Among the Enemy: A Michigan Soldier's Civil War Journal

Great Lakes Books

A complete listing of the books in this series can be found online at wsupress.wayne.edu

Editor

Charles K. Hyde

Wayne State University

Advisory Editors

Jeffrey Abt

Wayne State University

Fredric C. Bohm

Michigan State University

Sandra Sageser Clark

Michigan Historical Center

Brian Leigh Dunnigan

Clements Library

De Witt Dykes

Oakland University

Joe Grimm

Michigan State University

Richard H. Harms

Calvin College

Laurie Harris

Pleasant Ridge, Michigan

Thomas Klug

Marygrove College

Susan Higman Larsen

Detroit Institute of Arts

Philip P. Mason

Prescott, Arizona and Eagle Harbor, Michigan

Dennis Moore

Consulate General of Canada

Erik C. Nordberg

Michigan Technological University

Deborah Smith Pollard

University of Michigan–Dearborn

Michael O. Smith

Wayne State University

Joseph M. Turrini

Wayne State University

Arthur M. Woodford

Harsens Island, Michigan

AMONG the ENEMY

A MICHIGAN SOLDIER’S CIVIL WAR JOURNAL

EDITED BY MARK HOFFMAN

Wayne State University Press

Detroit

© 2013 by Wayne State University Press, Detroit, Michigan 48201. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced without formal permission. Manufactured in the United States of America.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Kimball, William Horton, 1842–1920.

Among the enemy : a Michigan soldier’s Civil War journal / Edited by Mark Hoffman.

p. cm. — (Great Lakes books)

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-0-8143-3471-3 (pbk. : alk. paper)

1. Kimball, William Horton, 1842–1920—Diaries. 2. United States—History—Civil War, 1861–1865—Personal narratives. 3. Michigan—History—Civil War, 1861–1865—Personal narratives. 4. United States. Army. Michigan Engineers and Mechanics Regiment, 1st (1861–1865) 5. United States—History—Civil War, 1861–1865—Engineering and construction. I. Hoffman, Mark, 1963–editor of compilation. II. Title.

E514.9.K56 2013

973.7′8—dc23

2012035460

ISBN 978-0-8143-3853-7 (ebook)

To my Brothers in the Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War, Department of Michigan, who keep alive the memory of those who served. Yours in Fraternity, Charity, and Loyalty.

Contents

List of Illustrations

List of Maps

Acknowledgments

Introduction

1. Off to War

SEPTEMBER 22–DECEMBER 15, 1861

2. Kentucky

DECEMBER 16, 1861–FEBRUARY 27, 1862

3. Nashville to Corinth

MARCH 1–MAY 30, 1862

4. Bushwhackers and Railroads

JUNE 1–SEPTEMBER 29, 1862

5. My Brave Mechanics

OCTOBER 1–DECEMBER 29, 1862

6. Lavergne

DECEMBER 30–MARCH 19, 1863

7. Fortress Rosecrans

MARCH 20–JUNE 28, 1863

8. Middle Tennessee

JUNE 29–NOVEMBER 4, 1863

9. The Nashville and Northwestern

NOVEMBER 9, 1863–MARCH 12, 1864

10. Railroad Blockhouses

MARCH 13–JUNE 27, 1864

11. Supplying Sherman’s Army

JUNE 28–SEPTEMBER 24, 1864

12. Discharge and Home

SEPTEMBER 25–NOVEMBER 17, 1864

Appendix: Kimball’s Comrades

Bibliographic Essay

Index of Names and Places

Illustrations

Kimball journal

Marcus Grant

Solon E. Grant

Kimball journal entry

William Horton Kimball

Alva D. Welling

Elk River Bridge

Harry J. Chapel

John B. Yates

John Thibos

Blockhouse design

Blockhouse

Kimball after the war

Kimball headstone

Maps

Kimball’s Michigan, 1861

Louisville to Nashville

Nashville to the Tennessee River

Battle of Perryville

Chattanooga to Atlanta

Acknowledgments

I first read the Kimball manuscript while researching the Michigan Engineers and Mechanics in the 1980s. It has been a long journey from then to now, and many people have assisted along the way.

Nancy Obermayer was the first Engineers and Mechanics collaborator to concur with the importance of Kimball’s recollections, and she prepared the very first transcription of the journal that I worked from for my book My Brave Mechanics. Nancy remains an inspiration in my continued research on the regiment.

Mark Patrick, former special collections director for the Detroit Public Libraries, was very encouraging from the start and eased the path for this journal to figuratively move from their collections to publication. His position has been ably filled by successor Mark Bowden, who helped push the project over the finish line. Thanks to both.

My daughter Alice Hoffman prepared a fresh transcription in preparation for this work and it confirmed both her solid skills and Nancy Obermayer’s original work. Alice also prepared the index for this publication and I’m forever in her debt. My son Patrick Hoffman reviewed the chapter introductions and made many important suggestions. He is now a soldier in the U.S. Army, serving his nation in a very different kind of war than Kimball’s, but also in the cause of freedom.

Max Miller was kind enough to allow me use of the only known photograph of William Horton Kimball in uniform. Bill Lowe first connected me with Max and has been a continued encouragement along the way. Both Max and Bill are dedicated members of the Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War and keep alive the memory of Kimball and his comrades.

Several individuals went above and beyond the call of duty to provide illustrative materials. Photographer Elizabeth Tiffany greatly improved the postwar image of Kimball and produced the image of his gravestone. Photographer Tom Sherry did a great job with the images of Kimball’s journal; it is easy to see why he came so highly recommended. Julie Meyerle of the Archives of Michigan was very helpful with several of the photographs from that collection and those reproduced from other sources. The excellent maps are the work of cartographer Sherman Hollander.

I also want to acknowledge the able and enthusiastic assistance of Carmen Tiffany of the Historic White Pine Village in Ludington. This fine institution, operated by the Mason County Historical Society, has a very rich collection. Special thanks to Dr. Bill Anderson, who first introduced me to this bountiful source of Mason County history and remains a constant encouragement.

The staff members of Wayne State University Press continue to be consummate professionals and tremendous partners to work with. I’d especially like to thank Kathryn Wildfong, editor in chief, for all of her help and support during this project.

Finally, many thanks to my wife, Ann, for putting up with the distractions of a lifelong study of the Civil War, and with me in general. I love you.

Introduction

In September 1861, eighteen-year-old laborer William Horton Kimball left his family’s farm near Sandstone, Michigan, and enlisted in the Union army. Over the next thirty-eight months he served in one of the most important regiments Michigan offered to the Union cause—the First Michigan Engineers and Mechanics. Because it was not a combat unit, however, much of the daily life of the engineers has been overlooked by postwar historians. Fortunately, Kimball left behind a journal of his experiences that has been carefully preserved by the staff of the Burton Historical Collection at the Detroit Public Library.

The journal actually encompasses two different books, a memorandum volume and a bound ledger book. Both are in excellent condition, and the clear handwriting in ink has been well preserved. The first volume also includes a short biographical sketch prepared at the time by Kimball.

I first became aware of the Kimball journal more than twenty years ago while researching his regiment. The journal formed an important part of the story I told in My Brave Mechanics: The First Michigan Engineers and Their Civil War (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2007). I always felt, however, that the Kimball journal needed to stand alone to be fully appreciated.

During a lifetime of research, I have read scores of Civil War diaries and journals, both published and in their original form, yet I still consider Kimball’s to be among the most interesting and valuable due to its rich content on the relations—both friendly and hostile—between Union soldiers and Southern civilians in occupied regions.

This is one of two bound volumes that Kimball used to record his service in the Michigan Engineers during the Civil War. The label was added when it was donated to the Burton Historical Collection. (Tom Sherry)

As military engineers, Kimball and his comrades were often assigned to work in the rear areas of the army. This isolation from the rest of the army left them open to hit-and-run raids by Confederate cavalry, semiregular partisans, and civilian guerillas. While Kimball’s journal is a helpful account of the service of the Michigan Engineers, I believe its greatest importance lies in his description of the many encounters between soldiers in his company and the civilians in the countryside they were serving in. Though other units, such as infantry regiments, were also assigned duty in the rear, few spent as much of their war in areas where they were in direct contact—and often conflict—with enemy civilians. This makes the experience of the men in the Michigan Engineers particularly well suited to explore the occupier-occupied relationship.

In 1879, Kimball sat down to record his daily wartime activities. Several comments included in the journal clearly indicate this postwar composition, but the abundant detail makes it evident that he was working from some kind of daily account of his service written at the time. Furthermore, there is a large enough collection of wartime diaries and letters by men in Kimball’s regiment and company to verify that Kimball was basing his account on facts. On the rare occasion he gets his facts wrong, it is consistent with the limited perspective soldiers had of the war, usually reflecting a reliance on rumor or hope. Undoubtedly, Kimball may have chosen to omit some of the items that he recorded in his wartime notes, but the candor with which he assesses the abilities and service of his comrades and officers suggests that he held little back in the analysis and commentary found in the journal.

Kimball was very active in veterans’ groups and a prominent elected public official in postwar Ludington, Michigan, yet there is nothing to indicate that he had any intention of preparing the journal for publication. Nor is there anything in his papers to suggest he ever shared the record of his service with anyone outside his family. In many ways, this journal could be compared with the letter books many veterans and their families gathered together after the war, composed in an effort to organize and retain a firsthand account of their experiences.

Although only a single part of the continuing flood of new Civil War material being published in the sesquicentennial of this seminal event, Kimball’s journal helps fill one of the largest remaining holes in the modern Civil War narrative—the relationship between occupiers and occupied. From his story, we better understand the complex tensions that existed among the people who called themselves Americans, celebrated the same Independence Day and founding heroes, yet were mobilizing all of their resources to kill each other. Much has been written about what happened when this played out on a battlefield, but Kimball allows us to better understand the results when it happened away from the major military fronts.

I have intentionally tried to let Kimball tell his own story, providing only introductory and contextual material in each chapter and limiting footnotes. Kimball frequently makes passing mention of other soldiers in his company and regiment, but I have not further identified them through footnotes, unless this was necessary for clarity. Instead, first name or other identifying information is included in brackets at the first mention of a particular person or, more often, to differentiate individuals sharing the same surname. Kimball frequently mentions injured or wounded comrades, and I have not provided further information about their fate unless they failed to recover and remain with the regiment. Additionally, I have chosen not to intrude on the chapter introductions with frequent source footnotes, relying upon the bibliographic essay at the end of the book to provide information on sources used for this account.

Most of the family, including his parents, John and Elizabeth, retained the surname spelling of Kimble. William Horton himself used both the Kimble and Kimball variants, generally settling on the latter later in life. For reasons of clarity, his later spelling is used for all members of the immediate family. Other family members, such as cousins also serving in the army, are referred to as in the original source.

Because this journal was the product of postwar transcription, it is much cleaner and easier to understand than is the case with unedited diary accounts. Misspellings and simple errors have generally been kept intact, although editorial brackets are used when necessary to provide greater clarity.

The story that follows is William Horton Kimball’s. I have tried to present it to a larger audience and then remove myself from the scene to let him speak for his own service and that of his comrades.

1

Off to War

SEPTEMBER 22–DECEMBER 15, 1861

William Horton Kimball was born near Hector, Schuyler County, New York, on December 1, 1842. He was the sixth child of John and Elizabeth (Horton) Kimball. Both parents were native New Yorkers. The family also included William’s siblings Anna (born 1827), Augustus (1830), Daniel (1834), Rachel (circa 1838), Amelia (1840), and Samantha (1848). Both Daniel and Rachel died young.

William was raised in the agricultural community around Hector, dividing his time between the original family farm and a second one his father bought in 1853 in nearby Burdett. Young Kimball attended local schools during the winter months. As he later recounted, this arrangement provided him with a rather limited chance of obtaining an education which I always regretted but have the satisfaction of reflecting to know that my time was generally well improved while at school.¹

Like so many others, John Kimball saw new opportunities to the west and decided in the fall of 1858 to move his family to Michigan. He purchased a farm in Jackson County for the then considerable sum of $2,200 and sold both farms in New York—the original one near Hector to his oldest son, Augustus. Anna and Augustus remained in New York with their young families, while John, Elizabeth, and their youngest children William, Amelia, and Samantha moved to Michigan.

William made the trip separately, in charge of the family’s household furniture, wagons, and livestock. Leaving on March 19, 1859, he journeyed by lake steamer from Dunkirk, New York, to Detroit, and then overland to Jackson County. Young Kimball made good time and arrived at the new farm on March 23, a week ahead of the others. This must have been a grand adventure for the sixteen-year-old. The rest of the family had a much easier journey, traveling by train to Niagara Falls and then on to Detroit by steamer and Jackson by rail. A local livery stable and hired driver took them the remaining few miles to their new home in a cold rain.

The Kimball family’s new farm was located in section 3 of northern Spring Arbor Township, near the small post village of Sandstone and a few miles west of Jackson. The farm, including about 125 acres in cultivation, had been developed by horticulturalist Reuben Grant and already contained several structures. The Kimballs started immediately to improve upon what they had purchased, and when a census enumerator visited the farm in 1860, its value was estimated at $5,000.

One highlight of William’s prewar life in Michigan was attending boarding school, housed in the buildings originally constructed for Michigan Central College in Spring Arbor. He was a student in the winter term of 1859–60. Near the close of the term, the structure housing the male students burned down and William and roommate Henry Fuller fled from the burning building, possessions in hand. This was the end of his formal education.²

After secession and the attack on Fort Sumter in April 1861, President Abraham Lincoln called on the loyal state governors for seventy-five thousand men to serve for ninety days to suppress the rebellion. Among the first to go from Michigan were the Jackson Grays, a prewar militia company under the command of Captain William Withington. This company was heavily engaged in the defeat at Bull Run on July 21, 1861, and Withington and several others were carried south to Richmond as prisoners of war.

Kimball’s Michigan, 1861. (Map by Sherman Hollander)

In the weeks and months that followed, military companies continued to form throughout the North, raised with the new and grim understanding that this war would not be won in a few short months with one decisive battle. Kimball’s journal begins in September as he decides to enlist alongside friend and neighbor Schuyler McAlister.

Though McAlister soon changed his mind and withdrew from the roster, many