Brooklyn and the Civil War

Published by The History Press

Charleston, SC 29403

www.historypress.net

Copyright © 2012 by E.A. Livingston

All rights reserved

All images courtesy of the Library of Congress.

First published 2012

e-book edition 2012

ISBN 978.1.61423.447.0

Library of Congress CIP data applied for.

Notice: The information in this book is true and complete to the best of our knowledge. It is offered without guarantee on the part of the author or The History Press. The author and The History Press disclaim all liability in connection with the use of this book.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form whatsoever without prior written permission from the publisher except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews.

Contents

Acknowledgements

Geography

Introduction

General Description

The People

The Neighborhoods

The Churches

Walt Whitman

The Newspapers

Entertainment

Industry

Shipbuilding

The Monitor

The War Begins

Forts Hamilton and Lafayette

The Draft and the Draft Riots

The Sanitary Fair of 1864

The War Ends

Epilogue

Notes

Bibliography

About the Author

Acknowledgements

I could say that I almost gave up on this entire project. This, however, would be untrue. I did give up. And while discussing the difficulties of finding information about Civil War Brooklyn, I related my tale to Marie Reno and Steve Jaffe, members of the Civil War Round Table of New York. They talked me into working at the task in a different manner. Without their encouragement, I never would have produced this book.

Both Marie and Judy Hallock helped enormously, reading, editing and making suggestions as to how to better the manuscript, and the late Dr. Frank Merli of the history department of Queens College is mostly responsible for whatever decent writing you will find here.

Burt and Dana Levine allowed me to use their Apple computer for my master’s degree thesis, and this book is just an outgrowth of that paper. Others who helped in major or minor ways were Pat Falci; Malcolm and Cherokee Stock; Terry Hunt; Clare Lamers (the Brooklyn Historical Society’s quintessential librarian); my sister Shari; my daughter Julie; her husband, Peter Gordon (my computer expert who continually got me out of tangled messes on my word processor); my son Daniel; his wife, Sandra; Joan Maynard; Pat and Dick Merrill; Ari and Olive Hoogenboom; Paul Nergelovic of the West Point library; James O. Hall; Edith Bartley of the Plymouth Church; Dr. Edwin Redkey; Dr. William Seraille; Dr. Robert Swan; Ben Maryniak; Joe Geden; Lex Paradis; John Willetts; the late Frank Raymond; Jack Mulloy; Nancy Moore; and Ron Nelson. Nancy and Ron, thousands of miles away, gave me indescribable encouragement. Ernie and Hedwig Ries translated antebellum German church records, and Arthur Konop, the archivist at St. Francis College, taught me that all of Brooklyn was Kings County but all of Kings County was not Brooklyn. Fred Halla, of the Brooklyn Heights Weekly Record, was kind enough to publish my work for the general public. Thank you to Dozier Hasty.

And a very special thanks goes to Robert Creamer, one of the country’s foremost sportswriters. He mentioned me in his book Baseball in ’41, and it would be churlish of me not to mention him here.

And thanks to my dear, dear friend Doris Lehman, who inspired me to forge ahead with this new edition. She is just incredible.

Geography

Brooklyn, New York: land area eighty-one square miles; located at seventy-three degrees fifty-eight minutes west longitude and forty degrees forty minutes north latitude; highest elevation: Green-Wood Cemetery, 216 feet; lowest elevation: sea level; widest point: nine and a half miles between the East River and the Queens County border; greatest length: eleven and a half miles from Greenpoint, in the north, to Coney Island in the south. Approximately sixty-five miles of natural shoreline. Part of the Atlantic Coastal Plain, a geological region that stretches from north of New York City to Florida; its features include a rolling plain of the Pleistocene Age, a terminal moraine and a broad outwash plain created by a retreating glacier thirteen thousand years ago.¹

The city of Brooklyn. Produced for Currier and Ives, circa 1879.

Introduction

On the very first day of the year 1898, the city of Brooklyn ceased to exist.² As its independent status ended, it became just another section of its giant neighbor, New York. And yet the former city still had enough special characteristics left to have a Major League baseball team—the Brooklyn Dodgers³—and a world-famous accent, no mean feats. Despite its subsumption, it remained in many ways a separate entity. Many natives respond Brooklyn and not New York when asked about their origins.

During its heyday, the city enjoyed a special reputation. On the eve of the Civil War, Brooklyn’s population exceeded that of every other American city except Philadelphia and New York,⁴ and its waterfront facilities transshipped most of America’s western grain exports. While the Brooklyn Navy Yard employed over five thousand workers daily, another shipyard, the Continental Iron Works, built a unique vessel that altered naval warfare forever. Adopted son Walt Whitman became one of America’s best-known and most controversial poets, and George W. Goethals, future builder of the Panama Canal, attended public school near his home in Brooklyn Heights. Elias P. Howe Jr. sold sewing machines from his house, having obtained the first American patent on that invention, and Peter Cooper, one day to lend his name to Cooper Union, ran a glue factory near the Maspeth border. German immigrant Samuel Liebmann made lager beer in a factory near Bushwick Avenue and called his product Rheingold, while two of the country’s major pharmaceutical companies, Squibb and Pfizer, both begun in Brooklyn, thrived during the Civil War. Local manufacturers made an incredible variety of products ranging from macaroni to oilcloth, including the first American-made, commercially produced chinaware. The Greenpoint neighborhood provided jobs for 35 percent of its working population in the shipbuilding trade, and the city’s Dime Savings Bank may have started the bank-by-mail system by dealing with peripatetic soldiers.

Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Memorial Arch in Brooklyn.

The city’s major theater featured leading performers of the day, including John Wilkes Booth, who played there twice in 1863. Brooklyn’s most famous house of worship, the Plymouth Church, led by the country’s most controversial clergyman, Henry Ward Beecher, gained the attention of potential presidential candidate Abraham Lincoln when he visited there in 1860. Brooklyn sported four well-known and excellent base ball⁵ teams, one of which made the very first base ball tour, playing in western New York State, Philadelphia and Boston, giving our future national pastime its greatest boost ever.

These aforementioned surprises form a foundation for Brooklyn’s claim to greatness. It might have been famous but for one insuperable impediment: its proximity to New York City.

General Description

Swelled by the arrival of Irish and German immigrants and a steady flow of middle-class families from overcrowded Manhattan, Brooklyn’s ever-increasing population placed it seventh among American cities in 1854. On January 1, 1855, however, with the annexation of the city of Williamsburgh (50,000) and the town of Bushwick (7,000), Brooklyn claimed more than 279,000 residents, making it the third-largest city in the United States.⁶ The newcomers had so many different religious affiliations that Brooklyn became known as the City of Churches. One house of worship in particular, Henry Ward Beecher’s Plymouth Church, would gain national fame.⁷

Brooklyn’s name, an Anglicized version of Breuckelen, one of the original towns of Kings County,⁸ may have been derived from a place near Utrecht, Holland, although it also could have merely been a mispronunciation of broken land or brook land. The original six towns, one English (Gravesend), and the others Dutch (Flatbush, Flatlands, New Utrecht, Breuckelen and Bushwick), merged into Kings County in 1683 and adopted the Dutch motto "Een draght maakt maght" (unity makes strength).⁹

By 1860, Brooklyn had become one of America’s great manufacturing centers and claimed a complex and varied industrial base. Its factories wended their way along the shoreline from Red Hook in the south to Williamsburg¹⁰ and Greenpoint along the East River and Newtown Creek in the north. Part of Brooklyn’s growth resulted from its proximity to the congested metropolis of New York, the country’s largest city, whose heavily concentrated industrial and commercial districts could no longer handle further growth. Manufacturers, forced to cram their operations into crowded downtown loft buildings, sometimes in several locations, saw great potential in the unlimited space of north Brooklyn. Here, in a single location, factories could convert raw materials and ship finished goods quickly and inexpensively. And manufacturers could still administer their business from New York, only a five-minute, two-cent ferry ride across the East River.¹¹

Bird’s-eye view of New York & Brooklyn, drawn from nature and on stone by J. Bachmann.

Despite the industrialized activities of shipyards, distilleries, glassworks and casting furnaces, much of Brooklyn remained bucolic. Newspapers often ran ads for lost cows, along with news of cattle rustling in the hamlet of Bedford. Coming in from Flatbush, visitors found mostly open space until they reached the Bull’s Head Tavern on Brooklyn’s border. Then they saw houses, few and scattered; first shacks, then some farmhouses and finally large elegant homes with huge front lawns.¹²

Except for the Navy Yard area, Brooklyn seemed a quiet place where, below the Heights, businessmen, clerks and mechanics built rows of small, square houses on lots of twenty-five by one hundred feet—modest homes at moderate cost. The city’s nocturnal population outnumbered its daytime residents by about thirty thousand, as approximately 10 percent of its businesspeople ferried to Manhattan in the morning and returned at night. This made Brooklyn one of New York’s first bedroom communities.¹³

New York’s metropolitan region expanded greatly soon after Robert Fulton’s steam ferry Nassau, built in the Brooklyn Navy Yard, began to ply the East River waters in 1816.¹⁴ By 1860, thousands of immigrants, similar in origin to those in New York, crossed the river to Brooklyn and stayed, raising the city’s foreign-born population to 37 percent, some 104,000 people. Of these, 54 percent came from Ireland, 25 percent from the German states¹⁵ (Germany did not exist yet), 17 percent from Great Britain and the balance from France, Canada and other places. The black population of 4,900 remained constant throughout the Civil War.¹⁶

Of New York natives who left Manhattan, the largest number settled in Brooklyn, and by 1865, more than 300,000 people resided in Kings County. By comparison, Queens County (the towns of Flushing, Jamaica and Newtown) had 30,000, Richmond County (Staten Island) 20,000 and New York County (Manhattan) 831,000. Westchester County (including the Bronx) had 99,000.¹⁷

An educational center, Brooklyn had many fine medical institutions, including the Long Island College Hospital, one of the first to use the European method of teaching.¹⁸ The city’s many public and private schools included the Polytechnic Institute on Livingston Street for young men and the Packer Collegiate Institute on Joralemon Street for young women. The public school system also produced a solid education, as attested to by George W. Goethals, who attended Public School Number 15 near his State Street home during the Civil War.¹⁹

Montague Street’s Academy of Music played an important role in Brooklyn’s social life, as the community used it for amateur theatricals, charity balls and political and temperance meetings. But the academy’s main purpose—to present the best contemporary