King Coal

CONTENTS

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

BOOK ONE — THE DOMAIN OF KING COAL

BOOK TWO — THE SERFS OF KING COAL

BOOK THREE — THE HENCHMEN OF KING COAL

BOOK FOUR — THE WILL OF KING COAL

POSTSCRIPT

King Coal: a Novel

Upton Sinclair

First digital edition 2017 by David De Angelis

INTRODUCTION

Upton Sinclairis one of the not too many writers who have consecrated their lives to the agitation for social justice, and who have also enrolled their art in the service of a set purpose. A great and non-temporizing enthusiast, he never flinched from making sacrifices.Now and then he attained great material successes as a writer, but invariably he invested and lost his earnings in enterprises by which he had hoped to ward off injustice and to further human happiness. Though disappointed time after time, he never lost faith nor courage to start again.

As a convinced socialist and eager advocate of unpopular doctrines, as an exposer of social conditions that would otherwise be screened away from the public eye, the most influential journals of his country were as a rule arraigned against him. Though always a poor man, though never willing to grant to publishers the concessions essential for many editions and general popularity, he was maliciously represented to be a carpet knight of radicalism and a socialist millionaire.He has several times been obliged to change his publisher, which goes to prove that he is no seeker of material gain.

Upton Sinclair is one of the writers of the present time most deserving of a sympathetic interest. He shows his patriotism as an American,not by joining in hymns to the very conditional kind of liberty peculiar to the United States, but by agitating for infusing it with the elixir of real liberty, the liberty of humanity. He does not limit himself to a dispassionate and entertaining description of things as they are. But in his appeals to the honour and good-fellowship of his compatriots, he opens their eyes to the appalling conditions under which wage-earning slaves are living by the hundreds of thousands. His object is to better these unnatural conditions, to obtain for the very poorest a glimpse of light and happiness, to make even them realise the sensation of cosy well-being and the comfort of knowing that justice is to be found also for them.

This time Upton Sinclair has absorbed himself in the study of the miner’s life in the lonesome pits of the Rocky Mountains, and his sensitive and enthusiastic mind has brought to the world an American parallel to GERMINAL, Emile Zola’s technical masterpiece.

The conditions described in the two booksare, however, essentially different. While Zola’s working-men are all natives of France, one meets in Sinclair’s book a motley variety of European emigrants, speaking a Babel of languages and therefore debarred from forming some sort of association to protect themselves against being exploited by the anonymous limited Company. Notwithstanding this natural bar against united action on the part of the wage-earning slaves, the Company feels far from at ease and jealously guards its interests against any attempt of organising the men.

A young American of the upper class, with great sympathy for the downtrodden and an honest desire to get a first-hand knowledge of their conditions in order to help them, decides to take employment in a mine under a fictitious name and dressed like a working-man. His unusual way of trying to obtain work arouses suspicion. He is believed to be a professional strike-leader sent out to organise the miners against their exploiters, and he is not only refused work, but thrashed mercilessly. When finally he succeeds in getting inside,he discovers with growing indignation the shameless and inhuman way in which those who unearth the black coal are being exploited.

These are the fundamental ideas of the book, but they give but a faint notion of the author’s poetic attitude. Most beautifully is this shown in Hal’s relation to a young Irish girl, Red Mary. She is poor, and her daily life harsh and joyless, but nevertheless her wonderful grace is one of the outstanding features of the book. Thefirst impression of Mary is that of a Celtic Madonna with a tender heart for little children. She develops into a Valküre of the working-class, always ready to fight for the worker’s right.

The last chapters of the book give a description of the miners’ revolt against the Company. They insist upon their right to choose a deputy to control the weighing-in of the coal, and upon having the mines sprinkled regularly to prevent explosion. They will also be free to buy their food and utensils wherever they like,even in shops not belonging to the Company.

In a postscript Sinclair explains the fundamental facts on which his work of art has been built up. Even without the postscript one could not help feeling convinced that the social conditions he describes are true to life. The main point is that Sinclair has not allowed himself to become inspired by hackneyed phrases that bondage and injustice and the other evils and crimes of Kingdoms have been banished from Republics, but that he is earnestly pointing to the honeycombed ground on which the greatest modern money-power has been built. The fundament of this power is not granite, but mines. It lives and breathes in the light, because it has thousands of unfortunates toiling in the darkness. It lives and has its being in proud liberty because thousands are slaving for it, whose thraldom is the price of this liberty.

This is the impression given to the reader of this exciting novel.

GEORG BRANDES.

BOOK ONE — THE DOMAIN OF KING COAL

SECTION 1.

The town of Pedro stood on the edge of the mountain country; a straggling assemblage of stores and saloons from which a number of branch railroads ran up into the canyons, feeding the coal-camps. Through the week it slept peacefully; but on Saturday nights, when the miners came trooping down, and the ranchmen came in on horseback and in automobiles, it wakened to a seething life.

At the railroad station, one day late in June, a young man alighted from a train. He was about twenty-one years of age, with sensitive features, and brown hair having a tendency to waviness. He wore a frayed and faded suit of clothes, purchased in a quarter of his home city where the Hebrew merchants stand on the sidewalks to offer their wares; also a soiled blue shirt without a tie, and a pairof heavy boots which had seen much service. Strapped on his back was a change of clothing and a blanket, and in his pockets a comb, a toothbrush, and a small pocket mirror.

Sitting in the smoking-car of the train, the young man had listened to the talk ofthe coal-camps, seeking to correct his accent. When he got off the train he proceeded down the track and washed his hands with cinders, and lightly powdered some over his face. After studying the effect of this in his mirror, he strolled down the main street of Pedro, and, selecting a little tobacco-shop, went in. In as surly a voice as he could muster, he inquired of the proprietress, Can you tell me how to get to the Pine Creek mine?

The woman looked at him with no suspicion in her glance. She gave thedesired information, and he took a trolley and got off at the foot of the Pine Creek canyon, up which he had a thirteen-mile trudge. It was a sunshiny day, with the sky crystal clear, and the mountain air invigourating. The young man seemed to be happy, and as he strode on his way, he sang a song with many verses:

Old King Coal was a merry old soul, And a merry old soul was he; He made him a college all full of knowledge— Hurrah for you and me! Oh, Liza-Ann, come out with me, The moon isa-shinin’ in the monkey-puzzle tree; Oh, Liza-Ann, I have began To sing you the song of Harrigan! He keeps them a-roll, this merry old soul— The wheels of industree; A-roll and a-roll, for his pipe and his bowl And his college facultee! Oh, Mary-Jane, come out in the lane, The moon is a-shinin’ in the old pecan; Oh, Mary-Jane, don’t you hear me a-sayin’ I’ll sing you the song of Harrigan! So hurrah for King Coal, and his fat pay-roll, And his wheels of industree! Hurrah for his pipe, and hurrah for his bowl— And hurrah for you and me! Oh, Liza-Ann, come out with me, The moon is a-shinin’—"

And so on and on—as long as the moon was a-shinin’ on a college campus. It was a mixture of happy nonsense andthat questioning with which modern youth has begun to trouble its elders. As a marching tune, the song was a trifle swift for the grades of a mountain canyon; Warner could stop and shout to the canyon-walls, and listen to their answer, and then march on again. He had youth in his heart, and love and curiosity; also he had some change in his trousers’ pocket, and a ten dollar bill, for extreme emergencies, sewed up in his belt. If a photographer for Peter Harrigan’s General Fuel Company could have got a snap-shot of him that morning, it might have served as a portrait of a coal-miner in any prosperity publication.

But the climb was a stiff one, and before the end the traveller became aware of the weight of his boots, and sang no more. Just as the sun wassinking up the canyon, he came upon his destination—a gate across the road, with a sign upon it:

PINE CREEK COAL CO.

PRIVATE PROPERTY

TRESPASSING FORBIDDEN

Hal approached the gate, which was of iron bars, and padlocked. After standing for a moment to get ready his surly voice, he kicked upon the gate and a man came out of a shack inside.

What do you want? said he.

I want to get in. I’m looking for a job.

Where do you come from?

From Pedro.

Where you been working?

I never worked in a mine before.

Where did you work?

In a grocery-store.

What grocery-store?

Peterson & Co., in Western City.

The guard came closer to the gate and studied him through the bars.

Hey, Bill! he called, and another man came out from the cabin. Here’s a guy says heworked in a grocery, and he’s lookin’ for a job.

Where’s your papers? demanded Bill.

Every one had told Hal that labour was scarce in the mines, and that the companies were ravenous for men; he had supposed that a workingman would only have to knock, and it would be opened unto him. They didn’t give me no papers, he said, and added, hastily, I got drunk and they fired me. He felt quite sure that getting drunk would not bar one from a coal camp.

But the two made no move to open the gate. The second man studied him deliberately from top to toe, and Hal was uneasily aware of possible sources of suspicion. I’m all right, he declared. Let me in, and I’ll show you.

Still the two made no move. They looked at each other, and then Bill answered, We don’tneed no hands.

But, exclaimed Hal, I saw a sign down the canyon—

That’s an old sign, said Bill.

But I walked all the way up here!

You’ll find it easier walkin’ back.

But—it’s night!

Scared of the dark, kid? inquired Bill, facetiously.

Oh,say! replied Hal. Give a fellow a chance! Ain’t there some way I can pay for my keep—or at least for a bunk to-night?

There’s nothin’ for you, said Bill, and turned and went into the cabin.

The other man waited and watched, with a decidedly hostile look. Hal strove to plead with him, but thrice he repeated, Down the canyon with you. So at last Hal gave up, and moved down the road a piece and sat down to reflect.

It really seemed an absurdly illogical proceeding, to post a notice, Hands Wanted, in conspicuous places on the roadside, causing a man to climb thirteen miles up a mountain canyon, only to be turned off without explanation. Hal was convinced that there must be jobs inside the stockade, and that if only he could get at the bosses he could persuade them. He got up and walked down the road a quarter of a mile, to where the railroad-track crossed it, winding up the canyon. A train of empties was passing, bound into the camp, the cars rattling and bumping as the engine toiled up the grade. Thissuggested a solution of the difficulty.

It was already growing dark. Crouching slightly, Hal approached the cars, and when he was in the shadows, made a leap and swung onto one of them. It took but a second to clamber in, and he lay flat and waited, his heart thumping.

Before a minute had passed he heard a shout, and looking over, he saw the Cerberus of the gate running down a path to the track, his companion, Bill, just behind him. Hey! come out of there! they yelled; and Bill leaped, and caught the carin which Hal was riding.

The latter saw that the game was up, and sprang to the ground on the other side of the track and started out of the camp. Bill followed him, and as the train passed, the other man ran down the track to join him. Hal was walking rapidly, without a word; but the Cerberus of the gate had many words, most of them unprintable, and he seized Hal by the collar, and shoving him violently, planted a kick upon that portion of his anatomy which nature has constructed for the reception of kicks. Hal recovered his balance, and, as the man was still pursuing him, he turned and aimed a blow, striking him on the chest and making him reel.

Hal’s big brother had seen to it that he knew how to use his fists; he now squared off, prepared to receive thesecond of his assailants. But in coal-camps matters are not settled in that primitive way, it appeared. The man halted, and the muzzle of a revolver came suddenly under Hal’s nose. Stick ‘em up! said the man.

This was a slang which Hal had never heard,but the meaning was inescapable; he stuck ‘em up. At the same moment his first assailant rushed at him, and dealt him a blow over the eye which sent him sprawling backward upon the stones.

SECTION 2.

When Hal came to himself again he was in darkness, andwas conscious of agony from head to toe. He was lying on a stone floor, and he rolled over, but soon rolled back again, because there was no part of his back which was not sore. Later on, when he was able to study himself, he counted over a score of marksof the heavy boots of his assailants.

He lay for an hour or two, making up his mind that he was in a lock-up, because he could see the starlight through iron bars. He could hear somebody snoring, and he called half a dozen times, in a louder and louder voice, until at last, hearing a growl, he inquired, Can you give me a drink of water?

I’ll give you hell if you wake me up again, said the voice; after which Hal lay in silence until morning.

A couple of hours after daylight, a man entered his cell. Getup, said he, and added a prod with his foot. Hal had thought he could not do it, but he got up.

No funny business now, said his jailer, and grasping him by the sleeve of his coat, marched him out of the cell and down a little corridor into a sort of office, where sat a red-faced personage with a silver shield upon the lapel of his coat. Hal’s two assailants of the night before stood nearby.

Well, kid? said the personage in the chair. Had a little time to think it over?

Yes, said Hal, briefly.

What’s the charge? inquired the personage, of the two watchmen.

Trespassing and resisting arrest.

How much money you got, young fellow? was, the next question.

Hal hesitated.

Speak up there! said the man.

Two dollars and sixty-seven cents, said Hal—as well as I can remember.

Go on! said the other. What you givin’ us? And then, to the two watchmen, Search him.

Take off your coat and pants, said Bill, promptly, and your boots.

Oh, I say! protested Hal.

Take ‘em off! said the man, andclenched his fists. Hal took ‘em off, and they proceeded to go through the pockets, producing a purse with the amount stated, also a cheap watch, a strong pocket knife, the tooth-brush, comb and mirror, and two white handkerchiefs, which they looked at contemptuously and tossed to the spittle-drenched floor.

They unrolled the pack, and threw the clean clothing about. Then, opening the pocket-knife, they proceeded to pry about the soles and heels of the boots, and to cut open the lining of the clothing. Sothey found the ten dollars in the belt, which they tossed onto the table with the other belongings. Then the personage with the shield announced, I fine you twelve dollars and sixty-seven cents, and your watch and knife. He added, with a grin, You can keep your snot-rags.

Now see here! said Hal, angrily. This is pretty raw!

You get your duds on, young fellow, and get out of here as quick as you can, or you’ll go in your shirt-tail.

But Hal was angry enough to have been willing to go in his skin. You tell me who you are, and your authority for this procedure?

I’m marshal of the camp, said the man.

You mean you’re an employé of the General Fuel Company? And you propose to rob me—

Put him out, Bill, said the marshal. And Hal saw Bill’s fists clench.

All right, he said, swallowing his indignation. Wait till I get my clothes on. And he proceeded to dress as quickly as possible; he rolled up his blanket and spare clothing, and started for the door.

Remember, said the marshal, straight downthe canyon with you, and if you show your face round here again, you’ll get a bullet through you.

So Hal went out into the sunshine, with a guard on each side of him as an escort. He was on the same mountain road, but in the midst of the company-village.In the distance he saw the great building of the breaker, and heard the incessant roar of machinery and falling coal. He marched past a double lane of company houses and shanties, where slattern women in doorways and dirty children digging in the dust of the roadside paused and grinned at him—for he limped as he walked, and it was evident enough what had happened to him.

Hal had come with love and curiosity. The love was greatly diminished—evidently this was not the force which kept the wheels of industry a-roll. But the curiosity was greater than ever. What was there so carefully hidden inside this coal-camp stockade?

Hal turned and looked at Bill, who had showed signs of humour the day before. See here, said he, you fellows have got my money, and you’veblacked my eye and kicked me blue, so you ought to be satisfied. Before I go, tell me about it, won’t you?

Tell you what? growled Bill.

Why did I get this?

Because you’re too gay, kid. Didn’t you know you had no business trying to sneak in here?

Yes, said Hal; but that’s not what I mean. Why didn’t you let me in at first?

If you wanted a job in a mine, demanded the man, why didn’t you go at it in the regular way?

I didn’t know the regular way.

That’s just it. And we wasn’t takin’ chanceswith you. You didn’t look straight.

But what did you think I was? What are you afraid of?

Go on! said the man. You can’t work me!

Hal walked a few steps in silence, pondering how to break through. I see you’re suspicious of me, he said. I’ll tellyou the truth, if you’ll let me. Then, as the other did not forbid him, I’m a college boy, and I wanted to see life and shift for myself a while. I thought it would be a lark to come here.

Well, said Bill, this ain’t no foot-ball field. It’s a coal-mine.

Hal saw that his story had been accepted. Tell me straight, he said, what did you think I was?

Well, I don’t mind telling, growled Bill. There’s union agitators trying to organise these here camps, and we ain’t taking no chances with ‘em. This company gets its men through agencies, and if you’d went and satisfied them, you’d ‘a been passed in the regular way. Or if you’d went to the office down in Pedro and got a pass, you’d ‘a been all right. But when a guy turns up at the gate, and looks like a dude and talks like a college perfessor, he don’t get by, see?

I see, said Hal. And then, If you’ll give me the price of a breakfast out of my money, I’ll be obliged.

Breakfast is over, said Bill. You sit round till the pinyons gets ripe. He laughed; but then, mellowed by his own joke, he took a quarter from his pocket and passed it to Hal. He opened the padlock on the gate and saw him out with a grin; and so ended Hal’s first turn on the wheels of industry.

SECTION 3.

Hal Warner started to drag himself down the road, but was unable to make it. He got as far as a brooklet that came down the mountain-side, from which he might drink without fear of typhoid; there he lay the whole day, fasting. Towards evening a thunder-storm came up, and he crawled under the shelter of a rock, which was no shelter at all. His single blanket was soon soaked through, and he passed a night almost as miserable as the previous one. He could not sleep, but he could think, and he thought about what hadhappened to him. Bill had said that a coal mine was not a foot-ball field, but it seemed to Hal that the net impress of the two was very much the same. He congratulated himself that his profession was not that of a union organiser.

At dawn he dragged himself up, and continued his journey, weak from cold and unaccustomed lack of food. In the course of the day he reached a power-station near the foot of the canyon. He did not have the price of a meal, and was afraid to beg; but in one of the group of buildings by the roadsidewas a store, and he entered and inquired concerning prunes, which were twenty-five cents a pound. The price was high, but so was the altitude, and as Hal found in the course of time, they explained the one by the other—not explaining, however, why the altitude of the price was always greater than the altitude of the store. Over the counter he saw a sign: We buy scrip at ten per cent discount. He had heard rumours of a state law forbidding payment of wages in scrip; but he asked no questions, and carried off his very light pound of prunes, and sat down by the roadside and munched them.

Just beyond the power-house, down on the railroad track, stood a little cabin with a garden behind it. He made his way there, and found a one-legged old watchman. He askedpermission to spend the night on the floor of the cabin; and seeing the old fellow look at his black eye, he explained, I tried to get a job at the mine, and they thought I was a union organiser.

Well, said the man, I don’t want no union organisers round here.

But I’m not one, pleaded Hal.

How do I know what you are? Maybe you’re a company spy.

All I want is a dry place to sleep, said Hal. Surely it won’t be any harm for you to give me that.

I’m not so sure, the other answered. However, you can spread your blanket in the corner. But don’t you talk no union business to me.

Hal had no desire to talk. He rolled himself in his blanket and slept like a man untroubled by either love or curiosity. In the morning the old fellow gave him a slice ofcorn bread and some young onions out of his garden, which had a more delicious taste than any breakfast that had ever been served him. When Hal thanked his host in parting, the latter remarked: All right, young fellow, there’s one thing you can do to payme, and that is, say nothing about it. When a man has grey hair on his head and only one leg, he might as well be drowned in the creek as lose his job.

Hal promised, and went his way. His bruises pained him less, and he was able to walk. There were ranch-houses in sight—it was like coming back suddenly to America!

SECTION 4.

Hal had now before him a week’s adventures as a hobo: a genuine hobo, with no ten dollar bill inside his belt to take the reality out of his experiences. He took stock of his worldlygoods and wondered if he still looked like a dude. He recalled that he had a smile which had fascinated the ladies; would it work in combination with a black eye? Having no other means of support, he tried it on susceptible looking housewives, and found itsosuccessful that he was tempted to doubt the wisdom of honest labour. He sang the Harrigan song no more, but instead the words of a hobo-song he had once heard:

Oh, what’s the use of workin’ when there’s women in the land?

The second day he made theacquaintance of two other gentlemen of the road, who sat by the railroad-track toasting some bacon over a fire. They welcomed him, and after they had heard his story, adopted him into the fraternity and instructed him in its ways of life. Pretty soon he made the acquaintance of one who had been a miner, and was able to give him the information he needed before climbing another canyon.

Dutch Mike was the name this person bore, for reasons he did not explain. He was a black-eyed and dangerous-looking rascal, and when the subject of mines and mining was broached, he opened up the flood-gates of an amazing reservoir of profanity. He was through with that game—Hal or any other God-damned fool might have his job for the asking. It was only because there were somany natural-born God-damned fools in the world that the game could be kept going. Dutch Mike went on to relate dreadful tales of mine-life, and to summon before him the ghosts of one pit-boss after another, consigning them to the fires of eternal perdition.

I wanted to work while I was young, said he, but now I’m cured, an’ fer good. The world had come to seem to him a place especially constructed for the purpose of making him work, and every faculty he possessed was devoted to foiling this plot. Sitting by a camp-fire near the stream which ran down the valley, Hal had a merry time pointing out to Dutch Mike how he worked harder at dodging work than other men worked at working. The hobo did not seem to mind that, however—it was a matter of principlewith him, and he was willing to make sacrifices for his convictions. Even when they had sent him to the work-house, he had refused to work; he had been shut in a dungeon, and had nearly died on a diet of bread and water, rather than work. If everybody would do the same, he said, they would soon bust things.

Hal took a fancy to this spontaneous revolutionist, and travelled with him for a couple of days, in the course of which he pumped him as to details of the life of a miner. Most of the companies used regular employment agencies, as the guard had mentioned; but the trouble was, these agencies got something from your pay for a long time—the bosses were in cahoots with them. When Hal wondered if this were not against the law, Cut it out, Bo! said his companion. When you’ve had a job for a while, you’ll know that the law in a coal-camp is what your boss tells you. The hobo went on to register his conviction that when one man has the giving of jobs, and other men have to scramble for them, the law wouldnever have much to say in the deal. Hal judged this a profound observation, and wished that it might be communicated to the professor of political economy at Harrigan.

On the second night of his acquaintance with Dutch Mike, their jungle was raided bya constable with half a dozen deputies; for a determined effort was being made just then to drive vagrants from the neighbourhood—or to get them to work in the mines. Hal’s friend, who slept with one eye open, made a break in the darkness, and Hal followed him, getting under the guard of the raiders by a foot-ball trick. They left their food and blankets behind them, but Dutch Mike made light of this, and lifted a chicken from a roost to keep them cheerful through the night hours, and stole a change of underclothing off a clothes-line thenext day. Hal ate the chicken, and wore the underclothing, thus beginning his career in crime.

Parting from Dutch Mike, he went back to Pedro. The hobo had told him that saloon-keepers nearly always had friends in thecoal-camps, and could help a fellow to a job. So Hal began enquiring, and the second one replied, Yes, he would give him a letter to a man at North Valley, and if he got the job, the friend would deduct a dollar a month from his pay. Hal agreed, and set out upon another tramp up another canyon, upon the strength of a sandwich bummed from a ranch-house at the entrance to the valley. At another stockaded gate of the General Fuel Company he presented his letter, addressed to a person named O’Callahan, who turned out also to be a saloon-keeper.

The guard did not even open the letter, but passed Hal in at sight of it, and he sought out his man and applied for work. The man said he would help him, but would have to deduct a dollar a month for himself, as well asa dollar for his friend in Pedro. Hal kicked at this, and they bartered back and forth; finally, when Hal turned away and threatened to appeal directly to the super, the saloon-keeper compromised on a dollar and a half.

You know mine-work? he asked.

Brought up at it, said Hal, made wise, now, in the ways of the world.

Where did you work?

Hal named several mines, concerning which he had learned something from the hoboes. He was going by the name of Joe Smith, which he judged likely to be found onthe payroll of any mine. He had more than a week’s growth of beard to disguise him, and had picked up some profanity as well.

The saloon-keeper took him to interview Mr. Alec Stone, pit-boss in Number Two mine, who inquired promptly: You know anything about mules?

I worked in a stable, said Hal, I know about horses.

Well, mules is different, said the man. One of my stable-men got the colic the other day, and I don’t know if he’ll ever be any good again.

Give me a chance, said Hal. I’ll manage them.

The boss looked him over. You look like a bright chap, said he. I’ll pay you forty-five a month, and if you make good I’ll make it fifty.

All right, sir. When do I start in?

You can’t start too quick to suit me. Where’s your duds?

This is all I’ve got, said Hal, pointing to the bundle of stolen underwear in his hand.

Well, chuck it there in the corner, said the man; then suddenly he stopped, and looked at Hal, frowning. You belong to any union?

Lord, no!

Did youeverbelong to any union?

No, sir. Never.

The man’s gaze seemed to imply that Hal was lying, and that his secret soul was about to be read. You have to swear to that, you know, before you can work here.

All right, said Hal, I’m willing.

I’ll see you about it to-morrow, said the other. I ain’t got the paper with me. By the way, what’s your religion?

Seventh Day Adventist.

Holy Christ! What’s that?

It don’t hurt, said Hal. I ain’t supposed to work on Saturdays, but I do.

Well, don’t you go preachin’ it roundhere. We got our own preacher—you chip in fifty cents a month for him out of your wages. Come ahead now, and I’ll take you down. And so it was that Hal got his start in life.

SECTION 5.

The mule is notoriously a profane and godless creature; a blind alleyof Nature, so to speak, a mistake of which she is ashamed, and which she does not permit to reproduce itself. The thirty mules under Hal’s charge had been brought up in an environment calculated to foster the worst tendencies of their natures. He soon made the discovery that the colic of his predecessor had been caused by a mule’s hind foot in the stomach; and he realised that he must not let his mind wander for an instant, if he were to avoid this dangerous disease.

These mules lived their lives in thedarkness of the earth’s interior; only when they fell sick were they taken up to see the sunlight and to roll about in green pastures. There was one of them called Dago Charlie, who had learned to chew tobacco, and to rummage in the pockets of the minersand their buddies. Not knowing how to spit out the juice, he would make himself ill, and then he would swear off from indulgence. But the drivers and the pit-boys knew his failing, and would tempt Dago Charlie until he fell from grace. Hal soon discovered this moral tragedy, and carried the pain of it in his soul as he went about his all-day drudgery.

He went down the shaft with the first cage, which was very early in the morning. He fed and watered his charges, and helped to harness them. Then, when the last four hoofs had clattered away, he cleaned out the stalls, and mended harness, and obeyed the orders of any person older than himself who happened to be about.

Next to the mules, his torment was the trapper-boys, and other youngsters with whom hecame into contact. He was a newcomer, and so they hazed him; moreover, he had an inferior job—there seemed to their minds to be something humiliating and comic about the task of tending mules. These urchins came from a score of nations of Southern Europe and Asia; there were flat-faced Tartars and swarthy Greeks and shrewd-eyed little Japanese. They spoke a compromise language, consisting mainly of English curse words and obscenities; the filthiness which their minds had spawned was incredible to one born and raised in the sunlight. They alleged obscenities of their mothers and their grandmothers; also of the Virgin Mary, the one mythological character they had heard of. Poor little creatures of the dark, their souls grimed and smutted even more quickly andirrevocably than their faces!

Hal had been advised by his boss to inquire for board at Reminitsky’s. He came up in the last car, at twilight, and was directed to a dimly lighted building of corrugated iron, where upon inquiry he was met by a stout Russian, who told him he could be taken care of for twenty-seven dollars a month, this including a cot in a room with eight other