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    Shinto - Simple Guides
    Shinto - Simple Guides
    Shinto - Simple Guides
    Ebook159 pages2 hours

    Shinto - Simple Guides

    By Ian Reader and Simple Guides

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    • Shinto Religion

    • Japanese Culture

    • Shinto Shrines

    • Revision of Constitution

    • Kami

    • Divine Intervention

    • Fish Out of Water

    • Coming of Age

    • Power Struggle

    • Supernatural Beings

    • New Beginnings

    • Ancient Tradition

    • Clash of Cultures

    • Cultural Identity

    • Creation Myth

    • Shinto Rituals

    • War Dead

    • Militant Nationalism

    • Supreme Court Ruling

    • War Memorial

    About this ebook

    This book will help you to appreciate the significance of Japan's own religion in everyday life to recognize the key traditions and festivals (matsuri) of the Shinto year to understand what you will see at Shinto shrines and in Shinto ritual to gain insights into the controversies surrounding Shinto, politics, and nationalism.

    Access the world's religions with Simple Guides: Religion a series of concise, accessible introductions to the world's major religions. Written by experts in the field, they offer an engaging and sympathetic description of the key concepts, beliefs, and practices of different faiths. Ideal for spiritual seekers and travelers alike, Simple Guides aims to open the doors of perception. Together the books provide a reliable compass to the world's great spiritual traditions, and a point of reference for further exploration and discovery. By offering essential insights into the core values, customs, and beliefs of different societies, they also enable visitors to be aware of the cultural sensibilities of their hosts, and to behave in a way that fosters mutual respect and understanding.

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherKuperard
    Release dateNov 1, 2008
    ISBN9781857336313
    Author

    Ian Reader

    Ian Reader has been teaching and researching on the religions of Japan for many years. He received his Ph.D. in Japanese Buddhism from the University of Leeds in 1983 and went on to become a member of the Scottish Centre for Japanese Studies at the University of Stirling in Scotland. The author of numerous books, he served as a Senior Research Fellow at the Nordic Institute of Asian Studies.

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      Book preview

      Shinto - Simple Guides - Ian Reader

      Japan

      Preface

      The word ‘Shinto’ is a Japanese term which translates as ‘the way of the gods’, and refers to a religious tradition associated with the land and people of Japan. Shinto is a prominent element in that country’s religious and physical landscape, with Shinto shrines being highly visible, whether in the main cities or in the mountains and countryside.

      Japanese shops and small family businesses also may have their own shrines for the gods of business prosperity, as may Japanese factories and modern commercial enterprises as well. Japanese houses, too, may contain Shinto symbols of worship in the form of the kamidana, or Shinto household altar, that enshrines the household’s protective deities.

      The deities of Shinto may be called into action on many occasions throughout life, from life-cycle rituals to calendrical events, from the blessings given to newly-born babies at Shinto shrines – a form of first entry into society – to annual community festivals and celebratory events.

      Shinto also expresses, through its myths and legends, various teachings and meanings concerned with issues of purity and correct behaviour, with attitudes to life and death, with the relationship between humans and deities, with the nature of the world, and of the life-forces that, according to Shinto, permeate it in the form of its gods, and with the roles and responsibilites of those gods in this world.

      Shinto myths also assert that a special relationship exists between the people and landscape of Japan and the deities of Shinto, who serve as guardians and protectors of the country. This concept was expressed nowhere more famously than in the late thirteenth century, when Japan was threatened by invasion from the Mongol forces that had occupied China and were preparing a military assault on Japan, first in 1274 and then again in 1281. The Japanese Imperial court called for prayers to be said throughout the country, to seek divine protection against this threat.

      When the ships bearing the invading Mongol armies were destroyed as a result of bad weather – thereby averting the only major threat to Japan’s sovereignty until it was occupied by Allied forces after its defeat in 1945 – it was believed that the prayers of the nation had been answered by the gods, who had thus sent ‘divine winds’ – the literal meaning of the Japanese word kamikaze – for this purpose.

      Mention of the term kamikaze conjures up darker images as well, alluding to Shinto’s controversial association with Japanese nationalism and the role it played in the earlier part of the twentieth century in supporting the Imperial Japanese state during its period of militant expansion and war. It was in the name of the Emperor – depicted in pre-war Japan as a Shinto deity, a depiction based in Shinto myths of Imperial descent from the gods – that the kamikaze pilots flew their missions, and it was through the medium of Shinto that the Emperor was transformed into a figure of veneration in whose name wars were fought and the enemies of the state were suppressed.

      This use of Shinto as a religion of state associated with the suppression of religious freedoms, and of aggressive nationalism, was a factor leading to the imposition on Japan of the post-war Constitution which separates religion and state and prohibits state support of religion – an issue which itself is a source of lingering controversy in the present day.

      All these issues will be dealt with in this book, the aim of which is to explain what the religious tradition of Shinto means in terms of Japanese history and contemporary society, and to describe its meanings and myths, the teachings these embody, and the practices, rituals and festivals of Shinto. The earlier chapters will discuss what is meant by the term ‘Shinto’, and give an outline of its history, placing it within the broader context of Japanese religion. Shinto is, however, as has been noted above, a very visible presence in Japan which will be discussed later in the book when we consider Shinto in the present day, outlining the sorts of practices, rituals and festivals that visitors are likely to see if they go to Shinto shrines.

      Thus, we will discover what Shinto shrines look like, what one is liable to see going on there, and what the various objects such as amulets and lucky charms that are sold at shrines mean, and why Japanese people purchase them. It will also introduce some important Shinto shrines and will draw attention to the visual spectacle and the publicly viewed phenomena of Shinto, from its wild and colourful festivals to its sedate rituals. However, just as the controversies associated with Shinto remain an ever-present element in the contemporary Japanese religious world so, too, will they be discussed here as well, with a chapter examining the problematic relationship of Shinto and the state and the issues this involves in the present day.

      The materials on which I draw for this book range from historical documents and the academic writings of other scholars, to my own observations at countless Shinto shrines, festivals and ritual events over the past seventeen years since I first visited Japan in 1981. For a number of years in the 1980s my wife Dorothy and I lived and taught there, and during that period we visited many Shinto shrines, talked to Shinto priests, shrine maidens and practitioners, from the casual visitors to Shinto festivals, to those who visit their local shrines regularly to pray to the gods.

      To all these anonymous people, and especially to the many Shinto priests who kindly responded to hours of my often tiresome questions, and who explained rituals and provided me with materials about them, I owe a debt of thanks. Academic colleagues have also aided me through their writings and through answers to questions, and here let me especially thank Karen Smyers of Wesleyan College, USA, whose work on Inari (probably the most widely venerated deity at Shinto shrines) has been extremely valuable and informative, and also Jay Sakashita who was most helpful with information on Shinto in Hawaii.

      I owe an immense debt of thanks to my family for providing the sort of emotionally supportive atmosphere in which one can write books. I give many thanks to Dorothy, my wife, for her support over the years and for her help in asking the questions that produced the results found here. I also thank my children, Rosie, aged 9, and Philip, who is 6, who are not quite sure what I do for a living, except that they know I write books of some sort (although ones without the pictures and adventure stories that they would like), but who tolerate me nonetheless and give me loving strength.

      My other debt is to my first publisher Paul Norbury, who conceived the idea of this series, inveigled me into cooperating in it, extracted an unwise and over-optimistic commitment from me to produce this book, made me feel guilty about not getting round to doing it and who finally, over a beer in Budapest, stirred my conscience so much that I promised a specific delivery date. Like all scholars I was late with this, and to Paul I owe an apology for the continuing indisciplines in my own life that have caused this to happen. Nonetheless, the book has materialized at last, and it thus serves as a testament to Paul’s skilful use of persuasion. It is thanks to him that this short book – and the series in which it appears – has moved from being a figment of my, and his, imagination to a real event.

      IAN READER

      Copenhagen

      April 1998

      Introduction

      Wherever one goes in Japan one sees Shinto shrines, from the large and grandiose to tiny wayside structures, in such diverse locations as the roofs of department stores in the centres of large cities, and amidst rice fields deep in the countryside. The word ‘shrine’ is the word normally used in English for various Japanese terms such as jinja, jingū and taisha (the most common of these being jinja), all of which refer to Shinto religious institutions.

      No one knows for sure how many such Shinto shrines there are in Japan, but conservative estimates run into several tens of thousands: the Japanese Ministry of Culture, which produces annual statistics on religion in Japan, cites a figure of over 90,000 Shinto establishments, but this does not include the numerous unmanned wayside shrines that dot Japan’s highways, byways and mountain paths.

      The single most widely venerated Shinto deity, Inari, popular as a deity of the rice harvest but widely respected in modern Japan as a god of business, is enshrined at over 30,000 shrines throughout the country, while other prominent Shinto

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