Learning VMware vSphere

Table of Contents

Learning VMware vSphere

Credits

About the Authors

About the Reviewers

www.PacktPub.com

Why subscribe?

Preface

What this book covers

What you need for this book

Who this book is for

Conventions

Reader feedback

Customer support

Downloading the color images of this book

Errata

Piracy

Questions

1. An Introduction to Server Virtualization Using VMware

The magic of server virtualization

The benefits of server virtualization

What is a hypervisor?

VMware ESX hypervisor

VMware hypervisor models

What is a virtual machine?

What makes up a virtual machine?

Virtual Machine Monitor

Processor virtualization

Memory virtualization

I/O virtualization

An introduction to VMware vSphere

vSphere ESXi

VMware vCenter Server

vSphere desktop and web clients

vRealize Orchestrator

vSphere Update Manager

VMware Power CLI

VMware VROPS

vSphere Data Protection

vShield Endpoint

VMware vMotion and Storage vMotion

vSphere High Availability

vSphere Fault Tolerance

vSphere Distributed Resource Scheduler and Storage Distributed Resource Scheduler

vSphere Storage I/O Control and Network I/O Control

vSphere Standard Switch and Distributed Virtual Switches

vSphere Virtual Symmetric Multiprocessing

VMware Virtual Machine File System

VMware Virtual Volumes

vSphere Storage APIs

VMware Virtual SAN

Storage Thin Provisioning

vSphere Flash Read Cache

vSphere Content Library

vSphere Auto Deploy

vSphere Host Profiles

vSphere Replication

Summary

2. The Hypervisor – ESXi

The architecture of ESXi

The VMkernel layer

User World APIs

VMM worlds

ESXi's in-memory filesystem

Laying the groundwork for ESXi deployment

Licensing

Configuring the server BIOS

Planning the locale for the hypervisor

Meeting the hypervisor requirements

Downloading ESXi image from VMware

Reserving IP and creating DNS records

Installing ESXi – the interactive method

Configuring the management network

Using the vSphere Client

Creating additional local users on an ESXi host

Using the ESXi Managed Object Browser

Understanding other ESXi deployment methods

Scripted-unattended ESXi installation

Summary

3. The Management Layer – VMware vCenter

VMware vCenter Server concepts

VMware Platform Services Controller

VMCA

VMware SSO

VMware Licensing Service

Laying the foundation for a vCenter deployment

vCenter Appliance versus vCenter on Windows

Ease of deployment

Server management

Backup and recovery

The choice of database

Cost of licensing

Deploying vCenter and its components

Understanding the hardware and software requirements

Installing vCenter on a Windows platform

Installing PSC on a Windows machine

Installing vCenter on a Windows machine

Deploying the appliance-based vCenter and its components

Deploying a PSC appliance

Deploying VCSA vCenter

Configuring the identity sources on the SSO server

Configuring licenses for the vSphere environment

Adding an ESXi host to the vCenter

Enhanced Linked Mode

Summary

4. vSphere Networking Concepts and Management

The need for a software virtual switch

The difference between a physical and virtual switch

Physical NIC enumeration

A virtual machine network interface (vNIC)

The VMkernel network interface (vmk)

The VMware OUI MAC addresses

How are MAC addresses generated?

The standard virtual switch (vSwitch)

Port groups

Support for VLANs

External switch tagging

Virtual switch tagging

Virtual guest tagging

Creating a standard vSwitch

vSphere Distributed Virtual Switch (VDS)

Uplinks on a VDS

Port groups on a VDS

Creating a VDS

Creating dvPortGroups

Port binding and port allocation

Port binding

Port allocation

Connecting ESXi hosts to a VDS

Migrating from vSwitch to VDS

Private VLAN support on a VDS

Implementing private VLANs using a VDS

Advanced network configuration

Getting to the settings of a vSwitch, port group, dvPortGroup, and a dvPort

Standard vSwitch and port group settings

dvPortGroup and dvPort settings

Virtual switch security settings

Promiscuous mode

MAC address changes and forged transmits

Traffic shaping

Configuring traffic shaping

Load balancing and failover

Route based on virtual port ID

Route based on source MAC hash

Route based on IP hash

Load-based teaming (LBT)

Use explicit failover order

Maximum transmission unit (MTU)

Notify switches

Failover order

Link aggregation protocol support and configuration

Creating, configuring, and using LAGs on a VDS

Networking monitoring methods on a VDS

Port mirroring

Distributed port mirroring configuration options

Edit properties

Select sources and destination

NetFlow

Bandwidth management using Network I/O Control (NetIOC)

Creating network resource pools

Understanding the use of shares

Summary

5. vSphere Storage Concepts and Management

Local versus remote storage

Storage Protocols

Understanding RAID groups

Logical Unit Number (LUN)

Pluggable Storage Architecture (PSA)

Storage Array types

Configuring access to Fiber channel storage

Designing for redundancy

Avoiding single points of failure at the ESXi host

Avoiding single points of failure at the Fabric

Avoiding single points of failure at the storage array

Zoning and masking

World Wide Names (WWN)

Configuring access to iSCSI storage

How does iSCSI work?

Types of iSCSI initiator

Types of iSCSI array

Using Software iSCSI on an ESXi host

Configuring an iSCSI initiator to access storage

Configuring multipathing for iSCSI

What is required to configure port binding?

How do we go about configuring port binding?

NIC teaming

Binding vmkernel interfaces to the iSCSI adapter

Configuring access to NFS storage

What do we need?

How do you mount NFS shares?

Mounting NFS onto multiple hosts

Datastore management

The Virtual Machine File System

Creating VMFS datastores

Multipathing information of a LUN device

Managing storage capacity of a datastore

Expanding/growing a VMFS datastore

Extending/spanning a VMFS datastore

Removing access to a LUN

Managing VMFS snapshots

Storage I/O Control (SIOC)

Enabling SIOC

Storage DRS

Initial placement

Balancing space utilization

Balancing I/O load

Summary

6. Advanced vSphere Infrastructure Management

Introducing vSphere vMotion

Using the provisioning interface

Enabling vMotion

Enabling Multi-NIC vMotion

Performing a vMotion

Enhanced vMotion Capability

Enabling EVC

Clustering ESXi hosts for compute aggregation and power management

Distributed resource scheduler - DRS

DRS resource pools

Enabling DRS on a cluster

DRS automation levels

Setting virtual machine automation

DRS migration thresholds

DRS affinity rules

Virtual machines to host rules

Virtual machine to virtual machine rules

vSphere Distributed Power Management (DPM)

Configuring DPM host options

Clustering ESXi hosts for high availability

Enabling HA on a cluster

vSphere HA - behind the scenes

Datastore heartbeating

Host isolation response

Virtual machine restart priority

vCenter admission control

Failover capacity by a static number of hosts

Failover capacity by reserving a percentage of the cluster resources

Use dedicated failover hosts

Virtual machine monitoring

VM Component Protection(VMCP)

Enabling VCMP

Summary

7. Understanding Host Profiles, Image Profiles, and Auto Deploy

Host profiles

Overview of host profile workflow

Using host profiles

Creating a host profile

Attaching a host profile

Checking for compliance and remediation

Detaching a host profile

Managing host profiles

Editing a host profile

Exporting a host profile

Importing a host profile

Image profiles

Creating an image profile

Cloning and customizing an image profile

Exporting an image profile

Auto Deploy

Auto Deploy architecture

Auto Deploy rules

Auto Deploy boot overview

Auto Deploy configuration

Configuring prerequisites

Creating and assigning a rule

Stateless caching and stateful installs

Summary

8. Virtual Machines Concepts and Management

Virtual machine components

Virtual hardware

Core 4 resources

CPU

Memory

Network

Disk

Virtual machine files

Configuration files

Swap files

Virtual disks

Snapshot files

Other files

New vSphere 6 virtual machine features

Creating a virtual machine

Virtual machine settings

Enabling CPU Hot-Plug/Memory Hot-Add

CPUID masks

CPU affinity setting

Setting the .vswp location

Viewing other advanced options

General Options

VMware Remote Console Options

VMware Tools

Boot options

Fault Tolerance

vSphere 6.0 Fault Tolerance features

Configuring Fault Tolerance on a VM

Summary

9. Monitoring Performance of a vSphere Environment

Understanding CPU performance

Understanding memory performance

Transparent Page Sharing

Ballooning

Compression

Swapping to host cache

Hypervisor swapping

Understanding network performance

Understanding storage performance

Understanding resource controls

Shares

Limits

Reservations

Monitoring performance

Performance charts

Overview performance charts

Advanced performance charts

Using esxtop

Monitoring CPU

Monitoring memory

Monitoring network

Monitoring storage

The esxtop options

Using alarms

Creating condition-based alarms

Creating event-based alarms

Other places to find information

Summary

10. Certificate Management for a vSphere Environment

SSL certificate concepts

How VMware products use SSL certificates

VMware Certificate Authority

Certificate deployment options

VMCA root CA

Subordinate VMCA

External CA

Hybrid

VMware Endpoint Certificate Store

Types and locations of certificates

Certificate revocation

Using the vSphere Certificate Manager Utility

Regenerating a new VMCA root certificate and replacing all certificates

Configuring VMCA as a subordinate CA

Replacing all certificates with custom certificates

Installing the default root certificate

Managing ESXi SSL certificates

Renewing VMCA certificates

Custom CA certificates

Viewing certificates using the vSphere Web Client

Summary

11. Securing a vSphere Environment

Securing ESXi

Joining ESXi to an Active Directory domain

Using lockdown mode

ESXi firewall

Securing vCenter Server

Joining vCenter Server Appliance to an Active Directory domain

Securing virtual machines

vSphere authentication

vCenter Single Sign-On overview

Configuring Single Sign-On

Identity sources

Setting the default domain

Single Sign-On policies

Password policies

Lockout policy

Token policy

Users and groups

Reviewing and creating Single Sign-On users

Single Sign-On user management

Managing group membership

vSphere permissions

Defining a custom role

Appling permissions

Reviewing permissions

Global permissions

Syslog

Summary

12. Life Cycle Management of a vSphere Environment

Planning an upgrade

Upgrading vCenter Server

Upgrade Paths

Upgrading vCenter Server

Prerequisites

Upgrading Windows vCenter Server

Upgrading vCenter Server Appliance

Client Integration Plug-in

Upgrading vCenter Server Appliance

Upgrading vSphere Update Manager (VUM)

Installing the Update Manager Plug-in

Upgrading ESXi

Importing a Host Image

Create an ESXi Upgrade Baseline

Attach an ESXi Upgrade Baseline

Remediate an ESXi Host to Upgrade

Upgrading Distributed Switch

Upgrading Virtual Machines

VMware Tools

Virtual Hardware

Summary

Learning VMware vSphere

Learning VMware vSphere

Copyright © 2016 Packt Publishing

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embedded in critical articles or reviews.

Every effort has been made in the preparation of this book to ensure the accuracy of the information presented. However, the information contained in this book is sold without warranty, either express or implied. Neither the authors, nor Packt Publishing, and its dealers and distributors will be held liable for any damages caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by this book.

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First published: September 2016

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Credits

About the Authors

Abhilash G B (@abhilashgb) is a virtualization specialist, author, designer, and a VMware vExpert (2014, 2015, and 2016) who specializes in the areas of data center virtualization and cloud computing.

He has been in the IT industry for more than a decade and has been working on VMware products and technologies since the start of 2007. He currently works as a senior VMware consultant for one of largest information technology and services company in the world.

He holds several VMware certifications, including VCP3, VCP4, VCP5-DCV, and VCP-Cloud. He also holds advanced certifications such as VCAP4-DCA and VCAP5-DCA.

He is also the author of four other books by Packt Publishing: VMware vSphere 5.1 Cookbook (ISBN 9781849684026) in July 2013, Disaster Recovery using VMware vSphere Replication and vCenter Site Recovery Manager (ISBN 9781782176442) in May 2014, and VMware vSphere 5.5 Cookbook (ISBN 9781782172857) in February 2015, Disaster Recovery using VMware vSphere Replication and vCenter Site Recovery Manager – Second Edition (ISBN 9781785886096) in October 2016.

I dedicate this book to my family. Without their patience and support, this book would not have been possible. I would like to thank my co-author, Rebecca Fitzhugh (@RebeccaFitzhugh), who has done a wonderful job with all her chapters. Thanks to the technical reviewers Jason Dion (@virtualdion) and Kevin Elder for their valuable input. Special thanks to the entire Packt team for their support during the course of writing this book. 

Rebecca Fitzhugh is an independent VMware consultant specializing in architecting vSphere, Horizon, and vCloud environments, along with delivering a variety of authorized VMware courses as VMware Certified Instructor (VCI). Prior to becoming a consultant and instructor, she served 5 years in the United States Marine Corps (2006-2011), where she assisted in the build out and administration of multiple enterprise networks residing on virtual infrastructure. Rebecca has written several white papers and articles for Global Knowledge and VMware Press, as along with previously authoring vSphere Virtual Machine Management (ISBN 9781782172185) for Packt Publishing.

Rebecca currently holds multiple IT industry certifications, including VMware Certified Advanced Professional (VCAP) in Data Center Design (DCD), Data Center Administration (DCA), and Cloud Infrastructure Administration (CIA). She has been selected as a vExpert three times (2014, 2015, and 2016). You can follow Rebecca on Twitter (@RebeccaFitzhugh) or contact her via LinkedIn (www.linkedin.com/in/rmfitzhugh/).

I would like to thank my amazing sister, Robyn, for her love and encouragement throughout all of my personal and professional endeavors. To my best friends, Lisa, Allie, and Josh, I appreciate you putting up with my crazy travel schedule and supporting me through all the ups and downs. Thanks to my VCDX wolf pack for keeping me inspired throughout this wild adventure. Lastly, thanks to Brett for getting me started on this path and Leann for your endless patience and humor.To the editors, technical editors, and reviewers who read through my writing, thank you for being stellar throughout the process.

About the Reviewers

Jason Dion is a systems engineering manager at VMware. He joined VMware in 2008 and was a staff systems engineer before being promoted to a manager in 2016. Jason has supported enterprise accounts in Florida for most of his career that has spanned over 20 years. He is a member of the CTO ambassador program at VMware, a vExpert, and is a certified VCP in vSphere versions 3, 4, 5, and 6.

In addition to reviewing Learning vSphere, Jason has also reviewed VMware vSphere Essentials for Packt Publishing.

You can read his blogs at http://www.flcloudlabs.com and http://www.friendsofwalt.com or follow him on Twitter at @virtualdion or on LinkedIn at https://www.linkedin.com/in/dionjason.

When not talking virtualization, he enjoys spending time with his wife, Amy, and two kids, Lauren and Nick.

Kevin Elder has worked in the IT space for the past 15 years. He currently works for a VAR based in Portland, Oregon and focuses on selling, installing, and supporting virtualization and storage technologies.

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Preface

What began as an attempt to virtualize x86 architecture has now grown beyond the limits of a server’s hardware and has gone into the realm of storage and network virtualization. Today, most modern data centers aim to achieve a hundred percent virtualization. Although there are multiple players offering virtualization solutions, with its extensive portfolio of products and solutions, VMware is still the market leader in data center virtualization.

Learning VMware vSphere is written with an aim to help you understand the concepts behind server virtualization and act as a handy guide to creating a scalable and responsive virtualization platform for hosting the virtual machine workloads of any business. VMware vSphere is the platform with its core suite of products that helps you lay the foundation of a fully functional virtualized data center for your application workloads, cloud, and the business.

We begin by introducing you to the concepts of CPU, memory, and IO virtualization and delve deeper into the architecture of a hypervisor—more specifically, VMware’s ESXi. You will be introduced to the concepts of a virtual machine and learn how to create and manage them. You will learn how to create a management layer for your vSphere environment by deploying VMware vCenter Server. The book further covers vSphere Storage and Networking concepts and configuration, monitoring the performance of a vSphere environment, securing a vSphere environment, and the life cycle management of a vSphere environment.

You will walk away with enough knowledge to plan, implement, manage, and monitor a VMware vSphere environment.

What this book covers

Chapter 1, An Introduction to Server Virtualization Using VMware, introduces you to the concepts of server virtualization. You will learn how the processor, memory, and storage resources are virtualized with the help of the Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM). You will also be introduced to the components of VMware vSphere. This sets the foundation for what you are about to learn in the subsequent chapters.

Chapter 2, The Hypervisor - ESXi, discusses the architecture of ESXi hypervisor. You will learn to install or deploy ESXi hosts and perform the initial configuration. You will also learn different methods of deploying ESXi onto bare metal servers.

Chapter 3, The Management Layer – vCenter, teaches you how to install and configure VMware vCenter Server. You will learn how to deploy both Windows and Linux versions of vCenter Server and also how to perform the post-installation configuration on them. You will learn how to configure identity sources on the SSO server and configure licenses for vSphere environment. Then, you will learn how to configure Enhanced Linked Mode for vCenters.

Chapter 4, vSphere Networking Concepts and Management, explores the networking concepts associated with a VMware infrastructure. You will learn how to create and manage virtual switches (standard or distributed). From there, you will learn more about virtual switch security settings, traffic shaping, load balancing, and failover. You will explore the network monitoring methods and bandwidth management using Network I/O Control.

Chapter 5, vSphere Storage Concepts and Management, explains how to plan, implement, and manage storage access to a vSphere infrastructure. You will explore the Pluggable Storage Architecture (PSA), a modular API framework that lets storage vendors build their own SATP or PSP plugins. You will learn how to configure access to Fiber Channel, iSCSI, and NFS storage. You will learn how to create and manage VMFS Datastores.

Chapter 6, Advanced Infrastructure Management, explores vSphere vMotion in detail. You will learn how to enable DRS on a cluster. Then, you will learn how to enable and configure vSphere HA. You will also learn about the VM Component Protection feature of vSphere HA, which enables recovery of virtual machines affected by storage connectivity issues.

Chapter 7, Understanding Host Profiles, Image Profile and Auto Deploy, discusses how to use and manage Host Profiles. You will learn how to customize and manage image profiles using Image Builder. You will also explore how Auto Deploy allows you to provision hundreds of ESXi hosts at a time.

Chapter 8, Virtual Machine Concepts and Management, explains the Virtual Machine components and introduces the new vSphere 6 Virtual Machine Features. You will learn to modify Virtual Machine settings. You will explore all about Fault Tolerance and configure it on a Virtual Machine.

Chapter 9, Monitoring Performance of a vSphere Environment, shows how to monitor the performance of a vSphere environment. You will explore the tools that are available within vSphere that assist VMware administrators to monitor resources and detect any potential bottlenecks. You will learn how to configure and use Alarms to alert administrators when specific events occur or when thresholds are exceeded.

Chapter 10, Certificate Management for a vSphere Environment, introduces vSphere 6’s new VMware Certificate Authority (VMCA) and discusses how it could be used to alleviate some of the headaches surrounding certificate management. You will then explore certificate management in detail. You will look at multiple configurations, including using VMCA signed certificates, using VMCA as an intermediate certificate authority, using external certificate authority signed certificates,  or a hybrid configuration.

Chapter 11, Securing a vSphere Environment, guides you through the importance of securing a vSphere environment. You will learn how to secure ESXi, vCenter Server, and virtual machines. You will also learn how to configure Single Sign-On and grant privileges to users in vSphere.

Chapter 12, Life Cycle Management of a vSphere Environment, discusses vSphere life cycle management. You will learn how to upgrade vSphere components from vSphere 5.x to vSphere 6.

What you need for this book

You will learn about the software requirements for every vSphere component covered in this book in their respective chapters, but to start with a basic lab setup, you will need at least two ESXi hosts, a vCenter Server instance, a Domain Controller, a DHCP server, a DNS server, and a TFTP Server. For learning purposes, you don't really need to run ESXi on physical machines.

You can use VMware Workstation or VMware Fusion to set up a hosted lab on your PC or Mac, provided the machine has adequate compute and storage capacity.

For shared storage, you can use any of the following free virtual storage applications:

Celerra UBER 3.2: http://nickapedia.com/2010/10/04/play-it-again-sam-celerra-uber-v3-2/

OpenFiler: https://www.openfiler.com

HP StoreVirtual Storage: http://www8.hp.com/in/en/products/data-storage/storevirtual.html

Who this book is for

This book is intended for experienced technologists who want to design and implement VMware solutions. This book will help the reader get a head start in learning how to design, implement, and manage a modern day Data Center. Infrastructure architects and system administrators will also find this book useful to aid them in their day-to-day activities. You can use this book as reference material for VCP and VCAP certification exams. Keep in mind, however, that the book is not written to follow the blueprint for either of the exams.

Conventions

In this book, you will find a number of text styles that distinguish between different kinds of information. Here are some examples of these styles and an explanation of their meaning.

Code words in text, database table names, folder names, filenames, file extensions, pathnames, dummy URLs, user input, and Twitter handles are shown as follows: Mount the downloaded WebStorm-10*.dmg disk image file as another disk in your system.

New terms and important words are shown in bold. Words that you see on the screen, for example, in menus or dialog boxes, appear in the text like this: The shortcuts in this book are based on the Mac OS X 10.5+ scheme.

A block of code is set as follows:

.encoding = UTF-8

config.version = 8

virtualHW.version = 11

nvram = ExampleVM.nvram

pciBridge0.present = TRUE

Note

Warnings or important notes appear in a box like this.

Tip

Tips and tricks appear like this.

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We also provide you with a PDF file that has color images of the screenshots/diagrams used in this book. The color images will help you better understand the changes in the output. You can download this file from http://www.packtpub.com/sites/default/files/downloads/LearningVMwarevSphere_ColorImages.pdf.

Errata

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Questions

If you have a problem with any aspect of this book, you can contact us at [email protected], and we will do our best to address the problem.

Chapter 1. An Introduction to Server Virtualization Using VMware

Let's go back to a time when there wasn't a concept of server virtualization. We had data centers running a large number of machines; most of them were bought to run an application or a set of services. All those servers had enough CPU, memory, and storage capacity to host the application or the services that were running on it. The amount of compute and storage resources depended on what the application or the service would need during its peak load. However, the catch here is that not all servers execute peak load all the time. Research shows that more than 90% of hardware resources remain under-utilized. That is a huge number in terms of resource wastage. Running more than one application or service for the business always meant that there was a demand for additional hardware resources. Such a demand contributed to other factors such as power consumption, investment in cooling solutions, hardware maintenance, and the real estate space required to host all the hardware.

Now, a possible solution an administrator could have fantasized about would be to find a way to somehow magically connect all these servers together and present it as a large pool of resources to the applications or services. If that were possible, then you would probably be renting out 90% of your resources, that you have already invested in, to someone else to run their applications and you are paid for that service. Or, if you were in the planning phase of a new infrastructure, you could reduce the amount of server hardware needed for hosting the services. Unfortunately, such a conglomeration was far from reality due to two main reasons, the first one being the physical boundaries that separate these hardware resources and the second one being that not all services could run alongside each other without running into a conflict, affecting both the services. This is where the concept of server virtualization did its magic, on its introduction, like never perceived before.

In this chapter, we will learn the following:

The magic of server virtualization

What is a hypervisor?

What is a virtual machine?

An introduction to VMware vSphere

The magic of server virtualization

Server virtualization lets you run multiple conventional operating systems such as Windows and Linux, isolated from each other but sharing the same physical server hardware. This is achieved by creating an abstraction layer between the server hardware and the operating systems that run on them. The abstraction layer acts as the interface and the resource management layer, which enables the sharing of the resources between the operating systems:

The operating systems remain completely unaware of the fact that they are running inside a virtual machine and that there are other operating