 400mph also afflicted the aircraft in its early service career. Both these problems were inherited from the earlier Spitfire I/II, but were eventually solved as the Spitfire V rapidly matured – this variant was the subject of more than 1,100 modifications during its service life. Far from being a stop-gap, the Mk V proved to be the workhorse of Fighter Command during the Channel Front campaign. A total of 6,479 examples were built between January 1941 and November 1943.

Messerschmidt Bf 109F

Augsburg-based Bayerische Flugzeugwerke began work on what would become the Bf 109F in the autumn of 1938 just as the first Daimler-Benz-engined version of the Messerschmitt fighter, the Bf 109E, was about to enter front-line service with the Luftwaffe. Company founder Professor Willy Messerschmitt and Chief of Project Planning Robert Lusser wanted an aircraft that could exceed the performance of previous Bf 109 variants through a combination of airframe aerodynamic refinements and the installation of a more powerful version of Daimler-Benz’s DB 601A engine. Designated the DB 601E, the new version utilized direct fuel injection to its inverted V12 cylinders – as had the DB 601A – to give the powerplant a predicted 1,350hp at 17,750ft. This represented an increase of 23 per cent over the DB 601A. The new engine was 17.2 inches longer, which dictated a major redesign of the Bf 109’s engine bearers and cowling. The F-model would also feature the streamlined propeller spinner created for the next generation of Messerschmitt single- and twin-engined fighters and inspired by the record-breaking Me 209 racing aircraft.

The DB 601 N of this early-build Bf 109F-1 is exposed for routine maintenance. Whereas the E-model’s upper cowling was in one piece, the ‘Friedrich’s’ was split in two halves fastened by two clips on each side. This meant that both cowling sides could be rotated upwards around a common axis, separately or together. As can be seen here, this gave the mechanics improved access to the engine. (EN Archive)

In a bid to achieve the most streamlined forward fuselage possible, Messerschmitt redesigned the chin-mounted oil cooler intake which was such a recognition feature of the E-model. It also revised the wing-mounted coolant radiators by making them twice as wide and half as deep as those fitted to the Bf 109E. This new design drastically reduced drag. Two-piece airflow flaps were located at the rear of the radiator housings, replacing the single-piece flap of the ‘Emil’. The bottom flap both adjusted the airflow and acted as the landing flap. The wings also featured extended semi-elliptical tips rather than the distinctive clipped tips of the Bf 109E. There were also reshaped ailerons, leading edge slats and flaps. To save weight, no wing armament was installed, the F-model featuring a single engine-mounted 15mm or 20mm cannon firing through the propeller hub, supplemented by two MG 17 7.92mm machine guns mounted in the upper cowling.

Bf 109F-2 Wk-Nr 9552 was assigned to 9./JG 2’s Staffelkapitän, Oberleutnant Siegfried Schnell, the leading ace on the Channel Front in terms of Spitfire II/Vs destroyed. Maintained in immaculate condition at the Gruppe’s Theville base in the spring of 1942, the aircraft was finished in standard camouflage for the period, with the addition of protective paint on the wing roots and lower fuselage to prevent staining by exhaust deposits. A total of 57 victories were displayed on the rudder. (Artwork by Jim Laurier, © Osprey Publishing)

The tail area of the Bf 109F was also cleaned up to improve the aerodynamics. The most significant of these changes was the removal of the tailplane bracing struts. Although this greatly reduced drag, it also weakened the airframe to the point where several early aircraft were lost in combat when their tail units broke off due to high-speed flutter. The weak point